Wind Energy at the CSIR

Wind Energy at the CSIR Presentation to the Turbo Machinery Techno Group By Stefan Szewczuk 23 January 2013 Presentation based on: • CSIR 4th Biennial Conference • Wind Energy Industrial Strategy workshop • Eastern Cape-European Union Renewable Energy Conference Research on Wind Energy

4th Biennial Conference

Presented by: Stefan Szewczuk

Date: 10 October 2012 CSIR’s low wind speed turbine

• Based on its aerospace capabilities, CSIR demonstrated in 1986 on its Pretoria campus that a worthwhile amount of energy can be extracted from the wind in regions with very low average wind speeds. • Generated a maximum output of 2kW at approx 8m/s • Research recommended that three basic models be developed for the moderate to poor wind flow regimes in SA

CSIR’s autogyro Large wind turbines

• Further CSIR’s aerospace technology demonstrators formed basis to investigate wind turbines • CSIR was offered Howdens 300 & 750 kW turbines on Orkney & Shetland Islands. • Undertook wind energy study tour to Ovid: composite man- UK rated trainer airplane • Too expensive to transfer to SA • Howdens offered CSIR blade IP based on wood laminate technology. Offer not taken up. • IP & further developments now owned by Vestas Howden’s 300 kW wind turbine on Orkney Island, Scotland • CSIR: exposure to large wind turbines & underlying technologies Eskom’s wind farm, Klipheuwel, Cape Town

• CSIR, then DME & City of Cape Town undertook study on large grid connected wind turbines – included a study tour to Europe. • Recommended that a demonstration scheme be established near Cape Town • CSIR developed concept to the point where next step was implementation • Eskom implemented scheme as a research project to gain understanding in developing & operating wind farms. • CSIR did EIA for Klipheuwel wind energy scheme

• CSIR invested funding for initial wind measurements on 10 metre mast.

• Good quality data resulted in Danida funding CSIR to do comprehensive wind measurements

• Initial investment resulted in CSIR participating in current Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) project

South African Wind Energy Programme (SAWEP) - two key strategic outputs aimed at guiding wind energy development in SA: • Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) – First verified wind atlas launched by Deputy Minister of Energy on 13 March 2012

• Investigation into a Wind Energy Industrial Strategy for SA - outputs of which will help determine the possibility of establishing a wind industry in South Africa.

• CSIR & Risø DTU (now DTU Wind Energy) undertook this investigation: Final report has 3 parts Part 1: Global Wind-energy Market and Industry; Part 2: South African Wind-energy Market and Industry; and Part 3: Strategic analysis

• This presentation is based on Part 3: Strategic analysis with emphasis on RD&D portion of strategy

• The International Energy Agency (IEA) published a global technology roadmap for wind energy - primary tasks are:  Wind technology development  Delivery and systems integration  Policy frameworks  International collaboration

• European wind energy sector launched the European Wind Energy Technology Platform (TPWind). The Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) of TPWind is divided into five thematic priorities for research:  Wind resources, design wind conditions and forecasting  Wind turbine technology  Wind energy integration  Offshore deployment and operation  European research infrastructures

• Mainly incremental technology advances to improve cost effectiveness (except offshore floating)

• Key research areas  Large turbine development: improved reliability; better understanding of aerodynamics; innovative concepts and integrated design; improved design codes; improved gearbox design; gearless design; improved blade design; mechanical structures and new materials  Offshore wind in shallow (bottom mounted) and in deep waters (floating structures)  Power system operation and grid integration: wind power plant capabilities (providing ancillary services, wind farm control); grid planning and operation; energy and power management.  Wind farm optimisation  Wind conditions: complex terrain; offshore meteorology; wakes; extreme wind speeds; wind profiles at high heights; short-term predictions

• South African Industry’s propensity to innovate is in the same league as their counterparts in Europe. To state this differently, South African Industry has a can-do attitude and mind-set • Industry has experience in manufacturing components to exacting specifications, integrating complex systems and this being done with efficient use of resources. • Industry is very much aware of the need to be globally competitive by reducing costs and maintaining, if not increasing, on quality. • A preliminary macro-environment (big picture) analysis was done of the South African innovation community • A preliminary technology tree was developed and recommended that a South African Wind Energy Technology Platform be established in support of a wind energy industrial strategy

Needs Innovative wind turbine Local manufacture of components Job creation Energy security system designs

Key Solutions •Wind resource assessment and maps •High quality manufactured components •Advanced designs for next generation wind turbines •Certification and testing procedures •Advanced materials selection and development •Advanced techniques for wind turbine/grid integration •Advanced and cost effective manufacturing techniques •Human capacity development Platform South African Wind Energy Technology Platform

Applied Life cycle evaluation and Component design and Wind farm design Condition monitoring & fault Policy development & technology prediction manufacturing optimisation prediction decision support

Base •Constitutive equations •Database of new materials •Increased accuracy of wind •Monitoring & evaluation •Data and information technology •Materials •New design standards resource database •Supervisory Control & Data evaluation techniques characterisation •Power electronics •Wind turbine emulation Acquisition (SCADA) systems •Aero-elasticity •Manufacturing processes system •Smart grid technologies methodologies •Quality assurance •Extreme wind condition •Numerical failure evaluation techniques identification methods •Complex terrain & offshore •Non-destructive evaluation techniques evaluation Infrastructure •Wind measurement equipment •Natural resource databases •Computational fluid dynamics •Geographic Information Systems •Finite element methods •Quantitative methods •Dedicated wind tunnels •Science and Engineering know-how •Blade test facilities •Supply chain linkages •Generator test facilities •Indigenous knowledge •Drive train test facilities Further details & table available on poster: “South Africa – a new innovator and manufacturer of wind turbines?” © CSIR 2012 Slide 12

Smart sustainable wind energy based systems to complement South Africa’s electrification programme

• 3 year multinational EU (Garrad Hassan of UK, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation) - CSIR investigative project

• Objective: identify rural electrification opportunities using renewable energies linked to existing & new economic activities

• Renewable energy resources investigated: wind, mini-hydro & biomass

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to present & interpret results

• Large part of project was wind resource assessment of the E Cape Province

• WAsP numerical model was used for wind resource assessment

• Output: identified implementable projects – emphasis on objective technological evaluations

Cost of wind generated electricity

Distribution grid with, as an example, 10kms either side blanked off Overlaying above two maps identify possible areas where wind generated electricity may be cheaper than grid extension

1st verified wind atlas – opportunity to develop an accurate model

• Obtained first hand understanding of complexity of poverty alleviation – technical & non-technical (water-energy-food-employment nexus)

• Developed Integrated Energy/Economic Framework – framework for sustainable socio-economic development for rural areas

• Identified renewable energy projects at Hluleka Nature Reserve & Lucingweni village on Wild Coast

• With Cabinet endorsement, then Minister of Minerals & Energy mandated the NER (now NERSA) to facilitate piloting hybrid mini-grids • Experience & understanding gained to inform decision & policy makers • NER contracted CSIR to develop implementation plan • Implementation partner – Shell Renewables • Integrated Energy/Economic Framework applied • Mini-grids integrated with providing potable water • Energy & water efficiency concepts applied • CSIR: first-hand exposure to small wind turbines and integration of a range of related technologies – action research

Hluleka Nature Reserve

Lucingweni village

Department of Science & Technology – mini-grids were used as a case study on “Technology Transfer for Poverty Alleviation”

CSIR lessons learnt applied to • updating Integrated Energy/Economic Methodology • identifying shortcomings in then wind data resource map • understanding the non-technical issues in sustainable projects • deeper understanding on smart sustainable energy resulting in:  investigations into conversion of organic waste into energy (anaerobic digestion)  project: “Modular form of Electrification in Rural Communities in South Africa”  Global Research Alliance (GRA) initiative on “Smart Sustainable Energy for the Rural Poor”

Project funded by the Royal Danish Embassy in Pretoria and carried out by: • eThekwini (Durban) Municipality • Risø DTU (Danish National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy) • South African National Energy Research Institute (SANERI) • CSIR • University of the Witwatersrand • North West University

Project aim: Investigate the suitability of modular smart-grid approach for electrification of rural communities, with particular emphasis on the needs of the eThekwini Municipality

Recommendations for a demonstration project: • Potential of modular approach confirmed and should be refined through further modelling and simulation work. • Establish a research facility so that technologies can be refined and evaluated in a controlled environment prior to implementation in the field. • Human capacity development

Strategic recommendations: 1. Develop a Roadmap for SA on Smart Grid Technologies 2. Develop a Renewable Energy Technology Integration Platform 3. In DTI’s Industrial Policy & Action Plan (IPAP), under green industries, localisation strategies be developed to include smart grid/modular forms of electrification 4. Align outcomes of projects to support the National Development Plan and other policies

Smart Sustainable Energy will deliver impact through three co-creative streams: Social Innovation, Ecosystem Innovation, Technical Innovation: • leading to solutions that will seamlessly integrate with the electrical grid.

Successful inclusive innovations for the Base-of-the-Pyramid (BoP) have to be : • Affordable, Acceptable, Appropriate, Accessible.

At a functional level, amongst others, the GRA team has aligned with the Eastern Cape Provincial Government and its Sustainable Energy Strategy, District Municipalities

A project design document has been developed for investors & stakeholders

Broad phases: modelling & simulation, real-world trialling of developed innovations, development of modular solutions suitable for commercialisation and deployment Thank you

Eastern Cape – European Union Renewable Energy Conference 28-30th November 2012 East London International Convention Centre Who we are

• a collaboration of nine of the world’s leading applied- research agencies • using the best science and technology • working to solve some of the biggest challenges in the developing world Who we are

Nine countries, five continents What we do

The GRA’s vision is for a world where the application of innovative science and technology, through collaboration and co-creation, delivers access equality, improves lives and solves global development challenges. Our mission

• mobilize the creative energy of our globally and culturally diverse researchers to address global development challenges through innovation

• share the breadth and depth of our science and technology resources and unite with local partners, communities, industry and collaborators

• generate and implement appropriate, affordable and sustainable solutions with positive and lasting impact

Our Focus – global research for global good

Energy Health Digital

Innovation Water Food Systems Security Inclusive Innovation – GRA approach

Inclusive Innovation is – any innovation – that leads to affordable access of quality goods and services – creating livelihood opportunities – for the excluded population, primarily at the base of the pyramid, and – on a long term sustainable basis with a significant outreach Dr Ramesh Mashelkar - GRA President Inclusive Innovation access equality despite income inequality Income Inequality 10,000:1

Access Equality 1:1 Inclusive Innovation one cannot innovate alone

Technology

Collaboration

Solutions Knowledge creation

Knowledge Communities National Local Institutions NGOs Infrastructure Civil Society Social Policy Government conditions

Social International interests donors Environmental conditions Services Private

Sector Value & Productivity supply chain Goods & Skills Services Investment GRA Project Green & Low-Cost Wireless Communication Network for Africa

 Fraunhofer (Germany) - terrestrial wireless infrastructure to bring this satellite connectivity into the wide area  Fraunhofer (Portugal) - applications for targeted deployment  CSIR SA - wireless mesh concepts, in particular community mesh and wireless backhaul  CSIRO - efficient satellite-based infrastructure to reach rural areas  VTT – integration of network management  Macha Works - supporting local deployment, training staff, testing and evaluation GRA Member Projects - examples

CSIRO CSIR South Africa African Food Security Initiative: Value addition to plant product sustainable agriculture, smallholder kenaf car component manufacture farmers, animal health

TNO SIRIM Utilisation of waste streams in Eco-friendly artificial coral reefs: pineapple processing – Ghana tourism, community, local industry

GRA Smart Sustainable Energy Project The Leapfrog Effect

• Skipping the traditional

– Rural and excluded populations have an opportunity to pursue innovative energy solutions that are not built upon the ideas of last century.

Learning to Leap

• We are approaching that goal but slowly

– China has approximately 60,000 minigrid schemes – Nepal, India, Vietnam and Sri Lanka each have between 100 and 1,000 minigrids – The World Bank has increased support for off-grid projects, funding 31 projects between 1995 and 2008 (up from two prior to 1995) – Still a reliance on diesel generators in many minigrid systems – Challenges exist in finding optimal community fit – Assessment of resource availability is difficult – Maintenance issues are a concern – Few holistic, robust and codified solutions exist

Timing the Leap

• Now is the time to jump!

– Amazing international investment into Smart Grid Technologies – Falling renewable energy technology prices – 2012 is the United Nation’s Year of Sustainable Energy for All – Institutional arrangements starting to be put in place to drive the development of sustainable solutions Leap Higher

Our Goal is • To create a smarter sustainable energy programme for the remote and rural poor that:

– Delivers localised generation, storage and distribution systems – Features energy efficiency and intelligent demand management at the forefront – Offers modularity, community-specificity and flexibility – Enables rapid deployment – Provides robustness – Integrates contemporary smart-grid concepts – Enables a sustainable, long-term and green solution to energy access

finance, funding Our Design procurement Innovation Application national town planning Regulatory provincial environmental Environment municipal impact Institutional policy strategic Environment gov officials climate change planning, business low carbon policy Skills & Job technical green growth vocational green economy Sustainable Creation artisan digital & Development Services & innovation energy access research Ecosystem Innovation Enterprises knowledge environment agribusiness / food storage / mobile SUSTAINABLE health charging / bakery …. water telecom services Social Innovation

skills services gender

ownership SUPPORTED co-creation multi-stakeholder analysis community engagement Technical Innovation integration lessons learned fault detection •SMARTSMART biofuels efficiency simulation MINIGRIDS Bio biomass wind atlas Wind biogas Storage Solar Hydro chemical print battery PV dye PV micro hydro Spin-in Innovation Project Design & Management Our Design

Ecosystem Innovation SUSTAINABLE

Social Innovation

skills services gender

ownership SUPPORTED co-creation multi-stakeholder analysis community engagement

Technical Innovation integration lessons learned fault detection SMART efficiency simulation

Project Design & Management Our Design – Innovation Environment

finance, funding procurement

national town planning Regulatory provincial Environment municipal

Institutional policy strategic Environment gov officials climate change planning, business low carbon policy Skills & Job technical green growth vocational green economy Sustainable Creation artisan digital & Development Services & innovation energy access research Enterprises knowledge environment agribusiness / food storage / mobile health charging / bakery …. water telecom services Our Design – Spin-in Innovation

biofuels

MINIGRIDS Bio biomass wind atlas Wind biogas Storage Solar Hydro chemical print battery PV dye PV micro hydro Our Team – why we will deliver • The collaborative partnership between CSIRO, TNO, CSIR & UFH brings expertise in minigrids, smart grids, social sciences, real-world deployment, world- leading experimental facilities and an international network of research, government and industry partners

Our Team – why we will deliver CSIRO • Recently completed a three year Asia Pacific Partnership with TERI (India) on smart minigrid technologies • Renewable Energy Integration Facility (REIF), for the testing and analysis of energy systems in a minigrid environment • Leading research into key smart-grid concepts, including: – Optimal planning of small-scale power networks – Automated demand-management and control • Work programmes focussed on: – Advanced solar and load forecasting methodologies – Automated fault-detection and diagnosis

Our Team – why we will deliver CSIR • Strategic Evaluations – Industrialisation strategies • Development of frameworks and real-world Hluleka Nature Reserve deployment of South African minigrids/smart grids – implementation plans for Lucingweni and Hluleka minigrids – eThekwini modular systems • Decision Support Systems

– Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Lucingweni village – Renewable energy resource databases – Modelling and Simulation

Our Team – why we will deliver TNO • Smart Energy Systems – Multi-stakeholder business analysis – Market integration and business modeling – Fulfillment, Assurance, Billing • Supply & Demand Management – PowerMatcher – Real-time and predictive Supply Demand Management • Self-Healing Networks and Microgrids – Grid integration of renewable energy generators • Applied technology research in Aruba that will expand renewable energy share to 40% • Innovation for Development group

Our Team – why we will deliver University of Fort Hare • Biomass Energy – Installation and performance monitoring of biomass gasifiers and biogas digesters in rural areas including a150kVA biomass gasifier system at Melani village • Energy Efficiency – measurement and verification of the electrical demand in both industry and the residential sector – installation and performance monitoring of various heat pump technologies • Solar Energy – photovoltaics cells and modules – solar passive housing design Our Alignment – why we will deliver

• Important to the Project is alignment with, and support of The Eastern Cape Sustainable Energy Strategy

Ecosystem Innovation SUSTAINABLE

Social Innovation

skills services gender Universal access to electricity – sustainable off grid renewable ownership SUPPORTED co-creation multi-stakeholder analysis community engagement Technical Innovation integration lessons learned fault detection •SMARTSMART efficiency simulation Project Design & energy hubs Management

Innovation and R&D – areas of research benefiting sustainable energy industry for province

Enabling environment – a quarterly sustainable energy Forum for interaction between stakeholders

finance, funding procurement Innovation Application Skills development – development of local innovations and national town planning Regulatory provincial environmental Environment municipal impact Institutional policy strategic Environment gov officials climate change planning, business low carbon policy Skills & Job technical green growth vocational green economy Sustainable Creation artisan digital & Development Services & innovation energy access research Enterprises knowledge environment agribusiness / food storage / mobile health charging / bakery …. water telecom services inventions Our Approach – building on lessons learned

INTEGRATED ENERGY ECONOMIC New, Alternative METHODOLOGY & Emerging Energy Conventional Technologies Energy

Existing economic activities

Total Energy Total Energy Supply Demand Intervention measures New economic Natural resources Other Conditions - arable land Costs Revenue activities •Policy Localisation - tourism potential •Manufacturing - forestry potential •Sanitation Energy Industry legislation efficiency Roads - innovation Markets Enterprise creation Water Cost benefit analysis Telecomms. Life cycle analysis etc Sociological (Cultural) Capacity development Facilitation Environmental externalities Governance facilitation  CDM  CPF

CLIMATE CHANGE After S SZEWCZUK Our Approach – building on lessons learned

RuralRural Energy Energy & Economic & Economic Development Development Framework (REED) SEEM REAL Simulation & modelling to study effect of different development Validation process in community where strategies in a community intervention measures can be followed over time, monitored, evaluated, documented &

SOLAR ENERGY WATER fed back HOUSEHOLDS GOODS SARED: FOOD

APPLIANCES SANITATION FOOD WASTE PROCESSING ELECTRICITY South African GAS

SOLIDS BIOGAS Renewable Energy ANIMAL HUSBANDRY COMPOST PRODUCTION CHICKEN WASTE FARMING WASTE Database PIG COMPOST FARMING

? AGRICULTURE AQUACULTURE TOMATOES WHEAT FISHMEAL ? HomerGIS: ? FISH FRUIT /VEG ? WOOD CSIR/DME/Eskom off- VILLAGE MANAGEMENT grid electrification Model flowchart Example of a model in GIS planning tool GASP Sociological facilitation Develop supply chain linkages between rural enterprises and multinationals where natural/renewable resources are value-added

Kenaf, example of indigenous fibrous plant for various applications Potential for pine in Natural composite E Cape materials blades Example: planting citrus for local market E3 Supply & demand side technologies & manufacturing processes that ensure efficient use of energy & resources Modular Energy Unit

Wind PV Diesel

440 V ring (cable) PV PV Wind & Wind L2

Load M&C Generation Storage L3 L7

PV Wind Organic waste L5 L4 to energy Engagement with community Modular energy systems Seamlessly integrated systems Our Approach – taking it forward

finance, funding procurement Innovation Application

national town planning Regulatory provincial environmental Environment municipal impact Ecosystem Innovation Institutional policy strategic Environment gov officials climate change planning, business SUSTAINABLE low carbon policy Skills & Job technical green growth vocational green economy Sustainable Creation artisan digital & Development Services & innovation energy access research Enterprises knowledge Social Innovation environment agribusiness / food storage / mobile health charging / bakery …. water telecom services skills services gender

Project Scoping & Innovation Engagement Process – Phase identify and engage stakeholders, create partnerships, 0 community engagement

Modelling & Simulation – review of energy requirements, scenarios aligning needs and Phase technology, model and simulate performance of 1 systems, optimise solutions

Real-world trialling of developed innovations – work Phase with selected community to trial real world 2 demonstration of the technologies, engagement and business models

Modular Solutions & large scale deployment – use Phase lessons from Phase 2 to refine devices; expand trials to 3 include multiple communities, determine commercialisation Leap for Impact

GRA Smart Sustainable Energy Project:

• collaboration & partnerships in innovation • localisation & job creation • human capacity building • support EC Sustainable Energy Strategy • green economy

Thank you

Contact: Stephanie von Gavel Steve Szewczuk The Global Research Alliance CSIR www.theglobalresearchalliance.org www.csir.co.za [email protected] [email protected]