Introduction

• Structure of the xylophagous food web remains unclear for saproxylic

but fungi are believed to play an important role

– Direct and indirect nutritional acquisition

– Production of volatile chemicals Introduction………. • Beetles - 150 mya (Ponomarenko, 2003) in similar organic volatile environment • Morphological structural decay similarity in extant & fossil fungi (Stubblefield, 1985; Taylor & Krings, 2005) • Odour receptors evolved in terrestrial habitat (Hansson, 2011) Previous studies

Fagus sylvatica & Stereum hirsutum Coleoptera Eucnemid Melasis buprestoides (P = < 0.001) Anobiid Hedobia imperialis (p = < 0.01) Scraptiid Anaspis frontalis (p = < 0.003) Hymenoptera Braconid Blacinae (p = < 0.001)

Ichneumonid Banchinae preferred (p = < 0.01)

Figure 1. Wood-fungal Proctotrupid Proctotrupinae dual treatment baited trap (Hart, 2009). on natural beech (p = < 0.005).

Previous studies….

Figure 2. Sun site (Hart, 2010).

RutpelaPhymatodes maculata testaceus () (n(Cerambycinae = 46) ) (n = 77)

•Treatment log SH (t 218 = -3.18, P < 0.001). • Treatment log (SH) ( t 227 = -5.12, P < 0.0001). •Fungal distance 1 – 2 cm from plug (F1,47 • Fungal distance plug – 1cm (t 84 = 3.36, P < 0.05) = 3.83, P < 0.05). • End sections (t 227 = -4.99, P < 0.0001).

•End section (F1,217 = 5.81, P < 0.01). • Dual treatment in sun (F1,64 = 2.37, P < 0.05).

• End section in sun (F1,216 =13.11, P < 0.0001) Figure 3. Shade site (Hart, 2010) /Stereum hirsutum volatile attraction to maculata Fagus sylvatica/Stereum hirsutum volatile attraction to Rutpela maculata

• Females n = 11 Males n = 6 • 5mins + 10 mins test • Controlled temperature 21 ± 2 °C • Humidity room 65% RH • 12 – 5 pm • Illuminated by 8500 lux daylight tube (400 to 700 nm) 75 cm above olfactometer.

40mls/min/cylinder Results: Ruptela maculata Results: Stenurella melanura (n=16) GC - EAG

Slone & Sullivan, 2007

1. Peak Height - Amplitude only Solid phase micro-extraction 45mins grey C3 – C20 2. Additive – initial downward EAG output + positive deflection = sum of both exceeds noise 3. Minimum – peak amplitude, wavelength and symmetry

GC – EAG Results

R. Maculata n=7 S. Melanura n= 4

Presence/ absence of EAG associated chemicals in treatments GC - MS

All 3 SH Combined effect Conclusions

1. Combined host volatiles in both olfactometry and GC-EAG shown to be important in host searching behaviour in ovipositing of R. maculata 2. They are postulated to be attractants