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Taxonomía Y Distribución Altitudinal De Brassicaceae Burnett En La Provincia De Arequipa

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Taxonomía Y Distribución Altitudinal De Brassicaceae Burnett En La Provincia De Arequipa UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA Taxonomía y distribución altitudinal de Brassicaceae Burnett en la Provincia de Arequipa. Tesis presentada por la Bachiller ESTRELLA MAMANI PACCO Para optar el Título Profesional de BIÓLOGA Asesor: Ms. Cs. Victor Quipuscoa Silvestre AREQUIPA – PERÚ 2018 Ms. Cs. Víctor Quipuscoa Silvestre C.B.P N° 2484 ASESOR i JURADO DICTAMINADOR Dr. Benjamín José Dávila Flores PRESIDENTE Blgo. Luis Norberto Villegas Paredes Mg. Victor Quipuscoa Silvestre SECRETARIO INTEGRANTE ii DEDICATORIA A mi motor de cada día Adversi, Francisca y Betsabé Mi familia iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco profundamente a mi familia por su apoyo, cariño, amor y paciencia hacia mi persona, durante todo el desarrollo de la presente tesis. A mi Asesor de tesis, Ms. Cs. Víctor Quipuscoa Silvestre, sus valiosos consejos y guía durante la elaboración de la misma. Al Dr. Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, curador y profesor adjunto de la Universidad del Missouri- St. Louis, por su apoyo y comentarios brindados en la etapa de determinación de especies. A Anthony Pauca por el apoyo en campo, información, comentarios y material herborizado proporcionado. A Cristian Tejada y Luis Zamudio por el apoyo durante las salidas de campo. A la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa (UNSA) por el soporte financiero para la realización de esta tesis bajo contrato N° 18221-2016-UNSA y a UNSA INVESTIGA por el apoyo en la gestión del proyecto. iv INDICE DEDICATORIA......................................................................................................................... iii AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................. iv INDICE ........................................................................................................................................ v INDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................. vii RESUMEN ................................................................................................................................. ix I. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 OBJETIVOS............................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL .................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ............................................................................................ 4 II. MARCO TEÓRICO ......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 LA SIERRA ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 LAS VERTIENTES OCCIDENTALES .......................................................................... 5 2.1.2 PROVINCIA ALTOANDINA ....................................................................................... 6 2.2 LA FAMILIA BRASSICACEAE ............................................................................................ 6 2.2.1 BRASSICACEAE BURNETT.......................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 DISTRIBUCIÓN Y HÁBITAT ...................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 FILOGENIA Y CLASIFICACIÓN DE BRASSICACEAE ......................................... 12 2.2.4 DIVERSIDAD, ECOLOGÍA Y ENDEMISMO. .......................................................... 14 2.2.5 IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA ................................................................................. 15 2.3 BIOGEOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 DISTRIBUCIÓN ALTITUDINAL................................................................................ 17 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ...................................................................................... 20 3.1 AREA DE ESTUDIO ............................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1 PROVINCIA DE AREQUIPA ...................................................................................... 20 3.2 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ................................................................................................ 21 3.3 MATERIAL BIOLÓGICO ..................................................................................................... 21 3.4 METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................................... 21 3.4.1 METODOLOGÍA DE CAMPO .................................................................................... 21 3.4.2 METODOLOGÍA DE GABINETE ............................................................................... 22 v IV. RESULTADOS .............................................................................................................. 25 4.1 UBICACIÓN TAXONÓMICA............................................................................................. 25 4.2 CLAVE DE DETERMINACIÓN TAXONÓMICA PARA LAS ESPECIES PERTENECIENTES A LA FAMILIA BRASSICACEAE. ............................................................. 28 4.3 DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES .................................................................................... 33 4.4. RANGOS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ALTITUDINAL DE LAS ESPECIES ............................... 117 V. DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................................................. 124 VI. CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................................................... 142 RECOMENDACIONES ........................................................................................................ 143 REFERENCIAS BIBLIÓGRAFICAS .................................................................................... 144 ANEXOS ................................................................................................................................. 150 vi INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Hábito en Brassicaceae. .......................................................................................................... 7 Figura 2. Hojas en Brassicaceae. ............................................................................................................ 8 Figura 3. Tipos de Tricomas. ................................................................................................................. 9 Figura 4. Androceo y Gineceo en Brassicaceae. .................................................................................. 9 Figura 5. Variedad de silículas presentes en la familia Brassicaceae. ............................................ 10 Figura 6. Variedad de Silicuas en la familia Brassicaceae .............................................................. 11 Figura 7. Distribución de Brassicaceae Burnett en el mundo. Tomado de Heywood (1978). .... 12 Figura 8. Relaciones filogenéticas entre las tribus de Brassicaceae (Tomado de Al-Shehbaz et al., 2006). ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Figura 9. Porcentaje de estudio de los principales patrones de riqueza predominantes en distintos grupos animales y vegetales en relación a la elevación. Tomado de McCain & Grytnes, 2010. ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Figura 10. Mapa del área de estudio. Elaboración propia. .............................................................. 21 Figura 11. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. .............................................................................................. 42 Figura 12. Matthiola incana (L.) W.T. Aiton. ....................................................................................... 43 Figura 13. Draba werffii Al-Shehbaz. ................................................................................................... 44 Figura 14. Brassica rapa L. ..................................................................................................................... 45 Figura 15. Raphanus raphanistrum L. ................................................................................................... 46 Figura 16. Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. ................................................................................................ 47 Figura 17. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.. .................................................................................... 58 Figura 18. Cardamine bonariensis Pers. ................................................................................................ 59 Figura 19. Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton. ....................................................................................... 60 Figura 20. Cremolobus chilensis (Lag. ex DC.) DC. ............................................................................. 61 Figura 21. Descurainia depressa (Phil.) Prantl ex Reiche. ................................................................... 62 Figura 22. Descurainia myriophylla (Willd. ex DC.) R.E. Fr. .............................................................
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