International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology Volume 5, Issue 10, 2018, PP 28-48 ISSN : 2349-476X

Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in ,

Owolabi, Babatunde Oluwaseyi (PhD) Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Technology , Nigeria, *Corresponding Author: Owolabi, Babatunde Oluwaseyi, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, Email Id: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The term Community Based Organizations (CBOs) is often used synonymously with „grassroots organization‟. There doesn‟t appear to be much clarity about exactly which organizations are embraced by this term. CBOs are distinct in nature and purpose from other Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). CBOs are normally „membership‟ organizations made up of a group of individuals who have joined up together to further their own interests and the interest of the people they represent. The quest to improve on the economic development is one of the driving forces for CBOs. This project considers the activities of CBOs and the Involvement of CBOs in the Economic Development of Ode-Irele Community. For the purpose of this research, stratified random sampling was employed to pick the selected streets in the community. The various political wards in Ode-Irele community were employed as the strata for this research. 156 questionnaires were administered to the residents if the community in 18 streets and analysis was done with the use of a computer program “Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)” and Microsoft Office Excel. Findings from the research show that cooperation is one of the major things that is lacking and militating against the activities of CBOs in the community towards the development of the economy of the community. This is because most of the people who are either member of the community or members of one CBO or the other do not feel compelled to be committed to the running of the organization. Recommendation includes giving financial supports to the CBOs either by the Government bodies, Credit and Loan Societies, NGOs and IOs to enhance the easy delivery on capital projects in the community. Keywords: Community Based Organizations, Economic, Development, Ondo State, Activities

INTRODUCTION debilitated the assurance of the community in central establishments. The public thus search Meeting the need of citizens has been for comfort in local institutes, which compel recognized as one of the motives behind the government to provide development to hitches propagation of Community Based Organizations in their societies. The local organizations are (CBOs) in the new era. Alongside, Wahab linked with self-help (Ogundipe, 2003). (2000) detected that people in emerging CBOs can also be called local groups which are countries lately beheld up to governments to called series of names in diverse places. These provide the elementary socio-economic hassles. consist of „community development Governments in African countries have associations‟, „neighborhood councils‟ and developed top-down and bottom-up methods to united community among others (Biddle and attain bearable expansion of their general public. Biddle, 1968; Agboola, 1998). CBOs are made It comprise founding of lead firm at main hubs up by communal labors of local folks of homo so as to generate job prospects, offer basic or heterogeneous characteristics but existing or infrastructure and use provincial natural and employed in the same location. Their coming artificial wealth to inspire development and together produces situations which widen the economic that would blowout to sheathing areas base of self-governance plus circulation of ( Abegunde, 2003). command through a broader sphere of the The disappointment of governments‟ top-down inhabitants (Adeyemo, 2002; Adejumobi, 1991). method and lack of participation of the folks at It is seen as charitable, non-profit, non- the proletarian in the bottom-up approach have governmental and extremely confined or

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 28 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria vicinity whose participation is placed on the  Are the activities of the CBOs regular in the same equal and whose key aim is the development of the community? development of the community and economic  What are the modes of carrying out the well-being of every member (Abegunde, 2004). activities in the study area? The current advancement of public groups,  What is the relationship between particularly in emerging nations, has supported Community Based Organization and the view that these "bottom-up" organizations Government? are effective which address the local needs than  What are the various problem hindering the higher benevolent organizations. Distinctive services of Community Based Organization? public groups are in the following categories: community-service and action, health, Aim and Objectives educational, personal growth with improvement, This study is aimed at investigating the activities social welfare and self- help for the of CBOs towards Economic Development of disadvantaged. Ode-Irele with the intention of facilitating . According to the World Bank, CBOs are poverty alleviation in the community. “different in nature and drive from other NGOs. The objectives are to: CBOs are usually „membership‟ organizations  identify the various types of CBOs in the made up of a group of individuals who have study area joined up together to further their own interests  investigate the regularities of activities of (e.g. women‟s groups, credit circles, youth CBOs in the development of the community clubs, cooperatives and farmer associations).”  identify the mode of carrying out the CBO‟s in Ode-Irele comprises of women activities in the study area groups, men groups, men groups, traders union  examine the relationship between and youth clubs in the community. The purpose Community Based Organization (CBOs) of this research tends to look critically into the and Government. reasons for this.  investigate various problems hindering the Statement of the Problem services of Community Based Organization (CBOs). The idea of co-operation towards community development is a very common and age long Justification of Study phenomenon (Adejumobi, 1991). Government The study on the activities of CBOs in Ode-Irele in emerging nations are aware of this but gave is very important as there are several attention to it later than expected (Abegunde, development projects that are left undone by the 2004). The former approach toward initiative of the State and Local Government development was by polarizing economic bodies. In order to seek for a lasting solution to activities in cities, leaving lagging regions to these pressing issues, a people based firm which fend for self-existence till spread and multiplier relates with the need of the people and as well effects of industrial establishments at poles have their base within the people needs to come would transform their local economies (Chen in which calls for the need of CBOs. Since and Ravallion, 2004). Since this situation is planning is done for the people, it is also prominent to the economic development of important to plan along with them. This enables Ondo State and affects Ode-Irele, there is a need one to know actually the need of the people and to seek a lasting solution which will bring about on the safer side, helps to meet their need a better economic development and foster without having to think too far before solving human capacity development in Ode-Irele. It is the problems of the need of the people. The state high time an exercise was conducted to assess of the development of Ode-Irele community is the role CBOs are playing in the development of an eyesore as there are several need of the the community. It would also be good to people that are not being met by the programs ascertain the challenges they are facing and find and initiations of the government bodies. It is ways of minimizing the effect of such assumed that if a more community participation challenges on the work of CBOs. groups are put in place, these issues will soon Research Questions become a thing of the past. All these put together justifies how important CBO‟s are The research question for the study includes: useful to the development of the economic  What are the various types of CBOs in the phase of ode Irele community. study area?

29 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

Scope of Study has the largest population amongst all the towns in the former Division. It has been noted that a particular problem cannot spread over an unlimited space, neither Climate and Weather can it be indefinite. This suggests that the The tropical climate of Irele is broadly of two planner must be able to classify his ambiguously seasons which are the rainy season between and recognize the criteria for demarcating the April and October and dry season between area under study (affected area). Having November and March. A temperature discovered a certain area have a perceived throughout the year ranges between 210C to problem there is need to embark reconnaissance 290C and humidity is relatively high. The annual survey, to identify the affected environment and rainfall varies from 2,000mm in the southern determine the geographical coverage, hence the part of the community to 1,150 in the northern essence of determination of scope therefore, is areas. The community enjoys luxuriant to mark the limit of study (Basorun J.O, 2006). vegetation with high forest zone (rain forest) in The scope of this study is limited to Ode-Irele the south and sub-savannah forest in the Community. It is limited to the community northern fringe. because of the need to reach the widest range History within the shortest time available. This study will involve the administration of questionnaires Irele is one of the principal Ikale towns in to residents of Ode-Irele with the view of former Okitipupa Division of Ondo state. It is addressing the Economic background of the area the headquarters of Irele Local Government, the towards achieving a sustainable development in other communities that make Irele Local Ode-Irele community. The sample items to be Government are Omi, lyansan, Ajagba, considered are the inhabitant of the study area. Akotogbo and Iju-Osun. These are Ikale communities with different history and origin. Study Area All these other communities speak both Ikale Location dialect and, Edo language because of the source of their migration to the present site. As a matter Irele is one of the principal Ikale towns in of fact, a couple of years past, some of the former Okitipupa Division of Ondo state. It is communities were grouped together under one located at 6029‟0”N 4052‟0”E/6.483330N Local Government known as “Benin 4.866670E. It is the headquarters of Irele Local Confederation”. Government, the other communities that make Irele Local Government are Omi, lyansan, Irele kingdom has boundary with lyansan, Ese- Ajagba, Akotogbo and Iju-Osun. It has a land Odo Local Government at Sabomi, Ese-Odo area of 963 km2 and a population of 145,166 at Local Government at Igbobini, Aye in the 2006 census. Irele kingdom has boundary Okitipupa Local Government at Ominla, with with lyansan, Ese-Odo Local Government at Ondo/ Local Government at Ore, Edo Sabomi, Ese-Odo Local Government at State at Ofoso. Ode-Irele is the major town of Igbobini, Aye in Okitipupa Local Government Irele territory. at Ominla, with Ondo/Odigbo Local There are some other smaller settlements in Irele Government at Ore, Edo State at Ofoso. Ode- territory, such as GbelejuLoda, Lofo, Onipaanu, Irele is the major town of Irele territory. There Atoranse-Ayadi, Ajana, OtuLoya, are some other smaller settlements in Irele Ayadi/Jrelejare, Litoto, Kajola, Oju Inn, territory, such as GbelejuLoda, Lofo, Kidimo, Araromi, Likanran, Idogun, Lekun, Onipaanu,Atoranse-Ayadi, Ajana, OtuLoya, Gbogi, Ludasa, Omonira/LebiAkinbomi etc. Ayadi/Irelejare, Litoto, Kajola, Oju Inn, The metropolis of Ode-Irele with very rapid Kidimo, Araromi, Likanran, Idogun, Lekun, urbanisation is about 5 square kilometers, it is Gbogi, Ludasa, Omonira/LebiAkinbomi etc. the largest single human settlement in the whole The metropolis of Ode-Irele with very rapid of former Okitipupa Division, is still growing by urbanization is about 5 square kilometers, it is leaps and bounds. Irele town is built on a hill in the largest single human settlement in the whole that, to enter Irele through all the roads that lead of former Okitipupa Division, is still growing by to the town, you have to climb a small hill. Irele leaps and bounds. Irele town is built on a hill in has the largest population amongst all the towns that, to enter Irele through all the roads that lead in the former Okitipupa Division. to the town, you have to climb a small hill. Irele

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 30 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

Economy services for demands outside Ode-Irele. On the other hand, the non-basic activities are those for The economic structure of Ode-Irele as a Local local consumption. It includes activities that Government Area can be categorized into support internal economy of Ode-Irele. For formal sector and informal sector. It is instance, power supply, water supply, banking, comprised of legally recognized restaurant, vulcanizing, etc. firms/establishments that have structured operation. It also includes primary activities Resources (agricultural occupation), secondary activities Irele Kingdom is endowed with many resources. (traditional and modern crafts e.g. weaving Palm produce is abundant in Irele; the climate is tailoring, hair dressing etc), small-scale quite suitable for Palm fruits. Almost every distribution (hawking, petty trading, retailing family has small or large palm Estate. The etc) and tertiary activities (for instance transport former Western Nigeria Government acquired operations, restaurant, dry cleaning etc). The some parts of Irele for the planting of palm trees economic activities can be further classified as as Palm Estates. Apart from palm produce, basic or non-basis activities. The basic timber and other economic trees abound in Irele economic activity which is not very much territory. Cocoa grows very well in Irele pronounced is constituted by those activities that territory. As a matter of fact, Irele is perhaps the attract purchasing power to Ode-Irele. That is, only area in former Okitipupa Division or Ikale, those that generate goods and services for export producing Cocoa in very large quantity. The outside the town. These include professional unfortunate thing is that the large quantity of services for non-resident, wholesale and retail Cocoa produced in Irele is not graded in Irele trade services for areas beyond the community, Local Government Area owing to the fact that specialized recreational services to people there is no Feeder Road to evacuate the Cocoa outside the town and production/manufacturing beans to Irele.

LITERARTURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL enforced as in the case of certain trades or FRAMEWORK professions such as the market women unions. The three words most commonly used in the Literarture Review texts, often interchangeably are Non- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are Governmental Organization (NGOs), Private cloistered, charitable, non-profit organizations Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) and CBOs. self-governing of any government, and The first term is usually used in the umbrella sponsored by individual and group donations, group within which the last two can be tax obligation on participants, donations from incorporated subject to their scale of task global administrations and governments (USAID, 1984). Among these groups or NGOs (Agbola, 1988), (Fowler, 1987). CBOs are also according to SINA (1986) NGOs could be voluntary organizations. They are voluntary home-grown or worldwide, they may be because participation is reliant on individual benefactor agencies, partnerships, religious choice; however a times participation might be groups and others operating at state or sub-

31 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria national levels. Most of CBOs are formed to the municipal surroundings (Aina, 1990). solve the most pressing problems facing man in

Figur2. Map of Ondo State showing IRELE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA Source: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development

Figure 3: Map Showing IRELE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA Source: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development According to Emmanuel and Akinbode (2012), assumed that community members generally Providing Infrastructure is an originator for participate in development projects because of economic improvement at numerous stages. The the realization that contemporary governments influence on indigenous fiscal development and can no longer single handedly meet most of the qualification of paucity is infinite. Absence these community needs. The study which aimed of infrastructure has continually hindered to examine the efforts of Community Base economic expansion. In specific cases, CBOs Organisations (CBOs) in urban development board on corporeal expansion schemes to offer projects identified and classified the different facilities in their societies. projects embarked upon by the CBOs, the cost of projects and their mode of financing and This discoveries stood based on his inquiry on problems. The findings on their research study the influence of amenities donated by CBOs shows that CBOs actually financed and (especially the CDAs) carried out in Local executed development projects based on the Government Area (a coastal LGA) of Ondo financial capabilities of the organizations. CBOs State. were also faced with certain constraints such as Toyobo A. Emmanuel and Muili A. B. (2008) in inadequate of fund, lack of man power, absence their study paper on the Constraints militating of favoured government policies. The study against efficiency of community development further displays that CBOs do not embark on projects elucidated that the rapid growth of capital-intensive ventures and they do not urban population developing countries led to a finance or execute any project in partnership corresponding increase in the demand for basic with Local Government. In view of the findings, urban services. According to his research, he recommendations were proffered on how the

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 32 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria constraints militating against the effectiveness CBOs discover the benefit of felt needs of the of community projects can be solved. These people to secure their interest as a way of include the financial base of CBOs, co- helping them to solve their own problems. ordination in the location of projects, research Community participation involves active and feasibility studies, orientation programme, involvement of the local community in a coupled with cordial relationship between the particular project meant for their own benefit. CBOs and Ilesa Local Government. The participation may be in cash or kind and due to various factors such as: status, income The provision of elementary facilities and level and age, the level of participation by infrastructure in urban and rural areas is one of individual vary. the main tasks of local authorities (A K Mihanjo 2005). Her report titled "The Significance of CBOs in Supporting Rural Development". Conceptual Framework Types of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) The Overview of CBOs Individual clusters and societies trying to Users associations (UAs): are CIGs established discourse numerous matters and difficulties to operate and maintain a facility constructed disturbing the societies at large form CBOs. with public and/or private funds, with resources From decades, societies have prepared mobilized from the members of the association. themselves to take care of communal and Micro-finance institutions (MFIs): are individual needs. And yet for the past fifty community-level CIGs specialized in savings years, countless efforts intended at getting and lending. people to contribute and take obligation in their Village development committees (VDCs): are own progress have been abortive. organizations of collective governance of a According to Hilton Rita (1994), a fundamental village with responsibility for development. qualification of fruitful sharing programs at the Collective governance of a community implies a community level is the reversal of control and set of accepted endogenous rules, i.e. the accountability from central authorities to the institutions of the community, and an community level. organization responsible for the application of CBOs play a fundamental common element in the rules and for organizing collective action of the design of successful programs aimed at interest to all the members of the community. problem solving problems and issues that have Common interest groups (CIGs): are to do with the economic development of a organizations of some members of the community. community that come together to achieve a The fact is that CBOs involve community common purpose. creativities in the scheme cycle which comprises Networks of CBOs: These may join together of knowledge and thoughtful of local needs and VDCs or CIGs. The latter are more common. of the existing network of social collaboration at Federations of CIGs of various types are often the household group and community level. classified as "Professional Associations" This knowledge provides the best of defining Functions and Roles of CBOS at Local the changes needed both in existing local Community Levels organization and in external agencies to meet specified objectives. The aggregation of families CBOs are in straight connection with indigenous habitually living together within a definite groups, and are therefore an important avenue geographical location could be referred to as a for the voice of the poor and other marginalized community. groups to be heard. This could be expressed in term of people expressing their need by A community refers to people living within themselves to those who feel concerned about shared neighborhood having common interest them. As independent initiatives in and interactive patterns. It also implies pooled communities, CBOs are critical for social capital interest, features, suggestion as in the expression development and transformation, which are pre- of community concern like; business community requisites for sustainable socio-economic and farming community. development.

33 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

CBOs have not been given the full opportunity He indicated that awkwardly, in spite of the fact to play their rightful role in local communities that CBOs play a crucial role in socio-economic thus contributing national and international development; social, economic and cultural development. A number of CBOs Kironde, J. development in East Africa has tended to be a M., & Yhdego, M, (1997) have been established top down affair, commonly controlled by or are in the process of formation in the government organizations. communities of Nigeria. This in addition to other external pressures and These CBOs mobilize local and foreign influences from various actors in the CBO resources to address social problems in their environment, have distorted the ethos of CBOs, areas. Areas of concern have included water, limiting them mostly to the role of service electricity, roads, orphans, poverty issues, credit delivery and addressing immediate survival facilities, tree planting, and waste management. issues and needs. Gajanayake, and Gajanayake, (1993) CBOs and Economic Development in Nigeria emphasizes a more full set of roles and purposes Indication from the texts discloses the actions of of CBOs in local societies as follows: community- based organizations in Nigeria  Activating local knowledge, skills and (Olowu et al., 1991; Olomola, 2001; systems for local development. Adejumobi, 1991; Abegunde, 2004). For  Providing a forum for the community to instance, the study conducted by Olomola collectively advocate for their social, (2001) in Lagos state revealed that CBOs in the economic and political needs. state solely relied on internally generated  Mobilizing local resources to support local revenue with very little aid from the development. government. This was why the CBO that won  Initiating dialogue with key factors such as the best CBO award in 1988 emanated from government and the private sector. Lagos state.

Table 1. Federal Appropriation for Community Development Project, 1990-2000

Source: Federal Budget Estimates (2000) The organization in 1998 built a primary school, 40% of these CBOs provided social facilities bank, court hall, community hall, post office and worth 17.56 million naira to their immediate opened up several roads for vehicular usage community. (Olomola, 2001). If social and economic problems that impede A study conducted by Abegunde (2004) on the effective participation of people are addressed, activities of the CBOs in Atiba local CBOs in Nigeria can contribute towards poverty government area of Osun state revealed that alleviation and physical development of there were about 160 CBOs in the area. About Nigerian communities.

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 34 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

Problems and Constraints of CBOs Many controls are being imposed by officials of Irele Local Government. CBOs must first seek Despite the actions of CBOs towards the clearance and approval before they could development of the economic sector of Ode- embark on any project. Unfortunately, the Local Irele community, there are several issues and Government lacks the capacity to monitor and constraints that are being faced by the CBOs. evaluate development units within the various Some of the problems include: departments of the Local Government. Finance These controls coupled with non-encouragement The costs of executing CBOS‟ projects are and supports from the government are some of borne by the members in form of contributions, the reasons why CBOs do not finance and membership dues, levies, fines and donations. execute many economic development projects in None of the CBOs receive subventions and partnership with the Local Government. donations from statutory bodies or funding Community Based Frameorks agencies. Most of the CBOs spent less than N260, 000 on their various development In order to have an intellectual framework for projects. With the exception of members of the subject under discussion, it is important to International Organizations some religious have a look at some of the theories that have organizations that are relatively rich, many other relevance to community-based organizations. CBOs have weak financial base. These are theories that deal with issues of organization and they include the Instead of Manpower looking at the emergence of CBOs from a CBOs are also faced with problem of manpower theoretical point of view, Stewart (2006) is of during the actual implementation of projects. the view that the evolution of a new generation Most club members are reluctant to be members of community and grassroots groups has been of project committee. Some members of CBOs driven by “a shifting constellation of forces, such as Social Clubs, Town Unions and including stagnant or deteriorating economic International Organizations do not reside within and environmental conditions for the poor, the Ode-Irele town. This makes the task of project failure of governments to respond to basic committee members more difficult. Project needs, the spread in some regions of new social committee members found it difficult to meet ideologies and religious doctrines and political and discuss, procure the materials necessary to space opened in some countries as tight fisted the project site and supervise the project. The dictatorships give way to nascent democracy. In work of a five-man committee is, therefore, left contrast to traditional organizations and mass for one or two persons to shoulder. The problem political movements, this rising tide of of manpower has been one of the factors community groups is generally pragmatic and constituting hindrance of effective execution of concerned above all with self-help”. Some other projects. Only few members of the project theoretical framework that deals with issues on committee were left to implement the projects CBOs relating to economic development are and also do not seek for the services of discussed thus: professionals. Economic Development Framework Government Policies The preconditions for economic development to Agbola (2002) remarked that Non- be meaningful and effective include Governmental Organization often multiply organizational commitment, understanding, where governmental rules favor them. Most competencies and available human resources CBOs treasure their freedom. A situation where from the part of CBOs to the whole community. Ode-Irele CBOs are at the mercy of officials of The core competencies for economic the Local Government to approve their project development and public participation include proposal and the bureaucratic process within communicating, facilitating and managing Irele Local Government, hamper speedy change (WHO, 1998). execution of projects. What is being presented in this document is a This approval may take up to weeks (even when description of an Economic development such proposals are approved) before the Framework based on the requirements for the authorities of the Local Government consent to development of a community through various the proposal and write the CBOs officially.

35 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria ways of public participation and private and Area, 2011). Building the capacity of an partnership. These elements have been organization to improve health is a complex supported by current knowledge of the need on task. the subject and the observations and experiences Organizational capacity does not only consider of some key factors that support economic the sum of individuals‟ capacities, it also development. reflects the structures, systems, policies, Recognizing that public engagement and procedures and practices of an organization economic development are inextricably linked, (NSW Health Department 2001 and Prairie some of the economic development framework Region Health Promotion Research Centre, that can be adopted includes: 2004).  The promotion of organizational The capacity of organizations, in turn, is development. determined in part by the knowledge, skills and commitments of the individuals who compose  The facilitation of networking and inter- them. Organizational capacity will expand if sectoral collaboration, and learning goes beyond solving a specific problem  The support and facilitation of local area to gaining the skills and knowledge to solve development (grassroots work). problems. Organizational Capacity Building However, at the organizational level, capacity also entails elements of organizational culture We conceptualize capacity as a set of and structure (e.g. leadership and knowledge, skills, commitments and resources communication practices, systems for required at the individual and organizational participation and learning), policies (e.g. making levels to enhance economic development health promotion and economic development a (Prairie Region Health Promotion Research priority, empowering employees to act), and Centre, 2004). resources (e.g. funding and human resources in support of economic development initiatives Capacity building involves the elements of (McLean, 1999). knowledge (e.g. understanding the determinants of health, development and economy as well as Why Organizational Capacity Building? knowing when it is appropriate to use a range of development strategies), skills (e.g. economic Organizational development or capacity development process skills, research, planning, building is an essential component of economic project management and evaluation skills), and development and public participation as it commitment (e.g. valuing economic creates a supportive culture that acts in development principles, being oriented to accordance with its espoused values and holistic definitions of health and health principles. promotion). Capacity building assists to develop Some organizational development within knowledge to increase their capacity to serve community based authorities will be necessary clients and the growing needs of communities. to enable the existing culture and mechanisms to Organization capacity can be conceptualized as change and develop so that community views the characteristics that an organization needs in can be incorporated into decision-making order to function and implement structures affecting health (Smithies and activities/initiatives (Flaspohler et al, 2008). Webster, 1998). Organizational capacity is the “potential ability of a health organization to develop an Promoting Organizational Capacity Building empowering and democratic partnership with a within a Region community, through which the community‟s Kathy Germann and Doug Wilson (2004) in capacity to identify and address its priority their article, Organizational Capacity for health concerns are enhanced” (Germann and Economic development in Regional Health Wilson, 2004). Authorities: Capacity building can be defined as: A Conceptual Model, noted that the following “Supporting organizations to build and maintain structures and processes are some of the helpful the skills, infrastructure, and resources to considerations in supporting organizational achieve their mission.” (United Way of Calgary capacity building and economic development:

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 36 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

Flexibility in planning respond to adversity but in reaching a higher level of function. Economic development is To understand and accept that the goal is not long-term work building trust and mutual necessarily the actual outcome of a project, but respect among community members and the increased capacity that communities develop professionals in which the CBOs is one player as they learn to work together to set priorities of many. “Economic development is carried out and take actions towards achieving the set goals. with a community by someone, while Collaboration with other Bodies community building is done by the community itself” (Labonte, 1998). Willingness and ability of members of CBOs to collaborate with government bodies, Locality development subscribes to the values communities and other organizations and sectors and outcomes of what is typically referred to as to promote economic development “economic development”. Rothman characterized different approaches to working Evaluation Mechanism with communities which includes locality Long term nature of economic development is development (Burdine et al 2010). Economic not amenable to traditional measures; there is a development makes it possible for the CBOs, need to find better ways to document their work NGO‟s CHA‟s and other local citizen groups to and its outcomes, need to accept qualitative data work within the community and support it in as valid evidence of success and build capacity improving its people‟s health, economy and of community organizations to evaluate their lives. Communities, like individuals, have own activities, strengths and gifts. The role of community Job Design facilitator is to draw out these natural strengths through such actions as bringing community Includes role clarity and presence of other front members together at meetings and facilitating line staff that do economic development work, members to speak about the issues that are flexibility because of the nature of economic important and then help mobilize the ideas and development work – hours, etc. actions that the community would like to see Resources implemented. Human, material, and non-material goods which The community facilitators support their are put together into the scheme of enhancing community areas by: the works of CBOs to attain a reasonable  Strengthening community capacity economic development in areas concerned.  Building partnership Funding  Improving access to information Funding is essential in economic development practices. This owns to the fact that every  Enhancing health systems development that happens is dependent on funds The community facilitators play a key role in either from individuals, corporate bodies, connecting individuals to services and helping government bodies or international to address the economic, social, environmental organizations. and personal rights of individuals and Local Area Development communities. They can also observe and relay community realities to the agencies concerned. For any economic development strategy to be Community facilitators also play the role of the effective, it must include the provision of, and “trusted advisor and health navigator in the access to, resources (human resources, support, community” (Perez, 2008). finances etc.) targeted to facilitate grassroots work and local action. Local action can occur Inter-Sectoral Networking within communities that share a common Inter-sectoral networking is a key component of interest or within geographic communities. economic development. The 1978 Declaration Torjman (2007) suggests that “the goal of the of Alma Ata (World Health Organization) noted community‟s agenda is to promote resilience in a set of principles for Primary Health Care. One order to build strong and vibrant communities”. of these notes that primary health care should The best definer of a community is the “Involve, in addition to the health sector, all community itself as it organizes itself for the related sectors and aspects of national and resilience journey and its ability to not only

37 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria economic development, in particular agriculture, and decisions from actions (Thurston et al, animal husbandry, food, industry, education, 2005). housing, public works, communications and In conclusion, whatever the reason for other sectors; and demands the coordination organization might be, the bottom line is that for efforts of all these sectors”. Inter-sectoral action things to go on well there is need for some sort includes various participants and takes many of organization. For CBOs, elements of all these forms. Inter-sectoral collaboration can be views apply. The following section looks at between different departments and bodies within views of different people on categorization of the government, between organizations (for community-based organizations profit and for nonprofit), communities and those outside of governments (Adeyele O and O Fili, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2010). Introduction Felix et al (2010) also discusses the partnership Research is a study systematically carried out in approach and indicates it is a strategy that seeks order to present an outcome which will solve a to build relationships among people and real life situation of people. In essence, this different sectors of the community (these chapter discusses the way and manner by which include service providers, education, the private the research was carried out and presents sector, all levels of government, civic and faith fundamental issues that are indeed important to based groups) and linking them with the the research work. Research methodology is of resources and sectors outside the community. great importance to the researcher to ensure that Partnerships are vital and serve as linkages in the research is done consistently and establishing new relationships and reconnecting accordingly. The issues discussed here include old associations and the common objective is the various data collection strategies as well as improve health based on a shared local vision systems of data analysis. Data were collected (Felix et al, 2010). through primary and secondary data sources Inter-sectoral networking is defined as: “a with the aid of pilot and full survey. recognized relationship between part or parts of Data Sources the health sector and part or parts of another sector that has been formed to take action on an Information from this research work was gotten issue or achieve health outcomes… in a way from two data sources. These sources are the that is more effective, efficient or sustainable primary source and the secondary source. than could be achieved by the health sector Primary Source working alone” (World Health Organization, 1997). This was obtained through personal observations, administration of questionnaires It is also suggested that the conditions for and personal interviews. This research effective inter-sectoral action involve: employed the use of the questionnaire to obtain  Identifying the necessity to work together to data from the study area. The respondents were achieve the goal; residents of Ode-Irele community who provided data on the operation of CBOs in their  Creating opportunities for action within our community. working environments; Secondary Source  Developing capacity to take action; The secondary sources of data are gotten from  Developing a relationship to enable action the Irele Local Government Area. Some relevant to be taken; data on the population of the study area were  Planning, implementing and evaluating the gotten from National Population Commission. action; and Other secondary data sources were from journals, seminar papers, dissertations,  Achieving sustainable outcomes. (World published and unpublished books, maps, Health Organization, 1997) documentary reports, newspaper reports, Within the framework, it is necessary to be clear magazines and dissertation. These were on a number of possible outcomes when obtained before going to the field for survey to assessing public engagement effectiveness and get background knowledge on the topic as well to differentiate formal from informal policies as detailed information on the study area. These

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 38 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria information made the conduction of the study Association (NEA) (1960) formula (S=X2NP (1- easier for the researcher. Library and the P)/D2 (N-1) +X2P (1-P)). internet were also consulted for further Where S= required sample size, X2=the value information. for 1 degree of freedom at the desired Research Design confidence level (3.841), N= the population size, P= population proportion (assumed to be The type of research design employed for this 0.50 since it would provide the maximum research was survey design. This involved pilot sample size), D= the degree of accuracy survey and full survey. The pilot survey was expressed as a proportion (0.05). carried out to get necessary preliminary information from Ode-Irele town. Some of the The total population to be selected for the questionnaires equally was administered to administration of the questionnaires is 156 ascertain the appropriateness of the questions. which will be administered to youths and adults The full survey involved the administration of in Ode-Irele community. the required number of questionnaire to Sampling Technique respondents to obtain relevant data. Sampling is concerned with the selection of a Research Population and Sample Size subset of individuals from within a statistical The population of the town of Ode-Irele population to estimate characteristics of the according to the population census 1991 is whole population. For the purpose of this 33,051. The projection of the population to year research, stratified random sampling was 2018 is calculated as 58,322 using the formula P employed to pick the selected streets in the (1+x/100) ^n. community. The various political wards in Ode- Irele community were employed as the strata for Where P= present population, x= current growth this research. The total number of wards in the rate, n= number of years to be projected. community is five (5) with about 75 streets in The present growth rate is 3.18%. total in which selected streets were randomly picked. The table below shows the details of The research population includes the selected number of the people that the questionnaire was various wards available in the town and the administered to in the community. The number of streets available in each ward. The purposive random sampling was employed in streets were randomly selected from each stratum. Questionnaires were administered at selecting the sample size from the total population after it was discovered that the each of the selected streets in the community to sample size gotten using the National Education get the required data on the operations of CBOs in the study area. Table 2. Facts and Figures on Ode-Irele Town. Wards No of Streets in each ward Total No of building each ward Percentage No. of building in each ward using 10% Ward 1 (Jolaolu) 17 325 33 Ward 2 (Liseri) 14 433 43 Ward 3 (Gboroye) 13 426 42 Ward 4 (Temidire) 16 215 22 Ward 5 (Oke-Oloro) 15 202 20 TOTAL 75 1601 160 Source: Author‟s field work, 2018 Table 3. Names of the Streets According To Wards and the Selected Streets. Wards Name of Streets in each ward Name of Selected No of questionnaire street for each Street Gbeleju, Ewu-Oke, Lurere, Gbeleju, Luhare, 10x3=30 Ward Ojowuro, Jegun, Lootin, Lijoka 1 (Gbeleju) Lijoka,Omona,Orunbo, Ayeobasan, Ward 2 (C & S) Comprehensive, Gboyegun, Petu, Luhare, Ladan, Lekon, Gbogi.

39 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

C & S, Ojomu, Arowa, Zion,Aduwo, C & S, Lumeko, 8x4=32 Ward 3 (Medahunsi) Ebute,,Lumeko, Adekugbe, Igbo Owobambo, Ojomu Akinyomi, Ogunsola, Owobambo, Lokaka, Lewumeji Medahunsi, Medahunsi, Woye, Lemikan, Oke, Lemikan, Owode, 8x4=32 Orunto, Olowoefoyekun, Ebute Legunmare Obon, Owode, Omifunfun, Labaile, Legunmare, Ruwahe, Olowomeye, Ward 4 (Seja) Atoranse, Otuloya, Lutako, Seja, Ajigbore, Akaigbo, Aro, Ayeoyenikan, Salvation, Seja Oloyomuwa, Iyara, Akingboye, Seja, Akingboye, Awo, Akinboni, Ojan, Lerun, Akinboni, Legbogbo 8x4=32 Ward 5 (Arowosola) Legbogbo, Irele Jare Arowosola, Gbogunron, Konye, Aribo, Olowonye, Yasere, 10x3=30 Olaotan, Tewogboye, Lurowo, Lota, Litoto, Kidimu, Iditala, Omifunfun, Oke-Oloro, Yasere, Sabomi, Source: Author‟s field work, 2018 Data Collection Instrument data analysis and presentation. Some of the data analyzed includes; provision of infrastructures The instruments used in getting data for this by the CBOs, Ways by which the CBOs carry research include; questionnaires, camera and out their activities, and challenges the CBOs personal observation. faces during their operations. Questionnaire DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS One major way of collecting information on a Introduction survey is the use of questionnaire. A questionnaire can be described as a data This chapter contains the findings obtained from collection tool that is normally relied upon in the field survey. The data for this study were survey research; it consists of a set of questions collected through the use of questionnaire which that are primarily meant to achieve the was distributed to the respondents and analyzed objectives of the study or research. in order to have insight information on activities of CBOs towards the Economic Development of Photographs Ode-Irele community. Some of the CBOs Digital camera was used to obtain photographs available in the community are also questioned of some buildings demolished during the case of to get facts and details on their activities the exercise towards the development of the economy of the community of Ode-Irele. Personal Observation Socio Economic Characteristics The researcher also observed certain activities going on in the study area and made Sex of Respondents documentation of such. From the research carried out, it was discovered Data Analysis as shown in Figure 4 that the population of the male in the community is a bit more than that of All the data collected from the field survey were the females. The males in the community have a collated, processed and presented with the use percentage of 53% and the females have 47%. of descriptive statistical technique. The This can be traced to the fact that that presentation of analyzed data on the operations community is an agrarian community in which of CBOs in the study area includes the use of those who tend to venture into farming are tables, graphs and charts. majorly the male people. Also, it is contributing A computer based software, Statistical Package to the economic development of the community for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19 and as the males can be available to participate in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 was employed for the development projects that tent to occur in the community per time.

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 40 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

Figure 4. Sex of Respondents From the research conducted, as shown in Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018. Figure 7, the annual income of the larger percentage of the respondents in the community Age of Respondents falls between below 20,000 and 20,000-50,000. The age distribution in Figure 5 shows that the This supports the findings in Figure 6 above that age between 26 and 35 has the highest expresses that majority of the respondents are percentage of 33% which is an indication that unemployed which is also the probable reason there are people who are young and agile why the annual income is so low. enough to take up the responsibility of carrying Only 30% of the respondents are earning above out some development project in order to give 100,000 annually and it is not guaranteed that all the community a face lift making their economy the 30% fully cooperate with the available better. CBOs in the quest to improve the economic Figure 5. Age of Respondents base of the community. Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018. This percentage cannot really affect the economic development of the community. There Occupation of Respondents is a need to seek an adjustment or a balance in The major occupation of the residents shown in the level of income of the residents. Figure 6 is mainly from the government while Figure 7: Annual Income of the Respondents many others are self employed. 33% of the respondents are Civil Servants while the same Source: Author‟s Field Work, 2018 33% are self-employed. Findings on Cbos in the Community Self-employed could mean that they have their Type of CBOs Present in the Community own work which ranges from traders to all other forms of barbing, sewing, and many other more. The type of CBO in Ode-Irele can be Owing to the locality, the higher percentage of categorized under different groups that are the population of the respondents is unemployed involved with the process of making the having a percentage of 39%. community develop. This is so because the locality does not really The categories of CBOs available are youth favor large establishment of industries and organizations which includes the Motorcycle therefore, many of them tends to venture into Union and Barbers Union. This category of farming as a means of survival. people has a percentage of 17%. The economic background of the locality is not Table 4. Type of CBO Present really developed by CBOs as a reason of the fact Frequency Percent that many of them are not really employed and YOUTH ORGANIZATION 27 in turn, they cannot really contribute to the need MARKET WOMEN 54 34.6 for developing the economy of the community FARMER ORGANIZATION 15 9.6 except they rely on the Government and on the TRADE UNION 60 38.5 members of CBOs that are actively working. Total 156 100.0 Figure 6. Occupation of Respondents Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018 Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018. The Market Women can be categorized into the people selling various things at the market Annual Income which can include tomatoes, rice; pepper etc. The income of the residents of Ode-Irele Farmers Organizations are those that are into the Community is a major determinant to be business of growing crops for a commercial considered when thinking of the involvement of purpose. CBOs in the economic development of the This category has the smallest percentage of community. 10% and the Trade Unions are those who set up This is because the income of the people that are their own business of trade in various parts of going to contribute to the funding of a project the town. They have the highest percentage of goes a long way to affect the level at which 38%. These types of CBOs helps to know what development will take place. their components are and how effective they are in providing the community with facilities that

41 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria will encourage and improve the economy of the community

Plate1. Some of the CBOs Available in the Community Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018. Regularity of Activities Total 156 100.0 From table 5, it was found that the CBOs rarely Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018. carry out their activities in the community. The Mode of Carrying Out Activities table shows that the respondents agree that the CBOs rarely carry out their activities. This can From table 6, it was realized that the major way be as a result of the fact that there is no large by which the CBOs carry out their activities is amount of capital for the CBOs to carry out their to make it known to the community through the activities frequently. 32.7% of the respondents means of Public awareness either through the also ascertain the fact that some of the CBOs mass media of by vocal announcements in the carry out their activities towards the community. 50% of the respondents confirm development of the economy of the community this which actually shows that the CBOs usually yearly. The reason behind this is because the carry the community along in any development activities that are done on annual basis do not project they intend to carry out. This is not the really require much capital to carry out. Some of only means by which they carry out their the activities carried out on a yearly basis activities. Some other means also include include the rehabilitation and repairs of bad Focused group discussion with 34.6%, seminars, roads, erection of sign boards across the street 11.5%, and others which is just 3.8% of the total among others. respondents. Table 5. Regularity of Activities Relationship between Government and CBOs Frequency Percent It is always important to have and maintain a RARELY 57 36.5 good relationship with the Government bodies WEEKLY 9 5.8 to enhance productivity and proper delivery of MONTHLY 39 25.0 services when working on economic YEARLY 51 32.7 development of a community. CBOs in Ode- Total 156 100.0 Irele community have ensured that they fulfill Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018. this obligation to maintain a sure relationship between themselves and the Local Government Table 6. Mode of Carrying Out Activities Authorities in the community. Table 7 shows Frequency Percent that 55.8% of the CBOs in the sampled PUBLIC community have a strong relationship with the 78 50.0 AWARENESS Government. This in turn helps the process of FOCUSED GROUP 54 34.6 seeking permission for the approval of projects DISCUSSION that are to be carried out easier and faster. SEMINARS 18 11.5 44.2% of the CBOs do not have a good rapport OTHERS 6 3.8

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 42 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria with the Government. This can stand as a process of economic development of Ode-Irele setback to the process of approval of their community. projects and may lead to a slowdown in the

Plate 2. Water Provision at Various Streets in the Community Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018 Table7.Relationship between Government and CBOs Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018. Frequency Percent 4.4 Specific Data Group YES 87 55.8 NO 69 44.2 Some of the CBOs present in Ode-Irele are also Total 156 100.0 questioned during the research and there are Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018 several outcomes of the findings. Some of them will be discussed in this section. Need of the Community Reasons for CBOs in the Community Being asked what the need of the community is from the sampled respondents, it was discovered The reason for the existence of the various as shown in table 8 that the need of the CBOs in Ode-Irele community cannot be community is more than one but there is a clear farfetched from the fact that there is a need to be difference in the need. The highest percentage, met in the community. 32.7% of the respondents desire that the CBOs Table 9 shows that 55% of the CBOs came into provide them with an educational facility like existence because of the interest of the primary and secondary school. community. This is due to the fact the Mega School provided This explains that the people of the community by the State Government in the community has are interested in the economic development of not been functioning since the school had been their community. put in place. 30.8% of the respondents want an improvement in the area of agriculture in terms CBOs are one of the voluntary organizations of provision of machineries that can be used for that can help in meeting the need of the people. the purpose of faster and easy productivity. Table 9. Reason for CBOs in the Community 21.2% desire good road for proper Frequency Percent communication between their homes and places PERSONAL 6 30.0 of work and for other forms of transactions. INTEREST COMMUNITY Table 8. Need of the Community 11 55.0 INTEREST Frequency Percent OTHERS 3 15.0 EDUCATION 51 32.7 Total 20 100.0 HEALTH 12 7.7 AGRICULTURE 48 30.8 Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018 ROAD 33 21.2 Table 10. Support by the Government OTHERS 12 7.7 Total 156 100.0 Frequency Percent

43 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

YES 13 65.0 The support given by the Government will go a NO 7 35.0 long way in meeting the need of the CBOs Total 20 100.0 towards responding to the economic need of the Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018 community though only the CBOs cannot shoulder these responsibilities alone but with the Support by the Government aid of the Local Government, it becomes easier From table 10, it was shown that the for them to execute their capital projects. Government always gives support to the CBOs in the community to carry out their projects. 65% of the CBOs confirmed this.

Plate 4. Water Facilities Provided by the Local Government Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018 Sources of Finance Organizations on time through giving as agreed by the body. 19.2% are faced with the problems When asked what the major sources of finance of funding for the execution of pending projects. for projects are, it was found out that one of the major sources is through loans. Table 11 above Table 12. Problems Hindering the Services of CBOs revealed that the CBOs always get loans for in the Community executing their projects. 65% of the respondents Frequency Percent ascertained that they usually get loans from the POOR MANAGEMENT 15 9.6 banks and other credit and thrift societies which LACK OF FUND 30 19.2 enable them to complete their projects. All the LACKOF COOPERATION 96 61.5 loans gotten are returned at a later date with OTHERS 15 9.6 little or no interest. Total 156 100.0 Table 11. Sources of Finance Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018 Frequency Percent SUMMARY OF FINDINGS YES 13 65.0 NO 7 35.0 This research was carried out in Ode-Irele Town Total 20 100.0 with the aim of looking at the activities of CBOs on economic development and how it facilitates Source: Author‟s Field work, 2018 poverty alleviation in the community. Problems Hindering the Services of CBOs It also focused on identifying the various The problem facing the CBOs in carrying out available CBOs in the study area including the their activities as shown in table 12 is mainly registered and unregistered groups, investigate lack of cooperation both of the community on the activities of CBOs in the development of dwellers and also some of the workers and the community and examine the challenges that members of the CBOs. 61.5% of the CBOs hinders the CBOs in Ode-Irele community from respondent commented that many of the contributing to the socio-economic development members do not respond to the need of the of the community.

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 44 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

The result of the study revealed that the higher projects. This form of initiative will bring about percentage of the respondents in the community uniformity in reaching a compromise on the are married and around the age of 20-35 years. need of the community per time. Presenting All respondents are Nigerians and they are all such needs to the monitoring authority will be dominant resident of Ode-Irele Community. direct and precise without any controversial Some of the CBOs are also questioned to get opinion at discussion with the authorities. relevant information about the mode of their Due to strained relationships between the Local operations as well as their motivations and Government and CBOs, it is therefore necessary challenges. to suggest ways of enhancing public-private The analysis of the data retrieved from the field sector cooperation. Project Planning Units must revealed that cooperation is one of the major be established within the Department of things that is lacking and militating against the Community Development of the Local activities of CBOs in the community towards Government. These Units should be headed by a the development of the economy of the Project Coordinator, who must be a qualified community. This is because most of the people Urban and Regional Planner. The project who are either member of the community or planning units will therefore serve as a link members of one CBO or the other do not feel between the CBOs and Local Government compelled to be committed to the running of the officials, so that both private and public organization. resources could be coordinated and applied to produce maximum results for the benefit of all. Many projects are left undone in the community because it was discovered that most of the Financial supports should be made available for projects are executed by the State Government the CBOs either by the Government bodies, through the Local government seat in the Credit and Loan Societies, NGOs and IOs. The community. These projects are not done reason is not farfetched from the fact that there frequently and therefore, the economy of the is always a need for high capital whenever the community is not very buoyant unlike places issue of development projects surfaces. Only a like Akure and Osogbo. group or groups of CBOs cannot actually foot the bills for those projects alone. The RECOMMENDATION Government agencies as well as IOs are those The purpose of diagnosing a problem ought to that can help with the mind of fulfilling the need be for solving it, any other purpose that is short of the community with the quest of attaining a of this makes the whole diagnosis a wasted strong economic background. Therefore, effort. Based on this fact, certain strategies have Government Agencies as well as IOs and NGOs been proffered by the researcher after are encouraged to contribute towards the undertaken the research to get the necessary economic development of the community. findings with respect to the suggestions of the Since funding of the projects by the CBOs are respondents surveyed. Therefore the also done to a greater extent by the members of recommendations of the research are therefore each CBOs, it is important that residents in the stated thus: working class should make themselves available Governments at all levels should encourage the to join CBOs in other to improve on the funding proliferation of and economically support the of the CBOs. goals of CBOs in the study area. Creating a Registered CBOs should be given mandate on common purse where both governmental and how often they are supposed to carry out nongovernmental organizations could contribute development project in the community. This their quota with the aim of achieving a self will increase how often development takes place sustaining economy can do this. The advantage in the community of fund raising from public to develop community projects was well utilized by CBOs CONCLUSION in the study area. Government and the general This research has focused on the involvement of public can borrow a leaf from this to help CBOs in the economic development of Ode- finance local projects for the people. Irele community. The major factors that CBOs at various levels should be encouraged influences the CBOs in the economic and properly monitored in order to promote development of the community is lack of proper differences in opinions towards the execution of

45 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria funding as well as lack of cooperation between [10] A K Mihanjo (2005), The significance of the people. community based organizations in supporting rural development/a case study in Morogoro It was however noticed that there is little or less rural district, Matombo division, Tawa ward. activities by the CBOs in Ode-Irele community Master of science in economic community which can really improve the economic development. Open university of tanzania & background of the community. Southern New Hampshire University [11] Aiyenigba BDM (1992):”Rural Development Since growth is the desire of everybody either in and sustainability: The Role of NGOs in Ijumu the rural area or in the urban area, it is important Local Government Area of Kogi State”. to look critically into the problems of the CBOs Unpublished Master of Urban and Regional and seek a way of making both ends meet in Planning Discussion. order to enhance the economic development of [12] Basorun J.O, (2006). Basic Elements of Urban the community. and Regional planning. [13] Biddle W, Biddle J (1968). The Community REFERENCES Development Process, the Rediscovery of Local Burdine J. N., McLeroy K, Blakely C, [1] Abegunde A.A (2003). “Rethinking Wendel, M.L, Felix M.R. J. (2010): Polarization of Raw-Material Inputs to region Community Based Participatory Research and Centres: A Panacea to Rural Economic Community Health Development. J Primary Development”. Environment and Behavior. Prevent. 31:1-7. Adekunle et al (eds) EBAN. [14] Initiatives. Holt Rrichart and Wriston [2] Abegunde A.A (2004). “Community Based incorporated. New York. Organizations in the Sustainable Development [15] CASSAD (1992): Non-Governmental of the Rural Area of Atiba L.G.A., Oyo State. J. Organisations in Nigerian Communities: A Inst. Town Plan. 17: 1-14 critical Evaluation of their characteristic, [3] Adejumobi S (1991). “Processes and Problems Achievements and Potentials for Social and of Community organization for self-reliance”. Economic Development. Summary of Study Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Report. Research, Ibadan, Nigeria. Monograph Series [16] Chechetto-Salles M and Geyer Y. 2006. no. 1. Community-Based Organisations Management. [4] Adejumobi S (1991). “Processes and Problems Handbook series for community-based of Community organization for self-reliance”. organizations. Pretoria. IDASA. Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic [17] Chen C, Ravallion M (2004). „How has the Research, Ibadan, Nigeria. Monograph Series World Poorest Fared since the Early 1980s? no. 1. [18] Chiwaula B. 2004. Governance and Local [5] Adeleye O and O Fili, (2010) Strengthening Organisation in Rural Development Projects: A Intersectoral Collaboration for Primary Health Critical Review of World Vision Malawi‟s Care in Developing Countries: Can the Health Area Development Programme Committees. Sector Play Broader Roles? Journal of Unpublished. Environmental and Public Health. 2-7 [19] Emmanuel A. A. and Akinbode (2012), [6] Adeyemo R (2002). “Self-help Promotion for Communal Facilities in Coastal Settlements of Sustainable Small Holder Agriculture: Ondo State, Nigeria: Assessment of Blueprint Versus Greenhouse”. Obafemi Community-Based Organizations‟ Efforts Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Nigeria. Inaugural Using the Facility Contributory Index Model. Lecture Series 157. British Journal of Education, Society & [7] Agbola T (1988): The Role of Non- Behavioural Science 2(2): 150-161 Governmental Organisations in Housing [20] Emmanuel A. A. (2013), Comparing Provision in Nigeria. A Housing Research operational dynamics of Community-based Report prepared for Ford Foundation Perroux F Organizations in geographically contrasting (1955). Note Sur La Motion De Pole De La areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Groisance. Quart. J. Econ. 64: 89-104. sustainable development studies ISSN 2201- [8] Agbola T (1998). “Nigeria Voluntary Agencies 4268 Volume 3, Number 1, 2013, 27-44 and their contributions to Housing [21] Evans K K (2013), an analysis of factors Development: An Appraisal.” In Nigeria influencing financial control Practices in Institute of Social and Economic Research, Community Based Organizations in Baringo Ibadan, Nig. J. 13: 1&2, 14(1&2): 25-41. County, Kenya. A research project submitted to [9] Agbola T (2002). “The Privatization and the school of business in partial fulfillment of Management of Urban Space: A Critical the requirements for the award of Master of Assessment of Neighbourhood Vigilante business administration (finance option) of groups in Ibadan”. IFRA, Ibadan Kabarak University. (Forthcoming).

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 46 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

[22] Fatimehin SO (1992): “Physical Development [33] New South Wales Department (2001) A Project Appraisal and Management for self- Framework for Building Capacity to Improve reliance at Local Government Level”. Paper Health. (State Publication No. (HP) 990226). presented at a National Workshop on Sydney, Australia: New South Wales Health Mobilizing Resources for Physical Department. Development: Challenges for Local [34] Ogundipe AO (2003). “The Challenge of Governmen in Nigeria. NISER. Ibadan, 9th – Community Development in Ijebu, Ogun State, 10th November. Nigeria”. Ogun J. 16: 5–8. [23] Felix MRJ, Burdine JN, Wendel ML, Alaniz [35] Okoye JC (1987): “Social Clubs, Resource A. (2010): Community health development: A Management and Rural Development in strategy for reinventing America‟s health care Nigeria: Lessons from Anambra State”. Journal system one community at a time. Journal of on Transaction Institute of British Geographers. Primary Prevention. 31(1-2):9-19. N. S. 13. [24] Flaspohler P, Duffy J, Wandersman A, [36] Olomola AO (2001). In Morufu A (2003): Stillman L, Maras MA (2008): Unpacking Community Development Association in prevention capacity: An intersection of Osogbo. An unpublished Master of Science research-to-practice models and community- Dissertation. Obafemi Awolowo University, centered models. Am J Community Psychol. Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 41(3-4):182-196. [37] Olowu D, Ayo BD, Akande B (1991). Local [25] Fowler AF (1987): NGOs in Africa: Naming Institutions and National Development in Them By What They are, in Kinyanju, B. (ed.). Nigeria. O.A.U. Press, Ile Ife, Nigeria. Non-Governmental Organisations contributions [38] Oludimu, O. L. (1990) Local Institutions and to Development, Institute of Development Socio-Economic Development in Rivers State, Studies, Nairobi. Nigeria Ford Foundation Research Monograph [26] Germann, Kathy and Wilson, Doug (2004): on Local Institutions in Nigeria, Ile-Ife. Organizational Capacity for Community [39] Onibokun AG (1992): Role of Community- Development in Regional Health Authorities: A Based Organisations in Socio-Economic Conceptual Model Health Promotion Development in Nigeria. An address at the International. 19(3): 289-298. opening ceremony of a workshop Organized by [27] Gajanayake, S. and Gajanayake, J. (1993). CASSAD in Collaborations with Ford Community empowerment: a participatory Foundation. Bank Development Policy training manual on community project Working Paper 3341 development. PACT Publication. [40] Perez, Leda M. Community Health Workers; [28] Hilton, Rita. 1994. Urban Poverty and Social Justice and Policy Advocates for Community Participation: Challenges for The Community Health and Well Being. American World Bank. Urban Development Division. Journal of Public Health. January 2008; The World Bank. 98(1):11-14. [29] Kironde, J. M., & Yhdego, M. (1997). The [41] Prairie Region health Promotion Centre Governance of Waste Management in Urban (2004). Health Promotion Capacity Checklists: Tanzania: Towards a Community Based A workbook for Individuals, Organization, and Approach. Resources, Conservation and Environmental Assessment. University of Recycling, 21(4), 213-226. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, [30] Labonte, R. 1998. Community, Community Canada. Development, and the Forming of Authentic [42] Sarma J. Vicary B and Holdrege J. 2004. Partnerships. In Minkler (Ed.) Community Sustainablity. World Vision Transformational Organizing and Community Building for Development Indicators Supplementary Health. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Program Resource Guide-Social Sustainability University Press, (Draft 3) and Resource Guide-Community [31] Mclean, S. Capacity for Community Participation. Development Work: Insight from the [43] SINA (1987): “Relations between NGOs and Saskatchewan Heart Health Program. Paper CBOs in SINA‟s IYSH Global NGO Forum presented at the International Association for and Policy Seminar”. Nairobi Newsletter. 14: 5 Community Development Conference, April, –7. 1999, Edinburgh, Scotland. [44] Stewart P. 2006. Empowerment and Popular [32] Ndekwu EC (1992): “Financing Options for Initiatives . Pretoria. University of South Physical Development in the Local Africa. Government Area”, Paper presented at a [45] Smithies, J. & Webster, G (1998): Community Workshop on Mobilizing Resources for Involvement in Health: From Passive Physical Development at the Local Government Recipients to Active Participants. Areas. NISER. Ibandan. Ashgate/Arera. Brookfield/USA.

47 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria

[46] Thurston, Wilfreda E., et al, 2005 Public Literature Review: The Journey of High Participation in Regional Health Policy: A Performance, 2011. Theoretical Framework, Health Policy. 2005; [51] Wahab B (2000). “Sustainable Community 73: 237-252. Development Project Approach in Osun State, [47] Torjman, Sherri. (2007). Organizing for Nigeria, in the new Millenium: The Need for Neighbourhood Revitalization. Caledron Project Planners at the Local Government Institute of Social Policy. Ottawa. Level”. Paper Presented at the Workshop on [48] Toyobo A. Emmanuel and Muili A. B. (2008) Urban Planning and Sustainable Developemnt Constraints militating against effectiveness of in Osun State Local Governments held in Community development projects in Ilesa Osogbo, Osun State. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning [52] World Health Organization. (1997), Vol. 1(8). Intersectoral Action for Health A Cornerstone [49] USAID (1984): “The AID-PVO partnership: for Health for all in the Twenty First Century. Sharing Goals and Resources in the Work of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Development”. Office of Private and Voluntary [53] World Health Organization (1998). Health Cooperation, Washington, D.C. Promotion Glossary. World Health [50] United Way of Calgary and Area, Capacity Organization, Geneva. Building of Organizational Effectiveness

Citation: Owolabi, Babatunde Oluwaseyi.," Assessment of Community Based Organizations Activities towards Economic Development in Ondo State, Nigeria", International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 28-48, 2018. Copyright: © 2018 Owolabi, Babatunde Oluwaseyi,.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V5 ● I10 ● 2018 48