1 Anti-Cultural Revolution in One African Community: the Destruction

Anti-Cultural Revolution In One African Community: The Destruction of the Ajimmiri Shrine in Nkwerre Town, 1999

Mazi Ajimmiri Osuagwu Ama'Echefu Organization for the Revival of African Culture 198, Ikorodu Road, Palmgrove, Lagos, Nigeria. 08052529898, 08035849959 [email protected]

Problem: As a result of the psychological damage which Africans have undergone through Arab and Western colonization, Africans has been waging wars against their indigenous cultures. The destruction of sacred areas and shrines in Nkwerre Town in 1999 is an example of such a war. Methodology: This paper examines the events leading up to the destruction of the Ajimmiri shrine in Nkwerre and the effects of that destruction. Conclusion: The destruction of indigenous culture and heritage damages the unity of a community, and has a negative effect on the development of its future.

Creativity and Franchising in Quick Service Restaurants

MusibauAkintunde Ajagbe1, AdunolaOluremi Oke2, Mercy Ogbari3 and Ameli Jennifer Oyinebi4 1Department of Management, Ritman University, IkotEkpene, Nigeria. Telephone Number: 109035414257

2,3,4Department of Business Management Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria. Telephone Numbers:209093933157, 308060319126, 408056462609

Academic Discipline of Paper Presenter: The main author studied Ph.D in Management with options in Technology Entrepreneurship/Venture Capital. He is currently the Head, Department of Management, Ritman University, IkotEkpene, Nigeria.

Abstract The overall objective of this study is to examine the impact of creativity on franchising in the quick service restaurants industry. The researchers sampled about 200 respondents with the use of well-structured interview questionnaires. Research hypotheses were formulated and tested through descriptive statistics comprising the simple percentage and tables. In addition, regression method was adopted to test the four hypotheses that were formulated for the study. The study finds that there is a significant impact of creativity on firms that engage in franchising. In view of this, there is need for educational institutions in Nigeria to improve on their curriculum to include core courses that encourage creativity, lateral thinking and problem solving as well as franchising.

Correlation between Total Quality Management and Customer Satisfaction in Software Industry

Mercy Ogbari1, MusibauAkintunde Ajagbe2, AdunolaOluremi Oke3 and Daniel-Sodiya Oluwatobi4

1,3,4Department of Business Management, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria. Telephone Numbers:108060319126, 309093933157, 408056462609

2Department of Management, Ritman University, IkotEkpene, Nigeria. Telephone Number:209035414257

Academic Discipline of Paper Presenter: The main author studied Ph. D in Management with optionsStrategic Management and Entrepreneurship. She is currently a Lecturer at the Department of Business Management, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between total quality management and customer satisfaction in software industry using “Sysnet Limited” as the case study. The authors used the survey method to gather data from respondent‟s inorder to investigate the relationship between total quality management and customer satisfaction. Correlation method was used to analyze the questionnaire responses gathered. This study finds that there is a relationship between total quality management and customer satisfaction. Additional findings indicates that customer satisfaction has improved significantly as a result of total quality management implemented by the firms in the software industry particularly in Nigeria.

HOUSEHOLD WOODFUELCONSUMPTION AND EFFECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA.

Naphtali John, PhD* Department of Economics, Federal University, Lokoja

AtimanKasima Wilson, ** Department of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic, Bali

Abstract This study examined the effects of woodfuel consumption as a source of household cooking choice on climate change mitigation in Taraba State,Nigeria.The study was a survey research where a total of two hundred and forty respondents from four wards in Jalingo metropolis were randomly selected and data collected was analyzed using SPSS 17.0.The study showed that households consume more of woodfuel for cooking and heating needs than other energy substitutes like kerosene, liquefied gas (LPG) and electricity due to higher cost, unavailability of the substitutes and other major determinants like income, population of the household, usage and equipment. The study revealed that climate change is a serious problem that affects health, agriculture and water, rainfall, biodiversity, air quality etc.The study recommended more availability of substitute energy to households by the Federal Government at cheaper costs.

Why Do Research Articles in Economics Get Desk Rejection in Reputable Journals?

Jonathan Emenike Ogbuabor1* and God‟stime Osekhebhen Eigbiremolen2

1. Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria ([email protected]; +2348035077722) 2. Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria ([email protected]; +2348030426701)

Abstract The desire of every academic is to publish in reputable national and international journals. Unfortunately, this desire more often than not turn out to be a nightmare particularly for academics in developing economies, whose research outputs are usually rejected at initial desk review. Such researchers generally end up with predator journals that have no formal peer-review process, but are primarily set up for profit maximization. Consequently, the scholarly contributions of such academics remain very meagre, and almost unnoticeable. The need to address this ugly trend is the essence of this paper, particularly for economic researchers. We identify the common pitfalls among such research efforts and how to overcome them, thereby ensuring that future research efforts add value to mankind. Key words: Economic Research; Journal Articles; Developing Economies; Nigeria JEL Classifications: B40; A29; O10; N17

Does Interest Rate Cause Industrial Output In Nigeria?

Okonkwo N. Osmond & Egbulonu K. Godslove

Both of Economics Department Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri & Imo State University, Owerri resprctively.

Abstract The main thrust of this study was to investigate the effect of interest rate fluctuation on industrial growth in Nigeria. Data for the study were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin 2013 edition and indexmundi.com. Data collected were analyzed and tested using the ordinary least square (OLS) technique. The result of the findings revealed inverse relationship between interest rate and industrial-GDP in Nigeria, meaning that increase in interest rate will decrease industrial-GDP and verse versa in the country. It was then recommended that investment-friendly interest rate is a sine-quo-none for promoting industrial growth in Nigeria. Key Words: Interest rate; Broad money supply; industrial-GDP; and financial intermediation.

Exploring Relationship between the Characteristics of Physical Work Environment and Employees Intention to Stay: Evidence from Manufacturing Industries, Nigeria

Salau, Odunayo Paul Business Management, Covenant University, Nigeria & Osibanjo, AdewaleOmotayo Business Management, Covenant University, Nigeria & Adeniji, AnthoniaAdenike Business Management, Covenant University, Nigeria & Bowale Ebenezer Kayode Department of Economics, Covenant University, Nigeria & Igbinoba, Edith Ebeguki Business Management, Covenant University, Nigeria

Abstract Organizations thrive provide employees with an environment and office design, which fulfills the employees‟ needs and ensures job satisfaction. The main objective of this study is to find out the relationship between physical work environment and employees‟ intention. The survey method was adopted while observation and self- administered questionnaire served as the instrument. 216questionnaire were retrieved and analyzed with SPSS software 21 and Structural Equation Model (SEM). The result shows that the characteristics of physical environment (furniture, noise, ventilation, lightning and spatial arrangement) have both direct and indirect effects on worker‟s intention to leave or stay. The findings expressed that office design is very essential in retaining employees and increasing productivity. Though, it was revealed that the ergonomic resources (furniture) and lightning had the greatest impact on satisfaction and commitment of employees. Hence, comfortable ergonomic office design motivates the employees and increases their performance significantly.

Effects of Concept Mapping Strategy on Students' Achivement in Social Studies in Onueke Education Zone of Ebonyi State

Dr. D. I. Igba Livinus Nwose N

Abstract The relevance of Social studies as a discipline in our educational system is not in doubt. Teaching of Social studies in Nigerian schools is aimed at the development of high competences, skills acquisition required for solving mankind's diverse environmental problems for better and effective social living. Specifically, the focus of Social studies is to promote good citizenship and value education needed to build a virile Nigerian nation irrespective of ethnic diversity, religious differences, as well as promotion of peace and conflict resolution. This paper focused on the Effects of Concept Mapping Strategy on Students' Achievement in Social Studies in Onueke Education Zone of Ebonyi State. Two research questions and one null hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. The Social Studies achievement test contained 30 items. The population of the study comprises 7341 junior secondary two students. Random sampling was used. This is made up of 99 students for experimental group and 101 for control group. The responses were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while null hypotheses 1-2 were tested at 0.05 level of significance, using ANCOVA. Data collected were thereafter organized and analyzed. The findings of the study revealed that effective utilization of concept mapping in teaching and learning of Social Studies facilitates students' achievement more than the use of conventional method of teaching in junior secondary schools in Onueke Education Zone of Ebonyi State. Finally, the researcher recommended that government should as a matter of urgency employ competent and qualified teachers to teach the subject in secondary schools using appropriate strategies.

The Role Of Peace Education In National Development: The Nigerian Quest

By Luka, Tambaya And Anthony, Shekari TEL: 08036520069 E-MAIL: [email protected]

Department Of Social Studies Kaduna State College Of Education, Gidan Waya, Kaduna State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT It is an irrefutable fact that the Nigerian society is riddled with conflicts/crises here and there. It is also an irrefutable fact that the development of any society that is submerged in crises would always remain a mirage. The paper looks at the Nigerian situation by focusing on some of the conflicts that have befallen it and have impeded its development. The paper has realized that one of the ways by which these recurrent conflicts may be abated or even eradicated is the introduction of peace education at all levels of education, social and religious gatherings and the society in general. This is in order to give a positive orientation to the mindset of Nigerians and also to stabilize the Nigerian society in order to pave way for meaningful development.

Misconception Of Education Values And Its Effect On The Management Of Nigeria Economy

IKATI LAWRENCE DEPT OF VOCATIONAL/TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION, FACULTY OF EDUCATION, NIGER DELTA UNIVERSITY, WILBERFORCE ISLAND, AMASSOMA, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA. 08035427842 [email protected]

Abstract The mono-economy practice and Nigeria dependence on oil revenue as the only source of revenue generation is a serious and ongoing concern expressed by Nigerians. Unemployment is in the increase by 7.5 percent in the fourth quarter of 2014 and its resultant effect is felt seriously on terrorism, militancy, kidnapping, robbery, and several other societal vices that have left Nigerians with no other option than to diversify the economy with proper structuring of educational policies and programs to re-direct focus on value-added education to meet current demands. Therefore, the focal point of this paper is a review on value-added education and measures to modify teaching methodologies in preparation to inculcate in students the need to be productive, self-reliant, creative, innovative and create a world of their own rather than been dependant on white-cola jobs that are not available.

Keywords: Misconception, Economy, Education

The Problematic Of Teaching And Study Of Research Methodology In Behavioral Sciences In Nigerian Universities: A Study Of Imo State University, Owerri

Hillary I. Ekemam, Ph.D. Email: [email protected]; Ph:08037069442

Abstract This paper focuses on the problematic of studying and teaching of the logic and the methods of research in the behavioral sciences in Nigerian universities. As its objective, the paper seeks to locate these problematic more appropriately within the environment of social science scholarship with the intent of curtailing the phenomenon of plagiarism amongst students of social sciences. Source of data is a structured questionnaire collated, categorized, and analyzed quantitatively to ascertain degree of conformity with its basic assumptions. The paper concludes amongst other things, that poor grasp of logic cum mathematics, (an essential ingredient of methodology),lack ofteaching expertiseas well aspoor course presentation alienates students from the demands of the course, and finally lead to resort to plagiarism. The paper recommends amongst others, the simplification of teaching of methodology by the useof student-friendly texts/lexicon, engaging students in group empirical mini research projects, and assigning courses on logic and methods to those who have unquestionable knowledge of same.

Elements Of Religious Language In Abubakar Gimba’s Innocent Victims BY AMOS, DORCAS TALATU TEL: 08068153839, 08099045641 E-mail: [email protected] DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE KADUNA STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GIDAN-WAYA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT One of the core values of society is religion. It directs people on how to conduct their daily lives and activities. Since literature mirrors society, this important phenomenon (Religion) is likely to be captured by it. In this context, this paper focuses on the use of language of religion in Abubakar Gimba‟s novels. The paper does this specifically by explicating one of his novels; Innocent Victims. The paper explores this at the backdrop of irregularities and absurdities prevalent in the Nigerian Civil Service which has impeded the development of the country. One discovers that Gimba makes extensive reference to portions of the holy Qur‟an with the main aim of bringing about correction in the society. This paper therefore concludes that indeed, religion does not only feature in Gimba‟s novels but it is an element that may be said to be characteristic of most literature from northern Nigeria.

THE LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA: AN ASSESSMENT OF NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO.

ASADU EMMANUELA UZOMA ( MRS ) DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISN AND LITERARY STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA PHONE: 08039211730 EMAIL: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The violations of human rights that cut across races, age, class and sex have attracted the attention of some literary critics. Using Nawal El Saadawi‟s novel – Woman at Point Zero, this research contextualizes that African governments‟ indifference at the prevalent human rights violations is an indictment of their being complicit in a heinous crime against humanity. It finally concludes that for justice, national unity, rule of law and respect for state institution to be ensured, African governments must eschew corruption and take decisive steps in ending human rights violations and should equally abrogate obnoxious laws that delineate structural differences which create gender inequalities and discrimination against women.

SUSTAINABILITY AND THE RENEWABLE ENERGY ALTERNATIVES IN NIGER DELTA NOVELS CHINONYE C. EKWUEME-UGWU, Ph.D., ENGLISH AND LITERARY STUDIES West Africa Theological Seminary (Affiliated to the University of Nigeria, Nsukka), PMB 003, Ipaja, Lagos, Phone: 08034978982

Abstract Ecological degradation and petroleum have, for more than a decade now, sustained many of the Niger Delta novels. These novels reveal evidences of the realities of despoliation of the setting, arising from petroleum energy exploitation. However, the want of similar artistic representations of sustainable alternatives to petroleum creates a serious gap in the Nigerian literature that needs to be urgently filled. Adopting the methods of ecocriticism and energy humanism, this paper examines renewable energy alternatives in two Niger Delta novels. It is discovered, among others, that renewable energy alternatives, though lacking in the novels, may be represented as subject, theme, and even character.

Key ideas: Sustainability, Niger Delta Novels, Petroleum, Renewable Energy

Making English Truly the Nigerian Second Language by Repositioning the Nigerian Dilemma: A Wake-up Call to Igbo Language Speakers

Raphael I. Ngwoke English/ Education Dept. of Arts and Social Science Education, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki E-mail: [email protected] 07030989229

Abstract The precarious state of Nigerian Indigenous Languages has been a thing of worry to well-meaning Nigerians and academics. Whereas Nigerian National Language policy recognizes the English language as a second language, the preference of English by Nigerian speakers has led to the negligence of their Mother Tongues. This negative linguistic culture has portrayed Nigerians as neither Anglophones nor indigenous speakers. The Igbo language has been seen as the worst hit in this orgy of Mother Tongue neglect. This paper examined the precarious status of the Igbo language in both national and global view, vis-à-vis its position as a potential contributor to the building of Nigerian indigenous Language and suggested ways of taking the language to the desired height. Key Words: English Language, Second Language, Repositioning, Nigerian dilemma, Igbo Language Speakers

The Complexity and Essentiality of “Iya” in Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan’s Once Upon an Elephant Saheed Bello Department of Creative Arts, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria. [email protected], +2348060697574

Abstract

However simple it may sound linguistically and/or literarily, “Iya” (mother) is a complex being within Yoruba socio-cultural context from where it is drawn. Turning Iya into literature, her complexity, (in various transformations and/or transfigurations), gives contents to narrative forms and/or cultural representations in Nigerian drama. Hence, this paper examines the essence and/or effectiveness of the concept of “Iya” in representing the themes of love and hatred, trust and distrust, friendship and enemy in marriage or family and community as represented in Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan‟s Once upon an Elephant. Thus, the paper argues that the play stands out among other contemporary Nigerian women writings for it portrays women not only as builder but also as the destroyer of human society. Keywords: Complexity, Drama, Essentiality, Feminism, Gender, Motherhood, “Iya” and Society

Language Choice in Christian Denominations in the Northwest Region of Cameroon

Dr. Afutendem Lucas Nkwetta +237677555133 +237694397472 Department of Applied Foreign Languages University of Dschang

Abstract The paper examines language choice in three dominant Christian denominations in the city of Bamenda, the headquarters of the Northwest Region of Cameroon. The data are drawn from a questionnaire and discussions with church leaders, elders and the faithful and the framework adopted is the structural- functional model. The analysis revealed that the services of these churches comprised 33 elements and that several languages were used to realise these elements. Key church elements were realised in English, with switches to Pidgin English when there was a need to explain certain points further. Cameroonian indigenous languages were heard, but they were used in songs and were hardly used to realise key church elements. Regarding the factors militating for the selection of these languages, it was found that a language was used when it met at least one of the following four requirements. First, when the language has official status in a locality; second, when it is a major lingua franca; the latter helping to ease communication between literate and illiterate people; third, a language was found to be used when its speakers were active choir members and fourth, when there were lively hymns in it.

Key words: Bamenda, Christian faith, language practice/choice, language policy, language in religion, multilingualism

TEACHING SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS IN KALABARI: A PARADIGMATIC APPROACH

Priye Iyalla-Amadi, PhD Department of French, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt. 08061260905

Abstract Scientific concepts, which are often later translated into technological inventions, require a medium for their expression and proper assimilation. More often than not, that medium is language. However, it has to be a language that is best understood by the recipients of the scientific concepts being conveyed. Most language experts (cf. Sapir, 1928; Bloomfield, 1933; Crystal, 1969; Bamgbose, 1976) agree that the language best suited to such a purpose is a child‟s mother tongue. In this paper, efforts are made to see how scientific concepts which exist in the African environment but which are most often expressed in a foreign tongue, can be taught to the African child in his mother tongue. Kalabari, an African language spoken in the South eastern part of Nigeria, has been chosen to illustrate this. A paradigmatic approach is adopted whereby lexical items conveying scientific thought are presented in paradigms for easier presentation and understanding of a proposed scientific and technical vocabulary in Kalabari.

Key words: Scientific concepts, technological inventions, African environment, mother tongue, scientific vocabulary, paradigms.

VULNERABILITY OF HOUSEHOLD AND THE TOURISM INDUSTRY OF CAMEROON TO CLIMATE CHANGE

ENCHAW GABRIEL BACHANGE Senior Lecturer (CC) of Geography University of Yaounde 1, BP 755, Yaounde [email protected] (237)675180931/(237)693495850

Abstract The physical, economic, political or social predisposition of Cameroonian households and the tourism industry to climate variability and change is becoming a cause for concern. Climate change-related precarious livelihood, hazards and debilitating tourism potentials and facilities are unprecedented in Cameroon. This paper advocates for an enabling environment towards endocentric dependence for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Data was collected from documents, state and tourism stakeholders, and household members. Analysis shows increasing vulnerability of households and the tourism industry. A viable climate change institutional and policy framework is urgently needed for enhanced tourism industry and livelihood in the Cameroonian household.

Key words Climate change, enabling environment, endocentric dependence, households, mitigation and adaptation strategies, tourism industry, vulnerability

REPOSIONING RESEARCH IN GEOGRAPHY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

BONOH FRIDAY AND BEGE .I. ADON DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY KADUNA STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GIDAN WAYA CORRESPONDANCE ADDRESS:[email protected] 08036070644/09095690222.

Abstract Man does not longer ascribe natural phenomena to supernatural influences and no longer does he rely blindly upon accepted authority. Ever since, man found himself on this planet (Earth) he has been bothered by many problems such as environmental, climatic, health, social, economic as well as political. However, for most of this these problems, man has developed an orderly system of searching for solutions by passing conclusions upon factual evidence and by using logic as a means of findings. This research therefore uses phenomenological method to assess the nature of research in geography and the challenges. The paper emphases on the prospects of repositioning research in geography for national development and recommended the need to train competence skilled research personnel and professionals in geographical research in Africa.

KEY WORDS: Research, Repositioning Geography, Challenges, prospects, National Development.

Cameron-Nigeria Border Settlement Dynamics: Trends and Perspectives from Dumbo (North West Region of Cameroon)

Zephania N. FOGWE1 and Victor K. Ntoban2 1Laboratory of Environment, Hazards and SustainableDevelopment, Department of Geography, Faculty of Letters and Social Sciences, Box 3132, Douala, University of Douala [email protected] 2Department of Geography, CatholicUniversity of Cameroon, Bamenda

ABSTRACT Dumbo emerged and grew as a transit point and entrepot for goods from Nigeria and Cameroon essentially through head porterage – bambe- with no cross border roads. Recent creation of motorable roads linking Cameroon and Nigeria(Ako, Baworo and Bamanda-Ekok) has impacted the socio-economic and infrastructural border roles hitherto played. Some functions have folded up and new ones emerge. The paper uses primary and secondary data sources to investigate the impact of these growth and functional changes, trends and perspectives of the settlement. Success depends on the strength of community institutions which shall set rules and ensure that they are effective and a Dumbo-Nigeria cross border road.

THE GEO-QUALIMETRIC METHOD AS TOOL FOR MEASUREMENT, VISUALISATION OF STAKEHOLDER PRACTICES AND SOCIO-SANITARY PREVENTION

MEVA'A ABOMO Dominique (Dr / PhD) Société Savante Cheikh Anta Diop (SS-CAD), Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université de Douala, B.P: 3132 Douala, Tél : (+237) 699 80 36 32, Email : [email protected]

Abstract Preventive socio-technical measures of prevention are often confronted by a methodological challenge integrating the "space" variable. It is in the wake of this problem that Geo-Qualimetric Method (a process of production of scientific knowledge that is focused on a methodological triangulation between qualitative, quantitative and spatial analysis methods) that this study seeks to address. The present experimental study is based on a specific empirical framework (the stakeholders practice in household management of treated mosquito nets in the Health District of Cité des Palmiers, Douala – Cameroon). The results show the aptitude of this tool to measure and visualize stakeholder practices as well as geo-strategic planning of socio- sanitary prevention. This study ends by opening the debate on the importance and challenges of this methodological innovation.

Keys words: Geo-Qualimetric Method, measure, visualization, socio-sanitary prevention, methodological innovation

The Quinary Method of Socio-Spatial Sampling (QMeth-SSS): a revolutionary tool for analysis and visualisation in the social sciences

Dominique MEVA‟A ABOMO & Bienvenue MOUKAM NGUEUDEU

Cheikh Anta Diop Academy (SS-CAD), Faculty of Letters and Social Sciences, University of Douala, B.P: 3132 Douala, Tél : (+237) 699 80 36 32, Email : [email protected]

Abstract The Quinary Method of Socio-Spatial Sampling (QMeth-SSS) is a five step protocol for the selection of socio-spatial units (sites) of investigation within a study area. This protocol is anchored on the principle of optimum satisfaction that embraces the triple conditions of representativeness (quantity, quality and geography) of chosen sampled sites that might have been retained as a function of the total sites population that permits the carving out of space. The experimental application of this tool to a study of impact of crises of the supply of health services in the New Bell Health District in Douala (Cameroon), permits us to conclude that there should exist a better approach to analyse and visualise socio-spatial data in the social sciences. Because, it permits a rational and equitable identification of socio-spatial units of investigation on a quantitative, qualitative and geographical basis and at the same time. These determine the representativeness of geographical data collected and by implication determine the structure and the objectivity of their visualisation.

Key words: Quinary method of socio-spatial sampling (QMeth-SSS), visualisation, socio-spatial unit, health service supply, impact.

TENURE INSECURITY AND LARGE SCALE LAND DEVELOPMENT IN FOREST COMMUNITIES OF SOUTH WEST CAMEROON

Jude Ndzifon Kimengsi & Solange Akhere Gwan

*Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Catholic University of Cameroon Bamenda (CATUC), P.O. Box 782, Bamenda, Cameroon Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Tel: +237677008333

***Department of Sociology & Human Geography, University of Oslo, Norway Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Tel: +4797350636

Abstract In most communities of the South West Region of Cameroon, a number of agro-plantations are gobbling up forests amidst very limited community involvement, approval and consent. This has led to community conflicts as they strive to resist this “illegal” acquisition of their heritage for plantation development. Major cases in point include the development of Site Global Sustainable Oil Cameroon. This paper analyses tenure security deficiencies and plantation development in the context of forest communities in the South West Region of Cameroon. we conclude that community empowerment is necessary to arrest the current situation.

Keywords: Tenure insecurity, land development, policy, forest communities, Cameroon.

LIVING IN AN EQUATORIAL AND A VOLCANIC MILIEU: LESSONS FROM THE EASTERN SLOPE OF MOUNT CAMEROON

Ashu Tambe Ebot

The increasing frequency of natural disasters across the globe continue signal that our domestic and socio- economic options should not disregard the fragility of the environment and consequences of the environmental processes. On the eastern slope of Mount Cameroon, the equatorial climate alongside the topography and drainage characteristics often combine to bring about catastrophic geohydrological problems in areas of human settlement. From the lessons on the recent problems, this paper, educates on the nature of the environment as well as the urgency for an alternative land use and settlement policy in the environmentally problematic areas.

Key Words: natural disasters, environment, equatorial climate, topography, geohydrological, land use,

Property auctioneering and adaptation strategy of market garden in the district of Kye-Ossi border town Equatorial Guinea-Gabon-Cameroon

Enchérissement foncier et stratégies d’adaptation des maraichers dans l’arrondissement de Kyé-Ossi, ville transfrontalière Cameroun-Gabon-Guinée Equatoriale

Louis Bernard TCHUIKOUA Department of Geography University of Yaounde I/ Cameroon

& Zephania NJI FOGWE Associate Professor Department of Geography University of Douala

Alex-Vidal ELLA BA ZAMBO DIPES II in Geography Higher teachers‟ training college University of Yaounde I/ Cameroon

Abstract Located in a border area between Cameroon, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, the Kye-Ossi locality acquired a strategic position in terms of goods and people trafficking, becoming the hub for trade between the three countries. The opening of this locality through the asphalting of the road linking heavy Kye-Ossi Ambam in 2004 led to a socio-spatial mutation characterized by strong arrival and settlement of migrants, development of business, the high demand for space building and agricultural machinery, etc. This situation caused the land price increases, pushing the market gardeners of the locality to define new strategies to adapt to changes.

Keywords: auctioneering land, adaptation strategy, market gardeners, Kye-Ossi, border city

Résumé Située dans une zone transfrontalière entre le Cameroun, le Gabon et la Guinée Equatoriale, la localité de Kyé-Ossi a acquis une position stratégique en termes de trafic des biens et des personnes, devenant ainsi la plaque tournante pour des échanges entre ces trois pays. Le désenclavement de cette localité grâce au bitumage de l‟axe lourd reliant Ambam à Kyé-Ossi en 2004 a entrainé une mutation socio-spatiale caractérisée par la forte arrivée et installation des migrants, le développement des activités commerciales, la forte demande en espace de construction et agricole, etc. Cette situation a provoqué le renchérissement foncier, poussant les maraichers de cette localité à définir de nouvelles stratégies pour s‟adapter aux changements. Mots clés : enchérissement foncier, stratégie d‟adaptation, maraichers, Kyé-Ossi, ville transfrontalière

Commercialization of religion in Nigeria and the challenges of human and national development

Abu S. Edet Ph.D. Department of History and International Studies University of Calabar, Calabar (08035967414)

Abstract The struggle by people to seek miracles and new forms of religious quick fix bymodern day evangelical churches is becoming increasingly challenging. Nigeria is continuously observing laxity to work and services. This paper looks at the situation within a specific frame of religious and social reference by observing that contemporary Nigerian society is experiencing rapid religious mushrooming and disorder that needed government intervention. Keywords: religion, evangelical churches, commercialization, corruption, intervention.

A RESEARCH AGENDA ON GLOBALIZATION AND POLITICAL ISLAM IN NIGERIA

Nuruddeen Abubakar Department of History Nasarawa State University, Keffi.

ABSTRACT The Boko Haram challenge has jolted Nigeria to the need to seriously come to grip with the imperative of religion in our country. The inability of the western education system to cope with the needs of these Muslims has led to the dominance of the traditional Islamic schools in the acculturation of the populace. The paper argues for an urgent need to embark on a systematic study of the traditional Islamic education, the Muslim organizations, and the acculturation process of: the almajiri schools, the islamiyya schools, the higher ilm schools, the methods and perspectives of tafsir and da‟awa, and the role of the muslim NGOs and CBOs.

The ScaryFuture of the Cameroon University System in its Bilingual Context: Reflections from The University of Bamenda H. Ami-Nyoh (Ph.D) Department of History Higher Teacher Training College The University of Bamenda, Cameroon. (+237) 677 217 918

Abstract The emergence of a higher educational system in Cameroon saw the creation of the Cameroon federal university which following the countries constitutional formula, adopted a bilingual approach to integrate the two principal cultures that made up the country. In 1993, university reforms were put in place that resulted in readjustments on the original focus. This brought on board unilingual universities; a context within which The University of Bamenda was established in 2010. This paper examines the University of Bamenda‟s Anglo-Saxon culture as an entity wherein the bilingual aspirations of Cameroon are frustratingly exploited. It argues that the establishment of unilingual universities, such as that of Bamenda, in a country with bilingual structures that are not well fed, subjects one identity to the other and weakens the universities‟ ability to attend the country‟s higher education goals. It sustains that in the face of such lingual discrimination, the Cameroon university system breeds national division and hence disparities that do not fan scientific and bilingual progress in the country. It concludes that the exploitation of an Anglo-saxon principle as applied in the institution frustrates its accurate emergence in the world of university and graduate competitiveness. The paper proposes that upgrading all state universities in Cameroon to a bilingual status will encourage inter-university competition, joint research and enhance cohesion among students as well as among dons.

Key words: Bilingualism, culture, bias, identity and aspirations.

Cyber Caliphate and Digital Jihad: Boko Haram, the Islamic State and the Digital Threat to International Security

J.M Ayuba History Department Nasarawa State University, Keffi

Abstract The paper will explore how political extremists and terrorists groups like Boko Haram and the Islamic State (hereafter IS) are harnessing instant communications, social media and the growing digital space for radicalisation and recruitment. The entry of the IS into the digital space has introduced a dangerous dimension and has escalated the global cyber war. The “cyber caliphate” set up by the IS encouraged its followers to seize control of social media accounts and use them to spread jihadi propaganda. The cyber caliphate or space has become a base that the global digital jihad is being launched by extremist groups. Radicalisation and recruitment through the internet is becoming a threat to international security as digital jihadists living in their respective countries are being recruited online and are then directed from abroad. Therefore, homegrown and foreign-directed jihadi terrorism and radicalisation through the cyber space are real threat to global security. The paper will consider how the international community could respond and create counter-narratives to these developing networks.

The Essence of Qur'anic Revelation: An Analytical Study BY ATTAHIR SHEHU MAINIYO +234 8060060197 +234 8094069941 [email protected] DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES, USMANU DANFODIYO UNIVERSITY, SOKOTO

Abstract: It is well known by the Muslim scholars that the essence of the Qur'an advocates doing good to parents, relations and others as well as being honest and truthful in one's actions and dealings. This is not unconnected with the fact that the Glorious Qur‟an laid down, to man, a complete and final system for his guidance in his earthly life. Considering the fact that the life of an individual whether religious, social, economic including marriage and inheritance are incorporated in it, the need to study the essence of Qur‟anic revelation and reflect on its contents became an important aspect in Muslims lives. On the basis of this, Almighty Allah created the humankind and sent to them Prophets who read to them His Signs- Commands and Prohibitions- so that they are not left unguided. Accepting and following the guidance brought by these Prophets will, no doubt, amount to eternal bliss and eventually takes one to Paradise, which has been the ultimate goal of every Muslim. And those who go contrary will end up in a severe torment on the day of Requital. Taking this into consideration, Muslims believe, beyond doubt that the essence of Qur'anic revelation, when properly understood and utilized, has the potential of changing the religious, political, social as well as economic affairs of Muslims, the world over. It is therefore against this background that this paper intends to analyze and discuss the essence of the Qur'anic revelation. The paper is divided into three parts; the introduction which gives an introductory touch on the subject discussed, the body which presents Qur'anic essence as well as its classification drawing instances and discussion for better understanding of the topic and lastly the conclusion in which summary of the paper and other topical issues were expatiated.

Redefining Intellectuality: Uncovering "In-folded" Leadership in the African Slave Quarter Communities of the Antebellum United States

Mrs. Karen Marguerite Wilson-Ama'Echefu, PhD Senior Lecturer (Interdisciplinary Scholar) Department of Music, Faculty of Arts, University of Calabar UNICAL Guest House, Ekorinim Calabar, Nigeria 08100712011, 08171391707 [email protected]

Abstract Objective: To redefine intellectuality not as an academic novelty, but as a daily human activity involving problem identification, definition, analysis, and solution. The elite of a community perform this process for communal welfare often evident in effective forms of leadership. These are the "organic intellectuals" of which Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci wrote. Methodology: This paper presents an analysis of a Brer Rabbit story representing the intellectuality of Africans enslaved in nineteenth century South Carolina. It taught "in-folded" or hidden leadership and communal response to oppression utilizing African cultural materials. Conclusion: Effective organic intellectuality leads to informed action.The history and analysis demonstrates that enslaved Africans taught effective intellectuality in enslaved communities of the nineteenth century United States through story.

THE ROLE OF THE MUSIC EDUCATOR IN NATION BUILDING

NWEKE, Florence Ewomazino (Ph.D.) Department of Creative Arts, Faculty of Arts University of Lagos, Nigeria. [email protected] or [email protected] 08024744780.

Abstract Music continues to be used for extra-musical purposes, and as music educators we continue to be exhorted to use music to support other ideas, such as nationalism, citizenship and religion. Speculation about the role of music in the evolution of culture supports the view that the capacity for music was expressed early within each individual in every culture of the world and this is a consequence of its usefulness in behavior and inter-generational transmission that exploits its potential given the manner in which modern human societies conduct themselves. This study examines the roles of the music educator in building a nation worthy of emulation as well as its significant implication for the way we educate our young, both informally in the home and in the more formal setting of school.

Empirical Review of Budget Reforms Program in Nigeria

Dr Itodo, S. M. Department of Public Administration Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria +2348033138464

ONODUGO, IFEANYI CHRIS DEPT. OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA +2348035513652 Abstract The public sector budget in Nigeria, as in any other nation of the world, remains the most important policy thrust instrument or tool for different purposes including: economic, political, social and developmental. The Nigeria Federal budget has been facing a myriad of challenges dispossessing it of the powers to achieve its expected goals. Those problems include institutional, social and leadership dimensions. Budget management reforms were the major areas of the Nigeria public service reforms embarked upon since the inception of civilian administration in 1999. The major objective was to enhance budget discipline among others. This was predicated on the theoretic-al considerations that improving the process and management of budgeting through reforms would ultimately translate into improved budgetary outcome. This paper empiric-ally investigated the impact of budget reforms on the quality of budget management in Nigeria. It was therefore recommended that government should provide the leadership and political will not only to enforce the provisions of FRA. MTEF and other reform but to sanction those that short circuit the system to their advantage. This will go a long way to enhance compliance with the reforms and bring about the expected improvement in the quality of the nation‟s budget management. The paper concludes by making impeccable suggestions on how to curtail the monster before it finally ruins the budget process completely. Key Words: Budget, Reforms, Evaluation and Process

COMMUNITY GOVERNMENT COUNCIL, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN IMO STATE

UZOMA D. P. NOSIRI Department of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 08068614814, [email protected] & EMMANUEL C. NWACHUKWU Department of Public Administration Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo. 08060792010, [email protected]

ABSTRACT This work critically investigated the people‟s perception on the role of Community Government Council (CGC) on community participation and development in rural communities in Imo State. The main objectives of this work are to ascertain the extent the CGC has contributed to development in rural communities in Imo State, the extent the CGC has contributed to community participation in rural communities in Imo State and the factors undermining the operation of CGC for community participation and development in Imo State. This study used primary source like questionnaire instrument to collect data from the respondents. The mean score with four point likert scale and simple percentage statistical method were used to analyze the data collected. Based on the analysis, it was discovered that the activities of CGC have not adequately contributed towards enhancing community participation and development in rural communities in Imo State. And, certain factors like poor funding, poor staff, excessive state government control, corruption and desire to acquire political power etc undermined the operation of CGC in Imo State. This work recommended for provision of adequate funding, strengthening of local government system, more encouragement of mass participation than reliance on public bureaucracy, reintroduction and encouragement of Town Unions and other community based organization etc. Keywords: Community Government Council (CGC), Community Participation, Community Development, Rural Communities.

MANAGING PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT: A NECESSITY FOR POSITIVE ORGANISATIONAL OUTCOMES IN NIGERIAN PUBLIC SERVICE

UZOMA D. NOSIRI Department of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 08068614814, [email protected]

TOCHUKWU A. NJEMANZE Department of Public Administration, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo. 08068949922, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The degree of harmonious relationship between employers and employees lies on the level of fulfillment of expectations in organization. Therefore, this work critically examined the management of psychological contract in Nigeria public service. It aimed to make a justification for management of psychological contract and identify appropriate strategies for effective management of psychological contract for positive work related outcomes in Nigerian public service. This work used the secondary source of data collection to gather information while the data were analyzed qualitatively. This research maintained that management of psychological contract is very essential for achievement of positive outcome in Nigerian Public service because psychological contract fulfillment guarantees positive or harmonious relationship (between workers and employee), trusts, job satisfaction, high commitment, achievement of organizational goals, citizenship behavior etc. And this work argued that to effectively manage psychological contract in Nigerian public service, there is need for an effective definition of expectation (during orientation), fairness and justice, effective communication, encouragement of employee involvement etc. Keywords: Psychological Contract, Psychological Contract violation, Organisational outcomes, Nigerian Public Service.

Cashless Economy and the Nigerian Banking System

ONODUGO, IFEANYI CHRIS DEPT. OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA +2348035513652

Dr Itodo, S. M. Department of Public Administration Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria +2348033138464

Abstract This study examines the implications of cashless banking, with a view to exposing the possible challenges and prospects it poses to the Nigerian economy whilst employing aggregated approach. Analytically, this study employs descriptive statistical to highlights/overview the effectiveness of the cash-less policy of the CBN in Nigeria. This study was informed by the rising doubts as regards the effectiveness of various economic policies in achieving developmental goals of Nigeria. Moreover, the recent evolution of electronic money poses interesting questions of policy makers all over the world. This study also seeks to evaluate policies of the Central Bank of Nigeria as well as proffer valuable recommendations on the execution of cashless banking in Nigeria. The study presented significant recommendations: availability of sufficient and well-functioning infrastructural facilities (notably electricity), harmonization of fiscal and monetary policy, regular assessment of the performance of cashless banking channels (individually and collectively), consideration of the present state and structure of the economy, redesign of monetary policy framework and greater efforts towards economic growth whilst managing inflation. In inclusion, the shift towards a cashless Nigeria seems to be beneficial though it comes with high level of concerns over security and management of cost savings resulting from its implementation. Key Words: Cashless Economy, Banks, Banking System, Information Technology and Financial Transactions.

A Critical Analysis of the Philosophy of Ya Na Anmgbian and its Impact on the Growth of Africa’s Cultural Values

Akaa Paul Iortimbir (Ph.D Inview) Department of Philosophy, University of Calabar, Calabar 07034990416 & Anongu Iorhen Moses (M.A Inview). Department of Philosophy, University of Calabar, Calabar 08065594529

Abstract

This paper attempts to analyze the philosophy of Ya Na Anmgbian (eat and give your brother), and examine its impact on the growth of Africa‟s cultural values. The paper highlights and discusses the various ways in which Individualism is a privation of the rich African heritage. It identifies the effect of individualism and suggests possible ways to restoring Africa‟s lost glory. The methodology adopted in the work is expository and analytic. The paper considers both primary and secondary information as a source of data, and concludes that individualism is alien to Africa and should be disregarded.

Key words: Ya Na Angbian, Communalism, Individualism.

RE-EVALUATING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOR AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT

Nicholas Onyemechi Alumona Department of Religious Studies and Philosophy Delta State University, Abraka E-mail: [email protected] Phone Number: 08030974591

Discipline: Philosophy

Abstract Africa‟s development through foreign direct investment has become a challenge to the African continent. Scholars have attributed the seeming slow pace of development in Africa to several factors discouraging foreign direct investment. Suggestions to address this situation abound; most calling on African states to provide the enabling environment for foreign investors under this arrangement to help in solving Africa‟s socio-economic problems, irrespective of the disconnect between certain African cultural values and this Western oriented approach. However, we use the method of analysis to argue that policy makers should be more endogenous when entering into economic agreement with the so-called first world countries and accommodate certain positive values of the African culture. We therefore conclude that with interculturalism as the foundation of any economic solution to Africa‟s development problem, Africans would appreciate and participate more in development activities that concern them.

NEGATIVE CULTURE AND EDUCATION: CAN ARISTOTLE BE OF HELP? BISONG, PETER BISONG, ASIRA E. ASIRA & JOSEPH P. ESSIEN DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR, CALABAR

ABSTRACT Africa over the years has been struggling to catch up with other continents in terms of educational advancement. Many theories have been postulated in attempts to fashion out a better course for education in the continent. In spite of these attempts, Africa still lags behind. This work through a critical analysis aims at showing the great part culture has played in the slow growth of education in the continent. The work argues that some aspects of African (Nigeria specifically) culture need to be done away with, if education must thrive well in the continent. The work therefore, advocates for the use of „force training‟ as Aristotle postulated in his Nicomachean Ethics to change these dysfunctional aspects of culture so that the functional one would blossom. It is when this is done that education will blossom in Nigeria as well as in other African countries.

Certainty as Regulatve Idea: Contending with the Limitations of Social Science Research Method Dr Innocent Enweh Department: Philosophy, UNN 08166804697

Abstract Social Science research method could be said to be as varied as social problems are multiple. The difficulty, however, with obtaining accuracy in respect of solution to a given problem under study raises the question of the certainty of knowledge offered by these methods. Besides the crucial issues of validity and reliability which touch on the problem of foundation, there are difficulties related to heuristic as essential aspect of method. While some philosophers argue that the social scientist should give up glorifying scientism by assuring his own proper method, others think social scientist has not been scientific enough. This paper argues that if the limitations of the social science research method is to be contained, then the concept of certainty as result of inquiry has to be understood in terms of regulative idea. The paper adopts descriptive and analytic approaches. The result of the reflection is significant on more than two counts: First, it is grounded on the belief that scientific method is self-correcting and seeks to explain phenomena on the basis of observation and experience. Second, the inadequacies of the results of social science research method impose humility on the social scientist. Third, the short comings of the method provide impetus for further inquiry either by way of reformulation of the ontological and epistemological assumptions of the science or redesigning of method.

AFRICAN LIFE CIRCLE RITUALS AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT FOR EDUCATION By Kanu, Ikechukwu Anthony, O.S.A., Ph.D Augustinian Institute, Makurdi, Benue State [email protected]; +2348036345466

Abstract African life circle rituals are an integral dimension of life in traditional African societies. These rites occupy a glaring place, as it is an issue that forms the African traditional lifestyle. This piece studies the different major dimensions of the African life circle rituals. This research studies them as indigenous model of education, a model that creates a meeting point between education and culture. During the study, the hermeneutic and phenomenological methods of inquiry were employed for the collection and analysis of data. The inculturation theory was employed as a theoretical framework for this . It submits that these life circle rituals in traditional societies provided the socio-cultural context for education. And although it was disrupted by the colonial and missionary enterprises, it can still be incorporated into our education systems for the promotion of education and learning. Keywords: African, Rites of Initiation, Rites of Passage, Life Circle Rituals, Education, Socio-cultural, context

THE PHILOSOPHICAL CANONS OF AFRICAN INDIGENOUS EDUCATION By Kanu, Ikechukwu Anthony, O.S.A., Ph.D Augustinian Institute, Makurdi, Benue State [email protected]; +2348036345466

Abstract African traditional education was a model of teaching and learning that was employed in pre-colonial Africa for the oral transmission of knowledge from one generation to another, which preserved the socio-cultural structures of society. The burden of this research is to explore the meaning and nature of the African indigenous education within the context of the nature of the human person as a basis for education. It further attended to questions that boarder on the purpose and philosophical canons of African traditional education. The method employed in this research is the indigenous holistic method; this method is very important as the African indigenous education is holistic in nature. The research submits that before the advent of colonial masters and missionaries to Africa, the African people had a system of education which attended to the basic needs of the time, and which, although may be ancient, still has great relevance for the education in the 21st century.

Keyword: Philosophy, education, African, Traditional, Indigenous, principles

The disappearance of dialogue and the culture of death

Rev. Fr. Dr. Benjamin Nzenekwesi Eze, Bigard Memorial seminary, Enugu,

[email protected], +234 803 662 3587)

Abstract

Man is a being with others. The nature of man therefore, is that which is relational – vertical to God and horizontal to man. In his horizontal nature, man interacts, shares, enriches and develops himself in this encounter. Nevertheless, one experiences within this encounter, a Hobbesian world, in which man becomes a wolf to other man. The being – with – others in a society which is propelled naturally through the process of dialogue, has turned into oblivion by an obnoxious, paganistic and atheistic culture of death instead of life. The root of this culture stems from the absence of the vertical relationship with God. By living “as if God did not exist”, man not only loses sight of the mystery of God, but also of the mystery of the world and the mystery of his own being. The methodology used in the work is descriptive and analytical.

IQUISM AS AN ANTIDOTE TO COLONIALYSIS IN AFRICA: A RESPONSE TO THE POSITIONS OF EZEANI AND OKAFOR ON PHILOSOPHYIN AFRICA By Victor C. A. Nweke1and Emmanuel A. Agbo2

1Department of Philosophy, University of Calabar 2Department of Political Science, ESUT, Enugu.

Contacts of Corresponding Author: Email:[email protected] Phone: 07063019863

ABSTRACT Iquism is an acronym for intelligent and pragmatic questioning while colonialysis refers to a pathological form of inferiority complex that is often instilled by colonial invasion and miseducation.Accordingly, this paper deals with the problem of colonialysis in Africa. This is evident in the sheepish acceptance of Western inventions and the Westernization of everything in Africa by most Africans. Responding to the views of Ezeani (2005) and Okafor (2006) that the practice of philosophy in Africa must address issues perturbing Africa, the paper aims at showing how philosophy can help to generate an antidote to colonialysis in Africa. It adopts the analytic and argumentative methods of philosophy. Ultimately, the papersubmits that the requisite antidote that will help to cure Africa and most Africans of colonialysis is the development and inculcation of a critical and creative attitude towards Western values, institutions and inventions. Philosophy has the ability to generate the said attitude in Africa because going by Ezeani‟s conceptualization, philosophy is by nature the science of Intelligent and Pragmatic Questioning.

Key words:Africa, Colonialysis, Iquism, Miseducation, Philosophy

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATION OF POLITICAL MANIFESTO AS IDEOLOGY VIS-À-VIS POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA Dr. Stephen Chijioke Nwinya Department of Philosophy and Religion Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki E-mail [email protected] +2348067966185

Abstract Multi-party system is indispensible to democratic governance it provides alternatives when change in governance desired. However, the choice of alternative political parties is based on the assessment of the prospects of the parties presented as manifestos. But when the political manifestoes of parties do not show any significant differences or lacks ideological underlying the exercise of the power of choice of alternatives is rendered ineffective. This paper is a philosophical appraisal of ideology as the underlying of political manifesto and underscored that absence of clear-cut ideology is the bane of political parties in Nigeria. It recommended a well planned formation of at most three political parties with distinct ideologies, as the panacea to Nigeria‟s political parties‟ imbroglio.

ADDRESSING RELIGIOUS FANATICISM IN NIGERIA USING ASOUZU’S IBUANYIDANDA PHILOSOPHY

Ogbonnaya, Lucky Uchenna Department of Philosophy, University of Calabar [email protected] +2347030423354 And Ugoha, Azubuike Department of Religious and Cultural Studies, University of Calabar Calabar - Nigeria

Abstract Nigeria as a nation is today characterized by religious fanaticism, which has led to violent religious extremism. This has made religion a factor that is disintegrating the nation instead of fostering national unity and development. It has also led to loss of lives and properties as well as creates fear and instability in the country. This paper is therefore of the view that Asouzu‟s ibuanyidanda philosophy can act as a possible solution to this social menace that is bedeviling country. Ibuanyidanda philosophy is an ontology that harmonizes and unifies realities, regardless of their differences. This is possible through what Asouzu calls „noetic propaedeutic‟ – the pre-education of the mind. It is this process that can bring religious adherents to practice religion within the bounds of reason since religious fanaticism takes them out of the realm of reason. This is indeed the path to unity and progress for the nation, regardless of religious differences. This paper employs the critical method of reflection, analysis, evaluation and reasoned prescription. Key Terms: Asouzu, Ibuanyidanda Philosophy, Noetic Propaedeutic, Religious Fanaticism.

RETHINKING THE PROSPECT OF ETHICS IN RELATION TO THE QUEST FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF NIGERIA BY OJONG, LAWRENCE O DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR, CALABAR, NIGERIA [email protected] 08039283946

Abstract This paper is a philosophical discourse on rethinking the prospects of ethics in relation to the quest for the transformation of Nigeria. The paper presents a contextual clarification of the meaning and purpose of ethics. Thus, ethics deals with the morality of human conducts. That is, ethics is concerned with the rightness and wrongness of human behaviour especially in a given society. In this sense, ethics deals with the basic principles of morality. Consequently, the paper argues that morality is the basis for the social, political and economic development of any society. it also posits that the current problems of development in Nigeria are consequences of immoral actions such as corruption. What this comes to is that Nigeria is morally sick. In view of this, the paper concludes that, the study of ethics and the application of sound ethical principles is very significant to the quest for social, political and economic transformation of Nigeria.

NEUTRALIZING THE APPLICATION OF THRASYMACHUS’ IDEA OF JUSTICE IN NIGERIA AND ITS EFFECTS

UDUAGWU,CHUKWUELOKA. S. DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR, CALABAR NIGERIA 08060489346

ABSTRACT This paper is mainly concerned with the problem of social injustice in Nigeria that stems from the disregard for the rule of law by political leaders and wealthy individuals. It is fundamentally analytic and prescriptive. The paper argues that the major factor responsible for the seemingly incessant abuse of the rule of law in Nigeria is the subtle acceptance and application of the idea of Thrasymachus that “Might is Right.” In this regard, it x-rays and juxtaposes the basic imports of Thrasymachus‟ idea and the effects of its application in Nigeria before and after independence. The paper concludes with a call to curb the flagrant abuse of the rule of law in Nigeria through public sensitization and public pressure.

A PHILOSOPHICAL APPRAISAL OF ABORTION USING KANT’S CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

UMEZURIKE JOHN EZUGWU PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR, CALABAR 08060488970

AND EMMANUEL RAPHAEL UJOH DEPARTMENT of PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR, CALABAR 08033557144

Abstract The problem of abortion has taken a pre-eminent posture in the social stratum of our nation. It has generated a twisting and an unending debate between pro-abortionists and anti-abortionist. This work titled “A philosophical appraisal of abortion using Kant‟s categorical imperative” nullified the pro-abortionists‟ view that the foetus has no personality and, therefore, should be treated as a means to an end. In line with the anti- abortionists, the work insisted that the foetus from the moment of conception is a human being and thus should not be treated as a means to an end but as an end in itself. It adopts Kant‟s notion of goodwill. Here, the will can achieve its absolute goodness only when it performs what moral law commands, and does this solely out of pure respect for the law itself (not this or that particular law, but law is general) and disregards all other ends. The work contended that it is our duty to save life irrespective of who is involved and how it is going to affect us. It admits that an act is morally praiseworthy, only if it is done neither for self-interested reasons, nor as a result of a natural disposition or sympathy, but rather on the basis of duty. The position of this work is that Kant‟s “categorical imperative” provides a sound moral standard for assessing the positions of the pro-abortionists and the anti-abortionists. Having used Kant‟s categorical imperative, this work maintains that the pro-abortionists‟ arguments cannot stand the moral test when critically analyzed. It exposes the fact that the foetus as a human being deserves respect, and that abortion is morally reprehensible since we cannot will that it should become a universal law of nature.

Consolidating Democracy in Africa and the Question of the “Third term agendas” Kwame Asah-Asante, Department of Political Science, University of Ghana, Legon & Isaac Brako Department of Political Science, University of Education, Winneba.

Abstract Following the inception of the third wave of democratization in Africa, steps have been taken in many states on the continents to consolidate, deepen and entrench democratic rule. A new trend that is however rearing its ugly head is the attempts by some leaders to manipulate legislators to amend certain clauses in their constitution to extend the tenure of leaders beyond the constitutionally mandated two-term maximum tenure per person. In some instances, the leaders seek to be given a third term, while in some other cases, they ask for an indefinite period. Though a few have failed, many leaders have succeeded in their bid, while several others are in the process of hatching up plans to do so.This emerging trend has the potential of wreaking havoc on the already fragile states on the continent and steps need to be taken to nip it in the bud.This paper examines this phenomenon that has become known as the third term agenda and its implications on democratic consolidation in Africa.

Re-emergence of Military Coups in Africa: Lessons for Ghana’s Fledgling Democracy Isaac Brako, University of Education, Winneba & Kwame Asah-Asante, University of Ghana, Legon.

Abstract Ghana, like many other African states, was caught in the throes of military coups d‟état, counter coups, abortive coups and coup plots. The phenomenon, which was rife during the 1960s through 1980s subsided and seemed to have disappeared on the continent with the wind of democratisation sweeping across the globe bringing in the wake transitions from military dictatorships to democratic rule. Corruption, constitutional crisis, ethnocentrism and bad governance are some of the prime factors often cited as grounds by the military adventurists to justify their intervention in governance. With the pockets of military and abortive coups raring their ugly faces on the continent against after more than two decades of respite, it becomes imperative to resume discussions on the coup phenomenon. This paper seeks to contribute to the debate on the motivations for frequent military take-overs and lessons Ghanaian political leaders must learn in order to avert a reversion to the eras of coups.

The State as the Recrudescence of the Animus in Man

Egwuogu, Bonny Ikenna, PhD Dept. of Political Science Imo State University, Owerri 08033303931

Abstract The brutish and nasty predispositions of the Hobbessian state of nature were such that man had to seek to escape from the debilitating infractions associated with same. The result was the creation of the political community or what Hobbes himself characterized as the Leviathan. However in seeking to escape from the inanities of the so-called state of nature, man created a Frankenstein monster in the mould of the modern day nation-state which single-minded devotion to the realization of the national interest has resulted in the fragrant deployment of power as both an instrumentality and as an end in itself. The problem that animates this study is to interrogate the emergent paradox. Our data are from secondary sources and the research is descriptive. The study concludes that based on the problems associated with the overbearing attributes of the state, man did not quite succeed in escaping from the drawbacks of the state of nature and must begin to contrive a better alternative.

CONTRADICTORY JUDICIAL RULINGS IN ELECTION TRIBUNAL CASES OF THE 2015 GENERAL ELECTION: IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA’S DEMOCRACY

Hillary I. Ekemam, Ph.D Department of Political Science Imo State University, Owerri Phone: 0803-706-9442; E-Mail: larryimsuyahoo.com

Abstract This paper focuses on the contradictory election tribunal rulings of the 2015 Nigerian General election. Our objective is to examine some of the rulings in order to ascertain the extent to which these contradictions constitute miscarriage of justice as well as its implication for Nigeria‟s democratic development. Both the System and Structural Functionalism theories provide anchor for our assumptions. Our source of data is secondary while analysis is qualitative, descriptive, and comparative. The paper found that a situation where same legal principles where employed to realize different and conflicting outcomes, is in fact, a miscarriage of justice and tantamount to underdevelopment of Nigeria‟s democracy.

THE LEARNING CURVE IN INSURGENCY AND COUNTERINSURGENCY: THE NIGERIAN CASE Sampson I. Ekwonna, Ph. D Department of Political Science Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State [email protected] 08033104995

ABSTRACT Nigeria can be said to have had some history of insurgency, and should possess a decent degree of experience in counterinsurgency, that should reflect in all levels of the state response system – policy, strategy and tactics. However, the body language and pronouncements of the Buhari campaign and administration, and the Jonathan administration‟s response, on Boko Haram challenge, all put together, reflect a muddle that questions both history and experience – and by extension, the capability of the state to deal with serious Fourth Generation Warfare (4GW). And, the insurgents are not doing any better, either. This paper tries to explain the development of the phenomenon of insurgency and its alter ego as a concept and as real challenge to the Nigerian state. The major queries here are: what lessons are there to learn; what lessons are being learnt; and what lessons are not being learnt, by the adversaries? Our approach is purely analytical, and the actions and behaviours of the Nigerian state and the insurgents are examined for the lessons of the 4GW theory/ concept. Our conclusion exposes the gap between the perceptions of the adversaries and the demands of the 4GW in which they are engaged.

Good Governance and Sustainable Peace: Panacea for National Development in Nigeria Academic Discipline: Political Science Dr. Godwin E. Essoh Department of Administration Ritman University, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria [email protected]

Abstract Transitional societies face a myriad of problems which include incessant conflicts. Some scholars and international financial institutions believed that economic growth and neoliberal economic policies in support of it would reduce poverty and end conflicts. While not disputing the role of economic growth in a country‟s development, this paper takes the view that a holistic approach that includes good governance can do more to promote sustainable peace and development. The methodology for this paper was content analysis of documents, articles, and other written sources. The paper observes that the absence of good governance provides the breeding ground for incessant conflicts such as insurgencies, as well as a general insecurity of lives and property. It concludes that a developmental model that takes cognisance of this can provide the best option for transitional societies in need of lasting peace and development.

PROBLEMS OF NATIONAL BUDGET AND BUDGETING IN NIGERIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF 2016 BUDGET

Paschal O.I. Igboeche Department of Political Science Imo State University, Owerri. Phone: 08022725977 Email: [email protected]

Abstract The paper attempt to examine problems of national budget and budgeting in Nigeria with particular reference to 2016 budget, Thus, the objectives of this paper are to explore the principles of sound budget and budgeting and also to find out the problems of associated with the national budget in Nigeria, using 2016 budget as an example. Dependency theory will be used while data will be collected through secondary sources. Exploratory research model will employed while historical and descriptive methods based on content analysis will used in the analysis of data. The paper finds among others, that national budgets in Nigeria are riddle with deficit and there is over-dependence on petro-dollar incomes. The paper recommends that there is need for Nigeria to diversify her economic sector so as to create healthy economy and also to avoid constant foreign borrowing as a means of financing national budget.

ELECTORAL VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA: A HINDERANCE TO DEMOCRATIC STABILITY

Emmanuel N. Iheanacho Ph.D. Department of Political Science, Imo State University, Owerri [email protected]

ABSTRACT Since Nigeria attained her independence, almost all general elections have been marred by violence. It is these acts of violence that actually prevented Nigeria‟s democracy from stabilizing. The basic thrust of this paper is to examine this incidence of electoral violence in Nigeria and determine its implication on democratic stability. The paper makes use of secondary data as its source of information. It observes that electoral violence has prevented people from participating in the political process thereby militating against democratic deepening in Nigeria. It recommends that political parties should conduct their campaigns on the basis of issues rather than attacking political opponents and raising religious and ethnic sentiments.

Key words: Electoral violence, Democratic stability, Democracy.

Consolidating Democracy in Africa and the Question of the “Third Term Agenda”

Kwame Asah-Asante Department of Political Science University of Ghana Legon

Isaac Brako Department of Political Science University of Education Winneba.

Abstract

Following the inception of the third wave of democratization in Africa, steps have been taken in many states on the continents to consolidate, deepen and entrench democratic rule. A new trend that is however rearing its ugly head is the attempts by some leaders to manipulate legislators to amend certain clauses in their constitution to extend the tenure of leaders beyond the constitutionally mandated two-term maximum tenure per person. In some instances, the leaders seek to be given a third term, while in some other cases, they ask for an indefinite period. Though a few have failed, many leaders have succeeded in their bid, while several others are in the process of hatching up plans to do so.This emerging trend has the potential of wreaking havoc on the already fragile states on the continent and steps need to be taken to nip it in the bud.This paper examines this phenomenon that has become known as the third term agenda and its implications on democratic consolidation in Africa.

HOUSEHOLD WOODFUELCONSUMPTION AND EFFECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA

Naphtali John, PhD* Department of Economics, Federal University, Lokoja.

& AtimanKasima Wilson, ** Department of General Studies,Federal Polytechnic, Bali.

Abstract This study examined the effects of woodfuel consumption as a source of household cooking choice on climate change mitigation in Taraba State, Nigeria. The study was a survey research where a total of two hundred and forty respondents from four wards in Jalingo metropolis were randomly selected and data collected was analyzed using SPSS 17.0.The study showed that households consume more of woodfuel for cooking and heating needs than other energy substitutes like kerosene, liquefied gas (LPG) and electricity due to higher cost, unavailability of the substitutes and other major determinants like income, population of the household, usage and equipment. The study revealed that climate change is a serious problem that affects health, agriculture and water, rainfall, biodiversity, air quality etc. The study recommended more availability of substitute energy to households by the Federal Government at cheaper costs.

POST COLD WAR WORLD AND CONTEMPORARY SECURITY CHALLENGES: RE-VISITING NEW THREATS TO GLOBAL PEACE Obikaeze, Victor Chibuike Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Rhema University, Nigeria [email protected] 08063014090

Abstract The Post Cold War international system has witnessed new threats to global peace and security. It is a commonplace fact that lethal terrorist activities, contagious intra-national conflicts as well as transnational criminal activities are today pervading global arena. Regrettably, the situation has continued to escalate astronomically despite its devastating effects. Consequently, the study is aimed at providing a content analysis of the causes, dimensions and effects of the stated phenomena on the global community. The methodology adopted was that of descriptive, thereby deriving heavily from the secondary sources for data collection with the theoretical framework of analysis anchoring on “systems theory.” The paper finds out that internal armed conflicts are on the increase especially in most of ethnically polarized and economically challenged nations; that the number of deaths resulting from terrorist attacks after the end of cold war is obviously alarming; and transnational criminal activities have taken different forms and astonishing velocity in the Post Cold War World. To confront the situation squarely, there must be a collective effort towards tackling the present security threats in the world today, and the paper arguably believes that only a supranational body in collaboration with a strong and unbiased world leader (hegemon) that can effectively lead other nations in the fight against pervasive global security threats.

Key Words: Post Cold War, Security, Peace, Terrorism, Intra-national Conflict, Transnational Crime

Suffering in Midst of Plenty: Rentier Economy and Challenges of Good Governance in Nigeria By Charles Arinze Obiora,Ph.D Department of Political Science Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria Email: [email protected] Phone: +2348037497247

& Okonkwo, Clement Nwafor Department of Political Science Madonna University, Okija, Nigeria. Email: [email protected] Phone: +2348039713711

Abstract This study evaluates the implications of a rentier economy on Nigerian socio-political life. The study adopted observation method of data collection which enhanced the usage of secondary sources of data. The relative deprivation theory was utilised as the framework of analysis around which the study was done. The theory helped the study prove among other things that aggression and violence are consequences of frustration and relative deprivation of socio-political and economic needs of the people of Nigeria. This is as a result of an oil dependent economy which allows the monopolisation of the economy by the political elite thereby denying the masses their inalienable share of the boom. The study therefore believes that the rentier posture of Nigerian economy has a link with the prevailing socio-political crises in Nigeria. The study recommends diversification of the economy and industrialisation and deemphasizes dependence on the volatile oil economy which stunt her economic growth and create socio-political crises in Nigeria.

Key words: rentier, socio-political crises, economy, diversification, crude oil.

Is Colonial Education Mental Slaveryon African Renaissance? A Socio-Political Discourse Analysis

Onyebuchi Chima1 08124071478

Emefiena Ezeani2 09030068492 Dept of Political Science

Abstract There is a growing literature on the economic effects of European colonisation and on the negative dimensions of colonial education on the development or underdevelopment of Africa but there seems to be a lack of scholarly analysis of what is learnt in the „colonial styled‟ educational institutions and what is extant in the socio-political society of Africa and amongst Africans. This paper attempts to bring to focus the premise that African problem which is usually seen mainly from the capital and economic management lenses, is substantially linked to its educational system and curriculum which is devoid of a context-relevant philosophy of education. An everyday practise analysis of the existential dichotomy between what is thought, what is learnt and what is practiced of the colonial education on Africans and African renaissance is undertaken and advocates the reworking of the philosophy of education in Africa. It recommends the adoption of the ịma philosophy of Education, where ịma which literally means knowing, embodies also two other crucial but neglected educational goals: acquisition of analytic intelligence - ịma ịhe (wisdom) and common-sense or social intelligence -ịma nke m (self-knowledge) which are distinct from academic intelligence -ịma-ackwukwo (text-book knowledge).

CULTURE AS A DETERMINANT OF CHILD ABUSE IN NIGERIA: A CRIMINOLOGICAL STANDPOINT

NNAM, M UCHENNA1 & EZIULO, JOY OBILA2 1Department of Political Science/Psychology/Sociology/Philosophy/Criminology and Security Studies, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo (FUNAI), Ebonyi State, [email protected]; 07033063883

2Sir Francis Akanu Ibiam Grammar School, PMB 1121, Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Email: [email protected]; Tel: +2347030919455

Abstract The general objective of this paper is to examine culture as a determinant of child abuse in Nigeria within the context of criminology. The basic principles of culture conflict theory formed our theoretical framework. Child abuse is more common in a society where harmful cultural practises hold sway and/or are entrenched than otherwise. This social problem is attributed to the unwise acceptance and application of Western culture and civilisation. Although it may be advantageous to the „abusers‟, child abuse in reality has profound negative implications for a child and societal growth and development. Child abuse results in severe social, psychological, economic, physical, academic and medical problems. The paper recommends, among other things, that Nigerian government and civil society groups should on a regular basis organise town hall meetings and interactive sessions with traditional rulers and relevant traditional associations/town unions so as to identify, review and abolish possible harmful cultural practises in their various communities. Keywords: Child Abuse, Criminological Standpoint, Culture, Determinant, Nigeria.

======

1 Onyebuchi Chima is a lecturer, researcher and attorney at law. He received his postgraduate degree in international politics andD.Phil. in social science (International Political Economy) from Northumbria University Newcastle, UK. He is currently a Politics lecturer at Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo (FUNAI), Ebonyi State. Email:[email protected], [email protected] 2Emefiena Ezeani is a lecturer, researcher and a catholic priest. He received his postgraduate degree in International Development from University of London and PhD in social science (Social Policy and Politics) from University of Hull, UK. He is currently a lecturer in the Department of Political Science/Psychology/Sociology at Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo (FUNAI), Ebonyi State. Email:[email protected], [email protected] 31

DECONSTRUCTION OF KIDNAPPING IN NIGERIA: ARTICULATING ANOMIE WITH SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIES

NNAM, M UCHENNA Department of Political Science/Psychology/Sociology/Philosophy/Criminology and Security Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo (FUNAI), PMB 1010, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Email: [email protected]; Tel: +2347033063883

Abstract This paper revisited the long-running heated debate on deconstruction philosophy among Social Scientists in the academia, especially in the sociology-cum-criminology community. This was an attempt to rekindle intellectual curiosity among scholars‟ and students‟ (Postgraduates precisely) of social problem and ultimately (re)echoed the exigencies of applying integrated theoretical framework in social studies. Anomie and social conflict theories were combined to explore the complexities of kidnapping in Nigeria, taking into consideration the meaning, nature and several factors that give rise to the crime. Although a single theory may be adopted as a theoretical framework to underpin a study or (to some extent) provides a definite answer to crime of all typologies, the conclusion/recommendation was reached that a systematic combination of theories that are relevant to a particular subject matter remains the best approach or framework for solving societal problems like kidnapping.

Keywords: Anomie and Social Conflict Theories, Articulating, Deconstruction, Kidnapping, Nigeria.

The Ugly Face of Religion

Angwe Ken Agede, Ph.D. Department of Religion and Philosophy Benue State University Makurdi, Benue State 08080164855 [email protected]

Abstract

We are currently witnessing attempts to unilaterally impose a strict Muslim identity on Nigeria by a radical Muslim group that designates itself Boko Haram (Western education is sinful). To an extremist, “Islam is the answer,” and “Jihad is the way.” The group has utilized a wide array of terror techniques, including but not limited to suicide bombings, in pursuant of this policy. This totalizing approach to religion raises a number of problems for the country. Constitutionally, Nigeria is a secular state, a status that prohibits the privileging of one religion over the other(s), or, religion over no-religion or vice versa. This ideology further raises another set of problems: Nigeria is a pluralistic society whose roughly 170 million population is almost even split between Christians and Muslims, with a tiny percentage of adherents to African Traditional Religion (ATR). In this essay, I argue that fundamentalism fails its own test; for although it formulates its thesis in epistemological terms it can only dogmatically assert it. I conclude that the “god” the human mind knows so well and can infallibly articulate, and which is believed to authorize killing in his name is the one the human mind has invented.

Constructing a Four Generation of Christian Ecological Motifs and the Need for African Traditional Ecological Knowledge as the Fifth Generation

Cyprian Obiora Alokwu, PhD ([email protected]) 08036069619

Abstract This paper traces the evolution of some key components of the classical Christian ecological thoughts represented in the „four generations‟ and seeks to introduce the need for, as well as explore the resources of African indigenous ecological ethics as the „fifth generation‟ of ecological motif. The methodology used was critical review of some eco-theological materials, the result of which was the construction of „four generations‟ of ecological motifs in Christianity running through centuries. The paper argues that in this age of „cultural erosion‟ caused by modernity, globalisation and development, the appropriation of African indigenous ecological ethics could provide the much needed solutions to Africa‟s and indeed global environmental challenges.

CAUSES OF INADEQUATE ACQUISITION OF EDUCATIONAL MULTIMEDIA AMONG STUDENT-TEACHERS OF CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN ISI-UZO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE

BAIYERI, HEZEKIAH B. 08053505185 DEPT. OF CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS STUDIES, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, EHA-AMUFU, ENUGU STATE

Abstract Lack of access to multimedia-capable machines could hinder end users the benefits from multimedia courseware. Studies have shown, as presented in the body of this work, that causes of inadequate acquisition of educational multimedia are numerous at tertiary level of educational institutions in Nigeria, specifically, among university lecturers in Nigeria; and the gap in literature and empirical studies points to the fact that evidence-based survey needs to be carried out to identify peculiar causative factors militating against acquisition of educational multimedia among student-teachers in post-primary and primary levels of educational institutions in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was carried out, as a descriptive survey and was able to identify barriers to acquisition of educational multimedia among student-teachers of Christian Religious Studies in selected teaching practice schools in Isi-Uzo L.G.A of Enugu State, Nigeria. Causative factors identified include the followings: lack of multimedia support facilities (e.g. room for storage of hardwares); lack of materials to improvise educational multimedia; lack of technological skills to operate multimedia facilities such as computer hardwares; inadequate support from school administration ( e. g. for consultation and orientation); and inadequate electricity supply.

THOMAS OSEYI EBHOMIENLEN, PHD

DEPT. OF RELIGIOUS MANAGEMENT AND CULTURAL STUDIES, AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY, EKPOMA, EDO STATE. [email protected] +2348066839635

Abstract This paper discusses religious fanaticism and religious ecumenism in Nigeria as a recipe for national development. The paper aims at revealing that unity of religions most especially the Abrahamic Religions- Islam and Christianity would ameliorate fanaticism which is one of the offshoots of crisis in Nigeria. The study uses existing literature and phenomenological method of gathering of data to achieve its objective. The findings of the research reveals that religious fanaticism is responsible for the wanton destruction of live and property in Nigeria which brings set back to national development. Hence, it was suggested among others for Nigeria to gain its national development more effort should be put in place to encourage religious ecumenism to make room for peaceful co-existence which is requisite for national development

THE PLACE OF BIBLICAL RESEARCH AND LANGUAGES IN MINISTERIAL WORK

EGBUJOR, GODSON OBUMNEKE PhD NEW TESTAMENT BIBLICAL STUDIES EMAIL: [email protected] [email protected] PHONE: 08063299180, 08055439034

Abstract No single issue should dominate the agenda of the church today more than the issue of Biblical research and interpretation. This is not only because various methods of interpretation have been proposed in the last few decades which have more or less made concessions to higher criticism, but many other issues which the church has faced are rooted to Hermeneutical approaches to Scripture. Issues like homosexuality, marriage and divorce, etc.. No one could talk about interpreting the scripture without a thorough consideration of the biblical research and languages. This paper, therefore, concentrates on the Place of Biblical research and languages in ministerial work following the need to bring to an end the poor research and foul application of the scripture. Various concepts on the issue as proposed by scholars were placed into serious consideration wherein the researcher notices the various evils committed for not giving biblical research and languages a priority in the ministry. Hence the recommendation that for a proper safe landing of the church and Christian faith today, there should be a sturdy revitalization of the biblical research and languages in the ministry.

Key words: Place, Biblical research, Biblical languages, Ministry

THE PLACE OF BIBLICAL RESEARCH AND LANGUAGES IN MINISTERIAL WORK

EGBUJOR, GODSON OBUMNEKE PhD NEW TESTAMENT BIBLICAL STUDIES EMAIL: [email protected] [email protected] PHONE: 08063299180, 08055439034

Abstract This paper concentrates on the Place of Biblical research and languages in ministerial work following the need to bring to an end the poor research and foul application of the scripture. Various concepts on the issue as proposed by scholars were placed into serious consideration wherein the researcher notices the various evils committed for not giving biblical research and languages a priority in the ministry. Hence the recommendation that for a proper safe landing of the church and Christian faith today, there should be a sturdy revitalization of the biblical research and languages in the ministry.

Key words: Place, Biblical research, Biblical languages, Ministry

African Christian Church in the Post Modern Era and the New Testament Early church: An Evaluation

Ikechi Chidi Ekpendu, Ph.D Department of Religious Studies Babcock University Ilisan Remo, Ogun State Nigeria [email protected] 08033244938

Abstract The New Testament Christian church had cultural dominant influence in the lives of the people which was seen in their morals, interactions, behavior, and lifestyle which swayed people around them to join the Church and brought change to the society. This impact, is either declining or is no longer seen or felt or has lost her focus in this era in Africa. This study sought to find out if the African Christian Church in the Post Modern Era has lost its relevance, investigate the extent to which it deviated and discover the factors affecting the church and suggest ways these anomalies can be corrected. Qualitative and descriptive research method was used in this work. It was discovered that the African Christian Church in this Era has declined in her influence in the society due to lack of ethical behavior by ministers, nominalism, secularism, apathy, syncretism, new age doctrine and compromise which has given rise to proliferation of churches, deviation from biblical truth, quest for money, power, popularity and politicking. This paper suggested among others that the Church should return to the bible and the bible alone (sola scriptora) which is the basic manual for the church.

SECURING A FAITH DEVOID OF FANATICISM: AN IMPERATIVE IN THE NIGERIAN SOCIO-RELIGIOUS SPACE

EGBUNU, FIDELIS ELEOJO (PhD) Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State.

GSM: 08068515750 E-mail: [email protected] Specialty: Religion, Society and Cultural Studies

ABSTRACT The contemporary Nigerian socio-religious space is dominated by two virile religions (Islam and Christianity). However, the larger part of the past three decades has witnessed many areas of the land being engulfed in an inferno of ethno-religious crises and violence. This is more often attributable to the aggressive, disintegrative or destructive tendencies of some of the adherents of these religions. Applying the sociological and historical methods of investigation, this paper submits that this unhealthy scenario leaves much to be desired since religion is supposed to serve as an integrative force. Securing a faith devoid of fanaticism is therefore an imperative in our search for a united, peaceful and progressive nation.

THE PLACE OF WOMEN IN LAUDATO SI: THE NIGERIAN REFLECTION

NGOZI N. IHEANACHO University of Port Harcourt

ABSTRACT For over five decades now humanity has remained in continuous search for realistic and sustainable solutions to the problem of environmental degradation. Environmental policies are either glossed over and, or they offer ephemeral solutions. The problem remains. From Pope Francis comes the first encyclical on the environment – Laudato Si, addressed to all people of the world, to retreat towards addressing the crisis holistic understanding of the world as a spiritually integrated order of creation, with humans responsible for its preservation as stewards. In addition to the inclusive and ecumenical call of the pontiff, the world is now gender sensitive, hence this contribution takes on the problem of articulating the place of women in the pedagogical address. In the qualitative analysis with Nigeria, as major reference point, the reflection of women‟s ambivalent cultural conception is crystallized. Women are closer to nature, and are involved in cyclical exploitation and assault of the eco-system. They also bear the brunt and consequence of the unhealthy eco-system. Yet, they are identified as veritable instruments for heralding the exhortations and crusade of Laudato Si.

Key words: Nigeria; Women; Environmental degradation; Laudato Si; Reflection

REPOSITIONING BIBLICAL THEOLOGY IN RESPONSE TO MERCHANTILE CHRISTIANITY IN NIGERIA

REV DR LUCKY O IKECHIAMAKA BIBLICAL STUDIES (NEW TESTAMENT) CRS DEPARTMENT, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ZARIA

ABSTRACT Biblical theology and its consequent product of biblical Christianity have been under severe fire by the wide spread of the impact of mercantile Christianity. The sort of Christianity that focuses on money and makes money the sole aim of setting up such churches, the pastors or the founders of such congregations specializes on twisting the bible passages to favour their extortive and exploitative practices, conjure up miracles and fake up prophesies to entice the innocent and unsuspecting congregation. The problem here is that such mercantile gospel preachers pull the largest crowd whose sole aim of following the Lord Jesus is to get money; the issues of personal salvation and holiness are never hammered home. This paper aims at repositioning the biblical theology by studying the foundational roots of mercantile Christianity, the manipulative practices, the content of their gospel and the negative impact of this kind of Christianity. This paper in repositioning biblical theology recommends a journey back to the bible as a way of salvaging the gospel from this bastardization.

RELIGIOUS FANATICISM AND GLOBAL PEACE

Ogbuehi, Friday Ifeanyi. Lecturer, Trinity Theological college, Umuahia, Abia State.

Abstract The research examined religious fanaticism and its consequences on global peace. Fanaticism is the practice of religious beliefs to the extreme. It is an uncontrolled exercise of faith which goes beyond the limit set by a particular religion. Fanatics show excess enthusiasm in the implementation of the tenets of their religion at the detriment of peace and order in the world. They have also made the world restless which accounts for the incessant elusive search for peace across the globe. The work investigated on fanaticism in order to examine various ways fanaticism has been a responsible factor for global restiveness, with the aim of proffering solutions that will help to reduce global religious uprisings and usher in global peace. Phenomenological method was used and the work was descriptive and analytical. The study covered Christianity, Islam and Christianity. In the course of this work, two sources were used which include primary and secondary sources. The primary source include observation while the secondary sources are books, Journals, newspapers, dictionaries and internet materials. It has been discovered that fanaticism cuts across religion to socio-political, economic and cultural dimension of human life. Fanaticism is born out of wrong doctrines, excess enthusiasm, superficiality of religious doctrines, ethnocentricism and superiority complex. These have been the remote causes of most of the global wars and restiveness. In conclusion, man is inherently fanatical. Although, fanaticism can be controlled by applying moderation in the practice of religious faith. It is only when this is done that peace can be restored which is a vital ingredient for coexistence, growth and development.

The Importance of Biblical Research in Repositioning the Church for National Development

Festus Osom Omosor Department of Religious Studies and Philosophy, Delta State University, Abraka Email: [email protected] Gsm: 07060881502

Abstract The church shapes the thoughts of its adherents and influences their actions; but majority of “ministers” are inadequate in interpreting the bible. Consequently, adherents are fertilized with counter-productive ideas and plunged into actions and practices that have negative consequences for national development. With specific example of some doctrinal issues, this paper examines the role of biblical research in addressing this problem as a catalyst for national development. The paper applies the hermeneutical, descriptive and sociological approaches. Its conclusion is that the bible is dangerously misapplied due to interpretative miscarriage. It therefore recommends ministerial reliance on the benefits of biblical research.

Key words: biblical research, interpretation, ministry, national, development.

CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES IN THE CATHOLIC PERCEPTION OF CONSECRATED LIFE IN THE LIGHT OF JOHN 17:17-19

C. I. Osunwokeh. (Ph.D) Dept. of philosophy and Religion, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki 08035409730

Abstract The Catholic Faith tradition adopts for persons within the Catholic fold a state of life known as “consecrated Life”. Individual Catholics who freely submit themselves for special screening and training towards such life are recognized and accepted as consecrated persons. Obviously in view of commitment pledged and vows professed, preceding such recognition and acceptance, much is usually expected of them. Indeed the Catholic Church manifestly expects of them, a higher degree of Christian living for their personal sanctification and her own spirituality, general well-being and growth. Given the fact that they mix up to a large extent with the contemporary society much burdened with the influence and infection of materialism and modernism, questions, suspicions and skepticism arise as to the level of compliance and fulfillment on such high expectation in their life style. Some people proceed further to question altogether the relevance of the whole idea of consecrated life to the contemporary society. Against this backdrop, the paper seeks to examine the catholic perception of consecrated persons, and the challenges confronting them in the realities of the contemporary society. It also attempts a reflection on the whole idea of consecrated life in the Bible aiming at proffering a way out for the consecrated persons in the contemporary challenges.

THE PHENOMENONOLOGY OF CHURCH LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: NIGERIAN APPROACH

Uka, Ibe Ogboso Department of Religion and Cultural Studies University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Contact: [email protected] Or 0803-2311995

Abstract „Church‟ when considered in the perspective of a living organism is as dynamic as the society that plays host to it (her). The phenomenological traits that affect secular or societal leadership also affect Church leadership even the more. The challenges of leadership roles in any setting provide with them causative factors and their effects are not restrained. Therefore, the phenomenal challenges in leadership or providing leadership in a „Church setting‟ cannot be devoid of „Divine and Human‟ elements. The case of the people of Israel in the Holy Scriptures will certainly remain a reference point. The issues on focus therefore, shall be the challenges very common to leadership positions whether in a secular or religious world. The paper adopted the phenomenological method to conduct this research and followed the events and their manifestations while researching. And the various approaches adopted by leaders in the past and present to tackle those challenges, including their successes and failures where applicable. In its final analysis, the paper attempted to proffer suggestions that may be of help to leaders while fulfilling their leadership roles. The various challenges are manifestations of the dynamism associated with human society and the factors prevalent to leadership roles. Howbeit, thorough studies were carried out in comparison with both the „Secular‟ and the „Divine‟ aspects of the leadership roles which mortals play. In this article the key words are: phenomenon, Church, leadership, challenges and approach

Religion, Politics and Nation Building Eugene Ikechukwu Ukaoha Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka [email protected] 08139499696

ABSTRACT The role of religion in national development cannot be overemphasized. The three main religions in Nigeria, namely, Christianity, Islam and African Traditional Religion (ATR) have played significant roles in the socio-political development of the nation. There can be no true democracy without religion because true democracy guarantees freedom of religion. Nigeria is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society, with diverse cultures and languages. This paper is historical and descriptive in approach and argues that even though Nigeria is a pluralistic and secularist state, religion can still be used to foster national unity, nation building, peace and prosperity, freedom, justice and equity.

A STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE OF IMMUNISATION SERVICES PROVIDED TO INFANTS IN ONICHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, EBONYI STATE, NIGERIA

EKPECHU, JOSEPH OGBONNAYA ALO (PhD) LECTURER II DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES FEDERAL UNIVERSITY NDUFU-ALIKE IKWO (FUNAI) EBONYI STATE, NIGERIA PHONE NO: +234 (0) 8064744193 E-MAIL: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study examined the level of knowledge possessed by residents of Onicha Local Government Area Ebonyi state, Nigeria on immunisation services provided to infants in the area. Survey research design was adopted for this study because of widespread variables that were needed to be captured for the study. Symbolic interactionism was adopted as the frame for the study. The Yaro Yamane formula was used to determine the sample size of 339 respondents from the research population. The questionnaire method and the structured interview schedule were used to collect data from respondents. From the study, it is revealed that: knowledge of immunisation services varied across the sexual lines of respondents. Whereas the female respondents had more knowledge of the functions of immunisation services provided to infants, the male respondents had less knowledge of it. Heads of health facilities had more knowledge of functions of immunisation services provided to infants than heads of households among other findings. Based on these findings, it was recommended that the gap between health facility and household knowledge of immunisation services should be bridged. Also, immunisology should be introduced as a general studies course in institutions of higher learning among other recommendations. Full immunisation would be achieved. (Word Count: 200).

KEY WORDS: Household, Immunisation, Immunisology, Interactionism, Knowledge

KIDNAPPING: A Lurid Crime of Insecurity in Nigeria

Gilbert Enyidah-OkeyOrdu, Ph.D Department of Criminology and Security Studies Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract Kidnapping is a violent, terrible, and sensational crime. It poses a serious national security challenge for the country. It is a serious crime because it involves loss of lives, loss of the victim‟s incomes and restrain of freedom of movement for both the indigenes and foreign nationals. Goldberg (2000) said kidnapping is a criminal act involving seizure, confinement, abduction, subjection, forcefulness, acts of threats, acts of terror and servitude. These acts are performed against the will of the victim with the intent to receive ransom with forceful threats. Osumah and Aghedo argued that kidnapping is “an engagement for economic survival, securing political and business advantage over rivals and co-competitors” (2011:277). The purpose of this study is to x-ray the problems of kidnapping in the nation, and streamline its impacts on the victims, victims‟ families, and the national economy. Some of the contributing factors and solutions to kidnapping problems are discussed.

Keywords: Kidnapping, abduction, terror, seizure, confinement, insecurity

Police Corruption: An Analysis of Police Corruption on the Street Roads and Highways in Nigeria

Gilbert Enyidah-OkeyOrdu, Ph.D. Specialty: Criminal Justice Administration Department of Criminology and Security Studies Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo P.M.B. 1010, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. [email protected]

07068097850

Abstract The Nigeria Police are public servants and the enforcers of the law whether civil or criminal. They collect bribes from the motorists, Okada (motor cyclist) and Keke (tricycle) with impunity and pretentiousness. It is heart breaking that the very arm of the government that supposed to enforce the law are the same breaking it. If the enforcers of the law are breakers of the law, who is to be trusted in the society? This paper examines Nigeria Police corruption on the streets and highways in order to uncover factors contributing to their pernicious acts and its implications on the Police Force.

Keywords: Nigeria Police Force, Corruption, Street roads, Highways.

Quest for Physical Immortality and Factors Influencing Choice of Ideal Age among Older Adults

Nnachi Amos Imo Department of Sociology and Anthropology Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 08035474580

& Uzoma O. Okoye Department of Social Work University of Nigeria, Nsukka E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 08060490361

Abstract From time immemorial there has an unending quest for physical immortality, containing ageing and maintaining eternal youthfulness. Products and practices abound in both advanced and simple societies that aim at physical immortality. The objective of this study is to find out the ideal age folks would choose to be if they were able to make themselves older or younger, and to find out the major reasons for their choice of ideal age. Cross-sectional design was used for the study which involved 1105 participants aged 60 years and above in Ebonyi State. Multistage cluster, systematic and availability were the sampling techniques. Questionnaires and focus group discussions were the instruments for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and content analysis. Results show that majority of the respondents (65.3%) chose middle age as their ideal age. Reasons given for their choice of ideal age ranged from „health/physical health‟, „to correct past mistakes‟, „to achieve unfulfilled dreams‟ to „spiritual‟ and „to quicken death‟. In conclusion, we recommend that social gerontologists should appreciate factors influencing behaviours in order to help people age successfully.

Socio-economic Imperatives for Sustainable Development in Nigeria: The Case of Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State.

Raphael E. Ukpong-Umo (Ph.D), Department of Sociology, Ritman University, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State. e-mail: [email protected] Phone no. 08064132846; 08186810869

Abstract The emergence and ascendency of sustainability as a new Development paradigm in global scholarly conferences has continued to generate critical issues relevant in modern development analysis. Consequently, since the 1990s, the concept and its practical implementation have been increasingly considered by policy makers to be one of the most critical tools for achieving a balance between economic and social objectives. This paper which uses the Community Development approach takes a look at the socio-economic imperatives for sustainable development in Nigeria, with particular reference to Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, and makes recommendation on the way forward.

The Demonization of Woman in Femi Osofisan’s Women of Owu

Ndubuisi Nnanna Department of Theatre and Film Studies, University of Nigeria Nsukka 08038684409

Abstract Critical opinions on Femi Osofisan‟s Women of Owu are largely stereotypical. They lament the plunder of Owu and compare it to that of Troy, drawing some parallels between Euripides‟ The Trojan Women and Osofisan‟s adaptation of it. There is a clear effort to assume some kind of historical and cultural affinity between the women of ancient Owu and Troy. But most of these assumptions are apparently contrived. It seems that there has been no attempt to consider Osofisan‟s play in its own right. This study is an endeavor in that direction. It adopts the Reader-Response approach as a framework to conduct a phenomenological analysis of Osofisan‟s Women of Owu to discover the extent to which it truly reflects the true picture of the Owu war in the 17th century and portrays the cultural identity of the women of Owu. It also compares Euripides‟ parent play with Osofisan‟s version in the context of their individual historical backgrounds to determine how each play captures the realities of their specific cultural milieu. Its conclusion is that in an attempt to find parallels to fit into the mould of his source play, Osofisan has inadvertently extrapolated the cultural essence of a society that had little regard for women into the cultural history of an African community, where women had a lot of respect, and in the process has demonized womanhood and given impetus to some flawed assumptions and misinterpretations of history.

AN APPRAISAL OF NIGERIA CATHOLIC BISHOPS’ETHICS OF FORGIVENESSTO THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCE

Ilesanmi Ajibola Christian Religious Studies Department Federal College of Education, Zaria Study Area:Sytematic Theology 08037022910

Abstract This paper recognises forgiveness as one of the core values in Christianity and therefore agrees with the Catholic Bishop of Nigeria to forgive the boko haram insurgents. The paper, however argues that adopting such attitude could be problematic. Thus, using an exploratory research approach, the paper engages the theme from various Christian sources to situate the problem in context. It concludes that the Bishops‟ position is right, but it lacks sufficient impetus for a far reaching moral application. It therefore suggests a more theologically and ethically based arguments to impress the option on the victims and the aggressors.

DIVINE FLUIDITY AND FRAGMENTATION MODEL OF GOD: A THEOLOGICAL BASIS FOR PROFOUND MUSLIM/CHRISTIAN DIALOGUE IN NIGERIA

Ilesanmi Ajibola Christian Religious Studies Department Federal College of Education, Zaria Study Area:Sytematic Theology 08037022910

Abstract This paper adopts an inductive qualitative research approach to addressing a theological gridlock between Islam and Christianity, that is, the divinity of Jesus. It argues from the common religious heritage of Christianity and Islam to present an early Judaic fluidity model of God as platform to establish a more profound interreligious dialogue between both religions. The paper hopes that the proposed model would aid a more robust conversation between Islam and Christianity on the vexed issue,and facilitate better understanding of each other‟s religion for a more peaceful coexistence in the country.