Esther Heidbüchel

The West Conflict in

Actos, Issues and Approaches

Johannes Herrmann J&J-Verlag Wettenberg 2007 Contents

1. Introduction 5 1.1 Objectives of the work and delimitation of thesubject 7 1.2 Sources used 11 1.3 State of research 13 1.4 Short overview of the conflict 15 2. Theoretical background and definition of terms 18 2.1 The theoretical toolbox 19 2.1.1 Tools from political science 20 2.1.2 Tools from conflict research 23 2.1.3 The analysis matrix 28 2.2. Definition of central theoretical terms 31 3. Conflict genesis 33 3.1 The colonial border heritage until the 1969 36 3.2 From guided democracy to orde baru 1969-1998 42 3.3 in the era reformasi 45 3.4 The dynamics of the conflict: recent developments 50 3.5 Summary and conclusion 54 Contents

4. Inventory of actors: characteristics and interests 57 4.1 The international level 60 4.1.1 General characteristics 60 4.1.2 The of America 63 4.1.3 Papua 65 4.1.4 69 4.1.5 The 73 4.1.6 The UN 73 4.1.7 The Melanesian neighbors 74 4.2 The national level: The actors on the Indonesian side 76 4.2.1 The State actors of the Central Government 77 4.2.2 The provincial State actors 78 4.2.3 The security apparatus 80 4.2.3.1 The Police 82 4.2.3.2 The TNI 84 4.2.4 Transmigrants and spontaneous migrants 87 4.3 The local level: The Papuan actors 90 4.3.1 The Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) 94 4.3.2 The Papua Presidium Council (PDP) 97 4.3.3 The Dewan Adat (DAP) 98 4.3.4 Students organizations 100 4.3.5 Tribal organizations 103 4.3.5.1 DeMMak 104 4.3.5.2 Mamta 104 4.3.5.3 Lemasa 104 4.3.6 Non-exclusive Papuan civil organizations 104 4.3.6.1 United West Papua Populär Struggle Front (PEPERA).... 105 4.3.6.2 Foreri 105 4.3.7 The Religious communities 105 4.3.8 Non governmental aid, human rights and development organizations 108 4.4 Summary and conclusion 110 5. Conflict matrix 112 5.1 The international level 114 5.1.1 Security interests: »war against terror« - the Papuan aspect. 117 5.2 National level 120 5.2.1 Legal uncertainties, the weakness of the Special Autonomy Law and its impact on the conflict 121 5.2.2 The business of the security apparatus 125 5.2.3 Psychological factors and perceptions 130 5.2.3.1 The Act of Free Choice and the review of history 132 Contents iii

5.3 The local level: Changes of State, economy, culture: The Triple Transition of West Papua 133 5.3.1 Cultural differences, perceptions and interpretations 134 5.3.2 Papuan identity building 138 5.3.3 Independence (merdeka) 142 5.3.4 Human rights issues 143 5.4 Economic issues 146 5.4.1 Corruption 149 5.4.2 Natural resources 151 5.4.3 Development issues 153 5.4.4 Economies of development: non-govemmental organizations 155 5.5 Summary and conclusion 157 6. Resolution approaches: possible impacts and procedural considerations 159 6.1 Vertica! dimension 161 6.1.1 General assumptions 161 6.1.2 International environment 162 6.1.2.1 The Melanesian Union 164 6.1.3 The national level 165 6.1.3.1 Special autonomy continued 167 6.1.3.2 The national dialog 169 6.1.3.3 Indonesian national decentralization: regional autonomy. 176 6.1.3.4 Federalism 177 6.1.3.5 Independence 179 6.2 The horizontal dimension: local level - indigenous approaches 182 6.2.1 Tanah Damai Papua 182 6.2.2 NGO Nation 186 6.3 Summary and conclusion 187 7. Conclusion and outlook 189 7.1 Validation of assumptions 189 7.2 Outlook 195 Abbreviations and Glossary 197 Bibliography 200 Index 224