0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE Architecture and Modern Literature Architecture and Modern Literature ✦✦✦ David Spurr the university of michigan press ✦ ann arbor Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2012 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid-free paper 2015 2014 2013 2012 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spurr, David, 1949– Architecture and modern literature / David Spurr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-472-07171-5 (cloth : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-0-472- 05171-7 (pbk. : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-0-472-02824-5 (e-book) 1. Architecture and literature. 2. Space perception in literature. 3. Literature, Modern—19th century—History and criticism. 4. Literature, Modern—20th century—History and criticism. I. Title. PN56.A73S68 2012 809'.93357—dc23 2011043633 In memoriam Elizabeth S. Ball Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Meaning in Architecture and Literature 1 chapter 1. An End to Dwelling: Architectural and Literary Modernisms 50 2. Demonic Spaces: Sade, Dickens, Kafka 73 3. Allegories of the Gothic in the Long Nineteenth Century 99 4. Figures of Ruin and Restoration: Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc 142 5. Proust’s Interior Venice 162 6. Monumental Displacement in Ulysses 187 7. Architecture in Frost and Stevens 204 8. Annals of Junkspace: Architectural Disaffection in Contemporary Literature 221 Postface: Covered Ground 249 Notes 255 Bibliography 263 Index 277 Preface This is a book about the interpretation of architectural forms in modern literature. One of its claims is that literature’s encounter with the built en- vironment is essential to its de‹nition of what is sometimes called moder- nity, meaning the set of material and symbolic forms that constitute the modern world and our experience of that world. In order to address this subject, I have found it necessary to pose certain larger questions of the re- lation between literature and architecture. The introduction puts forward the general question of how meaning is produced by architecture and lit- erature, respectively, and how these meanings have intersected. This ques- tion is initially addressed in historical terms, ranging from what I choose to call the foundational myths of Babel and the house of Odysseus to the “house ideologies” of the early modern period. The attention then shifts to the crisis of meaning common to both arts in the nineteenth and twenti- eth centuries. This crisis manifests itself in a number of ways: in the aes- thetics of ruin and fragmentation, in the retreat toward interiority as a space of subjective and private meaning, in the new kinds of attention given to the human body, in the development of new forms and materials, and in the conception of the past in terms of stock or reserve. The ‹rst chapter takes up some of the points raised in the introductory essay in order to recast them within the problematic of architecture as a space of human dwelling, understood in a practical as well as an existential sense. The subject of dwelling is of central importance to this book, as it brings together a range of literary, architectural, and theoretical discourses x ✦ Preface in which the conditions of modernity are those of crisis: a crisis in human habitation, in the adaptation of human beings to the objective conditions of a world in which the question of what it means to be human is given un- precedented urgency. The question is posed equally, if indirectly, by works as diverse as Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway (1925) and Adolf Loos’s Michaelerplatz building in Vienna (1911). The speci‹cally modern concept of dwelling seeks reconciliation with the ontological condition that Mar- tin Heidegger names homelessness (Heimatlosigkeit). Homelessness in this sense is the other of the traditional concept of dwelling, along with the conditions of ruin, fragmentation, and exile. It means not just lacking shelter but not being at home in the world, including the world of lan- guage. Modern literature and architecture are the consequences of this condition, in both their formal freedoms and their respective engagements with the question of the way we live now. The chapters that follow explore from different angles the question of dwelling and its other, beginning at the turn of the nineteenth century and ranging through the twentieth century and beyond. The second chapter concerns the space of the “demonic” in Sade, Dickens, and Kafka. The de- monic is understood here as embodying both the uncanny forces within human being which the modern world has failed to bring under the con- trol of rational mastery, and as the destructive element within the con- struction of modernity itself. The chapter on demonic spaces is concerned, in part, with modernity’s relation to a premodern and even prehistoric past. The third chapter, on “allegories of the Gothic,” turns to the modern relation to the Middle Ages by examining the curious variety of nineteenth-century literary responses to the abiding presence of medieval Gothic cathedrals, notably in France. These responses, which range in register from Goethe’s sense of the sub- lime to Henry James’s self-deprecating irony, prove to be symptomatic of the perplexity and sense of loss with which the modern sensibility con- templates the architectural evidence of a faith that once united the Euro- pean world in its collective strength and fervor. Behind this perplexity is not just the enigma of modernity’s relation to the past but also the prob- lem of the nature of aesthetic experience in a world where art is removed from its traditional foundations in ritual and worship. The following chapter, on Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc, pursues the gen- eral subject of the Gothic by comparing the two most important writers on architecture in the nineteenth century in their con›icting ideas concerning the restoration of medieval architecture. Once again it is a question of modernity’s relation to the past. Ruskin revives the eighteenth-century aes- Preface ✦ xi thetic of the ruin in wishing to preserve the effects of time on medieval ar- chitecture, whereas Viollet-le-Duc attempts to modernize the Gothic in order to restore it to an ideal form that it may never have actually had. The opposition between these architectural values is compared to that which exists in modern literature between the ‹gures of allegory and symbol as contrasting modes of representing the relation of the past to the present. The chapter on Proust in Venice carries the question of the past into the twentieth century. Whereas in a writer like Balzac, the progress of his hero’s life is de‹ned according to his ability to negotiate the labyrinthine ways of the social space of Paris, in Proust the narrator experiences urban space as a kind of map of his own memory—as a metaphorical projection of the personal metaphysics of time in which he struggles to unite his pres- ent with his past. The historical memory embodied in the architecture of Venice thus serves as a model in the narrator’s search for a way to relive the privileged moments of his own memory. The problem of history is equally important for Joyce: in Ulysses the modern city emerges as a great palimpsest in which architectural objects built in different historical epochs are juxtaposed with one another so as to transform their respective meanings in a manner similar to the way this happens between the archaic and modern elements of Joyce’s language. The chapter on architecture in Frost and Stevens returns to the meta- physics of dwelling in order to show how, in an era when the traditional myth of dwelling can no longer be revived, modern poetry assumes the task of de‹ning a new relation to dwelling, as a mode of being, in the form of poetic language itself. The difference between the two poets lies in the respective meanings they assign to this dwelling in relation to the more universal conditions of being. The ‹nal chapter examines the literary re- sponse to the modular, temporary, and cumulative architectural forms pro- duced by the adaptation of building technology to the imperatives of mass consumption and globalization—what the architect Rem Koolhaas has called “junkspace.” The works of J. G. Ballard and Michel Houllebecq serve as testimonies to radical transformations in subjectivity and the social fabric—transformations seen as intimately related to speci‹cally contem- porary architectural forms, such as the high-rise apartment building, the corporate of‹ce park, the suburban shopping mall, and the highway inter- change. Our reading of these works brings us back to the question of dwelling, both in historical time and in the space of the present, and of the need to ‹nd a way to live in a world in the absence of any necessary rela- tion between the human subject and the built environment—where dwelling always has to be learned or invented anew. Acknowledgments Parts of this book have appeared elsewhere. Chapter 1 was published as “An End to Dwelling: Re›ections on Modern Literature and Architecture,” in Modernism, ed. Astradur Eysteinsson and Vivian Liska (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2007).