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Structural Design VI Philippe Block ∙ Joseph Schwartz
Lead tutors:
Dr. Tomás Méndez Echenagucia Dr. Matthias Rippmann Structural Design VI: Computational Methods 2
Introduction Fabrication-aware Structural Design
Computational Parametric Design Parametric Graphic Digital Fabrication Form Finding Construction and Methods in Structural Statics Of Structures Panelisation of Design Shells and Tensile Structures
Advanced topics
Optimisation Design to Production Computational Methods in the Architectural Practice Structural Design VI: Computational Methods 3
Introduction Fabrication-aware Structural Design
Computational Parametric Design Parametric Graphic Digital Fabrication Form Finding Construction and Methods in Structural Statics Of Structures Panelisation of Design Shells and Tensile Structures
Advanced topics
Optimisation Design to Production Computational Methods in the Architectural Practice Lecture overview 4
Definition of Form Finding
Why Form Finding?
Physical Form Finding Models
Computational Form Finding
Computational Tools 5
Definition of Form Finding
Why Form Finding?
Physical Form Finding Models
Computational Form Finding
Computational Tools Form Finding != Form Finding 6
Google search “form finding” Form Finding != Form Finding 7
Frei Otto. Casabella 301 1966: 35 Freehand diagrams of architecture | Francois Blanciak | 2008 Definition of Form Finding 8
Form finding can be defined as the “forward process in which parameters are explicitly/directly controlled to find an ’optimal’ geometry of a structure which is in static equilibrium with a design loading” (Adriaenssens et al., 2014).
Frei Otto. Casabella 301 1966: 35 Definition of Form Finding 9
Form finding can be defined as the “forward process in which parameters are explicitly/directly controlled to find an ’optimal’ geometry of a structure which is in static equilibrium with a design loading” (Adriaenssens et al., 2014).
• Defined boundary conditions
• Defined design load
• Defined state of self-stress
Frei Otto. Casabella 301 1966: 35 Definition of Form Finding 10
• Defined boundary conditions
• Defined design load
• Defined state of self-stress
Schlaich Bergermann Partner, Lodzer Steg Stuttgart, 1992 Definition of Form Finding 11
• Defined boundary conditions
• Defined design load
• Defined state of self-stress
Schlaich Bergermann Partner, Lodzer Steg Stuttgart, 1992 Definition of Form Finding 12
• Defined boundary conditions
• Defined design load
• Defined state of self-stress
Schlaich Bergermann Partner, Lodzer Steg Stuttgart, 1992 Definition of Form Finding 13
• Defined boundary conditions
• Defined design load
• Defined state of self-stress
Schlaich Bergermann Partner, Lodzer Steg Stuttgart, 1992 14
Definition of Form Finding
Why Form Finding?
Physical Form Finding Models
Computational Form Finding
Computational Tools Form and Structure 15
Rippmann 2016 Form and Structure 16
Charles De Gaulle Airport Terminal 2E Collapse, 2004 Form and Structure 17
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, 1997 | Frank Gehry Form and Structure 18 Form and Structure 19
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, 1997 | Frank Gehry Form and Structure 20
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, 1997 | Frank Gehry Form and Structure 21
Design Analysis Form and Structure 22
Design Analysis Form and Structure 23
Structurally informed Structural analysis and design processes ? dimensioning
Paulson Jr., 1976 Form and Structure 24
Design Analysis
Form Finding Form and Structure 25
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972 Form and Structure 26
Marqués de Riscal , La Rioja, Spain, 2007 | Frank Gehry 27
Definition of Form Finding
Why Form Finding?
Physical Form Finding Models
Computational Form Finding
Computational Tools Physical Form Finding Models 28 Analysis
«As hangs the flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch.»
Hooke (1676) Poleni (1748) Physical Form Finding Models 29 Analysis
Poleni ś Manuscripts about the Dome of Saint Pete’s (López, 2006) Physical Form Finding Models 30 Analysis
Poleni ś Manuscripts about the Dome of Saint Pete’s (López, 2006) Physical Form Finding Models 31 Design
St Paul’s Cathedral, London, UK, 1675-1720 | Christopher Wren Physical Form Finding Models 32 Design
Varignon, 1725 Physical Form Finding Models 33 Design
Guastavino’s graphical analysis. (Ochsendorf and Freeman, 2013) Physical Form Finding Models 34 Three-dimensional hanging models
Antoni Gaudí (1852 – 1926) Physical Form Finding Models 35 Three-dimensional hanging models
Gaudí’s design of its exterior directly sketched on the inverted photograph of the hanging model | Images: Collins, 1963 Physical Form Finding Models 36 Three-dimensional hanging models
The hanging model, depicting the interior of the church of the Colonia Güell. Right, drawings to show the interior space | Images: Puig Boada, 1976 Physical Form Finding Models 37 Three-dimensional hanging models
Redesign of Gaudí’s hanging model for the Colonia Güell | Images: Beotis, 2007 Physical Form Finding Models 38 Three-dimensional hanging models
Gaudí’s Sagrada Família | Images: Wikipedia Physical Form Finding Models 39 Three-dimensional hanging models
Gaudí’s Sagrada Família | Images: Wikipedia Physical Form Finding Models 40 Three-dimensional hanging models
Gaudí’s Church of Colònia Güell, 1898 Physical Form Finding Models 41 Three-dimensional hanging models
Heinz Isler (1926 - 2009) Physical Form Finding Models 42 Three-dimensional hanging models
“New shapes for shells” Heinz Isler, First Congress of the International Association for Shell Structures (IASS) in 1959 Physical Form Finding Models 43 Three-dimensional hanging models
Image: Wilfried Dechau Physical Form Finding Models 44 Three-dimensional hanging models
Image: Isler Archive Physical Form Finding Models 45 Three-dimensional hanging models
Image: Isler Archive Physical Form Finding Models 46 Three-dimensional hanging models
Image: Isler Archive Physical Form Finding Models 47 Three-dimensional hanging models
Image: Isler Archive Physical Form Finding Models 48 Three-dimensional hanging models
Image: Isler Archive Physical Form Finding Models 49 Three-dimensional hanging models
Image: Isler Archive Physical Form Finding Models 50 Three-dimensional hanging models
Image: Isler Archive Physical Form Finding Models 51 Three-dimensional hanging models
Tankstelle Deitingen Süd, Schweiz, 1968, Ing.: Heinz Isler Physical Form Finding Models 52 Three-dimensional hanging models
Tankstelle Deitingen Süd, Schweiz, 1968, Ing.: Heinz Isler Physical Form Finding Models 53 Three-dimensional hanging models
Tennishalle, Grenchen, Schweiz, 1978, Heinz Isler Physical Form Finding Models 54 Three-dimensional hanging models
Tennishalle, Grenchen, Schweiz, 1978, Heinz Isler Physical Form Finding Models 55 Three-dimensional hanging models
Gebäude der Sicli Firma, Genf, Schweiz, 1969-70, Heinz Isler Physical Form Finding Models 56 Three-dimensional hanging models
Gebäude der Sicli Firma, Genf, Schweiz, 1969-70, Heinz Isler Physical Form Finding Models 57 Three-dimensional hanging models
Frei Otto (1925-2015) Physical Form Finding Models 58 Three-dimensional hanging models
Multihalle, Mannheim, Germany, 1974 | Frei Otto Physical Form Finding Models 59 Modelling with Soap Films
Soap bubble experiment, Frei Otto Physical Form Finding Models 60 Modelling with Soap Films
Soap bubble experiment, Frei Otto Physical Form Finding Models 61 Modelling with Soap Films https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IW7o25NmeA
Soap bubble experiments, Frei Otto Physical Form Finding Models 62 Modelling with Soap Films
Soap bubble experiments, Frei Otto Physical Form Finding Models 63 Modelling with Soap Films
Soap bubble experiments, Frei Otto Physical Form Finding Models 64 Modelling with Soap Films
Soap bubble experiments, Frei Otto Physical Form Finding Models 65 Modelling with Soap Films
IL Building, 1966 Physical Form Finding Models 66 Modelling with Soap Films
German Pavillion, Montreal, Canada, 1967 Physical Form Finding Models 67 Modelling with Soap Films
German Pavillion, Montreal, Canada, 1967 Physical Form Finding Models 68 Modelling with Soap Films
Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972 Physical Form Finding Models 69 Experimental Analysis
Montreal Pavilion measuring model, 1966 Physical Form Finding Models 70 Experimental Analysis
Munich Stadium measuring model, ca. 1970 Physical Form Finding Models 71 Experimental Analysis
Munich Stadium measuring model, ca. 1970 72
Definition of Form Finding
Why Form Finding?
Physical Form Finding Models
Computational Form Finding
Computational Tools Computational Form Finding 73 Force Density Method (FDM)
Linkwitz and Schek (1971) Computational Form Finding 74 Force Density Method (FDM)
German Pavillion, Montreal, Canada, 1967 Computational Form Finding 75 Force Density Method (FDM)
Zuse z3 (replica) exhibited in Montreal 1967 Zuse Plotte z64 exhibited in Montreal 1967 Computational Form Finding 76 Force Density Method (FDM)
Linkwitz visits the BRG (2012) Computational Form Finding 77 Dynamic Relaxation Method (DRM)
Barnes (1975) Computational Form Finding 78 Dynamic Relaxation Method (DRM)
National Stadium, Warsaw, Poland, SBP, 2011 Computational Form Finding 79 Dynamic Relaxation Method (DRM)
Leviathan by Anish Kapoor, Paris, France, 2011 Computational Form Finding 80 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
Block and Ochsendorf (2007) Computational Form Finding 81 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Control over plan - Combine tension and compression easily - Graphical (uses diagrams as used in graphic statics)
Block and Ochsendorf (2007) Computational Form Finding 82 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Control over plan - Combine tension and compression easily - Graphical (uses diagrams as used in graphic statics)
Block and Ochsendorf (2007) Computational Form Finding 83 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Computational Form Finding 84 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G
- Force Diagram G* Computational Form Finding 85 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Equilibrium of an internal node in G is represented by a closed force * - Force Diagram G polygon in G*.
- Thrust Network G The length of the reciprocal edges in G* (multiplied with the scale factor z ) is equal to the magnitude of the horizontal force components in the corresponding edges in G. Computational Form Finding 86 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Step 1 - Solving horizontal equilibrium: - Force Diagram G* The in-plane equilibrium of G - Thrust Network G represents the horizontal equilibrium of G, independently of the applied (vertical) loads.
Step 2 - Solving vertical equilibrium: A unique thrust network G in equilibrium can be found for a given in-plane horizontal equilibrium, the given loading and support vertices. Computational Form Finding 87 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Step 1 - Solving horizontal equilibrium: - Force Diagram G* The in-plane equilibrium of G - Thrust Network G represents the horizontal equilibrium of G, independently of the applied (vertical) loads.
Step 2 - Solving vertical equilibrium: A unique thrust network G in equilibrium can be found for a given in-plane horizontal equilibrium, the given loading and support vertices. Computational Form Finding 88 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Example of a simple modification of * * vertex vj in G . - Force Diagram G*
- Thrust Network G Computational Form Finding 89 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Unidirectional: Modifying the force diagram G* - Force Diagram G* → automatic adjustment of the form diagram G using g = 0 - Thrust Network G
G G G* Computational Form Finding 90 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Unidirectional: Modifying the force diagram G* - Force Diagram G* → automatic adjustment of the form diagram G using g = 0 - Thrust Network G
G G G* Computational Form Finding 91 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Unidirectional: Modifying the form diagram G - Force Diagram G* → automatic adjustment of the force diagram G* using g = 1 - Thrust Network G
G G G* Computational Form Finding 92 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
- Form Diagram G Bidirectional: Modifying the form diagram G - Force Diagram G* → automatic adjustment of the form diagram G and - Thrust Network G the force diagram G* using g = 0.5
G G G* Computational Form Finding 93 Thrust Network Analysis (TNA)
Armadillo Vault, Block Research Group, Venice Architecture Biennale, Italy, 2016 94
Definition of Form Finding
Why Form Finding?
Physical Form Finding Models
Computational Form Finding
Computational Tools Computational Tools https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USyoT_Ha_bA 95 Design by Analysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKM3CmRqK2o
Sketchpad, Ivan Sutherland (1963) Computational Tools 96 Design by Analysis
Karamba, Clemens Preisinger and Bollinger-Grohmann-Schneider ZT GmbH (2011) Computational Tools 97 Form-Finding Design Tool (FDM)
Easy.Form technet GmbH (1990) Computational Tools 98 Form-Finding Design Tool (DR)
Kangaroo, Daniel Piker (2010) Cadenary, Axel Kilian (2002) Computational Tools 99 https://vimeo.com/177711821 Form-Finding Design Tool (TNA) http://www.block.arch.ethz.ch/brg/content/tool/rhinovault/tutorials
RhinoVAULT, Rippmann, Lachauer, Block (2012) Computational Tools 100 Form-Finding Design Tool (TNA)
A: set of all possible shapes accepted by the architect for a specific design problem F: set of all possible funicular shapes for the design problem S: the possible design space for the design problem
Use of form-finding tools 1987 (Sobek) Use of form-finding tools 2015 (Rippmann) Structural Design VI: Computational Methods 101
Introduction Fabrication-aware Structural Design
Computational Parametric Design Parametric Graphic Digital Fabrication Form Finding Construction and Methods in Structural Statics Of Structures Panelisation of Design Shells and Tensile Structures
Advanced topics
Optimisation Design to Production Computational Methods in the Architectural Practice 102
Structural Design VI Philippe Block ∙ Joseph Schwartz
Lead tutors:
Dr. Tomás Méndez Echenagucia Dr. Matthias Rippmann