t+::.. Ell en Gu in ev 3? Temple Place Boston, Mass. 02111

Deal- Ell en,

~nclosed please find A Selective History Of The Boston Public If you have any additions, corrections or deletions, please let me know and I will be more than willing to include them in the final document.

If you add or delete anything please include the year and what is to be said. If at all posible please try to be precise. Eventually this document will be shortened.

Thank you for your assistance. I hope to have any changes by the 12th of September. Please mail comments to me at Freedom House, 14 Crawford St., Roxbury, Mass, 02121.

''{o ~ll;g/;)~~

Hattie 8. McKinn1s A SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

BY

HATTIE B. McKINNIS

08/21/86 A SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS 1635-1386

1635 Boston establishes the Latin School, a college prepartory school for boys. This is the first free, public, non-endowed, nonsectarian school and the foundation for the public school system in America.

city population: 575

1645 Tax support for public schooling is one of the town's largest expenditures.

1682 Town meeting approves the establishment of schools ''for the teaching of children to write and Cypher" under writing masters. The beginniing of the "common school".

1710 A school committee is formed, composed of nine Selectmen responsible for managing the schools. They appointed and dismissed teachers, settled disputes between teachers and parents and initiated general discussions about school related issues.

1724 Boston has five public schools with 600 pupils. The Selectmen begin the practice of annual school inspection visits.

1740 Grammar master, distinguished from writing masters, were appointed to teach reading, grammar, geography and" oth~r higher studies".

city population: 15,031; black: 8 percent

1762 The town votes that the treasurer be directed to borrow 1,500 pounds to pay the schoolmasters' salaries then due.

1765 Black population: 848

1787 Black parents send their first petition to the state legislature requesting the schooling of their children, stating that they receive "no benefits from the free schools of Boston.'' The legislature denies their request.

1783 The school system is reorganized and the first comprehensive state-wide school law in the nation passed providing for: education of girls in the public schools from April 20 -October 20; every small town supported elementary schools for six months of the year and large towns all year round; admitting pupils to the reading and writing schools at age seven and allowing them to continue until age 14.

1 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

1790 Black population: 766

1798 A group of black parents ask the c1ty of Boston to create a system of separate schools for their children due to unequal treatment received within the public school system. The Selectmen deny their request and in response, black parents open a short­ lived private school.

1800 Boston spends a fifth of its budget to support a free school system for 7-14 year olds who can read and write. The system is only educating about 12 percent of the school-age population because of its/ restriction.

Black petitioners again ask the School Committee to Establish a separate school for their children. Petition refused.

city population: 24,937; black: 1,174

1806 Blacks establish their own permanent private school in the Belknap Street African Baptist Church. It is supported by private monies and for the first time, the School Committee tentatively agrees to support the seperate facility through an annual appropriation froom public funds.

1812 The School Committee officially adopts a policy of supporting separate schools for blacks through use of public funds. No legal action taken, no laws passed regarding segregated education.

1817 Boston has eight public schools educating 2,365 pupils including 836 girls and 162 private schools.

1818 First primary school established in Boston for children between the ages of four and seven. A Primary School Committee of 36 members are appointed with authority independent of, the regular School Committee.Girls are taught knitting and sewing.

1819 Both reading and writing schools brought together in same building in seperate rooms under seperate masters. Facilities refered to as grammar schools.

1820 Boston has over 1,600 primary school pupils and 2,000 grammar school pupils. Ages remain 4-14.

The first intermediate school is established for illiterate children over seven years of age. This school primarily serves immigrant children.

2 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

1821 English Class1cal School 1s established to prepare boys not for un1versity but for various mercantile and mechanical pursuits.

School Committee reorqanized to consist of the Mayor, Alderman,and t~elve members, one elected from each ward, 25 in all.

1826 High School for girls established.

•::>·")•::> 1 '-'C..'...J Number of girls applying for high school was so great that high school for girls was discontinued. 1830 A completely segregated school system is functioning to serve the black community.

city population: 61,392; native-born: 50,011 black: 1,875 foreign-born: 11,381.

1 ,-,~c:' o..:~....; The Smith School for Africans is built "a citadel of segregation ... " (Schultz: 170)

The School Committee is reorganized to include the Mayor, the president of Common Council and two members elected from each ward, 26 in total.

1837 School Committee attempts to centralize its control over schools--an example is their attemp to balance student enrollment by arbitrarily redistributing students amonog various schools."The educators faced the dilemma of trying to harmonize local control of schools with the need to centralize administration and to gain a uniformly populated system of schools." (Schultz: 116)

State Board of Education is established and Horace Mann elected Secretary.

1838 Four intermediate schools are established for those excluded from the grammar and primary schools for lack of specified qualifications. Primary serve immigrant children.

1840 Black population: 2,427

1:341 Brighton High School established.

1845 Blacks continue petitioning for the abolition of seperate schools for blacks and whites. Their petition are rejected.

1:347 The Quincy School opens as the nation ' s first urban, graded, multi-classroom public elementary school.

1848-49 School boycott by black students. E:lack<:. petit i o:on

3 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

the School Committee to abolish the Smith School. Petition rejected.

1850 enacts the nation's first truant law for children between six and fifteen years of age.

Members of the black community and Abolitionists continue appealing to the School Committee, Primary School Board and the C1ty Council to put an end to segregated schooling.

The Massachusetts Supreme Court rules against the black plaintiff in Roberts v. City of Boston: Sarah Roberts, a black child, sued the city of Boston under a ststute providing recovery of damage for any child unlawfully e xcluded from public school instruction.Between her home and the primary school for blacks in her area, are five other primary schools but for white only. Sarah was refused admittance to these schools on account of her race. "For the first time in American legal history, the doctrine of seperate-but-equal facilities for different races was established." (Schultz: 203)

Black and white abolitionist form an "equal School Rights Committee'' carried their fight to the state legislature.

Black population: 2,085

1851 Office of Superintendent is established, appointed by the city council and subject to the authority of the city couoncil and School Committee.

Massachusetts passes the first compulsory school law in the nation for children between eight and eighteen years of age.

1853 School Committee's Annual Report states its position that, "Moral and religious instruction is necessary to sound education." The Protestant Bible has been required reading since 1789.

To defend their owon religious interest and interpretations, the Boston Catholic Church establishes its own parochial schools.

1854 School Committee reorganized to consist of the Mayor, president of the city couoncil, and six members elected from each ward, 74 in total.

Boston has over 190 primary schools and 20 grammar schools and two high schools.

4 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

1855 Primary School Board is abolished and 1ts duties assumed by the School Committee.

The Governor signs into law the provision that in determining the qualifications of any students 1n the public schools of the st.:tte, "no distinction shall be made on account of the race,color or religious opinions, or the appl1cant of scholar."

Seperate black schools are closed. Boston is the first large American city to integrate its publis school -:.ystem.

1859 The right of the School Committee to require Prostestant instruction in the public schools is upheld in the Eliot Case.

1:360 city populatioin: 1 7:3, 0 0 black : 2, 284 forei ·:;~n- bc•rn: 64,000

Over 25,000 pupils are enrolled in Boston public schools.

1:370 What is believed to be the world's first public, free kindergarten is opened in Boston.

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution is adopted providing in part that no state"shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The defiinition of the "State" includes agencies of the state such as the School Committee.

1876 School Committee is reorganized and the number reduced to 25 (having increased to 116 due to annexation and the city's growth) consisting of the Mayor and 24 persons elected-at­ large in groups of eight each, serving three year terms.

A Board of Supervisiors is established with six members. A Superintendent of Public Schools is elected.

Girl 's Latin School is opened to prepare girls for college.

1879 Women are authorized to vote for School Committee members.

Manual training is first introduced into the schools.

The Superintendent ' s powers are increased.

1885 The Mayor is no longer a member of the School Committee but is given a qualified veto on orders, resolutions or votes of thecommittee involving the

5 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

expenditure of money.

1889 The pciwer of the School Committee over location, erection and repairs of school buildings is enlarged but appropriations are still left with the city council.

1895 Foreign flags are forbidden on the outside of the schools and the U.S. flag is required to be provided for each school.

1896 In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S.Supreme court rules that the Fourteenth Admenment requires equal political rights for blacks and whites but does not require "social equality." Under this decision, ''seperate but equal" social facilities, such as schools,are constitutional.

1898 School Committee is given the power (formerly with the city council) to make appropriations from taxes within prescribed limits for the support of public schools,including repairs and alterations upon school buildiings. The Superintendent and Supervisors are given greater power. The Superintendent is given the power to appoint, transfer and remove teachers, subject to the approval of the School Committee.

1900 Portable schoolhouses are built to relieve temporary · congestion of students in different parts of the city.

city population 560,892 Metropolitan area over one million

1905 School Committee is reorganized and membership reduced to five members elected- at- large.

Fanny Fern Andrews organizes a mothers' club at the Sherwin School in Roxbury. This is the first parents' group organized around a school in the nation.

1906 Board of Superintendents replpaces the Board of Supervisors. Composed of Superintendent and six Assistant Superintendents, elected by the School Committee for terms of one to six years, one Assistant Superintendent to be elected annually after the first election for six years.

Details of administration to be performed by paid officials, with e xecu tive responsibility, while the duties of the School Board becomes mainly legislative. The principle of direct accountability on the part of subordinates to superiors is established.

1913 The Intermediate School Plan begins.

1917 School Committee votes to assume financial responsibility

6 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

for the Home and School Association and to extend the organization to those schools without a local chapter. The Home and School Association is put under the Superintendent for the extended use of school buildings.

1920 city pop,Jl .3tion: 74:3' 060

1924 School Committee organized so that all five members are elected in 1925, the two receiving the largest number of votes to hold office for four years, and the other three to hold office for two years; the elcetion of the School Committee to be held at every biennial election thereafter to serve for a term of four years each.

An order amendiing the rules so as to provide for open meetiings and hearings of the School Committee fails to pass.

1931 Differential curricula are worked out in Boston's system of secondary schools.

1935 School enrollment: 163,953

1950 city population: 801,444

The beginning of a slow decline in Boston's population .

1950-60 The white population of Boston decreases by nearly 100,00, there is a dramatic increase in the black population. It is during this period that the School Committee implements a series of policies which results in the widespread segregation of the school system.

1960 Citizens for Boston Schools, a "good government" group. established to work on school reform.

1961 Citizens for Boston Schools runs four candidates for School Committee: Arthur Gartland; Mel King; William O'Connor; Dorothy Bisbee. Only Gartland and O'Connor is elected.

Louise Day Hicks elected to the School Committee.

NAACP ' s Education Committee request the Massachusetts Commission Against Discriminatiion U1 CAD ) t o i n •,1 e ·:. t i ·3 .3 t e de f .3 ,-. t o s e g r e ·3 a t i o n i n t he Boston School:. .

MCAD refuses to investigate, and denies segregation is a problem.

1962 NAACP is Unsuccessful in trying to raise the issue of segregation with the Superintendent of Boston ' s Schools .

1963 Citizens for Boston, Core and NAACP complete studies which

7 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

cr1ticize the schools as segregated. ,JIJn. 11 1Sl63 Massachusetts Freedom Movement calls off a previously scheduled boycott to protest segregation, at the request of Attorney General Edward Brooke and Governor Peabody, who promise that the School Committee will be responsive.

At hearings before the School Committee, some of the information presented includes:

no black principals or hradmasters in the system; only one black administrator in the system; only 40 black teachers out of 2,00 in the system; substantial overcrowding in many black schools; lower e x penditures per pupil in many black schools.

The School Committee refuses to accept the statement that de facto se•3r ega t ion e x i s t s. in the s.ct-11:. o 1 ·: . • ,Jun 18 1963 Black leaders and civil rights groups "stay out for Freedom Day'' in which 8,260 high school students boycott the schools to protest segregation.

Picketing begins at the Boston School Committee to protest their refusal to l·ecognize de facto se·3regation. Feb. 1964 20,000 black students boycott the schools as part of a second "Freedom Stay Out". ~1ar. 1964 Governor Peabody sets up Kiernan Commission, a 21 member, blue-ribbon Advisory Committee of Racial Imbalance and Education to study discrimination in Massachusetts schools.

Parents at the Gibson School protest about the quality of education for their children, and the firing of Jonathan Kozol, a teacher at the school. Apr. 1965 The Kiernan Commission issues its report. Recommendations include busing both black and white students to end racial imbalance in 45 schools where it exists and legislative action.

The School Committee again refuses to recognize rac1al imbalance as a problem. Aug. 1965 Governor Volpe proposes the Racial Imbalance Act, which calls for: the State Board of Education to require desegregation plans from local school committees, to review and revi se these plans, withold funds if necessary;

local school committees to formulate desegregation plans 1.-,1here de facto s.egre•3at ion ex i ·:;ts; SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

a prohibition on busing students outside their school distrirts without parents approval. ·

The School Committee create the Open Enrollment Policy. Fall 1965 A group of black parents, organize under Operation Exdus, privately arrange to bus 400 black children to perdominantly white schools in other parts of the city.

1966 The School Committee takes the Racial Imbalance Act to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The court rules against the School Committee, finding the act constitutional.

Black parents establishes METCO,a voluntary city to surburb busing program.

1966-67 English High had black enrollment of 18.5 percent.

1967-68 The school department changed the feeder patterns to English High, causing a major change in the enrollment of black students, with 56.5 percent of the freshmen class being black.

1968-70 Periodic protests and boycotts at black schools.

1970-71 The Weld School opens in Roslindale (98 percent white population) with an enrollment of 87 percent black students, primarily bused from the Bradford-Walcott district, one and a half mile away. Jun-Sept 1971 The School Committee, under pressure, enacts the "controlled transfer policy" as a replacement to open enrollment.

Lee School opens. Built aspart of the city ~ s racial imbalance plan. 350 white students from the Fifield and o~Hearn Schools but parents have option to remain at present school, even though this will open the Lee School with an imbalance student body.

The State Board Of Education takesthe School Committee to court. The suit leads to the development of the desegregation plpans which are implemented as Phase 1.

"Busing" term used in opposition by School Committee for the first time over the Lee School opening.

One wing of the Hennigan School opens with 65 percent black enrollment. No effort made by School Committee to recruit or assign white students. School built as part of the city ' s plan to reduce racial imblance.

Massachusetts Commission Against Discriminatiion(MCAD) finds discrimination in student transfer policies.

9 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

.971-72 74 percent of black teachers are assigned to black schools.

MCAD procedures alleging discrimination in the school system for admitting students to Boston Latin, Latin Acadamy,and Boston Technical high schools; settled .

. 971-73 Health Education and Welfare (HEH) proceedings charging segregation of Boston Schools. 1ar. l973 Black parents, supported by the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, initiate a case against the School Committee. This case is titled: Tallulah Morgan et.al. v. John J Kerr1gan et.al., case assigned to Judge H. Arthur Garrity.

68 school are racially imblanced.

30,000 students use public transportation to get to school.

1972-73 School Committee ordered to produce a racial imblance plan. The School Committee presents a four page document promising to appoint a committee to develop a plan. The State Board of Education rejects this and proposses its' own plan,developed by experts. The Superior Court finds the States plan involves too much busing, but states that hearings should be before an administrative master appointed by the State Board of Education.

Professor Jaffe is apointed and holds hearings, the School Committee criticizes the plan but proposes no alternatives, challanges the propriety of changing the original State plan in light of evidence at the hearings. Hith modifications plan is approved by professor Jaffe and the State Board of Education.

1973 English High School has a black enrollment of 81 percent, an increase of over 400 percent since 1967 when feeder patterns were changed. Jul. 1973 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules against the Boston School Committee ' s decision to give the new English High School to Latin Acadamy because it was orginally as part of the city's plan to improve racial balance. Jun 1974 Judge Garrity finds for plaintiffs; states the Boston Scho ol Comm1ttee had engaged in de jure segregation.

Massachusetts legislature passes a statute very seriously cutting back the Racial Imbalance Act, the Supreme Judicial Court holds that the federal and Massachusetts constitutions forbid applying it in ci ties where balance plans are already being implemented.

Judge Garrity orders the School Committee to implement the State Board of Education ' s Racial Imblance Plan as a first

10 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

interim step in ending segregation in the schools. Th i ·:; order becomes known as Phase 1. Sept . 1974 Boston Police union ass erted that they were not obligated to obey the orders of their superiors to make arrest~ etc. The court issued a declarator y opion clarifying the duties of the police.

The court orders the Mayor to draw on the State Police, police froom neighboring cities, and the National Guard, as appropriate. Oct. 1974 Judge Garrity issues orders establishing Racial Ethnic Parent Councils in every school. The Citywide Parents Advisory Council was also established. The two councils became by court order the official sanctioned vehicle for parent involvement.

The court orders the Boston School Committee to file a plan by December 16, and establish guidlines.

Dec. The School Committee votes not to approve the desegregation 1S174 plans developed by the school department.

South Boston High School crisis, a black student knifed a white student.(crowds of white parents had been shouting racial slogans ie" Niggers eat shit."chanting continued inside of school.)

The Boston School Committee is held in civil contempt, and the court od appeals declined to stay the ruling . .Jan 1975 High School placed in recivership. Joseph McDonough Area Superintendent district 6 was named as the receiver. t··1ay 1975 Phase 11: A comprehensive desegregation order issued by the Federal Court which established~ magnet programs, college pairings, the Community Districe Advisory Council and the Citywide Coordinating Council among other things. Jan. 1976 JUDGE Arthur Garrit y met with members of the CPAC to discuss mutual concerns. Apr. 1::J76 Jerome Winegar from St Paul Minnisota rplacese McDonough as receiver for South Bos ton , Superintendent Marion Fahey made the appoinntment. t-lay 1976 Phase 11-B: Modified Phase 11. The Court emphasized continuity and stability "in spite of the Court Orders in transfers. " ~ - lar. 1977 Lawyer for Plaintiff Class asked the Federal Court to order adoption of a systemwide uniform discipline code.

11 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Apr. 1977 Class size struggle: parents united with teachers and administrators to keep 26 to 1 as the maximum size of classes in the schools. 16,000 petition signature colected and 600 parents and others attended a School Committee/CPAC meetinig at English High School. May 1977 Phase 111: called for the" establishment of conditions which would enable the Court to terminate its jurisdiction. Ordered the creation of a permanet Department of Implementation and a long- ranged plan for the construction and repair of facilities(the Unified Facilities Plan). Jun. 1977 Conference of Councils by the CPAC: 200 parents from all over Boston meet for a two day conference to plan a parents' agenda for action. Sept. 1977 Citizen Participation Order: The Racial Ethnic Parent Council gain representation on the Community District Advisory Council and the Community District Advisory Council(CDAC) are represented on the CPAC. Nov. 197? John O'Bryant becomes the first black elected to the Boston School Committee in the 20th centry. Mar. 1978 Parents fight for better transportation for their children.

Jun. 1978 100 Boston parents disrupted a School Committee meeting to demand a end to"the same,old tired mathematical formular" used to staff Boston School's.

Second Annual Conference of Councils sponsored by CPAC for parents and friends of parents concerned with quality education for Boston School students. Jul. 1978 Dr Robert Wood elected Boston's new Superintendent unamously, as a result of the first nationwide search. Aug. 1978 South Boston High School receivership lifted.

Sept. 1978 Schools opened calmy with higher attendance rate, than any other first day since the Federal Court Ordered Desegregation in 1974. Dec. 1978 Asian Parents Hold First Bilingual Education Conference.

Jan. 1979 Judge Arthur Garrity found no basis to order a new disciplinary code. Jun. 1979 Judge Garrity list criteria for the withdrawal of the Federal Court from the desegregation school case.

12 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

CPAC sponsored a Public Hearing on Racial Discord.

Judge Garrity in a reaffirmimg vote of confidence in the court-mandated parent council denied a Boston Teachers Union motion to eliminate the councils right to monitor in the public -:.chools. Oct. 1:::179 Darryl Williams a Jamaica Plain football player was shot from the roof of a housing project home in Charlestown.

CPAC draws well over 1,000 concerned people of Boston to a rally at City Hall to join hands to fight racism a violence. No•J. 1979 The Citywide Parents Advisory Council and the Boston teachers Uniion sponsored a public hearing to deal with the Unif1ed Facilities Plan (UFP).

The School Committee approves the Bilingual Plan known as the " t,)oluntar}J Lau Ceompliance Plan". Jan. 1980 Boston Public Schools prepare for minimum competency testing, in the basic skill areas of reading,writing, mathematics,listening and speaking. ~·1ar • 1980 Boston students spoke out against the New Code eof Discipline propeosed by Superintendent Wood.

CPAC kicked off its March"Vocational/occupational Education t'1onth" 1"1a~) 1980 The School C6mmittee appreove a revised Ceode of Discipline.

CPAC does study on vocational educatieon programs in the Boston Public Schoeols and gives repeort entitled "The Weakest Link" teo the School Cc•mmi ttee fc•r action ~;ep t. 1S180 South Boston High School white students boycott school claiming black students threw bottles at them from the bus ••. this allegation was denied by the policemen and aides ... stating it was the other way around. ,J u n • 1::181 Boston School Ceommittee Choses New School Superintendent Dr Robert Spillane after a legnthy search. Parents took part in the screening.

Judge Garrity asked all parties to the desegregation case to prepare a Consent Degree so that he could withdraw from the case.

School Committee vote to close 21 schools. Apr. 1981 Students and parents rallied in front of the State House to protest Proposition 2 1/ 2. SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Massachusetts Board of Education approve changes in the Chapter 766 regulations. Dec. 1981 Judge Rudolf F. Pierce issued and order requiring parental participation in bargaining between the Boston School Department and the Boston Teachers Union, aimed at averting the reassignment of as many as 650 teachers. Jan. 1982 Judge Jullian Huston of Roxbury District Court visited Madison Park High School vowing to deal harshly with cases of violance brought before him.

Attorney Larry Johnson announces his withdrawal from the Concent Decree negoations ... instead he will work with black parents on a Freedom of Choice Plan. Apr. 1982 Parents get the cooperation of the City Council and School Committee to declare April as School Safety Month. Jun. 1982 Parent Councils reorginized.

Nov. 1982 The State Attorney Generals ott1ce file a Civil complaint seeking to enjoin a Boston School teacher from sending racially harassing and threating letters to his fellow teachers at Boston Technical High School. Dec. 1982 Judge Garrity turned over to the State Board Of Educatiion the monitoring of the Desegregation of his order in the school case.

Court of Appeals upheld Garrity/s order requiring teacher perference to minorities. Feb. 1983 The teachers union moves to reach out to parents and improve its standing with parents by starting "Dial-A-Teacher program. I Mar. 1983 17 schools chosen to participate in the unions Dial-A-Teacher program. May 1983 The Citywide Parents Council sponsored a training conference for parents of Boston Public School students.

Loretta Roach,an active parent of two children in the school system was appointed to the Massachusetts Board of Education by Governor Michael Dukakis. Oct. 1983 More than 2,000 members of the Teachers Union, chanting, singing and holding placards, circled the School Committee's downtown headquarters to protest stalled contract talks. Dec. 1983 Teachers Union threatens one day strike Dec. 15th if progres~

14 SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

is not made on contract negotiations around seniority 1ssue.

Teachers vote not to strike. Jan. 1984 Superintendent Spillane propose Long Range Educational Plan.

13 member School Committee seated. May 1984 For the first time in three years no tenures teachers in Boston's public schools will receive a layoff notice. Jan 1985 The Boston School Department notified the Teachers Union that 50 teachers who do not meet the city residency law will not be paid until they move. Sept. 1985 Judge Garrity issues final orders in the desegregation case.

Dr Laval S. Nilson became the first black elected by the School Committee to be the Super1ntendent of the Boston Public Schools.

Districts 3 and 4 becomes experimental districts for allowing parents of elementary school children to choose any school in that combined Experimental district for their ~hildren to attend. Mar. 1986 Superintendent Nilson recommends his Education Plan to the School Committee with 16 priorities.

1986 Students protest consoladation and closing of the following schools: Jamaica Plain High, Latin Acadamy, Umana High, Madison Park High and Boston Technical high.

Bus strike lasted almost two weeks. CIT\' F'CWULAT I ON

CITY YEAR POPULATION

1635.00 575.00 1740.00 15031.00 1800.00 24937.00 1830.00 61392.00 1860.00 178000.00 1900.00 560892.00 1920.00 74800.00 1950.00 801444.00

Boston City Population "16.:35 - "1950 900

BOO

700

600

"'"'O'l 1:Jc 500 ~ ::J 0 400 ..._,rf ,300

200

"100

0 1635 1740 1800 1830 "1860 1900 1920 1950

IZZJ Bostons Population STUDENT POPULATION OF BOSTON

''(EAR STUDENTS

1724 600 1817 2365 1B60 25000 1935 163=j53 1973 92000 1982 54000

STUDENT POPULATION 1724 - 1982 170 160 150 140 130 120 1 '10 ...... ~ 100 ~c @ 90 ::J 0 80 ..._,~ 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1724 1817 1860 1935 1973 '1982

IZ:ZJ SCHOOL POPULATION