INTERNATIONAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL JOURNAL

International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, (ISSN: 2320 5091) (September, 2017) 5(9)

AN OVERVIEW OF KUPIPAKAVA KALPANA

Nisha Bajaj1, Amit Bhatt2, C.P. Kashyap3, Sudarshan K. Thakur4

Research Scholar1, Research Scholar2, Reader and Head3, Lecturer4 P.G. Department of Ras Shastra and Bhaishya Kalpana, Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Paprola, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana are the two main parts of Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. Rasa Sha- stra deals with the metallic and herbo-mineral preparations with their types, occurrence, physical properties, organoleptic characteristics and pharmaceutics. Basically there are four varieties of Ra- saushadhis mentioned in Rasa Shastra i.e. Kupipakva , Parpati Rasayana, Pottali Rasaya- na and Kharaliya Rasayana. Kupipakva Rasayana follows a typical process and requires long dura- tion for preparation. However, it bears a unique place in Rasaushadhis because of its mercurial prep- aration with quicker action and synergistic effect in the body at very low dose. This Kalpana in- cludes a number of preparations like Rasa Sindura, Makardhwaja, Malla Sindura, Rasa Karpura and Rasa Pushpa etc. The name Kupi indicates that the preparation is made in Kanch Kupi (glass bottle) on mild to intense heat by using a special instrument known as Baluka yantra. Particular chemical processes are involved in these preparations which also bear testimony to the great chemical know- ledge prevailing in ancient India. Kupipakva are very popular and commonly prescribed preparations among the Ayurvedic physicians and are looked upon as panacea. The motive of this article is to explore the research and therapeutic scopes of Rasaushadhis and Parada yogas like Ku- pipakava Rasayana. In present era, most of them show medical and common people hesitate to use these medicines due to awareness or lack of knowledge. This article narrates the details of Ku- pipakava Rasayana studying classical references and present day scientific work.

Keywords: Rasa Shastra, Rasayanas, Kupi, Baluka Yantra

INTRODUCTION Nisha Bajaj Et Al: An Overview Of Kupipakav Kalpana

At present, the new drug development process The Rasaushadhis described in are looks to be at a stagnant state. There is neither well known for their rapid action. These are a good work on the chemistry point of Rasau- supposed to be superior to other drugs in many shadhis nor are trials being made. To develop aspects. One of the most peculiar properties of a new Rasaushadhi compound, work on the Rasaushadhis is “Small drug dose, but having Rasaushadies is limited to some classical for- greater efficacy”. Enumerable formulations, mulations that too is not perfectly standar- small drug doses, rapid action, desired results, dized. Present chemical labs identify purely long lasting effect and palatability are some of prepared Kajjali, Ras Parpati, Ras Sindoor the specialties of Rasaushadhis2. They can be and Hingula, same as HgS. They have differ- used in Asadhya vyadhis (incurable diseases), ent pharmaceutical and therapeutic indication. while ancient Acharyas have concentrated on- Their chemical structure is still not identified ly on treating the curable disease. It is also like other chemical entities such as structure of said that one doesn’t have to look for , benzene, diamond, graphite etc. Also there is Dooshya, Desh, Kaal, Prakriti etc. for the use huge scope for development of new drugs in of Rasaushadhis3. Sinduras are the mercurial Rasa Shashtra, like Makardhwaz, Samir Pan- compounds with or without Sulphur, which nag Rasa etc. New Kupipakava Rasa com- are prepared through Kupipakva method. Rasa pounds can be developed with combination of Sindura, Shila Sindura, Malla Sindura, Tala new and other elements. Working on Sindura, Makardhwaja and Siddha Makard- some therapeutic specific isotopes of some hawaja etc. are examples of Sindura. It is im- elements can be a breakthrough in the field of portant to mention that Sinduras are named on medicine. To do all this as per present day re- their red colour like that of Sindura. Because quirements, the classical literature and text of the similarity in method of preparation, Ra- will have to be studied thoroughly. So this ar- sa Puspa and Rasa Karpura are also included ticle primarily goes around the classical refer- into this group, though these are not of red co- ences of Kupipakava Rasayana and also some lour4. latest research works have been quoted. Che- Thus, Rasa Shastra has a unique importance mistry in ancient India had its origin in the de- in the field of Ayurveda. It basically deals with velopment of practical art to meet the demand the pharmaceutics of drugs of mineral and me- for necessities of life, as also in the specula- tallic origin, along with their occurrence, va- tion about the nature and composition of mat- rieties, organoleptic characteristics and physi- ter. Since the beginning of civilization, the cal properties. The Rasa preparations can be evolution of chemistry may be said to have classified in different classes such as Kupipak- proceeded in a more or less uninterrupted va Rasayana, Parpati Rasayana, Pottali Ra- course in spite of numerous political and so- sayana and Kharaliya Rasayana. The drug cial changes in the country. Use of various prepared from Parada () and other metals and minerals and transformation of compounds in a glass bottle by applying heat these into effective drugs in Ayurvedic system is termed as Kupipakva Rasayana. Preparation of medicine serve as evidence for this fact1. of Kupipakva Rasayana is characteristic pro-

IAMJ: SEPTEMBER, 2017 3614 Nisha Bajaj Et Al: An Overview Of Kupipakav Kalpana cedure in Rasa Shastra as it requires Kanch  Baluka Yantra: Earthen pot filled with Kupi (a special type of glass bottle), Bhrasthri sand, at the center of which the Kupi is (furnace) and Baluka yantra (a specially con- immersed for heating9. structed instrument), Kramagni (a specific  Kupipakva Rasayana: The Rasayana or heating pattern), Shalaka sanchalana (inser- formulation prepared using Kupi and Ba- tion of hot and cold rod during preparation), luka Yantra10. Mukha bandhana (corking of a bottle), Swan- ga sheetikarana (allowed to cool by own) and HISTORICAL REVIEW 5 Kupi bhedana (breaking of glass bottle) . In 8th century A.D. Govinda Bhagvatpada- The word Kupipakva Rasayana is made up of charya described Gandhaka Jarana proce- four words i.e. Kupi (glass bottle), Pakva dures in his text Rasa Hridaya Tantra which (heating or paka), Rasa (Parada) and Aayana finally developed as Kupipakva Rasayana11. (Sthana). Kupipakva Kalpana is a special pro- Rasa Prakasha Sudhakar of Acharya Yoshod- cedure of drug preparation, in which Kajjali is hara Bhatt is the first text to describe the Ku- the main ingredient. The role of temperature is pipakva Rasayana in the context of Rasa very important to get the desired and benefi- Bhasma. In this, Sindura Kalpana is men- cial effect in the final product. Many observa- tioned as the name of Udaya Bhaskar Rasa. tions and precautions are involved in the He also described the method of preparation of process of preparation of Kupipakva Rasaya- Rasa Karpura as the name of Ghanasara Ra- 6 na . sa. Kachaghati (Kupi) and Sikata yantra are used for the preparation of Udaya Bhaskar Definitions related to Kupipakava Kalpana Rasa12. Acharya Dundukanatha, the author of  Jarana: It is a process, in which Gandha- Rasendra Chintamani, has firstly introduced ka is heated in different proportions with the preparation of Kupipakva Rasayana during Parada (mercury) in specially designed 12th century A.D. He mentioned Kramagni apparatus7. paka i.e. increasing of heat (Mrudu, Madhya  Murcchana: It is a process in which Pa- and Tivragni)13. From 13th century, the Siddha rada with or without Gandhaka, is con- Sampradaya started to develop the Kupipakva verted into a suitable compound, which Rasayana. In 15th, 16th and 17th century, Kupi- could be used internally without being re- pakva Rasayana is explained in the name of duced to ash8. Sindura Rasa.  Kanch Kupi: Glass bottle coated with sev- en layers of mud smeared cloth strips9.

Table 1: Classification of Kupi Pakwa preparation: Ingredients Sagandha Gandhaka is used. Makaradhwaja and Rasa Sindura Nirgandha Gandhaka is absent. Rasa Manikya and Vyadhiharana Ras Manufacturing Antardhuma Process is done in a closed con- Sameer Pannaga Rasa and Rasa Sin- Method tainer (Kupi) dura. Bahirdhuma Initially opened Kupi Rasa Sindura and Makaradhwaja

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Accumulation of Galastha The product is obtained from the Makaradhwaja and Rasa Sindura desired product neck of bottle Talastha The product is obtained from the Sameer Pannaga Rasa and bottom of bottle Swarna Vanga Ubhayastha The product is obtained from both Hinguliya Manikya Rasa and neck and bottom of bottle. Sameer Pannaga Rasa

METHOD OF PREPARATION OF KUPI- tar and pestle), Shalaka ( Rod), PAKAVA RASAYANA coin or plate, Cork or sealing material. In Rasa Shastra, the practical experience with the preparation of every medicine is more im- Materials: The materials required for prepara- portant. Preparation of Kupipakva Rasayana is tion of Kupipakva Rasayana may be- one of the typical procedures to adopt. The 1. Parada (Mercury) text Rasa Ratna Samuchhaya gives clear cut 2. Gandhaka (Sulphur) indication regarding the method of preparation 3. of Kupipakva Kalpana. The colour of finished 4. Mineral product is resembled like Sindura (red). So it 5. Bhavana Dravya (liquid for levigation) is considered that Kupipakva Kalpana is a Sindura Kalpana. In ancient times, it was be- Procedure ing prepared through Baluka yantra and the The procedure of preparation of Kupipakva heat was being applied in increasing order. Rasayana is mainly divided into three phases: The idea of using Baluka yantra was to apply 1. Purva Karma (Pre heating phase)15: This uniform heat to the Kanch Kupi. The total pe- includes riod of heat prescribed for the preparation of  Collection of equipments Rasa Sindura is 8 yamas (24 hours). This time  of ingredient according to period should be divided into three categories, the specified classical methods i.e. Mridu should be given in the first 8  Preparation of Kajjali hours, then Madhyamaagni for next 8 hours  Preparation of Kanch Kupi 14 and then Teevragni for last 8 hours . Other  Filling of Kajjali into Kanch Kupi formulations require variables time period and  Fixing of Kanch Kupi in the Baluka sometimes, it may be more than 24 hours. Yantra. 2. Pradhan Karma (Heating phase)15: Heat Equipments required: Kanch Kupi, Baluka is given in three stages with gradual in- Yantra, Burner/furnace, Khalva Yantra (mor- crease in temperature.

Table 2: Pattern of Heating during Kupi Pakwa preparation: S. No. Type of Agni Temperature 1. Stage of Mridu heat/liquefaction of Kajjali upto to 250 0C 2. Stage of Madhyama heat/Jarana of Kajjali 250 0C to 450 0C 3. Stage of Tivra heat/formation of compound 450 0C to 650 0C

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 Mridu Agni: This is the stage where Kajja- Bhavana is mentioned, it is to be done af- li starts melting and sulphur fumes are ter Kajjali becomes lusterless. emitted. This is tested with the help of a  When metals like Suvarna () and Shita Shalaka (cold rod). The temperature Roupya () are to be added, then thin at this stage ranges upto 250°C. flakes of these metals are made and tritu-  Madhyama Agni: In this stage, melting of rated to dissolve in Parada. Gandhaka results in profuse fuming. At  When metals like Naga (), Vanga this stage, clearing of the mouth of glass () are to be added, they are melted and bottle by Tapta Shalaka (hot rod) is done. mixed with Parada to form amalgam and The temperature ranges between 250 – 450 then Gandhaka is added to prepare Kajja- °C. li.  Teevra Agni: The emission of fumes is 2. Preparation of Kanch Kupi18 stopped and flame is seen at the mouth of  The Kanch Kupi is wrapped with 7 Kanch Kupi. This stage is ideal to do Mu- layers of cotton cloth smeared with drana (Corking) for Bahirdhoom Kupi- Multani clay. pakva Rasayana. At this stage, tempera-  Each layer is done only after drying of ture ranged between 450 - 650°C. the previous one. 3. Paschat Karma (Post heating phase)16:  The bottle should be filled to 1/3rd of  Removal of Kanch Kupi- After self- its capacity. cooling, Kanch Kupi is gently removed 3. Baluka Yantra18 from Baluka yantra.  Baluka Yantra is filled with sand up to  Breaking of Kanch Kupi- Mud smeared approximately 3 inches. cloth is scrapped off carefully with a knife.  Kanch Kupi is fixed exactly in the cen- A strip of cotton cloth or a thick thread is tre of Baluka Yantra. soaked in spirit/kerosene. This is strapped  Sand is then filled around the Kanch around the center of the bottle. It is ignited Kupi up to its neck. to burn out. A wet cloth is then wrapped 4. Shalaka Sanchalana18: Iron rod with a around the hot surface, which facilitates wooden handle is kept for Shalaka sancha- breaking of the bottle. lana. Two types of Shalakas are used for  Collection of product- After breaking of this- the bottle, the product is removed from the  Shita Shalaka: It is used to check the Kanch Kupi carefully and stored in an air stage of Kajjali. At the beginning, Shita tight glass container. Shalaka Sanchalana is done to see wheth- er Kajjali started melting or not. At the end, it is done to confirm total evapora- Sub processes tion of Sulphur before corking. 17 1. Preparation of Kajjali  Tapta Shalaka: It is done to clear the  Trituration should be done without using mouth of the Kanch Kupi blocked by Sul- any liquid, until it becomes lusterless. If phur particles during fuming.

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5. Copper coin test18: It is done before cork-  Particles do not stick even on Shita Shala- ing to check the presence of Parada in ka. Bahirdhooma method. When these characters are appeared during 6. Corking18:Corking is done when- Kupipakva preparation, then mouth of Kanch  Fumes are stopped completely in Antard- Kupi is sealed with cork and a piece of cotton hoom method. cloth smeared with Multani clay is wrapped  Flames are stopped completely in Bahird- over it. After corking, 2-3 inch of sand sur- hoom method. rounding the neck of the bottle is moved aside.  Bottom of the bottle appears red. Heating is then stopped.

Flow chart for method of preparation of Kupipakava Rasayana

Kanch Kupi

Setup Bhrastri (Furnace)

Baluka Yantra

Kramagani Paka

Shalaka Sanchalana

Mukha Bandhana

Swanga sheetikarana

Kupi Bhedana

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IMAGES OF PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY OF KUPIPAKAVA RASAYANA

OBSERVATIONS19 3. Observation of Shalaka sanchalana 1. Observations of fumes  Shita Shalaka: Particles of ingredients are  Colour, odour and time of the fumes seen on the rod at the stage of melting of are noted. Kajjali. This is the first end point.  Fumes may be mild, moderate or pro-  Tapta Shalaka: Material present at the fuse. mouth of Kanch Kupi burns with a blue  Colour of fumes may vary from yel- flame on insertion of Tapta Shalaka. low, orange to white.  Odour of fumes may be sulphuric or DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF KUPIPAK- arsenical according to the ingredients. VA PREPARATIONS 2. Observation of Flame There are various types of Kupipakva prepara-  Time of appearance of flame, its tions available to cure and control the diseases 21 height, colour, odour and duration are like Makaradhwaja , Malla Sindura, Tala noted. Sindura, Shila Sindura, Rasa Karpura, Rasa 22  Flame does not appear in Nirgandha Pushpa, Swarna Vanga and Rasa Sindura preparations.

Table-3: Details of some Kupi Pakwa preparations: Name of Ingredients Chemical changes expected Dose Indication preparation Rasa Sindura Shuddha Parada and Shudd- Hg + S = HgS 1-2 Ratti Rasayana, Vajikara- ha Gandhaka na, Kushtha, Varna Makara- Eight parts of Shuddha Pa- Hg + S = HgS 1/2-2 Kantikar, Aayushya, dhwaja rada, One part of Shuddha Ratti Vajikarana Swarna, Sixteen parts of Shuddha Gandhaka

Rasa Karpura Specified quantity of Shudd- K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O = 1/64-1/32 Vrana ropana, grahi,

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ha Parada, Shuddha Sphati- K2O+4H2SO4+ Al2O3+ Ratti Kushtha, Atisarana-

ka, Shuddha Kasisa, Saidha- 20H2O sak

va Lavana, Gairika (red Hg + 2H2SO4= HgSO4

ochre) +2H2O+ SO2

Hg2SO4+2NaCl+Hg

=Na2SO4+ Hg2Cl2

Rasa Pushpa Equal quantity of Shuddha Hg2SO4+2NaCl+Hg 1/2-2-½ Visuchika nasaka,

Parada and Shuddha Kasisa, =Na2SO4+ Hg2Cl2 Ratti Pittahara, Vishana- equal part of Saindhava saka Lavana

Swarna Vanga Shuddha Vanga, equal Sn+4NH4Cl= 1-2 Ratti Rasayana, Vajikara-

quantity of Shuddha Parada, (NH4)2SnCl4+H2+ 2NH3 na,

Equal parts of 2(NH4)2SnCl4+2S= Kushtha nashaka

Shuddha,Gandhaka, Shudd- SnS2+(NH4)2SnCl6+

ha Nausadara 2NH4Cl

IMPORTANCE OF KUPIPAKVARA- DISCUSSION SAYANA In Rasa Chikitsa, a lot of Rasaushadhi are Kupipakva Rasayana is a kind of metallic used for the management of diseases. Among preparations which is commonly prescribed by all, Kupipakva Rasayana is very potent and Ayurvedic physicians. It has disease curing effective for the management of various com- properties due to Parada murchana. Some- plicated diseases. Due to ease of palatability, times many chemical reactions involved dur- long lasting effects, rapid onset of action and ing preparation of Kupipakva Rasayana are desired result shows greater efficacy of this responsible to give a synergistic effect in the preparation. When procedure, ingredients, body. Different minerals and metals are trans- Bhavana drugs, types of heating pattern are formed into effective bio-compatible form by changed, then name and indication of prepara- this procedure. The actions of Kupipakva Ra- tion will also be changed like Rasa Sindura, sayana remain for longer period of time which Makardhwaja, Malla Sindura, Tala Sindura, indicates its greater potency and efficacy. It is Rasa Karpura, Rasa Pushpa etc. When mer- very effective even at minimum dose with cury is processed with metals, it forms an ease of administration. When Kupipakva Ra- amalgam which is responsible for formation of sayanas are mixed with other medicines, it an intermediate product. The main promoters minimizes their dose. As compared to other for chemical reactions are Gandhaka and Pa- Rasaushadhis like Kajjali, Parpati, Pottali, rada in which Gandhak is responsible for the chemical bonding of Kupipakva Rasayana formation of sulphide. Mercury reacts with is stronger among these three. It is more potent sulphur and forms mercuric sulphide (HgS). than any of other herbal preparations20. The preparations of Kupipakva Rasayana bear a unique importance in Rasa Shastra. When it is compared with other Rasaushadhis like Kaj- jali, Parpati and Pottali, its chemical bonding

IAMJ: SEPTEMBER, 2017 3620 Nisha Bajaj Et Al: An Overview Of Kupipakav Kalpana is stronger among these three. It is more potent cal studies various instruments required, pre- than any of other herbal preparations due to its paratory procedure have been described in de- quicker action on minimum dose. Heating pat- tail which prove to be helpful for Ayurvedic tern and preparation of Kajjali is most impor- scholars when they prepare this formulation of tant to achieve maximal yield and increase ef- their own. This study will definitely help scho- fectiveness of preparation without any side lars to understand Kupipakva Rasayana and effects or unwanted effects. The Kramagni are encourage them in its preparation. the best heating pattern for the Kupipakva preparation which is clearly mentioned in REFERENCES classical texts. Heating pattern should be al- 1. Bhanu Prakash, Use of metals in Ayurved- ways in increasing order like Mridu Agni at ic Medicine, Indian Journal of history of 120-250°C temperature for 6 hours, Madhya- Science, 32(1), 1997, 1-28. ma Agni at 250-450°C temperature for 6 hours 2. Gopal Krishna Bhatt: Rasendra Sarasan- and Tivra Agni at 450-650°C temperature for 6 graha. Hindi commentary ‘Rasayani’ by hours, but heating should be intermediate dur- Neelkanth Mishra, Chaukhambha Sanskrit ing the preparations. In pharmaceutical studies Pratisthan, Delhii, Revised Ed. 2000, p.1. various instruments required, preparatory 3. Gopal Krishna Bhatt: Rasendra Sarasan- procedure have been described in detail which graha. Hindi commentary ‘Rasayani’ by prove to be helpful for Ayurvedic scholars Neelkanth Mishra, Chaukhambha Sanskrit when they prepare this formulation of their Pratisthan, Delhii, Revised Ed. 2000, p.2. own preparation. 4. Dr. K.R.C. Reddy: Text Book of Rasa Shastra. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan, CONCLUSION Varanasi, 2nd Ed. 2010, p.187. Kupipakva Rasayana holds its specialty in 5. Sadanand Sharma: Rasa Tarangini. Hindi many aspects. The properties like Small drug commentary ‘Prasadini’ by Haridatta Sha- dose, rapid action, desired results, long lasting stri, Motilal Banarasi Das, Delhi, Reprint effects and palatability make this formulation 11th Ed. 1994, p.102. popular in Rasa vaidyas. While reviewing the 6. Dutta, P.K.: General and Inorganic Chemi- Rasa granthas various references of Kupipak- stry. Sarat Book House, Kolkata, Vol. II, va Rasayana were found. Variations are found 11thEd. 1996. especially with respect to preparatory proce- 7. Dr. K.R.C. Reddy: Text Book of Rasa dure, Bhavana dravyas used, instruments used Shastra. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan, in the procedure, medium of heat provided in Varanasi, 2nd Ed. 2010, p.176. the procedure, type of heating pattern, corking 8. Dr. K.R.C. Reddy: Text Book of Rasa of the Kupi, materials used in the corking. The Shastra. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan, characteristic procedures like Murcchana, Varanasi, 2nd Ed. 2010, p.175. Bandha, types of Kupipakva Rasayana are 9. Dr. K.R.C. Reddy: Text Book of Rasa discussed in detail which is helpful in proper Shastra. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan, understanding of the concept. In pharmaceuti- Varanasi, 2nd Ed. 2010, p.179.

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