International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science (IJASHSS) Available online at http://www.ijashss.com Volume 4, Issue 2 (2015) pp. 141-156 Original Article Iranian pioneers of Realism Qumars Rahmani Faculty of Persian Literature, Payam-e- Noor University, Tehran, Iran Received: 19 March 2015, Revised: 18 April 2015, Accepted: 25 April 2015 ABSTRACT Literature of Iran until before constitution has not any transplantation with social reality. Iranian relations with the West and the development of information technology brought a new awareness of the role of public administration, and the structure of public life and it made the urban middle-class of traditional society. It disturbed the equations of morphotectonics and it faced values of the old and new in the realm of ethics, the power and artistry of literary forms and language together. This evolution was result of fact and literature .the journalism Accelerated development of realistic writing and Iranian journalist led acute social realities to the social novels in newspaper format, footnotes, and by this way the realistic novel–that counted epic of the community as a bourgeois – contemporary with the formation of new public class bourgeois, it established body of literature. This article shows the development of novel realisticfrom the constitutional grounds is based on view of Persian history and Persian literature. It has shown a positive trend towards realism and realistic story of the birth of journalism text follows. The main topics discussed were: political writing of constitutional, social reality, journalism and realism, the transition from historical novel to social novel, language and social reality, pioneers of critical realism, outlook of the dominant works, realist novel primary defect. At the end of this article came some of the Persian Realist novels until the year 1320. Keywords: Persian Realism, Journalist, Novelist Realistic.
Introduction The writing realistic began by between Iran and the West and sending Constitutional Revolution in Iranian. The students to Europe, the establishment of Persian literature before working hard to new schools, the arrival of the printing mystical theology and mystical press in Iran and the translation of literary experiences and poetry minds before it for works and popular journalism. The view of during ten centuries. It was not shown Iranians about reality of life changed .that much joy fact. Except tenth century that constitution revolution (1284 S. / 1905) experiences of land loving and feeling of born of this realistic look to man and the personal experiences have entered in the world. Years 1275 to 1300 AD (CE). school of poetry. Continuous of best mind Replacement era urban individualist and fantasy world, on current literature, capitalist formed instead of patriarchy. was dominant. Following the relationship With the development of the bourgeois 141 | Page
Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 class and the growing urban class, m. ) by Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar s gradually concepts as sovereignty, commend , and constitutionalists were freedom, criticism and criticism of the routed off and the press , but in light of government and the rise of superstition new knowledge within the community was and traditional values emerged. It made to also released . At the time, Writing about emerging of reading groups in urban the social reality was not simply possible. middle-class and fundamental changes in Nonethelessfeelings of patriotism and the political structure and social structure desire for independence of the country of Iranians. This look created writing and increased by historical novel writing. literature that approach to itinevitably. Constitutionalists as part of aristocrats and The task literature changed and new princes of the Qajar dynasty was trying to literary forms such as historical novels, confirming the positioning system of plays and short stories superseded social government based on the rule of nobles in and moral teaching writing literature. This the struggles .the historical novel was paper documents considers the used to revive and reinvent the glory of development of social realism (realistic ancient Iran. The historical novel was social writing) in Persian language and actually derived from a nostalgic that development of realistic literature and it feeling anxious stratified afraid that the discusses about useful agents of spread of new social changes, gave relief. Iranian social language in writing. It briefly nationalism was based index from a discusses the pioneers of realistic Persian historical novel of Iran. Mirza Bather novels and main of it in relation to social Khosrav cast design, Iranian nationalism change. These issues have been with the realistic theme of love, in novel of discussed in the literature of Shams and Toghra (1292 S. / 1,909 m.)1 contemporary literature more or less which is inherent in the novel. The novel of discrete but look at this issue from the Love and romance or conquest reign of perspective of the principles of social great Cyrus (1297 W / 1919.) Of Sheikh realism was consideredless by the critics Musa Kaboudarahang in three volumes, and literary historians. Subsequently with nationalistic theme, narrates the expatriate intellectuals (Malcolm story of korosh. The story of ancient or MirzaKhan, Talbuf, Akhundzadeh, and korosh s adventure. (1299 S. / 1921) of Jamal Asadabadi), migrant traders (zienol Mirza Hassan Khan badi and novel seiner abedin Maraghei), and political exiles or revenge seeking Mazdak (1299 to 1304 (Ruhi Kermani, Mirza Aqha Khan Kermani, sh.) Written Abdulhossien Sanati Zadeh Mirza Habib Isfahani) The first critical ye Kermani that narrates invaded by Arab realist writers in Persian literature. who Muslims in Iran and the decline of Sassanid their writing bring the new awareness dynasty2, they are the story as of early about the world and man's role and historical novels with a national theme . knowledge s role in the organization to Although these stories were historical sociality and form of public life for context of their time, but were also Iranians. somewhat related to the realities of nearing the day and evening constitutional The transition from historical novel to tokens in their relations society; therefore social novel they welcome the masses of people faced. Although the flames abated with the burst Lazyka of Haider Ali Kamali (1309 n. ) it is the parliament ( 23 Jumada I 1326/1908 War of the Roman and Sasanian issues
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Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 raised during the two World Wars ,that he social reality with bookish. He shows wrote especially the issue of national reality as "Report" , but the author writes independence and public spirit. with language of social class “shows” Roknzadeh Adamiyat wrote Tangestan reality "show". Made with colloquial usage, that it is about valor of southern people of the actual text of the story takes a realistic Iran (13 12 n.) the against the attacks of and polyphonic technique in which every England in the First World War, he wrote person who speaks the language of its this narration, documentary and was class is the nature of reality. a novel that closer to the time and place of the author 's All persons talks with uniform and bookish life and observations. Historical novels of author , it has formal and unidirectional close to historical time and facts of period with reality .we can see Thin and faint of writer gradually. It replaced the social forms of language in social species novels by year 1300 AD. Persian story Syahtnamh Ibrahim Bey and translation of writing moved to social movement with Hajji Baba Isfahani. Shortly after, the move the realities of social change. That it was began to writing and literary criticism attempted to explain the details of life and Qajari written language in a literary work. social relations. These works were invited authors to use 1-Khosraviinfluenced by the works of the original Persian and people s language. Alexandre Dumas-Count de Monte Cristo Dehkhoda in writing as story translation of and The Three Musketeers, which were arabic letters (sore esraphil., 16 ) and translated into Persian in the late 19th Hassan Moghadam in play of “Jaffar Khan century-is located. (Top 353) returned from abroad” and Jamal Zadeh in 2-According relation of Sanati Zadeh with short story :the Persian is thankful. Mirza AghaKhanand Sheikh Ahmad Ruhiin (1300), say bitter reality with plan the Istanbul, probably the real distance between the language of religious authorseiner(Dam Gostaran), is Mirza Aqa scholars and intellectuals have gone to Khan Kermani. Sanati Zadeh was 15 when Europe with body language people. the book was published, and the novel long Prepared background to Regard to the before this date, so that the incentivesare actual language as a system that would quite different from nationalism to be allow for the fact that formed gradually. written. Select this historical subject Easy writing and near of writing to the insult Iranian national. Pride and part language of people was an unforgivable sin lyideological conditions of the years1300 for the tradition literary. Fascination of to1310 –is the culmination of nationalism- language and classical literature is in contrast, can look amazing. (High, humiliated the simple writing and realistic Ibid, p381) writing and they counted it as harmful to Indeed, a better understanding the life to Farsi.and they know this writing such a change it is goal of the realism of Iran and worthless folk literature. But today we the capital of the country where most of know this simple writing and freestanding the severe impact of Western modernism writing as opening of big rise in realism of was ready for this change. Persian prose. Social novel that it is the Transformations in language and social sequence and complementary the reality historical novels, it was dedicated to In fact, the reality formed in language, and Iranian Society of Pathology. But the logic of language is the true measure of the historical novel would ask the glory of word. Certainly an author writes about 143 | Page
Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 sociality from the depths of history and the is sugar Story (1300 n. ) by Jamalzadeh. supernatural situation. Most of the early writers of Persian society journalist and journalism have a manual Journalism and Realism that is the role of journalism in the Prose is form of realism but poetry has tradition of realism. Journalism, in fact, in more capacity to write dream and the context of social realities. So the origin aspirations and paranormal and spiritual. of realism early should be sought Persian Before journalism in Iran, language of Iranian journalism. Mohammed Hijazi , Ali social classes and dialects differed with the Dashti, Saeid Nafisi, Moshafegh Kazemi, official language of the book. Written Mohammad Masood, Syed Jafar Pishevar, language was the official language of the Abbas Khalili Rabi Ansari, novelist of first country that the governors and period, all are famous journalists 3. Social administrators and bureaucrats wrote it. novels were published first as a footnote in Journalism was established was the papers. Iranian star and shafaghe established Coincided with the emergence sorkh(red lights) newspapers and period of new social knowledgewas established. (1300-1310) with printed reader novels Two years after that Mozafar Din shah filled with such notorious Tehran , jail time declared constitutional (1284 S . / 1905) (1 to 15) Evening entertainment (1311 n.) the more84 papers were published in the launched Move toward realism of story in politics space (Robino). All the newspaper Persian language . Look into the society of went ahead with each tender with Social newspaper prose style and in many social and political realities. Need for speed the novels of the early works of journalistic transmission of news and ideas that would sources is actually born. Ali Dashti, editor require people to use a colloquial mass of of the newspaper for about three months, the people, instead of the formal literary "Star of" The newspaper was shut down in language and the approach to be Persian 1300afterSscoresnewspaper "Red Lights" prose and social realities of the "real received. Red Lights managing director language" people can be close (Tabatabai, from 1300to1310by management of Mayel 1366: 206-214). Publishing the newspaper Toysekani and League of Ali Dashti and by Dash Mashti -language for Brothers of would like. The newspaper in 1310 after Felt Hat. Ali Akbar Dehkhoda accelerated the "Revolution" was renamed. Jafar Pishe Persian prose moves towards social varin the newspaper "Hurriyet" by Azeri language in his critical essays with his sign language (1298-1299) was an Azeri "Dekho" in the newspaper of Sore Esraphil cooperation. Later (about 1304) in the (1325 BC). He used Tehran and some areas Journal (Communist) Gillan was taking of language with all the skills.Until that apen. newspaper, "Alarm" was released day, few persons entered the market and in1322. Abbas Khalili, the first, in the street language in the official language. newspaper "named" by Sayyid Zia Dehkhodaby using body of conversational Tabatabai worked, after falling him. (1300) speaking made it friendly for readers. newspaper "acting" he released. Rabi Dehkhoda) is very close to the short story Ansari was taking a pen Keyvan in in two articles in turpentine (seraph newspaper. numbers 27-28) and the translation of the Arabic letter (ibid., No. 16). First is Iranian pioneers of realism criticism of the inner layers of religious Travel Writing community and the latter is paste, Persian 144 | Page
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On the verge of revolution novels:” stars such precision that the Iranians had deceived (1253 n.)” And analogy” (plays) attractive reality. of Akhund –Zadeh4 (1191 to 1257 no.), .4-The first was the Iranian Azerbaijani The Turkish language plays Mirza Aqa realist novel written deceived Stars (1253 Tabrizi5 (1253 S. / 1,872 m.), Released yet n.) Turkish language reform in parliament and was implicit. But you must search and formed new concepts like story with a travel first era social realist literature historical background to the Safavid. political veins Qajar. Publishing the first 5- He wrote five plays to mimic from volume Syahtnamh Ibrahim Bey6 (1275 W Talbuf. In this first edition of the play in / 1,896 m.) Written by Sajjad Maraghei Berlin .Mirza Malcolm had appointed (See during (1217-1287 s) shattered the the introduction to c. Sadiq Mirza Aqa established order, the government Tabrizi on plays, PS One and Two). prohibited its distribution, and many 6- The book is called disaster with people were arrested for allegedly writing prejudice in three separate volumes of it, but it Scripture readers were the written as novel with the - itinerary- penalties handed down in secret and biography. The adventures of the hero and would have been read. the story are fictional, but the events In the book, Ahmad. (1284 W), which has where paying less exaggerated, events and the constitutional authority of scientific stories in it are unlikely to be true. And and ideological movement7, Talbuf Tabrizi this is close to the realist novel. Not (1213-1289 n.) Questioning a man named mentioning the date of publication of the Ahmad makes a deal with the physical first volume, but the historical evidence in world in search of knowledge about the 1314 AH / 1896 CE. To be published. fate of the world and human world offered. Twelve years after the publication of the He wants to build a humane and first volume, the author was unknown to revolutionary cosmopolitanism from anyone, even to the point of irony, and to Ahmad. The story:Msalk Almohsenin have written it. The second volume in the (1284 W ) to mimic the last day of wisdom year 1323 AH / 1905 CE. In Calcutta, and written by Sir Humphrey Davy say about Volume III in 1327 AH / 1909 CE. In youth group scientific purposes travel for Constantinople (Istanbul) was published. to travel Mount Damavand. This is the 7-High, it is leading to the Persian novel pretext and excuses the author's journey (p. 309). of discovery through a variety of social and 8- Du Maurier in the years 1223 - 1230 ethical issues and proposes training. This BC, six years was secretary of the British novel is the translation of the novel: The Embassy in Iran (supra. Jafar Modarres Adventures of Hajji Baba of Isfahan (1905- Sadeghi, Hajji Baba of Isfahan). This book 1286 Sat.) Of James jousting Maurier, is intended to be critical of the Iranian I secretary of the British embassy in the customs and ugly ways to stretch the field Iranian mentality8 plays an important role is written (supra. Aryan Pour, vol.1 / Page in restoring the social reality of the 296). Mirza Habib Esfahani, translator of supernatural, which gradually led to the the book, speaking about the reality of the formation of the Persian realistic paper. streets and bazaars of Isfahan and other Novels Hajji Baba of Isfahan (1824 AD the Iranian cities were used. The real people of English. Persian translation of Calcutta in Fath Ali Shah and Saba Kashani court poet 1905) As well as private life and social and Mirza Abul Hassan Khan and others customs of the Persians had written with close to their reality been described. Not
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Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 allow publishing of two books on Istanbul, bother dragged displaced ? He writes: " Tehran and its implications on issues Within all these words I have made, this directly related to sociality 9. Some time the party is a common carrier and Marxist critics and those who called realist movable both present and to vote the eyes literature Jamalzadeh founder of the occur , and where there isnot doubt and Persian realism began with Once Upon a interpretation " (Tabriz, 1354: 219). In this Jamalzadeh (Chaykyn, 1928). Maybe they response to the explicit cue interpretation want to find like the pattern called for time and place of permanence of paper Iranian fiction story "cloak" of the Gogol that shows the state of his mind is the was a Russian realist. Jamalzadeh wrote 6 essence of realism. As the founder of story short in period of seven years (1293 realism not Jamalzadeh Iran. 9- to 1300) in 1300 AD published in once SheikhAhmed Rohi has called Edvard upon. Author sensitivity towards social Browne in a letter and wants him to issues and writing the language of the prepare background to publish Mirza common people from different classes and Habibs translation. The Ottoman writing events of the day, intensified government in Istanbul because it is not realism in his works. Languages of allowed to publish it. (Introduction of Hajji conversational style of inclusion of slang Baba of Isfahan, and Kamshad, Modern and street markets made that writing Persian Prose, 75-76). Jamalzadeh to be closer to social reality. It is fresh and lively and fascinating language The first realistic novels in Farsi that has tale of entering of the realities to A year after Once Upon a, long novel - Persian prose that some literati of that the dreaded Tehran11 (1301 n.) Writings time did not agree with it and they impel Seyed Morteza Moshafagh Kazemi (1280- him to be silence until the year 1320. The 1357 S) is considered the first novel in truth is that before Jamalzadeh social Persian society. Moshafegh Kazemi wrote realism in the realm of language use and when he was young and sometimes he the social and political issues of the day, was manager of agriculture magazine and leaving behind a successful experience. trade journal .he was members Iranian Zeynol Abedin Maraghein itinerary of students in German and with name of Ibrahim beyg and Dehkhoda in the jive and population of Iranian hope and he was jump experienced style of simply writing founders of modern journal Farangestan and realism in prose and content of Once letter AHS in 1303. And he is author of the Upon means superstition, traditional editorial. He then returned to Iran and moral and political system and confusion continued journalist with the young Iran of Persian and ... in the Akhund -Zadeh, magazine continued to draw pay painful Talbuf, Dehkhoda, Maraghei and situation Tehran in 1300. Moshafegh Myrzaaqakhan Kermani and ... With a continued Volume II of notorious Tehran revolutionary language and harsh tone and by named of Compassionate of one Night more aggressive than Jamalzadeh (1304/1925 AD.). Two other his novels, criticized. Mirza Khan Tabrizi plays in the withered flower (1308) and envy epilogue of his book (1250 S . / 1,871 m.), invaluable (1309) though it have Social 49 years before the publication of the support, but also the size of the notorious stories of Jamalzadeh in response to a Tehran did not succeed. Some critics this friend who asks Jamalzadeh predecessors first Persian social novel, because of have written much better, why do you journalistic flavor it has been regarded as 146 | Page
Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 the initiator of the genre footnote. But took close to reality of time and it took Tehran 's notorious because of attraction place in metropolitan cities and it's a and alignment with the direction of motion major problem and these stories as soon as socially acceptable that other confrontation between tradition and Tehrani authors wrote the novels with the modernity. Social stories that first style it. Abbas Khalili Wrote novels: appeared in the year 1300 solar to contemporary Black (1303/1925 solar) describe prostitution, political corruption Revenge (1304/1925 Solar.) And and administrative and social unsafe in Mysterious Night (1305/1926 solar.) Jahja years after the Constitution, reflect the Dowlat Abadi story of” shahr naz” general despair from Constitutional (1304/1925 m.) And Ahmed Ali Khoda unsuccessful. All these things were caused Dadgar Teymori novels: black day of by the collision of two new state of life laborer (1305/1926s) and the black day of (traditional and modern) in major cities, serf (1306/1927 solar) published. Rabi especially in the ran was developed and Ansari in human atrocities or traitor of built in traditional society had changed. the twentieth century (1308/1929s) And Employees and sordid women in the novel Ali Asghar Sharif Razi with the novels of are most characteristic of social types. love and patience or blood money of Iran (1305/1926s) (School of Love) taey New class of employees expedited with this style of the Persian In these years, however, system of office Realist. In among those dealing with the had formed in country with imitation of problem of sympathetic woman Kazemi the West but staff didn’t organize as followed, the work of Ahmed Ali distinct social class, and yet conservatives Khdadadgr had worth more. He has and alienation, boredom and indifference worked on his observations of life in rural rigor of staff were not found after the and urban women during the Qajar to the courses. They are one of the few educated Pahlavi state transitions provide a real youth of big cities that had a steady income picture. 10-Thefirst volume of this novel and because of leisure and knowledge new published in 1301 and then in 1302 as the world, passion and joy with the issues star newspaper footnote in book form in facing their community. They published Berlin, Germany (Kaviani publication) and newspapers and political parties and Volume II was published as souvenir of the groups they formed and wrote novels and evening representative in Moscow of plays. Writers were such as the teachers, agency, published in 1304. Tehran's lecturers, civil servants and political men, notorious translated to Russian in Moscow of course, they had exact knowledge about in 1924 and was published in 12,000 the social structures and cultural issues in copies. the administrative system and the could draw clear picture of that time. Concept of first realistic stories Mohammad Masoud (M., Rural 1280- Realist novel is epic of bourgeois class. In 1326s) Tried to reflect objective and the years 1290-1300 class of settlement realistic in his writings, two class (bourgeois) is emerging and gradually new problems, the staff and the sordid women classes of employees and payroll that they were principal characters in the administration, with view of life are novels of this period. In his works staff and emerging .Most of the novels of this bureaucracies in the formation of a new period, the social life is detailed. The story bureaucracy as an important social 147 | Page
Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 spectrum are discussed. They have specific confrontation between tradition and characters and they suffer the special modernity on the basis of social problems and its plot is new for Iranian relationships , especially axis social status readers. Critical social novel, a middle- of women to portray . Subject famous class spectrum of civil servants who would novels like those notorious Tehran (1301) take up the constitutional administration and Homa and Prichehr and Fine (1311) took the pages of contemporary literature. are the fate of woman and morals of society. Moshafagh Kazemi in Tehran’s Women in social novel notorious intends to ladies’ position and The transition from the reign of Qajar to present day. The swank for cost of life has Shah in fact, a fundamental transformation become a job for women in each stratified. in the social structure of Iran was formed. Seyed Mohammad Hejazi (1279 - 1352 royal families and the feudal class and writer, novelist and journalist) analyzes local Zemindars deteriorate and according the urban bourgeois class women's of change of political system , education, emotions. Homa is represents of modern police and municipal and administrative girls that their behaviors are at odds with bureaucracy Western style , the new social traditional morality. Ali Dashti in novels: classes among of educated students turn magic and intrigue is the same way. Dashti heads on that they earn the social and and Hejazi tried by the influence of French political base in structure of community . Romantic writers until human worth of With the advent of the modern metropolis Women (even famous women) them back of Tehran, and social relation and need of into the aristocratic world. Subject novels: new life emerges that with traditional I 've Cried (1311 s. ) By Jahangir Jalili and community values and ethics are “Nadere” (1311s) Written by Syed Jafar incompatible. In such circumstances, the Pishevari are the same craftsmen. second sex, social status and role, and Mohammed Masood, Abbas Khalili, Rabi consequently becomes more prominent Ansari and others wrote novel in those social novels appear alongside government years, followed the same theme more or employees. The dominant social themes of less. Although Tehran's notorious model the early novels are women problem. for all of them, but none of primary pattern Women's stories in an era of social chaos, had not aspirational and freshness. sacrifice such as forced marriages, polygamy, superstitions, false marital and Women and the Modern City family relationships, being temporary, and In the Persian fiction writing does not see are often trapped in prostitution men lose. woman before in the era. The city is thing The woman was outcast in traditional more than village, both of them are sociality that it made the most important complementary of each other. With the subject in realistic novels of Persian. advent of modernism, urban and rural Persian social novel such newspaper such areas are separated into two poles of good media big movement of they show the and evil, clean and dirty, they are divided women as material victim of superstition in woman and village are purity and and underdeveloped. Iranian novelist have innocence, until first social novels was burden task to revive right of women they written in 1300, the year 1320 day to day, know treat of the retardation of Iranian the city polluted with civilization and the society in the field of social activity and the woman goes to the extreme degree of freedom of citizens and they show the contamination. Women and city become 148 | Page
Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 one and women involved in the because of they fail they are captured the contamination and pollution of the city labor philosophical skepticism , the expands. Mohammad Hejazi and meaninglessness of life and algebra .they Mohammed Massoud and Galilee stories become pessimist about the world, new illuminate the fact that both the city and civilizations and social systems , as women women both are at the peak of infection. are the root of all evil and corruption and Abbas Khalili, also in this period that his they see as inherently man has created novel reflects the social corruption; he is evil and villainous. So to escape from member of these authors. His attention to hardship of life they find way of escape in women's issues has made him a feminist wine and women and they know the best writer. His dark period Story (1303 s) and way to forget the pain and problems a year later novel, “Secrets of the Night” counting, caring and jovial. This frustration (1304) has confirmed this subject. has peaked in Sadegh Hedayat works. Muhammad Masood in fun night (1311 ) and trying Salary ( 1312 s ) and creatures ( Prison Literature 1313s ) , and flowers that grows in hell The theme of imprisonment in Persian “are displayed misery, corruption , sordid , poets like Masood Sad Soleyman and anonymous for fear of future mental KHAGHANI odes and fragments can be instability of women and men in the seen. The literary types as "Habsiyeh" has casino, brothels, and bar shopping. Writers long been recognized. The theme of of sociality, fear of imprisonment and imprisonment in the past mainly in death, and the influence of romantic literary and poetic speech was full of Europe literature, in the impact of their hyperbole poetic expression. But with the educational, social stigma chart on the development of prose fiction and rise of reform of the humanitarian and moral political conflicts in community prison sentiments of the readers and pasted know literature, found a particular place among that advice. Jahangir Jalili in “I've Cried” diverse of literature. Ali Dashti was the (1311) and “The Diary “(1314) used the first who wrote about prison after the same way. Another subject that new constitutional, he was imprisoned between educated class are sensitive about it is the 1299 and memories of the days of the jail poverty and backwardness, corruption and sentence as published in the newspaper waste of public administration though in Aurora Red 1 to 15 number. He this dark market woman is there. The published independent book with the sensitivity of this group to the social evils same title in 1300. In twenty decades, after so that even the authors of philosophical the collapse of Reza khan the exposure despair corrosion as Masoud is result of injustices and torture are common in failure in reforming of community. They prisons of king grew. One of the hot topics say “poverty is mother of all corruption in newspapers and popular stories , and misery of human is child of revelations of atrocities in prisons Reza environment. manners and social rite is Khan , who was tortured and flogged on good and useful for men and they are his life and wore a hot -start version of harmful for women .to loose these memories of the prison , they wrote. The problems they opposite with superstition most serious literary writings about the and -criticism from education system and prison belongs Alavi. It is great. His market and commerce and poverty , imprisonment in the literature as the most corruption , administrative systems , but capable writer. “Fifty-three persons 149 | Page
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“Alavi’s book (1320) and paper Alavi's no doubt he is one of the most fragments into prison “allocated to life in prominent writers in this genre 11. prison and prison inmates to all the vivid Another works that reflection of the depiction of life in prison for political memoirs Reza Khanare two book prisoners. Creativity, conduct of the role "Political Diary" by Khalil Maleki of prison guards Reza Shah and his (published1980)and fifty person and - concerns and falls. The collection, paper three person by Anwar Khameii (1363). fragment prison, memoirs of prison Many political prisoners at that time formed better and some of them form published his memoirs in newspapers of becomes stronger as the story of "Dance that period. of Death" is the story stronger, paper fragments in prison, the author applied Metropolises in the social novel more accurate in characterization and Realistic story of the city's early Persian showing the coherent structure .Other and is adapted to urban life. A story person that wrote about prison is Jafar about the events where most of the Pishevari. (born 1272) is (1309-1320), novels and stories of realistic large cities he was in prison for eleven years. such as Tehran and Kermanshah, and Articles in newspapers, alarm in years Rasht. Jive and jumping events , the (13201323) of the memoirs he wrote. All notorious Tehran, jail time, evening types are described in the notes to the entertainment, Jafar Khan returned from various prisoners. Writings of Pishevari abroad , some of the stories in Once Upon looks the current problems within the a Time, black time, revenge, Shahrnaz, prison and outside of prison12 .In works black days of worker, black days of serf, of Writers of stories in the mass party crimes humanity, the mysterious night , appears some works about prisons with Homa, Paricher, fine, I 've cried, Nadere, prisoners. Al-e Ahmad is among these Narges occur in all major cities. The authors that in “the collection of Azrnjy novel of Tehran is notorious, Tehran, on that we are bring it” has two short story the verge of a famous coup Z. Tabatabaei named "tight environment" and in Persian date Esfand 1299, is a city "confession" that his character play a that's notorious ignorance, debauchery role in prison. The prisoner of these two and illicit influences, the doors closed on story are workers that they are pro- the righteous and the gates opened on socialist ideas. Ale Ahmed not unrighteous. The Young prefer revelry experienced imprison personally, so the and debauchery, and complete freedom image that he offered is product of his of celibacy and licentious pleasure with hears no his looks. Ebrahim Golestan in women on family. Democrats and stories "in yank of rebellion" and patriots are in prison. Farrukh- the "Between Yesterday and Tomorrow" he protagonist - is representative of shows plot of the prison as place for intelligentsia and he is an individual showing his ideas. Golestan in this two protested against Khan is of during the stories more the imaging space and pre -coup protest, protest of intellectuals prison is torture, was interest in of that time. Name of the novel is a demonstrate showing failed in mood and metaphor of evil city (Yavari, 1383: 61) behavior of political prisoners. None of that due to the continuous changes of literary writers of prison, to a large modernity, is frightening and horrific extent have been successful in this genre effects. Love, lies and greed and 150 | Page
Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 prostitution in the city in the year 1300 both of them are reports on women's AD (1922 m.) is depicted. People of story lives and concerns of women are well- in Tehran's notorious are grappling with kept home. But” Beautiful” (1309) is a difficulties of urban life on the verge of realistic report on the course of events entering the modern age. Human crime and the social psychology of the capital S novel (traitor of twentieth 1308) is one in 1290 (1911) that the population was of those novels that were written in suffering from despair . The novel imitation of a notorious Tehran. describes the great social and moral Badriye,is the innocent daughter and a corruption in Tehran. The author tries to merchant is old woman that by guile establish a relationship just with time brought her from Gulian to Kermanshah and reality and the character based on and pulled her into the trap swinger their environmental imprint advance. His men. The story is a representation of main concept your time in the face of moral degradation. Slander and libel, tradition and modernity with the woman exaggerated picture of young in question is (Mesbahi poor, 1978). The relationships, and libertine of society if novel “beautiful” is filled with chaotic they are all in the hands of the people to space, disease democratic governance, examine modest of people that it is corruption and fall of the ethnic leaders. issues of Ansari's stories. Picture Book Once the password secret and private of the dull but reliable travel paths and relationship progresses, people are how, through licensing and police wolfish, beautiful is pest of life and also substations, living in the rural is a source of achievement. The book corruption, prostitutes and social ties to shows clearly that the Constitution the customer at the beginning of the era continues to be the authoritative style of of Reza Khan. concepted Ansari s story is management and legal tolerance in a poverty and low income families , the society full of superstition, prejudice and family of husband with woman, the deception, how has facilitated moral corruption of the young, weak civil corruption. Beautiful belongs the Eastern laws , but the author believes that the reserve and cunning women that they only way out of the suffering is death. exert influence behind the scenes, even Another story of Rabi- Ansari, thirteen in the cabinet. He is somewhat similar to Feast (1309), the poverty and misery of the prosperous prostitute Nana Emile the rural people in Kermanshah. Because Zola's book hero is the smarter one. The of the poverty, women are corrupted author of beautiful tries to show realistic there. Mohammad Hejazi s writing style picture of the traditional bureaucracy was influenced by French literature, and society after CONDITIONAL. Capital especially Romanticism. The adventures Chaos view when Qajar princes fall in of his first story Homa. (1307) occurs in and in the decade of the twenty was most the late Qajar of Iran. Homa novel ideas important disease the rule. Hossien Rural to promote the modernization Reza Youth in turbulent Tehran and rapidly Khani. Captain bajuf Russian is speaker accepted the new bourgeois life of the of Hejazi s ideas , Russians pride in city. He irepresents the middle class that being European , Persian and fault lines , to earn personality successful to do Novelty Seeking chants in the language of anything. “Beautiful” accelerated a the common in character story. (Hejazi, process of transformation in society 139-141). Homa and Pricher (1308) depicts Tehran. Bourgeois society as an
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Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 intermediary in the transaction goes into collectively outline from the features of the social relation. Finally, capitalism human life and economic ties in Tehran, replaced by the aristocracy. Corruption is with reckless language. The three a major pest in the state capital. The environments are ALLEY, taverns, author of the urban bourgeoisie shows brothels, markets, offices and schools. the moral corruption of bureaucrats and Stories people suffer mental and physical civil society in the form of Conspiracy of diseases: sexually transmitted diseases, love. Government critics at the time, tuberculosis , and fear of loneliness, fear introduced it as featured a social novel of the future and the desire to be free, disclosing corruption. Muhammad Masud and suicide . This person is called by (1280 – 1326)13 in View of details at nicknames that reflect their personality. “Youth life of Tehran in Night Masoud s works are document about Recreation” (1311) from the beginning, language, mentality and lifestyle praised by Writers and researchers was education class in Tehran in those years. time14. Professor Tabatabaii praised and Some critics at the time said: "When we believed that this novel is a novel in the want to accomplish Spoken language spirit of realism " to describe the scenery today of youth that they has little of today life ; from blackboard of school education in capital: completely, it will until throne of bar , corner house, the show our needs. "Sayed Jafar as guest room , so dexterity and a stunt Pishevar16 is Known as artisans and were used that cannot be applied to the journalist in Iran. Few knew him as a reader at once one other thing to note is novelist to date. With trying of a Seeking the meaning of ".12-Son of man was publisher, Pishevar’s writing of story was Mirzaabdallah Pishevar and freedom discovered and published after seventy and pro-Constitutional Movement, and years 2005. He wrote novel of “Nadere” his grandfather was from the religious in central prison in 1311and He wrote city of Qom, his ancestor was Mullo another novel called “Lady Mahin” (two Abdullo. He was the religious clergy and volumes) was published in 1385, this his grandfather- Mulla Mohammad Qumi novel was written in 1314 and a went Ashtiyan from Qom and he died collection of short stories from Pishevari there. For earning degree in journalism remain that Is set to be released soon18 . in Europe, Masoud went to Brussels, Published novels and “Lady Mahin” and after four years in journalism in 1317 “Nadere” (1384s) for the first time after received a master's degree. While in the almost 73 years of writing, we will face Brussels newspaper called the "Gazette" Pishevari. Nadere is novel coplanar was training according of the high novels of the period, full of emotion and schoolrules16 due to publish an article devoid of literary values and writing about communism in the journal Europe; techniques. Nadere is a novel critical they didn’t permit him to continue the social - that corruption in the society of work. Most representative of the social Iran in that time (prostitution, bribery, novel in this period, were three novels oppression, and capital and traditional form Mohammad Masoud their names market) is criticized from many are: “entertainment at night “(1311) “in directions. Pishevari should not even be attempt Salary” (1312) and “The best compared Mohammad Hejazi, who was creations” (1313). The three novels are prominent writers of his time. The book in fact complementary and they depict is important because it reflects look of
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Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156
Extremist politicians communist to Defects early realist novels society of that day. He is representative Iranian realism in the face of social of sort that before Constitutional reality cannot be started directly. Stories Revolution and since the Social of Muhammad Hijazi and Ali Dashti is Democrats formed in Tabriz until 1320, written in a plain style aristocratic were abundant in Iran, but many works romance mixed feelings. Moshafegh are not written about them. Pishevari Kazemi and Rabi Ansari and Abbas tries in Nadere novel to Empty society Khalili have trends half raw and selective from traditional views and the world about reality. Most of them see today would link. He has war with community of Iran in Tehran traditional Speculative and inequity and injustice and modern, are subject to their side. and sell .and advocates educated stratum Their Tehran is "horrible, faded, and full of society, women's rights. He does not of crime and sales people, and black impose his political looks on stories and people world over". Direct involvement heroes. in the narrative of the author's personal 13- Mayel Tosegani newspaper managers opinions, feelings and beliefs imposed on of Red Lights (Red Lights, on January 6, the personal stories of major defects 1311) , one of the contemporary writers Persian stories to SB 1310s. Journalistic Ruhollah Mahideh ( the red lights style and addressed within the context of January 18, 1311) , and Muhammad Ali the narrative, the reader suddenly was Jamalzadeh ( in attempts newspaper 15 brought from reality to writer speech March 1311 titled " Resurrection evangel Tribune feet. Kazemi in Tehran's Literature» ) . notorious wrote sympathetic and 14-Tabatabai, Mohit, newspaper Red understandable style, clear and vivid Lights 17 December 1311 (quoted in the images of the neighborhood, coffee, bars, introduction to the evening places of corruption, traveling by coach entertainment fourth edition) and wagon carts and urban, costumes, 15- Sayed Jafar Pishevar sect leader and and ideas. But excessive interference and President of Azerbaijan Democratic Party official commentary of the narrator of Azerbaijan is known as a symbol of in third person omniscient narrative in separatists. In 1309 he was arrested and story make that reader become remained in prison until 1318. Since the exhausted. There is also a story of social fall of the Shah he stars publishing and political analysis. newspaper in it he wrote Harsh articles Rabi Ansari’s novel:” human atrocities” against Mossadegh that he was has plot is pre-designed package. The opposition oil concession in northern to usual practice, author s time Show up in the Soviet Union . the story and the Created romantic 16- “Nadere” (1311S Persian novels) writing reports and making felt. Dirge Writings of Sayyid Jafar Pishevar (1272- and author s curse and people s story 1327), by trying Mahmoud Rahmani and Spoilage is evident in this story. Safdar Taghizadeh, speaker publications, “Thirteen holiday” has ancient texts Tehran 1384 printing. Lady Mahin tradition somewhat. the fables that writing of Pishevar (1272-1327), an believe them is hard for reader in realism attempt illustrated Mahmoud Rahmani novel and making parts of the story Safdar Taghizadeh, speaker publications, titles like " money is useful for problems Tehran 1385 printing. " and " the universe is the tree that its 153 | Page
Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 fruit is crime " actually made the story to be popular. In the first ten decade, plot is weak and primitive . In terms of period of Reza khan. Hasan Moghaddam plot structure and narrative stories, with novel:” Watermelon” (1295s) And Mas'ud , the plate is like a newspaper . “Narges, girl of twentieth century”, The lack of plot and narrative causality, “princess crowns “and” wife of Haji expectations and lack of characterization Agha”, Nima jushig with story “ shrine of are the major defects of his stories. Lord” (1305 ) and Saied Nafsi With novel Author harsh judgments about various of “Farangis”(1310 S. / 1931 CE. ) they issues, slogans and writing stories high paved the way to a genuine realist and interfere in the affairs of the fiction. narrative it reduces rhetorical matters. In this story, a personal narrative, non- Value of The sociological novel fading, and the author speaks as a writer, realistic journalist of revolutionary speaks During the beginning of the reign of Reza critically. Opinion of the writer or Shah (1300 - 1310) Farsi social novel narrator speaking directly involved are inspired by the works of Western the writer's own words. literature was written in French and the The original social stories, newspaper authors of these works were familiar styles, descriptive and addressed mixed with Western-style tales and some of together. Impact journalism in the early them were translated. Worked in the stories, Mas'ud and Moshafegh s stories inner circles of the social crisis in can be understood. The other features of Tehran, his works reflect. Interpersonal prose, in Moghafegh and Masoud s relationships and moral society and stories are accurately describe the scene recreating it on the harpoon vessels (bars, brothels, schools, offices) have a could sleep Community and to pay coarse appearance. Naming the pathology. Research on political, social, characters (Packer, skeleton, intellectual and moral crises in Iran can philosopher, tomato) on “the night easily take two decades of governance entertainment” writer associated with Khan to follow through the novels. About the mass of the people. The purpose of twenty social novels published during the stories in each episode of Masoud is a this in period that in fact, the history of design issue and combined with a weak ethics and social habits and considerable story plot. For example, the story of sociological information about the “trying to earn” just to show abdominal, population of modern Tehran. The novel episode depicts an old man s party. is also a prominent social linguistics, Narrative technique of the novel Nadere because of language and words and Seyed Jafar Pishevar loose and lacks expressions of Tehran paste to food, unity issue. So many stories in the book clothing, music, theater, art and artists is shaping up to mix together. In Median and writers known outside the Persian of work. The author's narrative where era in Tehran to There is a wealth of the narrator loses power it will change. knowledge and social change, and Andlaterreturnsback into place. Many watering the new show. Realism era, the critics fussed the language is very loose era of social criticism. Critical writings of social folk early novels, some of them are the constitutional period, major political still considered works of fiction relies issues and issues of governance and unnecessarily due to a lack of footnotes, journalism, as well as rotational 154 | Page
Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156 movement paying history, the era of Ahmadzad, H. (2004). Historical research social problems such as poverty once concerning the murder of journalist REZAKHANI writers, religious Mohammad Masoud , Tuesday 22 May. superstition, bribery, flattery orientation, occlusion, prostituted women and High K. (1998). Persian novel corruption codes and bon ... Show close appearance, translators and Mehnoosh attention. Newfangled and reformers of Qvymy and Nasrin Khatat, Tehran: Moein the time trying to explain the reasons for Publisher .fixed - Association of French the lack of development and areas for Studies, Tehran. growth and progress of modernization Tabrizi , M.A. (1973), Mirza Aqa Tabrizi s Reza Khani provide the framework. plays, with the introduction H.Sedigh , Tahoori Publications, Tehran, first Conclusions edition. During this time two novelists to go in parallel: a novel of social realism in the Chaykyn, k.K. (1928): Summary of context of social issues and other stories Persian Literature, Moscow. romantic style that is influenced by Hejazi, M. (1328). Bahman publisher. European literature. Iranian realism with Tehran, first edition. romanticism in the direction of the Hejazi, M. (1343): Homa, Amir Kabir, occasionally eat together, not unlike the Tehran , Sixth Edition . British and American Realism19. Social novels writers , intellectuals arose from Dehkhoda, A.A. (2002): jive and jump the aristocracy and were educated collection of newspaper articles abroad , mostly in the "Society of Youth " Dehkhoda l in Sore Esraphil 1325 Q) were members of the Society was Tehran: Afrasiab publishr; founded in 1301 by Tehran university graduates in Europe and 4 months after Seyed Hosseini, R. (1997): schools of 50 people were addicted to its members , literary. look publisher, Tehran. most of whom the teachers and Shifte, N. (1983): Biography and political government employees . Review and struggles of Mohammad Masood, Aftabe extension of their social life and Haghoghat, Tehran . traditional superstitions tomatoes were appointed by the changing social values , Tabatabai, M (1984): Analysis of the and in this regard special attention to the Press, Publishing Institute Besat, Tehran. situation of women in Iran20. However Ghazi Zadeh (2000): Journalistdead: precursor civilization that they had winte , Tehran. disclosed it had lost one hand, values , social relations and the changing role of Kamshad, Hasan. (2004): Modern Persian human values in Tehran were undeniable Prose, Javad Tohorian and Mahyar Alavi moghadam, Azhand publicatio , Tehran. Resources Arianpoor, Y., from Saba to Nima ( 50- Masud, Muhammad. (Bita): Fun Night, year history of Persian literature front Anonymous, Seventh Edition. back - waking , publisher pilgrims Tharn 1372 Fifth Edition.
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Rahmani Int. J. Adv. Stu. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 4(2):141-156
Mesbahi Poor Iranian, Jamshid. 1980): Javari, H. (2004): " Long story, " social reality and the world of fiction, Encyclopedia Iranica series in the Tehran. literature in the field , under Ehsan Yar Shater , translated by P. Matin , Amir Maurier, J. (2000): The Story of Hajji Kabir Publications , Tehran Baba of Isfahan, teranslator: Mirza Habib Esfahani, edited by Jafar Modarres Sadeghi , Publishing Center , Tehran.
How to cite this article: Qumars Rahmani, Iranian pioneers of Realism. International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science, 2015, 4(2), 141-156. http://www.ijashssjournal.com/article_83691.html
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