The 1999 Stage 1-2 Archaeological

THE STAGE 1-2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF 8, 10 & 12 LINDSAY COURT, PART OF LOT 20, CONCESSION 8, GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF ESQUESING, TOWN OF HALTON HILLS, HALTON REGION (original)

Prepared by

Archaeological Assessments Ltd. 2227 Wuthering Heights Way, Oakville, Ontario L6M 0A3 Telephone - 905-469-8690 Facsimile - 905-469-8702

Consulting Archaeologist: Chris Brown Archaeological Consulting Licence Number P361 P.I.F. Number P361-068-2013 August 14, 2013

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, ii Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT 1 1.1 Introduction And Development Context 1 1.2 Archaeological Context And Property Location 2 1.3 Historical Context

2.0 STAGE 2 ASSESSMENT 2 2.1 Field Methods 2 2.2 Record of Finds 4 2.3 Analysis and Conclusions 5

3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS & COMPLIANCE ADVICE 5 3.1 Recommendations 5 3.2 Compliance Advice 5

4.0 MAPS Figure 1 Location of the Subject Property 7 Figure 2 Aerial Photograph of the Subject Property 8 Figure 3 1877 Illustrated Historic Atlas Map of Esquesing Township 9 Figure 4 Archaeological Survey Coverage and Techniques 10

5.0 IMAGES Plate 1 12 Lindsay Court, Front 11 Plate 2 12 Lindsay Court, Rear 11 Plate 3 12 Lindsay Court, Rear 11 Plate 4 10 Lindsay Court, Front 11 Plate 5 10 Lindsay Court, Rear 11 Plate 6 10 Lindsay Court, Rear 11 Plate 7 10 Lindsay Court, Rear 12 Plate 8 8 Lindsay Court, Front 12 Plate 9 12 Lindsay Court, Rear Lawn 12 Plate 10 Lindsay Court Site (AjGx-236) 12 Plate 11 Lindsay Court Site (AjGx-236) 12 Plate 12 Lindsay Court Site (AjGx-236) 12 Plate 13 Lindsay Court Site (AjGx-236) Artifacts 13

6.0 REFERENCES 14

Location of Positive Test Pits Supporting Documents GPS Coordinates Supporting Documents

PROJECT PERSONNEL Project Director Chris Brown (License P361) Field Director Chris Brown (License P361) Report Preparation Rick Sutton (License P013) Field Assistants Jennie Fiddes, Sally Lynch

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, iii Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report details the rationale, methods and results of the Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region. This project was conducted in order to comply with the Planning Act (1996) for a proposed residential development.

The 1.8 hectare subject property consists of three residential and commercial lots that have been partially disturbed by previous development. The potentially undisturbed sections of the property were shovel test pitted at 5 metre intervals in July, 2013.

One site was found as a result of the assessment and has been registered as the Lindsay Court site (AjGx-236). The Lindsay Court site is a Late Woodland camp or cabin site occupied ca. A.D. 1300-1650.

The Lindsay Court site (AjGx-236) is a significant archaeological resource and will require a Stage 3 assessment and Stage 4 mitigation in order to remove it as a planning concern. No soil disturbance or development activity can take place until after the site has been subjected to further assessment.

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 1 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

1.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT

Permission for access to the property and to remove and curate artifacts was granted by the land owner. All fieldwork was conducted under archaeological consulting licence No. P361, issued to Chris Brown. The assessment was conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Ontario Heritage Act (Government of Ontario 1980), and with the technical guidelines for archaeological assessments formulated by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture (MTC 2011). Archaeological Assessments Ltd. accepts responsibility for the long term curation of any artifacts recovered or documents produced as a result of the assessment.

1.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND PROPERTY DESCRIPTION

The 1.8 hectare subject property is located west of Georgetown, southeast of the intersection of Highway 7 and Trafalgar Road (Figure 1 and 2). The property is bounded by Lindsay Court to the northwest, by adjacent residential lands to the southwest and northeast, and by a large berm containing the elevated course of a railway corridor to the southeast. The Stage 2 assessment of the property was conducted under the field supervision of Chris Brown (License P361), Archaeological Assessments Ltd., on July 24, 2013.

The subject property consists of three rectangular shaped residential and commercial lots. The northeastern lot at 12 Lindsay Court features a commercial building located in its northwestern end. It is accessed from Lindsay Court by a semi-circular asphalt driveway. A small lawn area is located at the front of this lot. The back portion of the property is composed of a large asphalt parking area as well as a slightly overgrown gravel parking area in the southeastern end.

The middle lot at 10 Lindsay Court features a single storey residential building located in the northwestern section of the lot. It is accessed by an asphalt driveway from Lindsay Court and is surrounded by a manicured lawn area. The southeast portion of the lot features a single storey commercial building and a number of other small outbuildings, surrounded by asphalt and gravel parking areas.

The southwestern lot at 8 Lindsay Court features a single storey residential building located in the northwestern section of the lot. It is accessed by an asphalt driveway from Lindsay Court, and is surrounded by a lightly-treed manicured lawn area. The southeast section of the lot is composed of scrublands.

The subject property is located along a spillway situated between the Niagara Escarpment, Horseshoe Moraines and the South Slopes physiographic regions (Chapman and Putnam 1984 127). A small watercourse which drains to the south is located immediately south of the subject

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 2 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

property. The topography of the subject property gently slopes down to the southeast, towards a moderate break in slope down towards lower lying lands adjacent to the railway tracks.

The Stage 1 component of the assessment confirmed that no archaeological sites had been registered within the subject property prior to this assessment (Robert von Bitter: personal communication). The background research determined that there are 4 registered archaeological sites located within a 1km radius of the subject property (Table 1). The closest registered site is AjGx-15, which is located 90 metres southeast of the subject property. Unfortunately, the site record form for this site is quite old and incomplete and does not contain any information regarding site type or a report reference. The Wesleyan Meeting House site (AjGx-67) is located 270 metres northwest of the subject property and was the subject of a Stage 1-3 archaeological assessment conducted in 1992 (Mayer Heritage Consultants Inc. 1992). The other registered site which is located relatively close to the subject property is the Trafalgar County site (AjGx-63), which is located 275 metres to the south. This site was located during a 1991 Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment conducted by Mayer Heritage Consultants Inc. (no report reference available).

Table 1. Registered Archaeological Sites Located Within 1km of the Subject Property

Borden Number Site Name Cultural/Temporal Affiliation Site Type AjGx-15 - unknown unknown AjGx-63 Trafalgar Country Early Archaic findspot AjGx-67 Wesleyan Meeting House 19th to 20th century Euro-Canadian meeting house and cemetery AjGx-83 - Early Archaic findspot

A 1.75 hectare property located immediately east of the subject lands was subjected to a Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment by our firm in 2011 (AAL 2011). No sites were found as a result of that assessment. A cultural chronology for Southern Ontario that also applies to the study area in presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Cultural Chronology For Southern Ontario

PERIOD GROUP TIME RANGE COMMENT PALEO-INDIAN Early Fluted 9000 - 8500 B.C. Big Game Hunters and Small Nomadic Late Non-fluted 8500 - 7500 B.C. Groups ARCHAIC Nettling 8000 - 7000 B.C. Nomadic Hunters and Early Gatherers Bifurcate Based 7000 - 6000 B.C. Middle Stemmed, Otter 6000 - 2500 B.C. Transition to Creek and Territorial Settlement Brewerton Narrow Point 2500 - 1800 B.C. More Diverse Resource Base Late Broad Point 1800 - 1500 B.C. Small Point 1500 - 800 B.C.

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 3 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

WOODLAND Early Meadowood and 1000 - 300 B.C. Introduction of Pottery Middlesex Middle Point Peninsula 300 B.C.- Long Distance Trade 700 A.D. Transitional Princess Point 500 - 900 A.D. Early Agriculture Early Iroquoian 900 - 1275 A.D. Transition to Village Life Middle 1275 - 1400 Large Villages and Late Iroquoian A.D. Dependence on Agriculture Late Iroquoian 1400 - 1650 Tribal Development, A.D. Warfare, European Contact HISTORIC Early Odawa, Ojibwa, 1700 - 1875 Social Displacement Mississauga A.D. Late Euro-Canadian 1800 A.D.- European Settlement present

1.3 HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Information on potential Euro-Canadian archaeological planning concerns was derived from an examination of the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Halton County (Pope 1877). The historic mapping indicates that the subject property was originally located on Part of Lot 20, Concession 8, in the Township of Esquesing (Figure 3). This parcel of land was owned at that time by Mr. E. Ruddell who lived in a homestead located south of the subject property.

2.0 STAGE 2 ASSESSMENT

2.1 FIELD METHODS

The Stage 2 assessment of the property was conducted under the supervision of Christopher Brown (R220), Archaeological Assessments Ltd., on July 24, 2013, under a mixture of sun and cloud and warm weather conditions.

Areas of obvious disturbance occupied by buildings and paved or gravel covered driveways and parking areas could not be shovel test pitted. All of the other potentially undisturbed sections of the subject property were shovel test pitted at 5 metre intervals to within one metre of all buildings and hard scaped areas (Figure 4). Each test pit measured more than 30 cm (one foot) in diameter and was excavated 5cm into the subsoil. The soil from each test pit was screened through 6mm mesh in order to look for artifacts. Each test pit was then backfilled.

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 4 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

The results of the shovel test pitting indicated that a number of areas had been subjected to prior topsoil disturbance. Lawn areas immediately adjacent to the commercial building at 12 Lindsay Court featured heavily mottled soils. Additionally, the overgrown gravel areas in the southeastern part of that lot featured no topsoil. Areas in the southeastern section of 10 Lindsay Court also featured no topsoil and gravel deposits. Where intact topsoil deposits were encountered, they consisted of a medium dark brown silty loam with depths of 15-25cm. The subsoil was orange silty clay.

.2 RECORD OF FINDS

A total of 8 positive test pits containing aboriginal artifacts were identified as a result of the assessment. All of the positive test pits were found while test pitting the property at 5 metre intervals. More intensive shovel test pitting at 2.5 metre intervals was not conducted. The site has been registered as the Lindsay Court site (AjGx-236).

The site is composed of 8 positive test pits, each containing lithics or aboriginal ceramic artifacts. The density of the artifacts ranged from 1-3 artifacts per test pit. The site is located mainly in the back yard of 8 Lindsay Court, as well as in the back yard of 10 Lindsay Court. The 8 positive test pits are spread over an area measuring approximately 35 metres north-south by 30 metres east-west. The topography of the site gently slopes down to the southeast, towards a moderate break in slope down towards lower lying lands adjacent to the railway tracks. The topsoil in the site area were generally15-25cm in depth and consisted of dark medium brown gravelly silty loam. The subsoil was orange silty clay.

The artifact assemblage includes 5 ceramics and 7 chipped stone artifacts. The ceramics include one plain body sherd and 4 small fractured micro sherds. The chipped stone assemblage included 4 biface thinning flakes, 2 flake fragments, and one end scraper. All of the chipped stone artifacts were made from Onondaga chert. The end scraper was made from a large primary flake and had a length of 71mm, was 32mm in width and 18mm thick. Steep unifacial retouching with a convex shape was evident along the dorsal distal surface.

LINDSAY COURT SITE (AjGx-236) ARTIFACT CATALOGUE

TEST PIT FSH BSH FRA BTF SCR TOTALS CAT NO. 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 4 1 1 4 5 1 1 5 6 1 1 2 6&7 7 1 1 2 8&9 8 3 3 10,11&12 TOTALS 4 1 2 4 1 12

FSH- fractured ceramic micro sherds, BSH- ceramic body sherds, FRA- flake fragments, BTF- biface thinning flakes, SCR- scrapers

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 5 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

The documentary record for the Stage 2 assessment includes 12 digital photographs, three field maps, 3 pages of field notes and 12 artifacts.

2.3 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

The aboriginal artifact assemblage and spatial distribution of positive test pits suggests that the Lindsay Court site represents a Late Woodland camp or cabin site occupied ca. A.D. 1300-1650. As per the MTC’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011: 21), this type of site will require a Stage 3 assessment in order to determine its precise location, limits, integrity and function. For this type of site this would involve the excavation of a series of one metre test units at 10 metre intervals across the site. Additional units, amounting to 40% of the initial grid total, should also be excavated in areas of interest within the site (MTC 2011: 28).

After the completion of the Stage 3 assessment, the Late Woodland component of the site will require Stage 4 mitigation either though excavation or avoidance and long term preservation (MTC 2011: 33). Aboriginal communities must also be engaged and consulted prior to the commencement of any Stage 4 mitigation. If the site does proceed to Stage 4 excavation, the methodology to be used can only be determined after the completion of the Stage 3 assessment, and consultation with both the MTCS and the aboriginal community.

3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS & COMPLIANCE ADVICE

3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

As detailed in this report, one site was found as a result of the assessment and has been registered as the Lindsay Court site (AjGx-236). The Lindsay Court site is a Late Woodland camp or cabin site occupied ca. A.D. 1300-1650. The Lindsay Court site (AjGx-236) is a significant archaeological resource and will require a Stage 3 assessment and Stage 4 mitigation in order to remove it as a planning concern. No soil disturbance or development activity can take place until after the site has been subjected to further assessment.

3.2 COMPLIANCE ADVICE

This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism and Culture as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, a letter will be issued by the

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 6 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd. ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 7 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

4.0 MAPS

Scale 1: 50,000

Figure 1. Location of the Subject Property (Department of Energy, Mines and Resources 1985 Brampton 30 M/12)

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 8 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

Scale 1: 2,000

Figure 2. Aerial Photograph of the Subject Property

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 9 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

Scale 1: 33,500

Figure 3. 187 7 Historical Atlas Map of Esquesing Township Showing Approximate Location of the Subject Property (Pope 1877)

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 10 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

Scale 1: 2,000

2 6 8 10

11 5 3 12

7 9

Undisturbed Areas Shovel Test Pitted @ 5 Metre Intervals

Disturbed Areas Shovel Test Pitted @ 5 Metre Intervals

Areas of Obvious Disturbance

Photographs

Figure 4. Archaeological Survey Coverage and Techniques

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 11 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

5.0 IMAGES

Plate 1. 12 Lindsay Court (front) Plate 2. 12 Lindsay Court (rear parking area) (view southeast) (view northwest)

Plate 3. 12 Lindsay Court (rear) Plate 4. 10 Lindsay Court (front) (view northwest) (view southeast)

Plate 5. 10 Lindsay Court (rear lawn) Plate 6. 10 Lindsay Court (rear commercial area) (view northwest) (view west)

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 12 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

Plate 7. 10 Lindsay Court (rear) Plate 8. 8 Lindsay Court (front) (view northwest) (view southeast)

Plate 9. 12 Lindsay Court (rear lawn) Plate 10. Lindsay Court Site (AjGx-236) Test Pit1 (view northwest) (view northwest)

Plate 11. Lindsay Court Site (AjGx-236) Plate 12. Lindsay Court Site (AjGx-236) Test Pits 5&6 Test Pits 2, 3, 4, 7, & 8 (view southeast) (view west)

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 13 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

End Scraper

Chipped Stone Debitage

Ceramic Ceramic Micro Sherds Body Sherd

Plate 13. Lindsay Court Site (AjGx-236) Artifacts

The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Of 8, 10 & 12 Lindsay Court, Part Of Lot 20, Concession 8, 14 Geographic Township Of Esquesing, Town Of Halton Hills, Halton Region Archaeological Assessments Ltd.

6.0 REFERENCES CITED

Archaeological Assessments Ltd. 2011 The Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of 13758 and 13764 Highway 7, Town of Halton Hills, Halton Region, PIF P013-580-2011. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario (Third Edition). Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.

Government of Ontario 1980 The Heritage Act RSO 1980. Queen's Printer, Toronto. 1996 The Planning Act RSO 1996. Queen's Printer, Toronto.

Mayer Heritage Consultants Inc. 1992 Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Wesleyan Meeting House and McCullough Cemetery, Halton Hills (Georgetown), Ontario. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto.

Ministry of Tourism and Culture 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto.

Pope, J.H. 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Halton County, Ontario. Toronto, Ontario.