The road to LTE-A evolution, Internet of Things and first 5G aspects Reiner Stuhlfauth

Technology Marketing Manager

Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding. R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners.  2016 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG Test & Measurement Division

ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes. Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pages of these notes or to translate them must first be obtained in writing from ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany Agenda topics ı LTE evolution aspects: Rel. 13 with outlook on Rel. 14 ı Optimization for IoT (LTE-M, NB-IoT) ı Device to device communication, LTE Direct ı Dual connectivity Internet of Things IOT aspects ı License assisted access and LWA • Bluetooth low energy ı V2V/V2X communications • WLAN evolution • IEEE 802.15.4 • LPWAN (Sigfox, LoRa, …)

The road to 5G – requirements and air interface • 5G a “new” air interface – technology aspects of new in 5G • Aspects of 5G new radio, industry trials, pre-5G implementation and 3GPP agreements • New multiple access schemes: schemes like NOMA, SCMA, IDMA • channel propagation aspects • Demystifying massiveMIMO and testing concepts

2 In the year of the LTE Surpass!

3 The LTE volution path: Rel. 8 – Rel. 11 Rel-9 Security enh. Relays feICIC Network RAN enh. for (eea3 ZUC) (further eICIC) Diverse Data (part 2) Energy Saving Rel-10 Application Enh. DL CoMP In-device Control CH UL MIMO Rel-11 UL / DL NW-based co-existence 4x4 positioning SON (UTDOA) Relaying eICIC enhancements DL MIMO UL MIMO CA 2x2 enhancements 8x8 Enhanced Public Warning SC-FDMA System (PWS) Carrier Home Aggregation Positioning eNodeB Self Organizing Service Continuity Networks for eMBMS eMBMS LTE Release 8 Multi carrier / Dual Layer FDD / TDD Multi-RAT Beamforming Base Stations 5G - Continuing the Success of LTE Evolution Service: Data +Voice (MBB) eMBB / mMTC / URLLC

CAT M1 NB- IoT Cat0 PSM eICIC MTC Voice 20 CoMP LWIP MHz 256 SC- LAA OFDM CA CA QAM enh. PTM MIMO WLAN DC LWA MBMS offload 8x8 CA FDD MIMO D2D D2D + TDD V2X enh.

Rel8 Rel9 Rel10Rel11Rel12 Rel13 Rel14

2009/10+ 2013+ 2016+ Commercial operation

5 Carrier aggregation: primary + secondary CC Uplink UL-DL frequency Downlink Separation is signalled via System information f Typical case: asymmetric allocation, more DL than UL Primary Component carrier: -PUSCH + PUCCH -PDSCH + PDCCH -Layer 3 signalling Secondary Component carrier: -(PUSCH + PUCCH) -PDSCH + PDCCH (optional) enhancements LTE-Advanced Rel12 incl. dual layer connectivity Release 12 Building Blocks (macro/pico) and 256QAM D2D M2M / MTC Proximity service Support for low detection and cost devices communication

WiFi offloading

Additionally:

° Joint FDD-TDD Operation ° Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation ° Further Enhancements to LTE TDD for DL-UL Interference Management and Traffic Adaptation ° Coverage Enhancements ° …

7 LTE-Advanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) as of LTE Rel8 Announcement for UL Inter cell interference Scheduled ressource blocks

X2 interface High Interference Indicator, HII Hello neighbour: „Thanks for this info, so I „I would like to schedule may expect some this set of ressource blocks interferences on this RB to a UE which is at my cell set. Maybe I will avoid edge“ scheduling them to my set of UEs“ LTE-Advanced enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination (HetNet)

X2 X2

A pico cell can schedule a UE in Cell layer high interference region in those blank subframes Pico Macro

time CoMP: coordinated scheduling

Cell area „normal Power“

Cell area „reduced Power“ Cell C

UE C UE B

UE A Cell A Cell B

Coordinated scheduling: Cell C reduces power for the benefit Of UE A and UE B. -> same effect as ICIC CoMP: Coordinated beamforming

Send NULLs in this direction

Coordination about user locations to place NULLs an Weight beams in right directions CoMP: Coherent Joint Transmission

2 neighbour cells or remote Radio heads are synchronized And transmit signals coherently CoMP: Dynamic Point Selection DPS Data transmission from one point In a time-frequency resource Remote radio head

Remote radio head eNB Requirements for public safety in cellular world

Device to device 3GPP work items: communication, D2D Group communication • Direct Mode’ between terminals (Discovery, Communication). • Group Communication. • Off network communication. • Push-To-Talk (PTT) including group call / communication with Define priority rules low call setup time. Video telephony and datatransfer LTE Device-to-Device (D2D) Proximity Services (ProSe)

ı Current communication flow in LTE always involves the core network: ° Security reasons.

° Policy control (Charging!) UE #1 eNodeB EPC ProSe = End to End communication Sidelink = channel structure

eNodeB UE – User Equipment (LTE-capable terminal) eNode B – evolved Node B (LTE base station) UE #2 EUTRAN – Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network E-UTRAN EPC – Evolved Packet Core (core network) EPS – Evolved Packet System (= EUTRAN + EPC) Overall LTE D2D ProSe Network Architecture

ı Network is still in charge! PC 1

ı New interfaces, new Triggers use of Direct functional entities. Discovery, Direct MME ° ProSe function, P3 Communication interface: Authorization/ S/ PGW ProSe Provisioning, Request, application LTE -Uu S1 S6a Response. UE B E-UTRAN ° PC5 interface: one to many HSS SLP PC5 Request LTE -Uu PC3 User Equipment (UE) PC4a ProSe PC 4b appli cation Response Mobile UICC PC3 ProSe with UE A ProSe Function Application Equipment Server (ME) USIM PC2

Provision info can be stored PC 1 on device (public safety, tactical comm.) Authorizes and provision the device for ProSe Resource Allocation for Direct Discovery, Direct Communication

Time

… D2D D2D D2D D2D … Bitmap Prose-SubframeBitmap-r12, e.g. 8 bit

1 ms PUCCH

cellular Resource Block Start prb-Start-r12 e.g. Direct Number of Resource Blocks Discovery prb-Num-r12 Information provided by newly introduced System cellular Information Blocks (SIB) 2015©Rohde&Schwarz e.g. Direct Number of Resource Blocks Discovery prb-Num-r12 Resource Block End cellular prb-End-r12 ı A device is not required to simultaneously PUCCH transmit D2D and WAN (generic LTE). LTE-Advanced – Release 13 Overview LTE in unlicensed Work is completed in 3GPP NB-IoT spectrum (aka LAA) MTC enhancements ı A new Study Item on “V2x” will particularly consider the usefulness of Single-cell Point-to- Multipoint (SC-PTM) new LTE features to the automotive Enhanced industry - including Proximity Service multi-user transmission (ProSe) and LTE-based broadcast Elevation techniques services such as Public Warning Systems Beamforming / Full- (PWS) and eMBMS. Dimension MIMO

D2D enhancements Indoor positioning

CA enhancements LTE-WLAN integration and 32 CA interworking enhancements

18 spectrum sharing today – on the way to 5G

5G New Radio (NR) Sub 6Ghz + mmWave

Spectrum aggregation LTE-U / LAA NR based LAA

Technology aggregation LWA (LTE + Wi-Fi) Multi-connectivity: NR,LTE,Wi-Fi Shared spectrum technologies Tiered sharing (incumbents) CBRS, LSA NR based tiered sharing

Standalone unlicensed MulteFire NR based MulteFire

LTE Advanced Pro Spectrum below 6 GHz unlicensed ≠ unlicensed: international licensing aspects

EIRP limitation -> maximum Tx power: Limitation to indoor e.g. BS power = max only of certain 1W, spectral density of frequencies 17dBm/1MHz

Interference aspects, to Avoid conflict with other radio technologies weather radar ⇒ proof of good Spectrum neighborhood restrictions

20 Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) and LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum (LTE-U)

UNII-1 UNII-2 UNII-2e UNII-3 UNII-4 (DSRC) 5.15 GHz 5.25 GHz 5.35 GHz 5.47 GHz 5.725GHz 5.85 GHz 5.925 GHz

120 MHz 20 20 20 20 Could become 20 20 20 20 20 20 ……… ……… available in …... ….. ….. MHz MHz MHz MHz US, Europe MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz

f [GHz] Requires Dynamic Frequency Selection Licensed Band Licensed Band Unlicensed Band (DFS), UNII-2 e.g. Band 13 e.g. Band 13 e.g. 5 GHz initially as a Uplink 10 Downlink 10 20 20 Supplemental Downlink MHz MHz MHz MHz

ı LTE-U Study Item to be completed777 787 746 756 5725 5765 f [MHz] by June 2015. ı LAA included in 3GPP Rel. 13 UE

21 LAA – interference avoiding strategies

CSAT: carrier sensing adaptive transmission

LBT: Listen before transmit, e.g. source ETSI LBT proposal LTE in unlicensed spectrum LTE-U / LAA: Introduction

ı Use Carrier Aggregation to enable LTE also in unlicensed spectrum. ° Primary Component Carrier always in licensed spectrum. ° Secondary Component Carrier could be in unlicensed spectrum.

ı “Good fences make good neighbors!” ° In some regions unlicensed spectrum can be used “as is”, e.g. 5725 to 5850 MHz in the U.S., Korea or Japan. Generally all other regions have specific requirements, e.g. apply “Listen Before Talk” (LBT). Sensing techniques are required → Rel13 LAA!

23 LBT – listen before talk, eLAA LWA LTE-WLAN Radio Level Integration – Radio Bearer

LTE-WLAN Aggregation Adaptation Protocol Specified in TS 36.360

25 WLAN offloading and LAA as complement Same motivation, separate ideas & similar results

LTE WLAN LTE LTE cell access cell cell WLAN point

offloading ISM Band e.g. Unlicensed Band e.g. Licensed Band Licensed Band WLAN WLAN carrier 5 GHz 20 LTE carrier 10 10 LTE carrier LTE carrier MHz + MHz MHz

Link Carrier aggregation aggregation

Both solutions will coexist – even in same network CBRS – Citizens Broadband Radio Services

ı 3550-3650 MHz Band ı The 3550-3650 MHz band is allocated to the Radiolocation Service (RLS) and the ı Aeronautical Radionavigation Service (ARNS) (ground-based) on a primary basis for federal use. I.e. radar application for military usage.

ı 3650-3700 MHz Band ı The 3650-3700 MHz band is also allocated for terrestrial non-federal use 3 tier access model: 1st priority is incumbent owner of spectrum tier 2 + 3 can arrange on priority access based on geolocation databases for using the spectrum

tier 1: US tier 2: tier 3: navy, Primary General can block incumbent can block access authorized license PAL access GAA

27 Multefire – industry driven standard, non-3GPP Motivation mainly driven by industry: LTE cell Unlicensed Band • TD-LTE operation only in unlicensed or shared LTE carrier spectrum 3.5 or 5.7 GHz. No licensed anchor 20

MHz D

• According to LTE Rel. 13 D D

• Full range of LTE services: data, voice, MBMS, IoT D etc. with the simplicity of Wi-Fi D U U

• Listen before talk like LAA to behave as good U

neighbour S D • operates at 20MHz bandwidth with up to 4x4 MIMO and 256QAM Multefire – fair spectrum usage and carrier aggregation Dual link radio interface UE supports 2 simultaneous LTE radio links

Mobility issues in heterogeneous networks -> UE can keep one radio link to the macro cell and second link is added on best effort to add capacity Dual connectivity – motivation: handover failure

Handover to macro cell Measurement report Handover to pico cell

But now, UE is out of A major concern in HetNets is the coverage! ⇒ Radio link issue of radio link failure when failure handover from pico into macro cell! Dual link radio connectivity Macro #1 Pico #1 Macro #2 Pico #2

Pico #3

SCell PCell SCell Removal Handover SCell Addition Addition SCell Change SCell Removal

Mobility situation + capacity improvements due to dual radio functionality Potential step (2018-2020) towards commercial 5G (≥ 2020) Combinations of Rel12/13 features + advanced antennas + increased BW @ below 6GHz

ı The below architecture is prepared to addresses future mobile broadband requirements ı LTE/LTE-A provides the controlling layer and specific enhanced requirements are solved by “adding” – in this case adding small cell peak data rate / capacity using the carrier aggregation feature

LTE/LTE-A (700 MHz - 2.5GHz) MeNB in licensed band using carrier aggregation

SeNB in licensed or unlicensed band, using carrier aggregation Small Cell 3.5 GHz / ~ 5GHz

33 3GPP Machine Type Communication Making the network ready for the Internet of Things

Overload Control Power Saving Reachability

Low Cost Extended Coverage Low Latency

34 Trend towards low cost mobile devices for M2M/MTC throughput Transportation block size Complexity: high end User data FEC High end vs low end High end Maximum size of 25344 bits UEs Reduced TBS Small Cost bandwidth Low end UEs Small bandwidth support only Scheduled Scheduled downlink downlink Complexity: Low end Half duplex subframe UE not receiving subframe Half duplex Scheduled uplink Type A subframe

Scheduled Scheduled downlink downlink subframe UE not receiving subframe Single Scheduled uplink Half duplex Lower max subframe antenna power Type B

35 3GPP IoT standardization on the way to 5G Rel. 8 Rel. 9 Rel.10 Rel.11 Rel. 12 Rel. 13

LTE Cat-1 20 MHz/duplex

LC-LTE/MTCe LTE-MTC NIMTC SIMTC CAT-0, PSM 20 MHz/half-duplex eMTC Cat-M1, eDRX, CE 1.4 MHz/half-duplex NB-cIoT NB-IoT mMTC LP-WAN + Cat-NB, eDRX NB-LTE 200 kHz

GSM-MTC EC-GSM-IoT NIMTC SIMTC incl. eDRX

36 Machine-Type-Communication LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro/NB-IoT

Rel. 10 Rel. 11 Rel. 12 Rel. 13 NIMTC SIMTC MTCe/LC_LTE MTCe2/eMTC

Delay tolerant Extended Power Extended access & LAPI Access Barring Saving Mode DRX Overload Control Overload Control Battery Life Battery Life Long PRU/PTU Device Expected UE Coverage Timer per UE Triggering Behavior enhancement Signaling Reduction Reachability Signaling Reduction Coverage Minimum periodic Override UE eMTC search timer LAPI Category 0 UE Category M1 Signaling Reduction Overload Control Low Cost UE Low Cost UE Attach with IMSI NB-IoT Indicator UE Category NB Signaling Reduction Ultra Low Cost/Low power

R&S LTE-M, NB-IoT, LTE-V - June 2016 37 Rel.13: NB-IoT – even more ‚streamlined‘ than cat-M1

Objectives • Improved indoor coverage: extended coverage of 20 dB • Support of massive number of low throughput devices e.g. 40 MTC devices per household • Reduced complexity • Things that cost less than a device • Improved power efficiency: more than 10 years battery life time • Relaxed Delay characteristics: ~10 sec. Agriculture Smart Parking Smart Bike Smart Suitcase Sensor Networks Sensor

38 NB-IoT motivation aspects Link budget of 164dB is requested for better coverage, i.e. deep indoor coverage

Power

frequency repetitions increase coverage single tone operation results in a power single tone operation budget gain allows multiple UEs

Huge number of devices is requested, i.e. goal is around 200 000 devices per cell

39 Rel 13: Narrowband-IoT (standardization still ongoing) The Uplink and Downlink total transmission bandwidth is 180 kHz Downlink : OFDM with 15 kHz sub-carrier spacing (1PRB) Uplink: SC-FDMA with 3.75 kHz and 15 kHz for single-tone transmissions and optional multi-tone transmissions with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing Only FDD in half-duplex mode (analog to UE cat.0 half-duplex TypeB), no TDD in Rel.13 Reduced downlink transmission schemes : TM1: Single antenna port, TM2: Two antenna ports, using transmit diversity Only mobility in IDLE mode is supported In-Band Operation Guard-band OperationStandalone operation NB-IoT NB-IoT NB-IoT NB-IoT

LTE Carrier LTE Carrier e.g. GSM Carriers MTC features like Power Save Mode (PSM), extended DRX (eDRX) cycle are valid

R&S LTE-M, NB-IoT, LTE-V - June 2016 40 NB-IoT spectrum allocation aspects

Downlink: 1 Ressource block, 12 subcarriers à 15kHz

Uplink: 1 Subcarrier à 3.75kHz

Uplink: 1 Subcarrier à 15kHz

Uplink: 3 Subcarriers à 15kHz

Uplink: 6 Subcarriers à 15kHz

Uplink: 1 Ressource block, 12 subcarriers à 15kHz NB-IoT core network and data transfer Control plane CIoT EPS = data is sent via control messages only, suited for small + sporadic traffic User plane CIoT EPS = data is sent connection oriented, i.e. using a radio bearer + traffic channel

2 types of traffic: IP based or non- IP based There is no QoS profile for NB-IoT, all traffic is assumed to be best effort and delay tolerant!

42 NB-IoT inband operation The inner 6 ressource blocks cannot be used by NB-IoT as overlapping with PSS; SSS and PBCH channel bandwidth

Frequency

possible RBs used f Shift of N * 100kHz = possible by NB-IoT c = EUARFCN of LTE cell position of NB-IoT anchor carrier NB-IoT multi-carrier support: inband + standalone

NB-IoT UEs in connected mode may NB-IoT UEs in idle mode use the NB-IoT stay tuned to NB-IoT non-anchor carrier anchor carrier NB-IoT anchor carrier NB-IoT non- anchor carrier NB-IoT non- anchor carrier frequency spectral offset does maximum spectral not need to follow fc of NB-IoT carrier, offset ∆f = 20MHz 100kHz raster follows 100kHz raster NB-IoT multi-carrier support: inband + standalone frequency

DL anchor carrier DL non-anchor carrier UL anchor carrier UL non-anchor carrier

time, one box = 1 subframe NB-IoT downlink half duplex

Scheduled Scheduled downlink period downlink period

Half duplex Type B UE not receiving Scheduled uplink period length of „sleeping“ period depends on length of Tx period, i.e. #subcarriers, No simultaneous transmission and reception for the UE content and SC spacing NB-IoT: Narrowband physical channels

NPBCH Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel NPDSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel NPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel NPUSCH Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel Uplink Downlink CCCH DCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

optional optional RACH UL-SCH PCH BCH DL-SCH

NPRACH NPUSCH NPDSCHNBCH NPDCCH

47 NB-IoT: new physical channels for data and control Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel NPDCCH: ı Downlink and uplink scheduling decisions ı Paging indication ı Random access response ı HARQ feedback for UL NPUSCH

Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel NPDSCH: l Downlink data + Layer 3 control l System information l Paging information l Random access response message

Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared Channel NPUSCH: l Uplink data & Uplink Layer 3 control l Uplink HARQ feedback

Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel NPRACH: • Uplink channel request

There are less number of physical channels to reduce the overall complexity NB-IoT ressource unit

A new term is introduced: ressouce Length in unit. Used to carry NPUSCH data frequency domain in uplink. Defined as a variable (consecutive number of subcarriers and time N RU subcarriers): sc slots. (see next slides for details)

Length in time domain: UL UL Nsymb Nslots

49 NB-IoT UL ressource units – various combinations: time & frequency frequency axis: subcarrier spacing = 3.75kHz frequency axis: subcarrier spacing = 15kHz frequency only single tone = 1 subcarrier

UL 2 slots = 1msec Nsc = 48 subcarriers UL T Nsc = 12 subcarriers slot = 61440 * Ts 4 slots = 2msec = Tslot = 15360 * Ts 2msec = 0,5msec 4 slots = 8msec (control only) 8 slots = 4msec 16 slots = 32msec (data only) 16 slots = 8msec time axis

50 NB-IoT slot and frame structure × One radio frame, T f = 307200 T s = 10 m s

One slot, T = 15360 × T = 0.5 m s slo t s subcarrier spacing = 15kHz

# 0 # 1 # 2 # 3 # 1 8 # 1 9

One subframe = ( × )≈ Ts 1 15000 2048 32 .55 nsec × One radio frame, T f = 307200 T s = 10 m s

O ne slot, T = 61440 × T = 2 m s slo t s subcarrier spacing = 3.75kHz

# 0 # 0 # 4 # 1 9

One subframe Cyclic prefix length 15 kHz subcarrier spacing Normal cyclic prefix length: 1st CP is longer

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mismatch in time! 1 slot = 0,5msec CP length 1st Cyclic prefix is longer = 144 * Ts SC-FDMA symbol length = 160 * Ts for first symbol N = 2048 * Ts 3.75 kHz subcarrier spacing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 slot = 2 msec CP length SC-FDMA symbol length = 256 * Ts Guard period N = 8192 * Ts N = 2304 * Ts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Currently only normal CP length is supported for NB-IoT spectral bandwidth modulation NPUSCH formats Content 1 subcarrier à 3.75kHz orschemes BPSK carry 1 subcarrier à 15 kHz or NPUSCH format 1 UL- 3 subcarries à 15kHz or SCH = 6 subcarriers à 15kHz or QPSK data 15 subcarriers à 15kHz

frequency

carry 1 subcarrier à 3.75kHz NPUSCH format 2 UCI = or BPSK control 1 subcarrier à 15 kHz frequency Resource allocation – timing aspects in downlink NPDCCH Downlink grant valid for subframe n+5 if DCI is format N1 DCI N1 NPDCCH DCI N2 NPDCCH

k k+1 k+2 k+3 k+4 k+5 subframes

NPDSCH reception NPDSCH

Downlink grant with delay factor if DCI is format N2 NB-IoT Downlink reference signals NB-IoT Downlink: NPSCH and NSSCH Zadoff-Chu Zhadoff-Chu sequence Only sent on even sequence, based on the physical frame numbers One sequence for cell ID all cells 10 ms radio frame

Sent over the 12 assigned subcarriers Sent on and then the index over the subcarriers: assigned last 11 symbols of subframe #9 and then the index

of symbols of first slot in subframe #5 + all symbols of second slot of each frame NB-IoT mobility procedures

No X2 interface for NB-Iot eNBs

4. RRC connection 1. RRC connection 2. RRC connection 3. perform cell established activated released, UE in idle mode re-selection

To reduce the complexity, there are no handover possible in NB-IoT. Any mobility procedure is based on UE idle mode mobility procedure, i.e. cell selection and cell re-selection principles

57 NB-IoT positioning aspects

LCS 4) Optional: Client GNSS support S1-U Serving S5 Packet Lup SUPL / LPP Gateway Gateway SLP 1) (S-GW) (P-GW) LCS Server (LS) SLs Mobile Management E-SMLC 2) GMLC 3) NB-IoT Entity (MME) device with LTE base station location based eNodeB (eNB) capabilites No support of radio based LBS, like Secure User Plane SUPL= NB-IoT may OTDOA or LPP or A-GNSS services use location based services sent over user plane Challenges: For some NB-IoT devices, location based services would provide additional value, but this would also increase the complexity. Compromise: LBS support is UE specific and optional Range of LTE categories to adress diverse IoT use cases

LTE Advanced • Phones • Tablets LTE Cat-1 • Cars (media) • Cams • Wearables • Trucks Data rate Data LTE Cat-M • Wearables • Meters LTE Cat-NB • Control • Sensors • Pets Power Consumption/Costs • Bikes

59 LTE-Advanced Pro Rel14 No Signs for Slow-Down! ı Enhanced licensed-assisted access to unlicensed spectrum (eLAA) ı Support for V2V services based on LTE sidelink (V2V) ı LTE-based V2X services (V2X) ı Enhancements on Full-Dimension (FD) MIMO for LTE (eFD-MIMO) ı Downlink Multiuser Superposition Transmission for LTE (MUST) ı eMBMS enhancements for LTE (eMBMS) ı SRS Carrier Based Switching for LTE (SRS_CS) ı Further Indoor Positioning enhancements for UTRA and LTE (IPOS_enh) ı Uplink Capacity Enhancements for LTE (UL_CAP_enh) ı Further Enhanced MTC for LTE (feMTC) ı Enhancements of NB-IoT (eNB-IoT) ı Shortened TTI and processing time for LTE (sTTI)

60 Automotive and LTE / 5G ı 5G Automotive Association ° AUDI AG, BMW Group, Daimler AG, Initial Cellular V2X standard completed ı Ericsson, Huawei, Intel, Nokia und ı “V2V communications are based on D2D communications defined as part of ProSe services in Qualcomm Inc. launched the 5G Release 12 and Release 13 of the specification. As Automotive Association (5GAA) part of ProSe services, a new D2D interface ° “The association will develop, test and (designated as PC5, also known as sidelink at the promote communications solutions, physical layer) was introduced and now as part of the V2V WI it has been enhanced for vehicular use support standardization and accelerate cases, specifically addressing high speed (up to commercial availability and global market 250Kph) and high density (thousands of nodes). ” penetration. The goal is to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as connected automated driving, ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart cities and intelligent transportation”

61 C-V2X

Security aspect: An self-driving car must be able to take decisions standalone! All measurement samples are based inside the system (=car)

62 C-V2X

Security aspect: An self-driving car must be able to take decisions standalone! All measurement samples are based inside the system (=car)

But communication with others (cars, infrastructure, network etc) will make the self-driving cars more comfortable => assume that there will be a mixture of self-contained like radar sensors and communication techniques like DSRC and Cellular V2X.

63 C-V2X scenarios for LTE-V, Rel. 14

ı Forward collision warning ı Control loss warning ı Emergency vehicle warning ı Emergency stop ı Cooperative adaptive cruise control ı Queue warning ı Road safety services ı Automated parking system ı Wrong way driving warning ı Pre-crash sensing warning ı Traffic flow optimization ı Curve speed warning ı Vulnerable road user safety ı Enhanced positioning

64 C-V2X scenarios for 5G-vehicle, > Rel. 14

ı Vehicle platooning ı Sensor and state map sharing ı Remote driving of vehicles ı Collective perception of the environment ı Information sharing for full/automated driving/platooning ı Dynamic ride sharing ı Intersection safety information provisioning for urban driving

65 Automotive Vertical: V2X & Autonomous Driving

V2D V2V

V2V: Vehicle to Vehicle V2D: Vehicle to Device V2P: Vehicle to Person V2P V2H: Vehicle to Home V2C: Vehicle to Cellular V2I: Vehicle to Infrastructure

V2I V2C V2H C-V2X – infrastructure C-V2X infrastructure scenario

2 modes possible: MBMS and direct End to End 5GAA scenarios for C-V2X Device to device D2D

Vehicle to vehicle V2V Vehicle to pedestrian V2P Vehicle to (roadside) infrastructure V2I

Device to Cell-tower, V2I Device to network, V2N RAN Evolved nodeB

MME PDN PSTN

S-GW P-GW IMS Higher layer + scheduling Evolved Packet Core C-V2X some aspects to be discussed: frequency, multi operator and sidelink+EUTRAN

single operator scenario multi operator using shared UL/DL multi operator, single UL, multi DL Rx by UE single carrier or multi carrier possible, UL / DL

2 frequencies considered: simultaneous / shared 2GHz + 6GHz (ISM band) operation beween sidelink based multi eNB transmission, and EUTRAN based coordinated eNB reception C-V2X infrastructure scenario – broadcast + cell overlapping

3GPP has defined the concept of temporary mobile group ID, TMGI to send data to a group of UEs via MBMS. But this concept does not support overlapping cell concept.

e.g. cell group 2 ( green ) has to broadcast data relevant for group 1 ( red ) and group 3 ( yellow ) MBMS: broadcast data to different UEs -> addresse centric C-V2X: broadcast data to different UEs depending on their location -> position centric V2X Core Issues

• Latency • Network coordination Feasibility • Resource and energy efficiency study of • Higher Doppler

• Tailored resource allocation mechanism • Sync to GNSS Basic • Multi-cell multicast / broadcast changes • Frequent handover

72 Scenarios

ı Enhancing the D2D (PC5) interface ° In coverage and out-of-coverage ı V2V PC5 uses a dedicated carrier which is only used for V2V communication ° TR 36.785: E-UTRA V2X band /V2X channel bandwidth E-UTRA V2X 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz Band 47 Yes Yes ı Time Synchronization via GNSS possible ı New transmission modes: ° TM3: eNB schedules resources ° Scheduled by DCI format 5A, scrambled with SL-D-RNTI ° TM4: UE autonomous resource selection

73 Scenarios

74 Some Important Facts

ı DMRS extension ° to cope with higher doppler shift up to 500 km/h

ı New arrangement of resources into resource pools (RPs) ° RP redesign ° Control and data packets are in the same SF ° Subchannel Structure ‹ Reducing latency

75 C-V2X – some aspects to be considered

C-V2X will suffer from Doppler effect. Especially on the sidelink we have moving Rx and Tx! => updated reference signal concept is needed

more DMRS, demodulation refernce symbols per subframe + shorter time interval Some Important Facts (ct‘d)

ı Channel structure of Sidelink Communication is re- used ° … however, no multiplexing between V2X and non- V2X ı Spectrum sensing with semi-persistent transmission ° for distributed scheduling ° taking advantage of the often periodic traffic in V2V ı Concept of zones for transmission resources ° Reducing the near-far problem ı Service continuity optimization ° … on Handover

77 The 7 pillars of V2V / V2X 1 Synchronization based on GNSS

2 Additional DMRS

3 New definition of resource pools

4 Control and data in same SF

5 Sensing and collision avoidance

6 Zone concept

7 One or two transmissions plus HARQ

78 Two worlds collide

1

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) (US) Certification / Validation China Compulsory Certification (CCC) ECE homologation (Europe)

World Forum for the harmonization of vehicle regulations (WP.29)

79 “If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together!” African proverb

80