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RADAR Research Archive and Digital Asset Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Note if anything has been removed from thesis. Map piv, Appendix 1:C When referring to this work, the full bibliographic details must be given as follows: Aubertin-Potter, N. A. R. (1994). Social mobility, marriage and kinship among some gentry and yeoman families of Wantage Hundred, c. 1522 – c. 1670. PhD Thesis. Oxford Brookes University. WWW.BROOKES.AC.UK/GO/RADAR SOCIAL MOBILITY, MARRIAGE AND KINSHIP AMONG SOME GENTRY AND YEOMAN FAMILIES OF WANTAGE HUNDRED, c. 1522 - c. 1670 NORMA ANN ROSE AUBERTIN-POTTER A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Oxford Brookes University for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy September1994 CONTAINS PULLOUTS TEXT BOUND INTO THE SPINE ABSTRACT The core of this thesis is the study of 12 gentry and yeoman families resident in Wantage Hundred between 1522 and 1670. Particular attention will be paid to the 4 main strategies of land acquisition, marriage, office-holding and education that could be adopted by each family group for advancement. In conjunction with this the pattern of social mobility within the families will be examined to determine what if any influence such strategies had on social status. The desire for any social elevation will be analysed to examine the notion that all yeoman were actively striving towards a gentry status, and that the gentry themselves were looking towards an aristocratic title. The actual title of `gentleman' and `yeoman' will be examined and their usage in this area analysed, and in particular the way the titles became accepted for merchants and tradesmen. The terms `open' and `closed' originally used to define nineteenth century parishes have been applied to Tudor and Stuart England. This hypothesis has been used to suggest that a resident gentry family could regulate the inflow of new families and could effectively `close' the parish to outside influences and stifle any upward social movement by the local yeoman families. In a parish without a resident gentry family it has been suggestedthat the opposite is true. New families could freely enter the community, and, more importantly, a yeoman family could control the parish, and, through recognition of local influence gain in social status. This hypothesis and its applicability to Wantage Hundred, will be examined and an assessmentmade as to whether it had any discernible effect on patterns of social mobility in the area. It can be deduced that throughout the period acquisition and ownership of land through purchase or marriage remained the paramount means of social advancement. Even so all the families used all the suggested strategies of advancement at some time during the period. However, it is apparent that not all 1 families were actively striving for social advancement,particularly as differentiation between yeoman, merchant and gentleman became more blurred in the seventeenth century. In general it appears that yeoman families had greater opportunities for advancementand office-holding in open parishes. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii List of Abbreviations iii Map of Berkshire Showing the Original Boundary iv Map of Major Routes in Wantage Hundred, 1500-1700 v Chapter 1 Introduction: Topography: Family Reconstruction: Sourcesand their Shortcomings 1 Chapter 2 Gentleman, Yeoman, Husbandman: Issuesof Definition 26 Chapter 3 An Analysis of the Changing Fortunes and Inter-Relationships of Three WantageTown Families, 1522-1663 56 Chapter4 Gentryand YeomanFamilies in Childrey, Denchworth,West Hanney, EastHendred and Sparsholt,c. 1522- c.1670 89 Chapter 5 Leading Gentry and Yeoman Families in the Four Parishes of Betterton, West Ginge, East Hanney and West Hendred, c. 1522-c. 1670 124 Chapter 6 The `Open' Parishesand the Development of their Social Structure, c. 1522-c.1670 165 Chapter7 WantageHundred, c. 1670-1750 194 Chapter 8 Conclusion 212 Appendices: IA An Act for Establishingthe Town Landsof Wanting in the County of Bark. to the Relief of the Poor, Amendmentof High Ways,and Maintaining of a School Master within the said Town 232 lB Wantage Town Governors, 1598-1750 238 1C 1598 Seal of Wantage Town Governors 242 1D Table Showing Population Totals for Wantage, Charlton and Grove Using Different Multipliers 243 2A Chronological List of Wantage Churchwardens, 1564/5-1656/7 244 2B Name List of Wantage Churchwardens, 1564/5-1656/7 249 3A Chronological List of Childrey Churchwardens, 1567/8-1688/9 254 3B Name List of Childrey Churchwardens, 1567/8-1688/9 259 4 John Vincent (John Yate) to Sir Francis Engelfield (June 21) 1593 262 Bibliography 268 Index and Abbreviations to the Family Charts 286 Family Charts i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the course of this research I have been helped by many friends, archivists and librarians, all of whom have treated with forbearance my many demands for information or expertise. My first note of appreciation must go to my supervisor Dr. Nigel Heard, it was he who set me on the road of this research, struggled to contain my tendency to go off at a tangent, and was a friend when the unexpected happened in my personal life. Jean Hackett, Katie Willis and Bob Hale of the Berkshire Record Office valiantly coped with my continual requests for photocopies. Sheila Weatherhead and Malcolm Graham of the Local Studies Collection, Westgate Library, Oxford were always ready to help with odd pieces of information. And Dr. Eileen Scharff, Archivist of Windsor Castle and D. L. Prior of the House of Lords Record Office supplied photocopies and information about their collections relating to Berkshire by return of post. Nancy Romero, Head of the Rare Book and Special Collections Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign lent a microfilm of the account book of Paul Croke and also supplied me with a list of other uncalendared material in their possessionrelating to the family. Staff, too numerous to mention individually, of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, Oxford Record Office, Public Record Office, London, Society of Genealogists, London and the Vale and Downiand Museum, Wantage were always ready with advice and information. Numerous individuals unconnected with record offices gave freely of their time: Jennifer Ashcroft, Alyx and Russell Ayto, Dr J.D. Bailey, Don Blay, Dr John Brooks, Jo Calcutt, Susan, Bryan, Catherine and Nicholas Church, Professor C. Feinstein, Dr Nancy Hood, Michele Jacottet, Jean and Peter Kay, Simon Kemp, Laura Lamont, Peter Lewis, Jean and Keith Leyshon, Deborah McGovern, Jo Mosely, Joyce Partridge, Bett and Bill Philcox, Barry Priestley, Dr J. S. G. Simmons, Dr. M. Stubbings, Alison Stubbs, Craig Taylor, Barbara Tearle, Paula Thornhill, Joan and Ted Thrussell, Pam Vandermin, Michael Webb, and Mary Yoe. Three special acts of friendship ensuredthat this thesis finally saw the light of day: Kay Priestley who taught me how to use the Public Record Office to best advantage. Judith Winchester who read every word and tried to improve the English, and Humaira Erfan Ahmed who transferred my text into a printable form and still remained cheerful despite my constant changesto the text. My dog, Janey, a Border Collie, must feature in these acknowledgements, her endless demand for walks just as inspiration was flowing meant I spent many hours by the river, notebook and pencil in hand trying to rememberwhat I had been about to type. And finally to Elizabeth and Norman Potter, Annie and Albert Hermon I can only say thank you for having faith. 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BMI Berkshire Marriage Index BRO Berkshire Record Office CPCAM Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committeefor the Advance of Money CPCC Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committeefor Compounding CSP Calendar of State Papers DNB Dictionary of National Biography Foster, Alumni Oxon., 1500-1714 Foster, Joseph,Alumni Oxoniensis: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714,4 vols, Oxford: Parker & Co., 1891-1892 Foster, Alumni Oxon., 1715-1886 Foster, Joseph, Alumni Oxoniensis: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1888,4 vols, London: Joseph Foster, 1887-1888 Heralds, Berks Rylands, W. Harry, ed., `The Four Visitations of Berkshire', Harleian Society, 56-57 L. &I. Lists and Indexes L. & P. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII. 21 vols, London: HMSO, 1862-1932 NRA National Register of Archives OED Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989) ORO Oxford Record Office PRO Public Record Office Sheriffs List of Sheriffs for England and Wales (PRO, List and Indexes, 9). London: HMSO, 1898 VCH Victoria County History VCH, Berks Victoria County History, Berkshire. 4 vols, ed. P. Ditchfield and William Page. London: St Catherine Press, 1906-1927 VCH, Wiltshire Victoria County History, Wiltshire, ed. Elizabeth Crittal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970 VCH, Hampshire Victoria County History, Hampshire, ed. William Page. London: Archibald Constable, 1908. 11l NZ4 L33o 1) ý -q. no : iv " tý ý' 1 " «.,ýs^ I ý"ý .ý ý i .ý "a_ ° ý -I ýýº., 0 Sý . .ý a ý I ýC I ýu I / ý I I Sa I I Iý sp "S ý " ',"'+ ýH *ý s ýýý f " ý a " . 1w rl1R y1y, & 14xxxxx . S" a 4 I 0 10 ý 0 " t s F g f ý ?+A N " "" +"ý .ý .ý "ýi.ý .ý ýý.ý V Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TOPOGRAPHY: FAMILY RECONSTRUCTION: SOURCESAND THEIR SHORTCOMINGS 1 THE THEORETICAL CONTEXT The publication in 1941 of Tawney's The Rise of the Gentry, 1558-1640 generated I much debate and criticism.