A Case Study of Wokha District, Nagaland
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UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT PATTERNS OF FOREST RESOURCES: A CASE STUDY OF WOKHA DISTRICT, NAGALAND. BY N. RENTHUNGO JUNGIO THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHY NAGALAND UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER, 2013 Dedicated to my Parents (For the sacrifices they have made to make me what I am today) NAGALAND UNIVERSITY November 2013 DECLARATION I, N. Renthungo Jungio, hereby declare that the subject matter of this thesis entitled “Utilization and Management patterns of forest resources: A case study of Wokha district, Nagaland” is the record of work done by me, that the contents of this thesis did not form any basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other University/Institute. This is being submitted to the Nagaland University for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography. (N. Renthungo Jungio) Head Supervisor i NAGALAND UNIVERSITY (A Central University Estd. By the Act of Parliament No. 35 of 1989) Hqrs. Lumami- 798627 Asst. Professor DepartmentDr. Wangshimenla of Geography Jamir Dated: CERTIFICATE The thesis presented by Mr. N. Renthungo Jungio, M.Sc., bearing Registration No. 280/2007 (24th November 2006) embodies the results of investigations carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. I certify that this work has not been presented for any degree elsewhere and that the candidate has fulfilled all conditions laid down by the University. (WANGSHIMENLA JAMIR) Supervisor ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The successful completion of the research study would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of many people. For those individuals whom I could not mention here, I would like each of you to know that your interest and knowledge greatly assisted me in the successful completion of my study. I am immensely thankful to my guide and mentor Dr. Wangshimenla Jamir for the constant encouragement, valuable suggestions, advices and insights given to me during the course of the study leading to the development of this thesis. Prof. Lanusosang has always been an inspiration to me and I am thankful to him for the encouragement and support given to me from the initial to the final stage of the Research study. I also express my gratitude to Prof. Sangyu Yaden, Prof. M. S. Rawat, Dr. Lanusashi Longkumer, Dr. Toiho and Late Dr. Isatoli Kibami for molding and equipping me with the knowledge required for carrying out the study. I also wish to thank the non-teaching staff of the department of Geography for their co-operation and help received during the course of my study. I am also thankful to the various Government departments such as the Department of Forest, Ecology, Environment and Wildlife, Department of Land Resources, Department of Agriculture, Transport department, Nagaland GIS and Remote Sensing Centre, Directorate of Census Operations, Department of Education, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, etc. for their co-operation and assistance in providing me with the study materials required for the purpose of the research study. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Supongtemjen for assisting me with the preparation of various maps and for the valuable suggestions. Dr. Furkumzuk and Dr. iii Soyhunlo Sebu have always been there for me when I needed their help and for which I am thankful to them. My sincere thanks to Mr. Steve Odyuo and Mr. Thungben Yanthan for granting me permission to use some of their photographs in the thesis. Special thanks to Mr. Wopansow Ngullie, my maternal uncle and Mr. Chumcanthung Jungio, my younger brother for the company and assistance given to me during the field study. I would also like to sincerely thank Mr. N. Ralamo Jungio, my paternal uncle for providing me a vehicle which had enabled me to visit all the sample villages without any difficulties. I am also thankful to Mr. Vanphio Jungio and family for their help and hospitality rendered to me during the field study. The research study would not have been successful without the active participation of the respondents from the sample villages. I am thankful to all of them, especially the village chairmen and the Gaon Buras for taking the trouble of mobilizing the respondents and making the arrangements for the interviews and group discussions. I owe special thanks to my parents, siblings, in-laws, relatives and friends for their constant Prayers, love, support and encouragement. Above all, I am extremely thankful to Mrs Wonchibeni, my beloved wife and Mhadeno and Eyingthung, my children for patiently bearing all the worst moments during the course of the Research study with love and seemingly boundless faith; I could not have done this without you. Last but not the least I thank and praise the Almighty God for His unfailing love and faithfulness in my life (N. Renthungo Jungio) iv LIST OF FIGURES Page 1.1 Location map of the study area showing the sample villages. 19 1.2 Research methodology flow chart. 21 2.1 Digital elevation model showing the three Ranges in Wokha district 27 2.2 Geological map of Wokha district. 32 2.3 Drainage map of Wokha district. 33 2.4 Annual mean maximum and minimum temperature in Bhandari and 38 Wokha (2001-2010). 2.5 Mean annual rainfall and rainy days in Bhandari and Wokha 40 (2001-2010). 2.6 Average annual relative humidity (%) of Wokha and Bhandari stations 43 (2001-2010). 2.7 Soil Map of Wokha district. 45 3.1 The land holding and land use patterns in Nagaland . 53 3.2 Forest land ownership in Nagaland. 54 3.3 Assessment of forest cover by density in Nagaland (2003-2011). 56 3.4 District wise forest cover change in Nagaland (2003-2011). 58 3.5 Land use and land cover in Wokha district. 65 3.6 Forest land ownership in Wokha. 68 4.1 Types of forest resources in Wokha district. 78 5.1 Decadal growth of literacy rate in Wokha district (1981-2011). 138 5.2 Decadal growth of population in Wokha district. 152 v LIST OF TABLES Page 2.1 Stratigraphic Succession of Wokha district. 30 2.2 Decadal mean maximum and minimum temperature (2001-2010) in 37 Bhandari meteorological station. 2.3 Decadal mean maximum and minimum temperature (2001 2010) in 38 Wokha meteorological station. 2.4 Decadal mean rainfall and number of rainy days (2001- 2010) in 40 Bhandari station. 2.5 Decadal mean rainfall and number of rainy days (2001- 2010) in 41 Wokha Station. 2.6 Average decadal Relative Humidity in Wokha & Bhandari 42 Meteorological stations (2001-2010). 2.7 Distribution of different soils at order, suborder, great group and 48 Sub-group levels in Nagaland. 3.1 The land holding and the land use pattern in Nagaland. 52 3.2 District-wise area of land purchased by the department of Forest, 55 Ecology, Environment and Wildlife, Government of Nagaland up to 2006-2007. 3.3 Classification scheme for assessing forest cover by density. 55 3.4 Change in Forest cover by density in Nagaland in Sq.Km 56 (2003-2011). 3.5 District wise forest cover change in Nagaland (2003 & 2011) 58 in Sq. Km. 3.6 Vegetation types of India. 62 3.7 Land use and land cover in Wokha district (2005). 64 3.8 Land ownership patterns in the sample villages in Wokha district. 67 3.9 Forest cover change in Wokha district. 67 4.1 Demographic profile of the sample villages in the study 72 area (2011). 4.2 Decadal population change in Nagaland, 2011 census. 73 vi 4.3 Socio-economic profiles of the sample villages. 76 4.4 Some common tree species used as timber found in Wokha district. 80 4.5 Variation of housing types in the sample villages. 81 4.6 Forest cover and dependence on firewood. 83 4.7 Common tree species used as firewood in Wokha district. 83 4.8 Various Sources of fuel used for making fire in the sample villages. 85 4.9 Patterns of utilization of NTFPs as food items in the sample villages. 92 4.10 Common leafy vegetables used as food in the study area. 92 4.11 Common wild animals and reptiles used for food in the study area. 94 4.12 Some common birds hunted for meat in the study area. 96 4.13 Some common bamboo species found in the study area and their uses. 103 4.14 Some NTFPs used as traditional medicines in the study area. 104 5.1 Traditional mode of conservation and management practices in 118 the study area. 5.2 Various resolutions passed in the sample villages for management 123 and conservation of forest resources. 5.3 Status of educational institutions in Wokha district (2012). 137 5.4 Growth of literacy rate in Wokha district (1981-2011). 138 5.5 Different types of vehicles registered in Wokha district as on 142 31-05-2013. 5.6 List of wild animals and birds that have become scarce in the study area. 143 5.7 Changing demographic profile of Wokha district from 1971 to 2011. 152 5.8 Decadal change of population from 1971 to 2011 in Wokha district. 153 5.9 Variation in the composition of different categories of workers in 160 Wokha district (1971-2013). 5.10 Involvement of households in jhum cultivation and the outcome of 164 short fallow period in the sample villages. vii 5.11 Estimation of trees cut (in truckloads) in one jhum year in the sample 165 villages based on the Nagaland State Jhum land Survey (2005-2006).