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Birth Order and Gender: Differential Parental Investment in Medieval England and France in the Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Centuries

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Birth Order and Gender: Differential Parental Investment in Medieval England and France in the Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Centuries BIRTH ORDER AND GENDER: DIFFERENTIAL PARENTAL INVESTMENT IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND AND FRANCE IN THE ELEVENTH, TWELFTH, AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By JESSICA D. FIELDS Dr. Lisa Sattenspiel, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2020 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled BIRTH ORDER AND GENDER: DIFFERENTIAL PARENTAL INVESTMENT IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND AND FRANCE IN THE ELEVENTH, TWELFTH, AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES presented by Jessica D. Fields, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ____________________________________________________________ Professor Lisa Sattenspiel _____________________________________________________________ Professor Todd VanPool _____________________________________________________________ Professor Robert Walker _____________________________________________________________ Professor Lois Huneycutt ________________________________________________________________ Professor Mary Shenk ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When undertaking a project such as this, you do not realize the impact that it will have not only on your own life, but on the lives of those around you. This project has been a labor of love and hate and it would not have been possible without the support of my family and colleagues. First to Dr. Mary Shenk, my advisor who took me under her wing, the wide-eyed woman from Indiana who really was not aware of what she had just gotten herself into. She allowed me to work with her for the last ten years and dedicated countless hours to re-teaching me statistics, reviewing too many dissertation revisions to count, and maintaining her patience as life happened in my little slice of Indiana. I can never fully express my gratitude. Thank you to my committee members, Dr. Lisa Sattenspiel, Dr. Todd VanPool, Dr. Rob Walker, and Dr. Lois Huneycutt who have been incredibly patient with me for the last couple of years. I would also like to thank my colleagues especially Dr. Christopher Olsen (Indiana State University) who as the chair of my Master’s Committee pushed me to pursue my dream of obtaining my doctorate. Dr. Steve Stofferahn (Indiana State University) and Dr. Allen Shotwell (Ivy Tech) my department chairs who were willing to work around my school schedule so that I could go to school and still teach. Last, but certainly not least, my family. I never would have made it through this experience without all of you. Dad, you pushed me when the tank was empty with ‘you can do this sis God has not brought you this far to let you down now.’ Grandma, thank you for your support on this project, but also on all of the other projects that got me to ii this point. We have been through some tough times, but we stuck it out. You will never know how much I appreciated your love and support. To Aunt Debbie, for sitting and drinking hot tea with me trying to keep me awake while I was inputting data into what seemed like a never-ending database. To Hunter, Gabe, and Katie, thank you for keeping me on my toes. Team History! Laura, Katie, and Leo, thank you for the much needed Brown County trips, sometimes you just need to get away to find your center. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………...……………ii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES …………………………………………………….iv ABSTRACT ………………………….…………………………………………………xii Chapters 1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………...…………………….1 2. Child Survival, Parental Investment, and Marriage…………………………...7 Introduction Trade-off between current and future reproduction Trade-off between quality and quantity of offspring Trade-off between mating and parenting effort Male Provisioning Hypothesis Parental Investment Maternal Investment Paternal Investment Benefits to children Paternity certainty Mating opportunities Alloparenting Wet nursing as alloparental care Child Survival Reduced Parental Investment Biases in Parental Investment due to Sex and Birth Order Marriage in Evolutionary Perspective Kinship Marriage Incest Avoidance Marriage and Status Consanguineous Marriage Extensive and Intensive Kinship Systems 3. Chapter Three: History of medieval Europe, England, and France………….76 Historical background of medieval Europe Historical background of medieval England Historical background of medieval France Family relations in medieval Europe Marriage in medieval Europe Church influence on marriage Church influence on consanguineal marriage iv Marriage in England Marriage in France Inheritance patterns in Europe 4. Chapter Four: History of Focal Families…………………………………...110 L’Aigle family Bigod family Brus family House of Godwin Marshal family House of Welf Montgomerie family Beaumont family de Vere family Avesnes family Earls of Northumbria Flanders family House of Reginar Giffard family de Clare family 5. Chapter Five: Methods……………………………………………………...162 Introduction Study Population Sources used for data collection Data Collection Variables Genealogy charts 6. Chapter Six: Child Survival………………………………………………...184 Introduction Birth order and Gender Hypothesis 1a Hypothesis 2a Results Hypothesis 1b Hypothesis 2b Results Hypothesis 3a Hypothesis 3b Results v 7. Chapter Seven: Parental Investment …………………………………….....192 Introduction Hypothesis 4a Results Hypothesis 4b Results Hypothesis 4c Results Hypothesis 5a Results Hypothesis 5b Results Hypothesis 6 Results 8. Chapter Eight: Marriage……………………………………………………209 Introduction Hypothesis 7 Results Hypothesis 8 Results 9. Chapter Nine: Reproductive Success…………………………………….....216 Introduction Hypothesis 9a Hypothesis 9b Results 10. Chapter Ten: Discussion and Conclusion…………………………………..227 Child survival Parental investment Marriage Reproductive success Conclusions APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………..241 1. Family Group Sheet REFERENCES……………….………………………………………………………...247 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………272 vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Page 1. L’Aigle family demographics…………………………………………………..112 2. Bigod family demographics……………………………………………………114 3. Brus family demographics……………………………………………………...120 4. Godwin family demographics…………………………………………………..124 5. Marshal family demographics…………………………………………………..128 6. Welf family demographics……………………………………………………...130 7. de Montgomerie family demographics………………………………………....133 8. Beaumont family demographics………………………………………………..136 9. de Vere family demographics………………………………………………..…138 10. Avesnes family demographics………………………………………………….143 11. Northumbria family demographics……………………………………………..148 12. Flanders family demographics………………………………………………….151 13. Reginar family demographics…………………………………………………..155 14. Giffard family demographics…………………………………………………...157 15. de Clare family demographics………………………………………………….160 16. Database Information…………………………………………………………...164 17. Methods of title transfer………………………………………………………...171 18. Title Classification……………………………………………………………...171 19. Church related titles…………………………………………………………….173 20. Summary statistics for categorical variables……………………………………177 21. Summary statistics for continuous variables……………………………………182 22. Genealogical chart data…………………………………………………………183 23. Results of a Binary Logistic Regression using independent variables first and second born sons and daughters and dependent variable child survival to age 5…………………………………………………………………………………187 vii 24. Results of a Binary Logistic Regression using variables independent variables first and second born sons and daughters and dependent variable child survive to age 15…………………………………………………………………………...188 25. Descriptive Statistics showing results for effect of birth order and gender on likelihood of surviving to age 5 (0=did not survive, 1 = survived) ……..….….189 26. Results of binary logistic regression estimates using independent variables sex and birth order and dependent variable survive to age 5……………………….190 27. Descriptive Statistics showing results for effect of birth order and gender on likelihood of surviving to age 15 (0=did not survive, 1=survived)………..…...190 28. Results of bivariate logistic regression estimates using independent variables sex and birth order and dependent variable survival to age 15…………………….191 29. Generalized Linear Model showing the results for independent variables gender and birth order and outcome variable number of titles…………………….…194 30. Multinomial logistic regression showing the results for effect of birth order and highest title for sons and daughters…………………………………….……..198 31. Binary Logistic Regression Model showing the results for independent variable birth order for sons and the dependent variable enter Church………………..203 32. Binary Logistic Regression Model showing the results for independent variable birth order for sons and dependent variable attain high rank in the Church….204 33. Binary Logistic Regression Model showing the results for independent variables birth order for daughters and the dependent variable enter Church…………..205 34. Binary Logistic Regression Model showing the results for independent variables birth order for daughters and the dependent variable obtain Church titles…...207 35. Ordinal Regression Model showing the results for independent birth order for sons and outcome variable estate size………………………………………...208 36. Multinomial Logistic Regression showing results for effect of birth order and gender on likelihood of marrying consanguineous kin versus affinal
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