Age of children leaving home in São Paulo State, Brazil: tendencies, sex and race differences from 1991 to 2010.
Tirza Aidar1; Elizabete Dória Bilac1; Gustavo Brusse1; Zhenglian Wang2; Yi Zeng3; Joice Melo Vieira1
Introduction: At least, since thirty years ago, it is being possible to follow systematically, either by the Demographic Censuses or by the large sample surveys, like the PNADs, some of the deepest changes that Brazilian families have been passing through. Several researches have been produced on such transformations, involving both structural and organizational dimensions. Through these studies, a general picture, quite instigating, of transformations of the Brazilian families is configured. This bibliography points out to multiple aspects of change: the impressive drop in fertility, which rapidly reduces the young-age-dependency ratio and, together with the constant decrease in mortality over the last twenty years, results in a process of population aging; the changes of timing in the markers of the different phases of the life course; the transformations in gender relations, the greater visibility of homosexual unions; the increase of consensual unions and divorces in the last decades, pari passu the increase of formal marriage rate due to remarriage of the divorced and collective wedding promoted by public services and churches. Such demographic changes occur in a context of broader economic, social and cultural transformations of Brazilian society, historically marked by deep inequalities. These transformations have been changing the size, composition, and organization of Brazilian households, which, over the last decades, have shown a continuous reduction in size and increasing diversity in all over the different country regions (BILAC, 2014) According to the Demographic Censuses, from 1980 to 2010, the distribution of households in the State of São Paulo presents significant reduction of "conventional" leaving arrangements, such as "couple with children" (the classical nuclear family). At the same time, it has increased arrangements with only one parent and kids, with or without other relatives, households composed only by the couple and those of just one individual. The postponement of the union formation, divorces and separations contribute to the growth of the monoparentality and one-person households, which also reveal the effects of increased longevity. The households with children suffer a relative reduction of 15.0% in their occurrence, from 1980 to 2010. Surely the aspects involved in such changes are multiple, but it is important to emphasize the relevance of fertility decline, which not only reduces the size of households by decreasing offspring, but could also hasten the arrival of the "empty nest" phase, since the children are few. However, at the same time the number of resident children with one or both
1 Univerty of Campinas, Brazil. 2 China Population and Development Research Center and Digit China. 3 Peking University and Duke University. parents is reduced, recent survey (PNAD 2015) points an increase in the proportion of Brazilians from 25 to 34 years of age who still live in their parents' homes: from 21.7% in 2005 to 25.3% in 2015. They are so-called "kangaroo generation" and 60.2% of which are men. Therefore, there are strong indications that the number of children is small, but they stay longer with the family of origin. Leaving the parents' home is an important marker of a critical moment of the life course – the transition to adulthood (MODELL et al., 1976; GOLDSCHEIDER; DAVANZO, 1986; SETTERSTEN, 2008; VIEIRA, 2009) –, but also of family life cycle. Transitions in the life course and in the family life cycle, however, are clearly changing in Brazilian society and it becomes important to understand these processes. If in the past leaving the parent’s home was signal of autonomy, now a model of intergenerational solidarity less authoritarian can be conciliated with an ideal of interdependence in a multigenerational household. The life cycle is an important approach to understand the family dynamics and how households contract or expand throughout the family life, also for the analysis of the reduction of their average size and, at the same time, the increase in their number. (ZENG et al., 2014). The main objective of this paper is identifying and analyzing social factors involved in the age of children leaving their parents’ home, as well as the changes of it, if any, in a county of Brazil whose population has experienced in the last forty years the passage of a fairly rejuvenated age structure to another with a large contingent of young and young adults people. It is precisely this group, which has greater longevity than their parents’ generations, that is the principal agent of fertility and nuptiality changes, and who faces transformations in the labor market, educational and housing opportunities, in a context of persistent social inequalities. The aim questions are: 1. Is there difference in mean age of leaving parental home (MALPH) by sex and race? The Brazilian literature has shown important sex differences: women presented younger ages of leaving parental home. In a view of the prolonged schooling of the Brazilian population, especially by women, have sex differentials changed? 2. Are differences by race in MALPH persistent from 1991 to 2010? 3. Are the race differences constant if we control education effects?
Materials e Method: The demographic variables considered are sex, race and education. In Brazilian society the last two are important discriminating factors of our deep differences in living conditions (CUNHA et al., 2013). The information was based on 1991, 2000 and 2010 Census. In a first section, it is presented the sex and race estimations of the age-specific net rates of leaving the parental home, done by the iterative intracohort interpolation’s method, using the software Profamy (ZENG et al., 2014). The was initially presented by Coale (1984) to estimate life tables between two censuses and to estimate age-specific fertility rates using data on parity between two censuses (COALE et al., 1985). Subsequently, Stupp (1988) proposes modifications to calculate single-year-age specific rates of demographic events in the intercensal period through tabulations made with only two points in time (STUPP, 1988). Zeng et al. (1994) argue that the method is also satisfactory when estimating standard schedules of the age-sex-specific net rates of leaving home, defined as the difference between the number of persons who leave the parental home at age x and the number of persons who return to the parental home at age x, divided by the total number of x-year-old persons (ZENG et al., 2014). However, as there is no census information about the return to the parents' home, only the number of persons who leave the parental home is considered (ZENG et al., 1994). Thus, information on the proportion of people who are considered children and are living in the same household of some adult is required, considering "child" also the individuals classified as "grandchild", "great-grandchild", "stepchild", “son-in-law” and “daughter-in-law”. (ZENG et al., 1994). A subsequent analysis take in account indicators about living arrangement, education, and work activities for kids and young people from 10 to 29 years old. The information used was from the last demographic census, in 2010. The variable and respective categorizations are presented below. Sex: Men and Women Age: Single age (5 to 49 years old) or Age Groups: 10-14; 15-19; 20-24 and 25-29. Race: White or Asian (WA); Black, Brown or Indigenous (BBI). Education: Less than primary completed (Very Low); Primary completed (Low); Secondary completed (Median); or University completed (High). Activities: Not in education, employment or training (NEETS); Student only (Student); Worker only (Worker); Student and worker (Student&Worker). younger sibling Living arrangements: The head of household is a parent or another older relative (Not autonomous or Dependent). The young (15 to 29 years old) is the household head or his/her spouse, or life partner (Autonomous or Independent). The analysis do not considering institutional population, which represents 1,2% of men from 10 to 29 years old, and 0,7% of woman at same age.
Results
The State of São Paulo (SP), is one of the greatest economic development and advanced stage in the process of demographic transition in Brazil. Despite the strong and steady decrease in total fertility rates, from 3.4 to 1.7 children per woman from 1980 to 2010, its population grew from 25 million to 41 million inhabitants, corresponding for about 20% of the Brazilian population. The infant mortality rate also showed a significant reduction, from 50.9 to 10.7 deaths per thousand live births, while life expectancy at birth increases by 6.5 years from 1991 to 2010, when it reaches 75.0 years. As a result of this dynamic, the Aging Index triplicates, from about 20 to almost 65 people aged 60 or over for every 100 0 to 14 year olds. (FSEADE, 2016, BERQUO et al 2014). In the Demographic Census of 2010, 63.9% of the SSP population declared themselves as "White" and 1.4% as " Asian" both in the race category “WA”, also denominate in this paper as white. The “BBI” category, also denominated in this paper as black, includes 29.1% declared as "Brown", 5.5% as "Blacks" and 0.1% as "Indigenous”. The construction of these two groups is justified because whites and Asians commonly occupy more advantageous social positions compared to the other groups.
Mean age of leaving parents’ home There is a "gradient" of the mean age of leaving parents’ home (MALPH): WA men followed by WA women and BBI men, leaving the parents' home later than black, brown or indigenous women (Table 1 and Figure 1). The difference in MALPH between WA men and BBI women is almost 3 years from 1991 to 2000 and about 4 years from 2000 to 2010. The increase in the gap is basically due to the increase in almost two years in MALPH for WA men and the stability among the BBI population.
TABLE 1: Mean age of children leaving home and percentage of not living with parents aged 45-49, by race and sex. São Paulo State, Brazil, 1991, 2000 and 2010.
White or asian Black, brown, indigenous Total Women Men Women Men Women Men Mean Age of children leaving home 1991-2000 23.6 25.6 22.6 24.4 23.2 25.0 2000-2010 25.0 27.3 22.9 23.8 23.1 24.7 Difference 1.5 1.7 0.3 -0.6 -0.1 -0.3
Percentage of not living with parents aged 45-49
1991 90.0 89.5 92.6 91.7 91.1 90.8 2000 90.0 89.9 93.7 92.7 91.2 90.7
2010 89.0 87.2 91.4 89.3 90.5 88.7
The angle of the single-age proportion of living with parents’ curve (Figure 1), indicate a greater dispersion for the white men from 15 years old. When comparing the differences between the periods 2000 and 2010, there is an increase in age dispersion of leaving the parents' home from the age of 20 for women, and from age of 25 for men (Figure 2).
1 Year, 2000 1 Year, 1991 0,9 0,9 0,8 White,female 0,8 White,female White,male 0,7 0,7 White,male All Others,female 0,6 All others,male 0,6 All Others,female All others,male 0,5 0,5
Proportion 0,4
Proportion 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Age Age 1 Year, 2010 0,9
0,8 White,female 0,7 White,male All Others,female 0,6 All others,male 0,5
Proportion 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Age
Figure 1: Proportion of living with parents by race and sex, derived from census micro data. São Paulo State, Brazil, 2010.
1 females 1 males 0,9 0,9 1991 1991 0,8 0,8 2000 2000 0,7 0,7 2010 2010 0,6 0,6
0,5 0,5 Proportion 0,4 Proportion 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Age Age Figure 2: Proportion of living with parents by sex, derived from census micro data. São Paulo State, Brazil, 1991, 2000 e 2010.
Analyzing the Singulate Mean Age at Union (SMAU)4, also considering as “no single” persons who lives, or has lived, in a consensual union only among white men there was an increase, from 26.5 in 1991 to 27.6 in 2010. For white women there was a constant decrease in the period, from 25 in 1991 to 24 in 2000 and 23.5 in 2010. These results corroborate with those achieved for the AALPH and shows a will be compared with trends and differentials according to sex and race in relation to nuptiality and schooling in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.
Living arrangement in 2010 The results presented in Table 2 indicate important sex, ethnic groups and levels of education differences for living arrangement prevalence. In general women have 1.4 times greater
4 Vieira and Alves (2015) used the term Singulate Mean Age at Union (SMAU) when apply the same technique proposed by Hajnal (1953) – Singulate Mean Age at Marriage, SMAM – but consider the cohabitation experience like marriage. independence from the parents' home or older relatives then men: 27.8% of women and 19.6% of men. As shown in Figure 2, these percentage increase rapidly after 15 years of age. The largest sex difference is observed for 15- to 19-year-olds, 10% of women already reside independently at this age, compared to 3% of men, and also among those who do not study or work (NEET). Young people who declare themselves as black, brown or indigenous (BBI) have a higher prevalence of autonomous residence (IND). In this case, the earlier leaving parents' home may indicate greater pressure for labor market entry and less access to higher education, which requires prolongation of study and, consequently, greater financial support. The data in Table 3 reinforce this argument: the prevalence of the 25 to 29 years old White and Asian men (WA) with high education is almost 4 times higher than among BBI at same age (21.4% and 5.8%, respectively). Women present higher education then men: 27.5% for WA women and 8.6% for BBI women of 25 to 29 years old in 2010. (Table 3).
TABLE 2: Population and distribution (%) by selected sociodemographic indicators, separated for sex and autonomy in living arrangements. 10 to 29 population of São Paulo state, Brazil.
Distribuition (%) by sociodemographic indicators (%) of Independent - IND Independent living arrangementsa and sex IND DEP IND DEP IND DEP Total Men Women Total Men Women Men + Women 1,369,377 5,618,564 1,941,381 5,029,798 3,310,758 10,648,362 13,959,120 1,369,377 1,941,381 3,310,758 Sociodemographic indicators 19.6 80.4 27.8 72.2 23.7 76.3 100.0 19.6 27.8 23.7 10-14 1.1 29.7 1.1 32.1 1.1 30.8 23.8 0.9 1.4 1.1
Age 15-19 4.7 28.4 8.4 29.2 6.9 28.8 23.6 3.9 10.0 6.9 Groups 20-24 29.3 24.9 32.1 23.3 31.0 24.2 25.8 22.3 34.7 28.5 25-29 64.9 17.0 58.3 15.4 61.0 16.2 26.8 48.2 59.5 53.9 White, 57.3 61.0 60.2 63.1 59.0 62.0 61.3 18.6 26.9 22.8 Asian Race Black, Brown, 42.7 39.0 39.8 36.9 41.0 38.0 38.7 21.1 29.4 25.1 Indigenous Very Low 24.1 43.3 21.1 40.3 22.3 41.9 37.2 12.0 16.8 14.2 Low 23.3 23.7 23.0 22.7 23.1 23.2 23.2 19.3 28.2 23.7 Educationb Median 41.9 26.3 43.8 27.8 43.0 27.0 30.8 28.0 37.8 33.1 High 9.9 5.0 11.3 7.5 10.7 6.2 7.3 32.4 37.0 35.1 Neets 7.7 11.3 35.4 14.1 23.9 12.6 15.3 14.3 49.2 37.1
Student 3.7 44.9 6.6 50.4 5.4 47.5 37.5 2.0 4.8 3.4 Activities Worker 78.4 30.6 49.9 22.9 61.7 27.0 35.2 38.4 45.7 41.6 Student & 10.2 13.1 8.1 12.6 9.0 12.9 12.0 15.9 20.0 17.8 Worker (a) IND: Household head or his/her spouse, or life partner (Independent). DEP: The head of household is one of his/her parent or another older relative (Dependent). (b) Very Low: Less than primary completed; Low: Primary completed; Median: Secondary completed; High: University completed. Information available: 99.3% for women and 98.3% for men. SOURCE: 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census Survey / IBGE.
The higher schooling, higher the prevalence of living arrangement as "independent" (IND). In univariate descriptive analyzes this result is expected, since it carries the age structure composition effect. Younger children had not time to reach higher escolarization and are less likely to leave their parents' homes.
TABLE 3: Total of 25 to 29 years old population and its distribution (%) by educational levelb, separated for sex and racea. State of São Paulo, Brazil, 2010. Men Women Total WA BBI Total WA BBI Total WA BBI Total
Education 1,143,481 699,545 1,843,026 1,228,648 675,482 1,904,130 2,372,129 1,375,027 3,747,156
Very Low 15.8 28.2 20.5 12.6 23.6 16.5 14.1 25.9 18.5
Low 16.9 22.7 19.1 15.3 21.0 17.3 16.1 21.9 18.2
Median 45.0 42.4 44.0 44.0 45.9 44.7 44.5 44.1 44.3
High 21.7 5.9 15.7 27.5 8.6 20.8 24.7 7.2 18.3 Ignored 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 (a) WA: White and Asian; BBI: Black, brown and indigenous. (b) Very Low: Less than primary completed; Low: Primary completed; Median: Secondary completed; High: University completed. Information available: 99.3% for women and 98.3% for men. SOURCE: 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census Survey / IBGE.
The majority of men who reside independently of their parents or older relatives (IND) works (78.4%) or study and works (10.2%). For women at same age, from 10 to 29 years, there is a smaller percentage in this group, 49.9% and 8.1% who work or study and work, respectively. In this case, it will be demonstrated later on session that IND women divide the position among being the household head or his/her spouse, or life partner, and many of those do not work or study outside their home. In order to evaluate the observed differences between the sexes and race, controlling the age and schooling effects, four logistic models were adjusted that incorporate each variable successively (Table 4).
Table 4: Logistic Regression Analysis of Living arrangementsa. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (C.I.). 15 to 29 population of São Paulo state, Brazil, 2010.
Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3 Modelo 4 Variables and 95% C.I. 95% C.I. 95% C.I. 95% C.I. categories OR Lower Upper OR Lower Upper OR Lower Upper OR Lower Upper 15-19 1.00 Idade 20-24 5.37 5.28 5.46 5.45 5.36 5.54 5.51 5.42 5.60 6.34 6.23 6.45 25-29 15.76 15.51 16.01 16.27 16.01 16.53 16.58 16.32 16.85 20.02 19.68 20.36 Men 1.00 Sex Women 1.78 1.76 1.80 1.80 1.78 1.81 1.88 1.86 1.90 WA 1.00 Raceb BBI 1.34 1.32 1.35 1.20 1.19 1.22 Low 2.33 2.29 2.37 Very Low 1.98 1.94 2.01 Educationc Median 1.50 1.48 1.53 High 1.00 Constant 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.03 (a) Living arrangements: The head of household is a parent or another older relative of the young (Dependent=0). The young is the household head or his/her spouse, or life partner (Independent=1). (b) WA: White and Asian; BBI: Black, brown and indigenous. (c) Very Low: Less than primary completed; Low: Primary completed; Median: Secondary completed; High: University completed. SOURCE: 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census Survey / IBGE.
The first model adjusts the effect of age on probability of the young people residing autonomously or independently: the probability is more than 5 times for those from 20 to 24 years old then those from 15 to 19 years old, and more than 15 times for young people aged from 24 to 29 years. Adding the sex variable, the effect of age remains statistically significant and with the same force of influence represented by OR. Regardless of age, women have, in average, 1.78 more chance of living independently than men, and the OR increases to 1.88 when it is adjusted by same race and education level (model 4 in Table 4). Concerning race, for the same ages and sex, BBI has a 1.34 more chance of living independently (models 3 and 4 in Table 4). This OR decreases to 1.20 when adjusted by education level also. That is, there is an education composition effect in the racial differential but, as the instruction are measured here, those composition effects do not completed elucidate the race differences, as well for sex and age differences on young living arrangements. For the same age group, sex and schooling level, BBI young people have a 20% higher chance of living in an autonomous way. To better understand the race effects interactions with the other variables, logistic models were adjusted separately (Table 5).
Table 5: Logistic regression analysis of Living Arrangementsa, by education levelb and sex. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (C.I.). 15 to 29 population of São Paulo state, Brazil, 2010.
Very Low Low Median High Variables and 95% C.I. 95% C.I. 95% C.I. 95% C.I. categories OR Lower Upper OR Lower Upper OR Lower Upper OR Lower Upper 15-19 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Age 20-24 9.31 8.81 9.84 10.33 9.85 10.82 4.40 4.17 4.66 3.67 2.67 5.05 (Men) 25-29 26.72 25.32 28.19 30.38 29.00 31.81 16.86 15.96 17.81 12.96 9.45 17.77
Racec WA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 (Men) BBI 1.20 1.16 1.23 1.21 1.17 1.25 1.26 1.23 1.29 1.28 1.21 1.36
Constant 0.04 0.03 0.05 15-19 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Idade 20-24 5.57 5.35 5.81 8.91 8.61 9.23 3.80 3.66 3.95 4.18 3.23 5.41 (Women) 25-29 14.15 13.58 14.75 21.04 20.31 21.81 12.65 12.18 13.13 13.89 10.75 17.95
Racec WA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 (Women) BBI 1.20 1.16 1.24 1.26 1.22 1.29 1.16 1.14 1.19 0.96 0.91 1.01 Constant 0.15 0.80 0.11 0.06 (a) Living arrangements: The head of household is a parent or another older relative of the young (Dependent=0). The young is the household head or his/her spouse, or life partner (Independent=1). (b) Very Low: Less than primary completed; Low: Primary completed; Median: Secondary completed; High: University completed. (c) WA: White and Asian; BBI: Black, brown and indigenous. SOURCE: 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census Survey / IBGE.
For men with no our poor education (Very Low or Low) the effects of age for leaving parental home are stronger, around 10 times higher for those 20-24, and 30 times higher for those 25 and 29 compared to younger, from 15 to 19 years old. The differences by race for the women disappear for those with high education. However, for men race differentials increase with the level of schooling: OR equal to 1.20 for BBI low schooling men, increasing until 1.28 among those with higher education. Finally, in Table 6 and Figure 3 there are the distribution of the population from 15 to 29, according to activity conditions, by sex, race and relation with the household head of their living arrangement. Among men there is higher prevalence of non-autonomous residences (DEP), 70.1% for WA and 64.2% for BBI men. The second more prevalent is as household head, 19.3 and 21.7 for WA and BBI, respectively. For then, the majority works, 60.8 of WA and 58.5 of BBI. On the other hand, among women at the same age the highest prevalence is divided by being DEP or IND as spouses or life partner of household head: 60.7% and 22.8% for WA women, and 55.1% and 24.8% for BBI, respectively. That is, a total of 83.5% of WI women and 79.9% of BBI women aged 15-29 reside in households as spouses, daughters, daughters-in-law or younger sisters of heads of households. (Table 6)
Table 6: Population of 15 to 29 years old distribution (%) by activities condition, separated by sex, race and relationship with the household head.
Activities Relationship to the Student& Total hausehold head NEETSb Student Worker Worker % 389,064 608,941 1,643,060 526,027 3,167,092 White or Asian Men 12.3 19.2 51.9 16.6 100 Head 7.1 3.5 78.1 11.3 611,199 19.3 Spouse or life patner 7.3 1.4 81.7 9.6 159,799 5.0 Other relative/Not relative 15.4 12.9 57.2 14.6 174,477 5.5 a Children 13.8 25.3 42.1 18.7 2,221,617 70.1 Black, Brown or 306,123 345,565 1,137,985 260,981 2,050,654 Indigenous Men 14.9 16.9 55.5 12.7 100 Head 8.4 2.6 80.4 8.5 445,845 21.7 Spouse or life patner 9.8 1.4 82.2 6.6 127,918 6.2 Other relative/Not relative 16.2 10.0 63.1 10.7 159,712 7.8 a Children 17.5 24.0 43.5 15.0 1,317,179 64.2 770,557 693,847 1,352,257 502,649 3,319,310 White or asian Women 23.2 20.9 40.7 15.1 100 Head 26.5 8.3 53.7 11.4 393,651 11.9 Spouse or life patner 36.5 4.0 52.0 7.4 756,002 22.8 Other relative/Not relative 21.1 17.6 45.9 15.5 156,257 4.7 a Children 17.7 30.0 33.6 18.7 2,013,400 60.7 Black, Brown or 581,932 374,535 759,386 217,165 1,933,018 Indigenous Women 30.1 19.4 39.3 11.2 100 Head 34.1 7.2 50.4 8.4 276,411 14.3 Spouse or life patner 43.7 4.4 46.6 5.3 479,282 24.8 Other relative/Not relative 27.8 15.8 44.9 11.5 112,280 5.8 a Children 23.2 29.6 32.5 14.6 1,065,045 55.1 (a) The young is a household head children, son or daughter in low, or younger sibling. (b) NEETS: Not in education, employment or training. SOURCE: 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census Survey / IBGE.
Among those who live in a DEP way, 25.3% and 24.0% of WA and BBI, respectively, only study, against about 30.0% of women, regardless of race. That is, women in a DEP living arrangement have higher proportion as Student them men, and there is no race difference about that (Table 6). The race differences focus on the proportion of NEET or Student status for those who are old enough to attend higher education, or specialization courses (Figure 3). In this case, BBI are about 1.25 more likely to be out of activity (NEETS) than WA. On the other hand, for WA the proportion of those who study is about 1.50 higher than among the BBI, regardless of sex and home position (Figure 3). The most striking sex difference for the same age group, 20 to 29 years old, is also in the NEET proportion, which is 3.9 times higher for women who do not reside with their parents and 1.4 higher for those who reside with their parents, regardless of race. This result undoubtedly would change if household work and childcare was accounted in Worker or Student & Worker categories.
Hausehold head, spouse, life partner, other relative or no relative 100
80 54.6 51.1 Worker 60 77.9 80.5 NEETS 40 Student&Worker 31.2 38.1 20 Student 8.1 9.7 11.1 7.9 9.5 6.7 0 Men WA Men BBI Women WA Women BBI
Chidren, younger sibling, son or dauther in law
100
80 48.8 50.0 Worker 58.3 62.6 60 NEETS
40 20.2 Student&Worker 14.9 28.0 19.6 Student 20 18.2 20.0 12.3 14.2 11.0 0 8.5 5.4 7.7 Men WA Men BBI Women WA Women BBI
Figure 3: Population of 20 to 29 years old distribution (%) by activities, separated by sex, race and relationship to the household head. São Paulo State, Brazil, 2010.
Discussion For São Paulo population there was no important change in the mean age of leaving parents home from 1991 to 2010, particularly for black, brown or indigenous people, for whom the mean age of leaving parents’ home is 2 and 3 years younger than is for white or Asian women and men, respectively. The biggest change occurred for WA men: the MALPH was estimated in 25.6 for 1991 to 2000, and 27.3 from 2000 to 2010. That change was responsible to enlarge race differences. Incorporating level of instruction to evaluate the race and sex differences of living arrangements in 2010, have shown that leaving parental home can be an opportunity of autonomy for some, or merely a necessity to others. That is, for people that has opportunities of schooling and can prolong it in advanced ages, leaving parents’ home can be just a choice, while to others, some social determinants makes it inevitable. Botelho, Araújo and Codes (2016), support that the decision of leaving or staying longer at parents’ home, is associated with to investment in schooling. The results presented here support this affirmation for the WA that has hitched high education; they have opportunity to postpone work and marriage. But, for BBI, less educated, even if not so much, the results indicate that there are not much choices instead work and get married. Probably, in our society there are still a lot of social composition effects. Although schooling has increased, even among BBI, the gap between race social outcomes still very important. In other words, the education improvements do not convert into an increase in opportunities, revealed by the maintenance and even decrease of BBI means age of leaving the parents’ home (Table 1), and higher prevalence in the NEET and Worker condition (Table 6 and Figure 3). Finally, it would be important to incorporate discussion of social and sex/gender division of labor that seems influence the tendency and differentials patterns evaluated.
References
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