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Home , Cimabue, Duccio, Duecento, Giotto, Italian Renaissance, Medieval art

Late Medieval Overview

1200-1300 1300-1400

● Bonaventura Berlingheri and are the ● In , , considered the first leading painters working in the Italo-Byzantine artist, pioneers a naturalistic or Maniera greca approach to ● ’s cycles in and ● In , softens the maniera greca and those in San Francesco at foreshadow the humanizes religious subject matter revolutionary of Giotto ● Secular themes merge as important subjects in civic commissions, as in the frescoes of Siena’s ● Florence, Siena, and Orvieto build new that are stylistically closer to Early Christian basilicas than to French Gothic cathedrals

Duecento (13th Century)

● A push was made to condemn the art of as “Gothic” with the comparison of the contemporaneous art of Italy, which consciously revived the classical art of antiquity. ● Classical art’s admiration surfaced in the Court of Frederick II, King of and the Holy (1187-1250) ● A nostalgia for Rome’s past grandeur spurred a revival of classical in Sicily and in the 1200’ s (Duecento). Duecento (13th Century)

● , pulpit of the baptistery, , Italy, 1259- 1260, Marble 15’ height ● Nicola recieved training in southern italy during Frederick’s rule, traveling northward and settling in Pisa ● Pisa at the time was at its height of political and economic power with artists coming in to seek lucrative commisions ● Nicola specialized in carving Marble /possibly inventing a new king of church furniture-a monumental stone pulpit. Duecento (13th Century)

● Nicola Pisano, pulpit of the baptistery, Pisa, Italy, 1259- 1260, Marble 15’ height ● Pulpit(Raised platform from which priest delivered sermons ● Some elements carried on from medieval traditions, like the trefoil arches (Triple curved) and lions supporting some of the columns ● Nicola incorporated classical elements, columns are a gothic variation of corinthian columns, the arches are round, the large rectangular relief panels are reminiscent of a Roman Duecento (13th Century)

Nicola Pisano, , Nativity and Adoration of the Shepherds, Relief panel on the pulpit of the baptistery, Pisa Italy 159-1260

● 6 reliefs line the top row of the pulpit ● Derived from the compositions found on Roman Sarcophagi ● Scenes surrounding Christ and Mary’s life ● Reclining figures of Mary with drapery are reminiscent of etruscan and roman sarcophagi ● Scholars have been able to find the roman era sculptures he was using as models for these works Duecento (13th Century)

Giovanni Pisano, Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds, relief panel on the pulpit of the , Pisa Italy 1302-1310

● Giovanni was Nicola’s son who became a sought after sculptor of church pulpits. ● Father and son had differing approaches, the father rendered with a , while the son worked in a style derived from french gothic. Duecento (13th Century)

Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Francis , San Francesco, Pescia, Italy,1235

● One of the leading painters working in the Italo-Byzantine style or Maniera Greca (Greek Style) ● Tempera on wood panel ● Shows the importance of religious orders in late medieval italy ● https://youtu.be/Ya_BL8nqkUk ● Duecento (13th Century)

Cimabue, Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, Santa Trinita, FLorence, 1280-1290

● Cimabue challenged some of the major conventions of late in pursuit of a closer approximation of the appearance of the natural world ● background halos, show the artist reliance of byzantine models, ● Golde leaf used traditionally in , is used here in a traditional manner, but an unconventional, the drapery folds lines of make the folds more pronounced, 3- dimensional Pietro Cavallini, Last Judgement, fresco on west wall of Santa Cecilia, Rome 1290-1295.

● One of the artists who began the break of byzantine stylization to pursue the optical representation like the examples of antiquity ● Christ appears center with the virgin mary to his right, left. And six enthroned apostles.Below Christ are the the instruments of his martyrdom cross, nails, etc ● More optical, folds of clothing pronounced, modeling of skin. ● Cavallini was a pioneer of the style Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Giotto di Bondone, Madonna Enthroned Florence, ca 1310 Tempera and gold leaf on wood.10’-8”x6’-8”

● https://youtu.be/DKnFvXmUlOI ● Giotto is widely celebrated as the first Renaissance painter, ● It was noted that Cimabue was Giotto’s teacher, later eclipsing his master by totally disregarding the Maniera Greca ● Madonna sits on her gothic throne with the unshakable stavility of an ancient marble goddess ● Giotto’s virgin is not lost, she is sculptural, with the fabric making her bulky and stone like. This painting marks the end of medieval painting in italy and the beginning of Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Giotto di Bondone, Lamentation, Arena CHapel, Italy 1305

● Giotto strove to reconcile two large issues with the illusion of 3 dimensional representation on a 2 dimensional plane ● The illusion of space, with the illusion of things and people in and moving in that space. ● Boldly foreshortened angels at the top, ● Giotto frames a shallow for the foreground figures, bounded by a diagonal rock cropping ● Scale of objects, the tree in the background, the angels are smaller in scale than the foreground Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Giotto, Entry into Jerusalem 1305

● Giotto creates stagelike settings, are made possible by innovations in and lighing suited to the dramatic narrative that the emphasized then as a principal method for educating the faithful in their religion. Mystery plays ● Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Giotto, Betrayal of 1305 Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Duccio Di Buoninsegna, Virgin and Child enthroned 1308-1311

● Duccio was from Sienna, a power center of the ● Virgin and child enthroned was his most lucrative and largest work ● 7’x13’ ● https://youtu.be/2fijnNzktDI Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Duccio Di Buoninsegna, Virgin and Child enthroned 1308-1311

● Duccio was from Sienna, a power center of the 14th century ● Virgin and child enthroned was his most lucrative and largest work ● 7’x13’ ● https://youtu.be/2fijnNzktDI Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Duccio Di Buoninsegna, Virgin and Child enthroned 1308-1311

● Duccio was from Sienna, a power center of the 14th century ● Virgin and child enthroned was his most lucrative and largest work ● 7’x13’ ● https://youtu.be/2fijnNzktDI ● Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Lorenzo Maitani, 1310

● Characteristically a french gothic style, pointed gables above the west portal, a front central ● And in niches in jambs trumeau. ● Differing is the front of the building is hiding a marble revetted basilican plan church ● Tuscan Romanesque Tradition ● https://youtu.be/LntYoDVji3k ● Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, Annunciaiton Sienna 1333

● https://youtu.be/0zfBltgsGVA ● A successor of Duccio, was a student and assistant to duccio ● Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Pietro Lorenzetti, Birth of the Virgin, from the altar of Saint Savinus, , Siena, Italy, 1342

● Another student of Duccio, surpassed his master in terms of spatial representation. ● A (a three ) was a common convention for altarpiece ● Themes of roman antiquity, Mary’s mother reclining theme of etruscan and roman sarcophagi ● https://youtu.be/Z29bpAW1AUM Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Palazzo Pubblico, Sienna, Italy, 1288-1309

● Palazzo pubblico was a city hall. Siena was a proud commercial and political rival of FLorence. A figure of civic pride of Sienna. ● The tower was seen from miles around the city center ● The tower incorporated machicolated galleries, holes in the floor of the tower so defenders could dump stones or hot oil on attackers. Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Peaceful City https://youtu.be/jk3wNadYA7k

● Ambrogio Lorenzetti was responsible for the in the Palazzo Pubblico ● Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Arnolfo Di Cambio, Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence Italy, Begun 1296

● Its capacity of 30000 was less than the city’s 100000 inhabitants, famous renaissance architect commented that it seemed to cover all of in its shade. ● The building is clad in old tuscan fashion with marble geometric designs, matching the revetment to the facing 11th century Romanesque baptistry of San Giovanni Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Andrea Pisano, south doors of the baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence 1330-1336

● 1330’s florentines decided to beautify their baptistry build during romanesque times ● A set of doors, the sponsors were the members of FLorence’s of importers, who competed for business and prestige with the wool manufacturers’ association, and important sponsor of the cathedral building campaign. ● 8 panels represented various christian values ● 20 panels told the life of John the Baptist Trecento (14th C) 1300’s

Doge’s , , Italy, Begun 1340-1345 https://youtu.be/H6_u3js2DSM

● Venice was a wealthy trading , dominating trade with a skill of navigating the mediterranean ● Another example of itallian gothic ● Pointed arches, ogee arches