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 ƒƒ•–ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘•—Ž–ƒ–• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Lead Organization would like to acknowledge the extensive support from Ms Frida Khan , National

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romo g r ua l y or

G e e E q f De c e

Project Coordinator and Ms Sajila Khan , Gender Advisor, P     

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e (GE DE E  and the entire ILO team, for their help throughout the study.

We would also like to acknowledge the cooperation of Senior and Junior Researchers from the following Supporting Organizations.

Centre for Peace and Justice Pakistan (CPJP) - Karachi x Mr Hyder Shar, Senior researcher x Ms Rukia Fatima, Junior researcher

LARR Development Association (LDA) - Badin x Mr Muhammad Younis Bakari, Senior researcher x Ms Najama Mallah, Junior researcher

Rural Community Development Council (RCDC) - Gawadar x Mr Nasir Rahim, Senior researcher x Mr Javed Sameen, Junior researcher

We would also like to thank the all team members, provided by the SOs ie supervisors, enumerators and data entry clerks for their participation in field work and data entry (names of team members are attached in annex-3).

Many individuals provided support for the study, in terms of data, discussions and interviews. Those who gave formal interviews are listed in Annex-5.

Special thanks to Ms Shahida Sajid Ali, of Raasta Development Consultants, who assisted with tool development, pre-testing, field work and compilation of qualitative data.

Thanks are also due to Ms Kausar Hashmi and Mr Ashok Kumar, of Raasta Development Consultants, who assisted with tool development, pre-testing, field work, data compilation, tabulation and report finalization.

i

 FOREWARD

From Country Director ILO

ii

 ACRONYMS

AC Air Conditioner BA Bachelor of Arts BHU Basic Health Unit BP Blood Pressure BSc Bachelor of Science CBO Community Based Organization CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIF Community Investment Fund CPJP Centre for Peace and Justice Pakistan CSO Civil Society Organization EEZ Excusive Economic Zone EPAs Environmental Protection Agencies EPI Extended Programme for Immunization FGD Focus Group Discussion GDP Gross Development Product GE 4DE Equality for Decent Employment HANDS Health and Nutrition Development Society HBL Habib Bank Limited HH Household ILO International Labour Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KPK Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa LDA LARR Development Association LG Local Government NBP National Bank of Pakistan NCHD National Commission for Human Development NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NGO Non Government Organization NIB National Investment Bank NRSP National Rural Support Programme PC Planning Commission PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act RCDC Rural Community Development Council RDC Raasta Development Consultants Rs Rupees SOs Supporting Organizations SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences TV Television UBL United Bank Limited VDO Village Development Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund

 ii i 

 GLOSSARY

Bachat Saving Bazaar Market/shopping place Daisi Traditional Eid Islamic Festival Katcha Non permanent, illegal Kiryana Grocer shop Pacca Permanent, solid, legal Shawal 10 th Month of Islamic Calendar

 i v 

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

in nd i n n

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romo g r ual y o r mploy m

Ge e E q f De ce E e

The ILO is currently implementing a project, P      

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4 4

DE GE DE (GE , funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). intends to enhance the capacity of stakeholders to inform, design and implement gender sensitive policies and programmes and create more gender equal employment in selected economic sectors of Pakistan. Amongst others, one of the identified economic areas is the Coastal sector.

The coastal areas of Pakistan are in the province of Sindh and Balochistan. Gender inequalities are widespread in coastal labour markets, particularly fishing sector. Access to productive work that provides an adequate income for working men and women is the surest route out of poverty. Productive employment is the economic foundation of decent work. In the coastal areas most of the employments of women are in fishing sectors. This research aims to look at the non-fishing opportunities.

Purpose/ Objectives

4 DE As part of the planning phase GE commissioned a research study to provide gender-aware baseline information upon which to design sector specific interventions and to enhance the capacity of research and community organizations in understanding and conducting gender-sensitive research. The specific objectives are: x To understand the gender dimensions of employment in selected economic sectors x To identify decent employment opportunities x To analyze training needs x To map and analyze stakeholders and institutions

Research Methodology

Research Partnerships The research was conducted by partnerships between a lead professional organization and three supporting organizations (SOs): x Raasta Development Consultants (RDC) - Lead Organization x Centre for Peace and Justice Pakistan (CPJP) - Support Organization in Karachi x LARR Development Association (LDA) - Support Organization in Badin x Rural Community Development Council (RCDC) - Support Organization in Gawadar

The lead organization used a participatory coordination mechanism involving SOs to provide a total research solution . The SOs were involved at every stage of the survey, from development of tools, through field work, data entry and compilation to analysis and reporting.

Sample Size The study was carried out in 5 villages/neighbourhoods in each of the districts of Karachi, Gawadar and Badin. The sample villages/neighbourhoods were as follows: x Karachi: Sheikh Para, Khaskheli Mohalla, Dabela Para, Tikri village, Abdul Rehman Baloch x Gawadar: Pishukan, Doar, Surbandar, Mulaband and Baloch/Nigori Ward x Badin: Khamoon Mallah, Allah Bachayo Mallah, Sheikh Kerhyao, Misri Mallah, Haroon Bachal Jakhro

v 

 The situation analysis used a mix of qualitative and quantitative survey methods and secondary and primary data sources. The HH survey was carried out in 50 households from each geographical area. In each household, one man and one woman were interviewed for providing gender disaggregated data. The total sample size of the household survey was 150 households and a total of 300 respondents with 150 family profiles. The community profiles covered each of the 5 village/ neighbourhoods where the HH survey was conducted in each geographical area. This provided a total of 15 community profiles. Male and female key informants identified in and around the communities were interviewed while 2 FGDs (one each for men and women community stakeholders) was conducted in each village/ neighbourhood where the HH survey was carried out. This gave a total of 10 FGDs in each geographical area. A total of 30 FGDs were carried out. Local Fishing and/or other Work Associations, businesses, local NGOs/CBOs and relevant provincial government institutions were identified and visited for collecting secondary data and for interviews/discussions. A total of 22 interviews all together were conducted.

Constraints The limitation of the study is that it provides trends rather than precise information and is useful as a basis for determining the way forward for designing a focused intervention plan. For a focused intervention and for determining the approach and strategy of that intervention it will be necessary to do a research and action exercise on the ground to determine the specific elements of an economic opportunities programme.

Findings and Analysis

Profile of Communities The communities in Gawadar and Karachi were of a high density of population while that of Badin were sparsely populated. Communities surveyed in Karachi and Gawadar had electricity and water supply some had sanitation and gas supply also but no sanitation facilities. In Badin none of the communities reported any of the basic facilities. In Gawadar and Karachi main, metalled roads were within a distance of 2-3 km but access to villages in Badin was by many kms of katcha roads. Public transport was only reported from 2 communities in Karachi. Transportation across all villages/communities of Gawadar and Badin is generally hired cars. Mobiles are extensively used across the three areas.

All surveyed communities in Gawadar had public and private schools for both boys and girls, while there were no educational facilities in 2 of the 5 surveyed villages of Badin (Misri Mallah and Khamoon Mallah) and 1 of the 5 communities selected in Karachi (Khaskheli Mohallah). There were no schools for girls in all the surveyed villages of Badin and just 1 vocational center was found across all 15 communities surveyed. The average family size is 6.86 (from a population of 1029 out of 150 households). Then the dependency ratio is 152.2, which means that for every one bread earner, there are about 1.5 dependents. More than 2/3 of the households had a nuclear family structure, highest in Karachi and lowest in Gawadar.

In Badin the educational profile was very poor; barely 20 percent boys and girls were enrolled in schools and only 30 percent of boys in the age group 15-19 years were educated. In Karachi only about 40 percent of boys in the age group 5-14 years were enrolled in schools as compared to more than 60 percent girls in that age group who go to school. In Gawadar the education trend all the way up to 19 years was high for both boys (about 80 percent) and girls (about 70 percent).

There is a clear link between availability of educational facilities, and enrollment of boys and girls.

However, what is not very clear is the linkage between the education imparted in schools and their i v 

 relevance for livelihoods of the people. This aspect of educational facilities will need to be explored further as it may be a crucial entry point for a livelihoods intervention.

No children up to 10 years of age were found to be working while about 80 percent of boys and more than 90 percent of girls in the age group 10-15 years do not work. It is noteworthy that in Gawadar a good 35 percent of young men do not begin to work until about 21 years of age. .

All surveyed communities across Karachi and Badin are dependent on fishing and fishing labour while those in Badin also reported agricultural labour. The largest variety of livelihoods were reported from the selected communities in Gawadar including fishing related work (net making, shrimp/fish cleaning, fish processing/packaging, boat making/repairing) small business and large businesses (fish processing factories, ice factory, ship building, builders/ building material business) as well as government employment and vocational jobs. Small shops, keeping of livestock and sewing/embroidery were also variously reported as income generating activities.

No financial institutions like banks were found in the surveyed communities from the Badin coastal area. Four villages of Gawadar had branches of different banks (UBL, agricultural bank, NIB, Bank Alfallah, Al Habib), while only one village in Karachi had branches of HBL and NBP.

All surveyed communities across all the coastal areas had local shopping area/ bazar within or in a neighbouring community/village. The selected communities of Gawadar and Karachi were by and large close to or within the city limits of Gawadar and Karachi which serve as a large market but the communities selected in Badin were remote from cities or even towns.

In terms of total household income 56 percent of households from Gawadar had an income in the range of Rs 8000-20000, while in Karachi the range for 58 percent of households was Rs 3000-12000 and in Badin for 52 percent the range was Rs 3000-8000. However the per capita income of households was Rs 1000- 3000 for about half the households across all 3 regions. In Gawadar the households where the per capita income was in the range of Rs 3000-5000 was 24 percent while in Karachi this was 10 percent and in Badin it was 6 percent.

Situation Analysis of Livelihoods

Employment and Income Trends By and large there are distinct jobs that men and women do. More men do fishing (67 percent men and 3 percent women), while more women do fish and shrimp cleaning (26 percent women and 5 percent men). Sewing/embroidery and handicrafts (33 percent), teaching (9 percent) and selling small items (9 percent) were reported solely by women and government jobs (7 percent) and vocational work (5 percent) was reported solely by men. Both men and women reported net making (7 percent men and 11 percent women), private jobs (4 percent men and 9 percent women), farming (5 percent men and 6 percent women) and shop keeping (3 percent men and 3 percent women).

Fishing was the main means of livelihood for men in communities along the coastal strip of Karachi (90 percent) and Badin (80 percent). In Gawadar there are more livelihood opportunities for men, apart from fishing (32 percent), including government jobs (22 percent) and vocational work (14 percent). In Badin the only other means of livelihood, other than related to fishing (14 percent shrimp/fish cleaning and 14 percent net making), is agriculture (16 percent). In Karachi occupations other than fishing were net making, boat making, shop keeping and private jobs but not more than 1 or 2 men reported this. Only 1 man in Gawadar reported that he had a job in a factory.

ii v 

 For women in Karachi and Gawadar the main livelihoods were sewing and embroidery (42 percent and 50 percent respectively), private jobs (14 percent and 16 percent respectively) and teaching (12 percent and 14 percent respectively). Interestingly few women from Gawadar reported fishing or fish related work as a means of income while women in Karachi (20 percent) and in Badin (58 percent) do cleaning of fish and shrimps and net making (10 percent and 22 percent respectively). In Gawadar 24 percent of women sell small items for income generation while only 1 woman each from Karachi and Badin reported same. Other than fish/shrimp cleaning, net making (although net making appears not to be for income generation) and agriculture no other significant means of livelihood was reported by women in Badin, only 3 of whom do sewing/handicrafts. Only 2 women from Gawadar and 3 women from Karachi reported working in a factory as an occupation (as distinct from the 8 women in Karachi who do shrimp cleaning and sewing embroidery in a factory).

On the whole for men work is almost entirely based out of the home while for 60 percent of women work is home-based. Men generally bring home a higher income than women many of whom supplement the household income from the work that they do. In Badin, however, where livelihood opportunities are so few, both men and women work together to earn a combined income for the household. Overall 60 percent of women reported earning an income between Rs 1000-3000 per month while the same percent of men reported earning Rs 3000-12000 per month. A large number of women (74 percent) from Karachi and about half the women (56 percent) from Gawadar are independent earning members of their households. In Badin all women reported working with husbands (or sons) to generate any income.

However it is important to note that the main occupations of men and women, fishing and agriculture bring in seasonal incomes. Also for sewing and embroidery there are Eid and marriage seasons when demand is higher. Only government and private jobs and employment in the education (and health) sector are likely to bring in a monthly salary and either because these opportunities are limited or do not exist or skills are not present that such jobs are few and far between. Thus in addition to low wages, the livelihoods of more than 70 percent of working men and women in these communities are by and large seasonal and uncertain.

The problem has been that while skilled and semi-skilled jobs, especially in a place like Karachi and Gawadar, may be available the educational system and vocational training has not kept pace with the demand. Thus while small industries and the services sector lack skilled personnel, the schools and vocational training centers do not offer a curriculum that may help women and men get skilled and obtain jobs in these sectors.

Working Conditions Most of the occupations reported by men and women in the survey are in the informal economic sector which is unregulated and undocumented. Regarding problems at the work place, overall about half the men respondents and about one third of the women respondents said that they do not face any problem at their work place. Half the men respondents and about one third of the women reported lack of toilet and drinking water at their work place (whether at home or out of home). Lack of transport was reported by about a fifth of the women and one third of the men. Overall the same number of men and women (11 and 12 percent respectively) reported bad behaviour of co-workers while only 7 women (1 from Karachi and 6 from Badin) specifically mentioned harassment of women.

Regarding problems related to the work itself, in the perception of the respondents overall the major problem they face in their work is low payment/wages reported by more than half the men and women; followed by lack of market information reported by about 40 percent of the men and women. About a

quarter of the men and one third of the women perceive low market prices and about one third of the men iii v 

 and a quarter of the women perceive lack of transport as a major problem. A few respondents (8 percent men and 1 percent women) reported other problems in their work. This included: x Misbehaviour of rangers agency x Delay in payments x Difficulty in buying raw material/stocks x Lack of facilities like packing machine/deep freezer x Lack of material x No proper place for parking boats on shore which cause difficulty in buying and transporting fish

A factor that has a large impact upon the income generating capacity of men and women is health problems. On the whole more women reported general health issues (blood pressure, fever, cough and body aches) while more men reported health issues related to work. A majority of men and women from Badin suffer from wounds in hands and nails as well as itching and burning. Injuries by machines and accidents at sea as well as injuries by fish were reported by men from Karachi. General sickness, injuries by machines and eye sight affected was reported by men from Gawadar. It would seem that general and specific health problems are many and health issues are probably the single most important factor in keeping these communities hand-to-mouth.

Entry Skills/Requirements As much of the means of livelihood is subsistence (fishing and agriculture), there are no entry skill levels, or training and education ‘requirements’. Some men and women, who probably have natural entrepreneurial skills, operate small shops, kiryana and other daily items stores or small auxiliary businesses related to fishing/agriculture or trade and transport. For those men and women who have a government job or are teachers some minimum educational level is required. For vocational work it is likely that the skill was learnt on the job itself.

In factories generally there are no standard requirements for jobs; in fact education is not important only need to know about work. Qualification doesn’t matter, persons are hired as per their expertise and experience. Local customs do not allow women to work in hotels and women do not like to work in factories because these are regarded as mens' work in the society. Local businessman don’t like to employ women because providing security to women employees is not possible.

Employment Opportunities The communities along the coastal strip of Karachi, Badin and Gawadar have developed traditional skills related to fishing (fishing, net making, boat making, processing the catch etc) as this is the only means of livelihood available to them. For women there are even fewer opportunities as their traditional skills of sewing and embroidery does not have a market. Where more opportunities have become available, as in Gawadar, there has been an attempt to acquire the vocational skill from the nearest town or city or learn on the job itself. Both the lack of livelihood opportunities and the absence of a vocational basis in the public education system has served to ensure that neither can serve as a catalyst for creating more and varied employment opportunities for the men and women of these communities.

Alternative livelihoods were proposed in FGDs with communities and NGOs. However, it will take conceptual detailing, focused research and actual work on the ground as a pilot intervention to determine what elements are required to make a livelihoods intervention viable and sustainable. The following suggestions that have emerged from the study may be the basis for the recommended way forward from this study.

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 Female responses: Karachi-vocational work, sewing/cutting/designing/fabric painting, improve existing skill of women ie candle making, sewing, embroidery, rilli /quilt making/garments/handicraft

Gawadar- Government services/ private sector, private teaching /tuition, selling goods, poultry farming, kitchen gardening, making gift items from sea shells, value addition of sea salt prepared in the village, cattle rearing, sewing/stitching garments, selling garments from Karachi, making detergent and bleach.

Badin-Handicraft, sewing, poultry, live stock management and dairy products, making net, small

Male responses: Karachi-vocational jobs (plumber, electrician, automobile repairing) for men, vocational job for women (sewing, embroidery, decoration pieces/ garments), shrimp/fish packaging and food preservation for women; handicraft for women and cottage industry.

Gawadar-Welding, repairing of electronics (AC/refrigerator, watch, mobile repairing), engine / motor mechanics, light machine plants, poultry farming, kitchen gardening, making knives, farming can be promoted, transportation could grow up, plumber, other skilled jobs, value addition and marketing of locally made sea salt. Expanding and modernizing fish processing can create more jobs, boat building and boat engine mechanics, fish packaging and value addition of fish products, marketing of artisan work of women like embroidery items and others, aqua culture and shrimp farming.

Badin-Live stock management and dairy products, honey, woods, coal preparation, brick making, small business, poultry farming, boats and net making, poultry feed, sewing, carpentry.

NGOs: x If modernized and expanded fishing can provide a lot of employment, women can get more employment if handcrafts and embroidery works are properly marketed and expanded. x Fish farming, aqua culture, crab farming, dairy farming, hotel, sea shell and handicraft centers, eco tourism, x Renewable energy sector, sewing and handicrafts, making gift items from sea shells, culture base souvenirs, human resource development x Shrimp farming, handicrafts, value addition of fish products, poultry farming, dairy farming, making gift items, children’s garments, boat building industry x Fishing can be enhanced, agriculture can be increased if water issue is solved, training of women in handicrafts, embroidery x Livestock, poultry, sewing/embroidery, hut making, wood selling.

It was very difficult for respondents of FGDs to understand or articulate ‘decent’ employment opportunities. For a large majority decent employment was synonymous with employment itself, and provision of training and educational facilities, and better rates and wages. Many respondents, however, did mention unhygienic and poor working conditions and the resultant health and disease problems.

Training Needs Assessment A large majority of men and women from Karachi and Gawadar and men from Badin have learnt their work from family and/or locally or on the job. Few men or women have obtained any formal or vocational training. For both men and women there appears to be little relationship between education, formal or vocational training and the livelihood opportunities.

x 

 It is interesting to note that while more than 50 percent of the women said that they require training only 32 percent men said the same. It is important to understand here that for most men their experience is that any training in whatever they are already doing will not be of benefit unless the training can significantly change what they are doing. For women their experience is that by learning a skill they can add to the household income because otherwise they do not have the opportunity that men do of learning on job itself.

It was difficult for men and women from these coastal communities to articulate training for livelihood opportunities that do not exist and they have no experience of. For the few men and women who could articulate their needs for training, vocational training, need to acquire skills and training in adding value to their product emerged. In the FGDs almost half the men reported needing vocational training which includes welding, A/C, refrigerator and mobile repairing etc. so they will get value added wages. Almost half the women reported needing training in fish processing, small business (selling and marketing of goods), poultry farming, kitchen gardening, gift/decoration items from sea shells etc. However, it must be stated here that training alone cannot provide livelihood opportunities. That requires a whole community development strategy based upon an understanding of how communities develop and change and a concrete action research programme.

It is quite clear from the findings that training must be linked to livelihoods either as a source of income or improving incomes and adding value to product. It is also quite clear that training alone will not provide opportunities. In those areas which are remote and resource poor only large scale government intervention or large scale private investment are likely to be a catalyst for development. However, in areas that have resources and opportunities educational and vocational training on the one hand and the demand for skilled and semi-skilled work will need to be brought in tandem.

Stakeholder Mapping and Institutional Analysis Few men and women (2 percent and 16 percent respectively) from the communities of Karachi and a large majority of men (80 percent) from the Gawadar communities reported that they do not belong to any organization whether at the workplace or in their community/ neighbourhood. All the men and women from Badin and 40 percent of women respondents from Gawadar reported belonging to some organization; either a CBO or VDO or an organization established under a project of an NGO. A large majority of respondents who reported that they belong to an organization also reported that they were part of the saving and credit groups of such organizations. It needs to be explored if such groups have the potential for collective action or bargaining in terms of the livelihoods of the people.

In Karachi one of the major projects being implemented by the Livestock Department Government of Sindh is Training of Coastal Women’s Improvement of Livestock. The project is implemented in Thatta, Badin, Karachi (Gadap Town, Bin Qasim Town, and Malir Town). Another project is that of the Fisheries Department support for 500 boats upgrading according to international standards for export of fish. The existing bodies and organizations such as Karachi Port Trust, Karachi Fisheries Harbour Authority, Port Qasim Authority, Korangi Fisheries Harbour Authority have little connection to each other regarding their work. The government departments also face hindrances due to the lengthy procedure of approval for any development expenditure.

Six different projects are being implemented under HANDS, on services delivery, awareness raising, advocacy, health and education for men, women and children of Rehri goth. A local organization is also working on small community issues, but has no funding for any project.

In Gawadar, the Balochistan Fisheries Department is developing a comprehensive plan for the

development of the Balochistan coast with the support of ADP. A fisheries training center is being i x 

 established at Jiwani. There are no specific programmes for women. The District Government (under the LG system) prepared the Integrated District Development Plan (Long and Short Term) with the technical assistance of IUCN. There are special projects and plans for women development in the ADP of the Planning and Finance Department but they are implemented by the Women Development Section of the Social Welfare Department. The Social Welfare Department has skill training centers such as industrial homes, gender refresh centers, literacy centers for adult women, and computer literacy centers. The Vocational Training Center has a Jafakash Aurat Programme, a long term programme for skill training and development of women.

Khushalli Bank has micro credit for small businesses for the poor and training. Makran Coastal Wetland Complex, PWP has training, advocacy and social mobilization project for coastal population especially fishermen and their families. Men are trained on modern techniques of fishing while women are trained in handicrafts and net making.

IUCN has programmes and projects related to training, advocacy and research for the whole population of Gawadar district. SMEDA has training, social mobilization, business research and development. Currently they have one project for training on business development and marketing. NRSP has training, services delivery, infrastructure development programmes focusing on women and related issues. Men and women are equally targeted as beneficiaries of the projects. In micro credit women local support organizations are formed and CIF is initiated through them.

In Badin the Pakistan Fisher Folk Forum was the only NGO found, in the selected villages, working on fishermen’s right through advocacy. They have a presence in the Fisheries Department office in Badin. From the FGDs it seems that there are few coherent or long-term development plans, strategy or approach for development of communities in the coastal areas. There are no specific government policies related to gender, disadvantaged and poor. At the provincial department level the operative documents are the PC- 1s that are related to projects and the annual development plans that largely deal with financial outlays.

The women’s section of the Social Welfare Department has projects specifically for women. Projects usually target the poor, women and children. The directorates of fisheries generally concerned with registration of boats and regulating the fishing trade. The factories are registered with other concerned authorities. There are many departments, directorates, authorities etc all with their own policies and plans and jurisdiction.

Most NGOs and development organizations were found in Gawadar area but very few in Badin. Many work on advocacy for the rights of the fishermen while some (in Gawadar) have projects related to poverty, environment, employment, vocational training, business development, health, and education, micro credit etc. Many of the NGOs and organizations follow a social mobilization approach to development.

Conclusions

From the situation analysis it seems that some effort has been mobilized for the development of the coastal belt in Badin, Karachi and Gawadar that has highlighted problems and some attempt has been made to address these problems. However, this effort appears neither to be rationalized nor streamlined as most are individual efforts of organizations or on an ad hoc basis. In the case of the government political expediency, lack of vision and an inadequate policy framework have resulted in keeping the coastal areas poor and underdeveloped. The coastal development approach of the government is patchy and

fragmented, there is no vision for creating livelihoods as a means of development in these areas nor a

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 framework of well defined and well researched parameters of development against which interventions can be designed or measured. Each sector of development is dealt with separately and variously and at great length, without an understanding of how all sectors need to link up. As a result, most work is done more as crisis management rather than as a coherent and concerted effort.

In the case of donors and NGOs there appears to be a tendency to follow a conventional approach to social development and restrictive mandates render their work less effective than would have been otherwise. The approach of community participation, engaging NGOs and CSOs as implementing partners and building upon the work of NGOs lacks clear directions and the substantial resources available are not utilized in the most efficient way. Nor are there any ‘successful pilot programmes of livelihood interventions’ that can serve as a model either for replication by the donor agencies or the government on a larger scale.

The people of the coastal areas suffer from a h istorical economic vulnerability where for centuries they have been subject to harsh conditions and subsistence living, with little hope to be able to climb out of their poverty trap. In these conditions they have tried to make the most of an economy which barely promises them physical survival; where health care is primitive, and in some cases, sub-primitive; education for children more medieval than modern; and access to economic opportunities difficult. Development of the coastal areas means providing the building blocks of development, ie, (a) enhanced, diversified and self-sustained livelihoods; (b) a standard of living where health and education are provided in the modern context, (c) where access to resources and inputs of production, specially for the small holder or livestock farmer and the small entrepreneur are provided, and so on. If these factors of development, (which are central to vitalizing a community, and to the livelihoods approach of ILO), and for communities to be able to respond to modern challenges of growth, were to be brought in as a holistic approach, it would cumulatively create the spring-board for taking the community to a sustainable level of development with a standard of living better than before.

This involves addressing the more endemic vulnerabilities and requires different approaches, strategies and elements added to the GE4DE programme of ILO. The findings from this situation analysis serve to highlight the broad directions of the interventions of ILO and their implementing partners. For concrete suggestions action research is necessary to determine the specific elements of interventions. Specifics can only emerge once an intervention in its entirety is tested on ground. 

The situation analysis indicates that enhanced livelihoods are priorities of the whole communities. A more professional design approach would be to concentrate on focused interventions, first on a small scale in one or two communities, and then take the success of those interventions to scale. Also from the point of view of effectiveness, and sustained development, it may be more efficient that resources are not spread too thin, first initial but concrete results were achieved, and the projects then built on the success of those achievements.

It may also be more prudent from the point of view of creating long-term impact on the communities if, for example, only one or two items from a set of key needs (e.g. fisheries) is first taken up on a focused and sustainable level, and brought to completion . The community could then build upon that intervention for expansion into vocational training, agricultural activities and crop diversification, clean health facilities, and so on.

ILO is very well placed to work out a well-designed and detailed programme, not only for gender equity in the fisheries sector, but for livelihoods as a whole, for health and schooling issues which may serve as successful models both for further interventions of ILO and partners (and other donor agencies and

NGOs), which would, in turn, initiate debate, and serve as a catalyst for the state to bring about policy iii x 

 reform, specially as many of the root causes of vulnerability have to do with an inadequate public policy framework.

Recommendations What is needed now is for ILO to establish a new paradigm or direction for change. This will require a review of strengths and weaknesses of the design and implementation strategies of GE4DE, and a debate on how to establish a long-term conceptual framework, taking an unconventional view of, and out-of-the box thinking about the dynamics of change.

Need for establishing a new paradigm: Less is More A major factor that has hampered the development of an effective, long-term framework of development is that carefully deliberated and well-planned policies have not emerged as a forte of either the government or the NGO/donor programmes. There is, therefore, a need to explore a new paradigm of a carefully planned, step-by-step approach for development and change in marginalized communities. It may be of benefit to ILO to deliberate on the ‘Less is More’ approach , whereby first , only one or two interventions in one or two communities are made, the specific elements of the approach are identified, and some level of success and sustainability is achieved, before taking the programme to scale.

Need for Debate n the basis of the findings from the situation analysis debate and discussion with analytical precision on the issues of development in the coastal communities will prove useful for the future course of the GE4DE Project . This will require first, establishing the parameters of how the Programme can be effective and second, developing concrete recommendations, on the basis of these parameters.

The Way Forward

In light of the findings from the situation analysis and the larger objectives of the GE4DE that links gender equity and development and an approach that seeks to address the root causes of livelihoods vulnerability; a 3-step way forward by way of a process is recommended which will help extract the principles which are likely to produce better results and make for a more effective gender equity management and development policy making.

Specific elements of the process : 1. 1.Constitute a 4-6 member research committee to review existing paradigms of development, and visit a few selected development projects in the coastal areas. Based upon the review and visits the research committee will develop a Concept Paper which would be circulated for feedback. 2. On the basis of the recommendations made in the Concept Paper , the research committee will next develop a Strategy Paper which will identify and design a selected few proposals to demonstrate elements and methodology of effective interventions under the Gender Equality for Decent Employment (GE4DE). This needs to be a small set of interventions as a research and development exercise with full professional thrust and keeping in mind that for initial success to be achieved the intervention should have as few variables as possible. 3. A conference will be organized for deliberating the conclusions of the Strategy Paper , refining the new paradigm and making recommendations from which will emerge a Policy Document.

i v x 

 Some recommendations for action research : From the findings of the situation analysis some recommendations for action research may be:

1. A production facility and employ men and women in fisheries production in Karachi and Gawadar, and link them with traders/exporters in Karachi. In doing so the programme will have set up a training centre for raw hands to be trained into skilled. 2. Facilities for eco-tourism in Gawadar and Karachi where some investment would be required and more importantly, it would provide training in rudimentary hotel management. 3. Enhanced livestock farming, with training in animal husbandry, feed, and marketing of livestock. 4. All of the above may be complemented with establishment of one or two public schools of quality education that meet the needs of modern education as well as vocational training linked to livelihood opportunities in the area. 5. Demonstrating effective public health services will go a long way in reducing vulnerability of populations along the coastal areas. This may include improving management of an existing government facility demonstrating that quality health services is a function of management (as opposed to that of funds alone) and that nothing stops a low cost public health facility delivering the same services as a high cost private facility. In geographical proximity to the schools this can be immediately linked up with the curriculum so that nursing (for girls as nursing as a profession for women does not carry a cultural constraint) and para medic training (for both boys and girls) can be immediately included in the vocational training curriculum of the school(s) and will have the advantage of demonstrating in a short period of time the efficacy of vocational training both as part of the school curriculum and linkage to a sustainable livelihood. Including livestock management will widen the canvas of the vocational training and demonstrate a linkage between education and economic opportunity.

Timeline of the process

Tasks Time Constitution of research committee 2 weeks Visit and review of selected programmes 4 weeks Development of Concept Paper 2 weeks Development of Strategy Paper 8 weeks Conference & development of Policy Paper After 6 months Assessment After 1 year

If ILO can undertake this process, through the Concept Paper , the Strategy Paper , and the Policy Document (the substantive and final statement of a new direction), it will be a pioneering effort in defining the context of effective and meaningful development, and the methodology for implementing that context into practice, not only for their themselves and their partners but for the development sector as a whole.

xv 

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE - Introduction

1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background of Coastal Areas of Pakistan 1 1.3 Rationale of the Study 2 1.4 Gendered Situation Analysis 2 1.5 Purpose/ Objective 2

CHAPTER TWO - Background

2.1 Background of Coastal Belt 3 2.2 Economics and Uses of Coastal Areas 3 2.3 Government Institutions Working in and for Coastal Zones 5 2.3.1 Forest Department 5 2.3.2 Fisheries and Livestock Department 5 2.3.3 Environmental Protection Agency – Sindh 6 2.3.4 Pakistan Maritime Security Agency 6 2.3.5 Directorate General, Ports and Shipping 6 2.3.6 Karachi Port Trust 6 2.3.7 National Commission for Human Development (NCHD) 7 2.4 National and International non-government sector Organizations in the Coastal Belt 7

CHAPTER THREE - Methodology

3.1 Research Partnerships 8 3.2 Purpose and Research Questions 8 3.3 Sampling 10 3.4 Research Instruments 10 3.5 Sample Sizes and Groups 11 3.6 Procedure and Time Frame 12 3.7 Risks and Limitations 13

CHAPTER FOUR - Findings and Analysis

4.1 Profile of Communities 14 4.1.1 Population Density and Language 14 4.1.2 Basic Utilities 14 4.1.3 Infrastructure and Communications 15 4.1.4 Educational and Health Facilities 16 4.1.5 Demographic profile 17 4.1.6 Educational Profile 19 4.1.7 Employment Status 21 4.1.8 Livelihoods Profile 23

4.1.9 Household Income 24 i x v 



4.2 Situation Analysis of Livelihoods 25 4.2.1 Employment Trends 25 4.2.2 Income Trends 28 4.2.3 Working Conditions 34 4.2.4 Entry Skills/Requirements 43

4.3 Employment Opportunities 44 4.4 Training Needs Assessment 47 4.5 Stakeholder Mapping and Institutional Analysis 55

CHAPTER FIVE - Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusions 58 5.2 Recommendations 61 5.3 The Way Forward 62

List of Annexes

ANNEX-1 Terms of Reference (TOR) 65-81

ANNEX-2 Research Instruments: Questionnaires and Guidelines 82-93

ANNEX-3 List of Research Partners and Team Members 94-94

ANNEX-4 Timelines and Milestones 95-95

ANNEX-5 List of People Interviewed 96-97

ANNEX-6 List of Documents Reviewed 98-99

ANNEX-7 Detailed Tables 100-144

ii xv 

 CHAPTER ONE Introduction

1.1 Introduction

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized UN agency which promotes social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights and works through a unique tripartite structure with workers and employers participating as equal partners with governments. Promoting gender equality is fundamental to all of ILO’s work. The ILO believes 3that gender equality in the world of work is a fundamental human right, critical to social justice and is instrumental in achieving poverty alleviation and social and economic development goals.

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Ge e E q f De ce E e

The ILO is currently implementing a project, P      

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4 4

DE (GE DE (GE , funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). intends to enhance the capacity of stakeholders to inform, design and implement gender sensitive policies and programmes and create more gender equal employment in selected economic sectors of Pakistan. Amongst others, one of the identified economic areas is the Coastal sector.

1.2 Background of Coastal Areas of Pakistan

The coastal areas of Pakistan are in the province of Sindh and Balochistan. These coastal areas are on the shore of Arabian Sea connecting with other countries of the world. Gawadar and Karachi are two prominent ports on these coastal areas . Gawadar is a district along the sea in south of the Makran. Gawadar port can become a trade hub for all the neighbouring land locked central Asian countries of Pakistan.

Gender inequalities are widespread in coastal labour markets, particularly fishing sector. Women often work in the lowest paid and most precarious forms of employment, and experience the effects of the so- called “sticky floor”, on the bottom rungs of their occupations. Furthermore, they continue to be affected by the invisibility of their work related to the care economy. Access to productive Work that provides an adequate income for working men and women is the surest route out of poverty. Productive employment is the economic foundation of decent work. In the coastal areas most of the employments of women are in fishing sectors, through the research we would like you to look at the non-fishing opportunities. For example those coastal communities are primarily involved in fishing, but also other activities such as home-based crafts, packaging factories, and domestic work.

In July-May 2002-03 fish and fishery products valued at US $ 117 million were exported from Pakistan. The fisheries sector as a whole contributes to about 1percent to the country's GDP and provides jobs for about 1% of the country's labour force. Freshwater carp farming is the major aquaculture activity in three of the country's four provinces (Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtun Khawa KPK). No direct data on the number of fish farmers employed in this sector is available as fish farming in most parts of the country is carried out as an integral part of crop farming.

In Pakistan, the participation of women in fisheries is common among the fishing communities and women are engaged in aquaculture activities specially when it is part of a family enterprise and help is required in feeding, planting grasses in the ponds and guarding the ponds when the farm is close to the house. Most fish markets have inadequate facilities, usually they lack cold storage facilities, have poor hygienic conditions and inadequate communication links, etc.

1



1.3 Rationale of the Study

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4

t t t t

ro mo g r ua l y or mpl oy m

G e e E q f D ece E e ( G E DE Since P       focus is on promoting gender equality in the world of work, more detailed information of the gender dimensions of employment in Coastal areas is needed to ensure that project interventions properly address the needs and expectations of women, men, girls and boys.

1.4 Gendered Situation Analysis

4 DE As part of the planning phase G E is commissioning research to provide gender-aware baseline information upon which to design sector specific interventions. For each sector, the situation analysis exercise will be conducted by a research partnership. Each partnership will consist of one lead partner and one or more local, supporting partners. Partnering expert organisations, with smaller community-based ones, provides an effective combination of the outsider’s (lead research organisation) specialist expertise with insider’s (local organisations) knowledge, and helps build capacity in the process.

1.5 Purpose/ Objective

General Objectives

The general objectives of this situation analysis, that is the broad development goals to be achieved, are: x Capacity of research and community organizations enhanced in understanding and conducting gender-sensitive research x Gendered, sector-specific situation analyses provide the basis upon which to design interventions to meet the GE4DE project’s immediate objectives.

Specific Objectives

The specific objectives, that is, the specific types of knowledge to be produced as part of the situation analysis, are: x To understand the gender dimensions of employment in selected economic sectors x To identify decent employment opportunities x To analyze training needs x To map and analyze stakeholders and institutions

2

 CHAPTER TWO Background

2.1 Background of Coastal Belt

Pakistan has a coastline about 990 km long with an adjacent coastal zone of 240,000 square km in the Northern Arabian Sea. It comprises of two distinct units, the passive margin of Sindh which stretches over 370 km and the active margin of the Balochistan coast which stretches 760 km. River Indus, the sixth largest river in the world, drains into the north-eastern Arabian Sea forming a large delta. There are rich living and non living resources in the coastal zone of Pakistan. The living resources include mangrove forests along Sindh and Balochistan coast with the Indus Delta harbouring the 6th largest mangrove forest in the world. The commercially important marine fisheries resources of Pakistan are composed of about 350 different species. Associated with Pakistan’s coastal ecosystem is a complex array of natural resources which provide economic goods and services. These goods and services are both marketed, eg fish, shellfish and non-marketed eg mangroves for their medicinal uses and their functions as nursery areas for juvenile fish and buffers against storm surges. These goods and services have an extremely important long term strategic value.

2.2 Economics and Uses of Coastal Areas

KARACHI

Karachi is the biggest trade and economic center of Pakistan. Karachi Port handles the majority of the country’s seaborne trade while the surrounding city of Karachi accounts for half of the government’s revenues and contributes 20 percent of Pakistan’s GDP. The following sectors of economy make use of the coastal marine environment in Pakistan. x Port and shipping x Fisheries and forestry x Communication and roads x Coastal agriculture x Boat building x Ship building x Oil and gas mineral exploration x Salt industries and mineral industries x Coastal tourism x Pollution control management x Coastal power plants and energy sector 1

GAWADAR

Gawadar district underwent a period of rapid change on account of huge investments in the development of a deep seaport, the construction of the coastal highway and plans for the establishment of an export free zone. The remote and neglected fishing villages of Gawadar have been linked to Karachi and the rest of the country through the highway which has provided access and greater mobility to communities along

 1 www.environment.gov.pk , Brief on Environmental Problems of the Marine and Coastal araes 3

 the coast. The highway has also made it possible to expand and develop port business by increasing the volume of transit trade and cargo handling. Urbanization, increased trade and commerce, industrialization, diversification of the local economy and fresh employment opportunities were some of the benefits for Gawadar district.

Gawadar is emerging as the third deep seaport of Pakistan after Karachi and Port Qasim. As such, it has considerable economic and strategic significance, not only on account of its proximity to the Gulf but also because it is located away from Paksiatn’s traditional confrontation sea zone 2.

The following sectors can be found operating in Gawadar district: x Fisheries x Agriculture/horticulture x Industries x Livestock x Poultry and dairy x Handicrafts x Transport x Real estate x Mines and minerals x Tourism

BADIN

Badin on the whole is a low and flat district. The whole district depends for its cultivation on several canals taking off from the Indus River. Rice is the main crop of the district and is grown wherever the level of the land permits it. The other crops grown in the district are cotton, sugarcane, jawar, wheat, barley, fruits and vegetables.

Forest growth consists of four chief sorts of trees, that yield an excellent timber used extensively for wheels, agricultural implements, building purposes, fuel in manufacturing coal, dyeing and tanning, food for cattle of all kinds, building and lacquer work, good fuel wood, agricultural implements and tannery, reeds blinds, shades and walls for huts, grass for baskets, chairs and ropes.

Good breed of buffaloes and cows are found in the district. Badin being predominantly an agricultural area, the available industries are agro based, including production of sugar and rice-husking. Badin offers prospects for agro-based and agro allied industry given that adequate raw material is available in the district. In 1981, the first oil well at Khaskheli was explored and at present there are four oil fields in Badin. Badin is a famous trading centre for sugarcane, tomato, chilies, fish and livestock markets 3.

 2 Gawadar: Integrated Development Vision, IUCN, GoB, 2010 3 Statistical Data Collection of Coastal Belt of Sindh, Forest and Wildlife Department Government of Sindh, Raasta Development Consultants, SDSC University of Jamshoro, 2004

4 

 2.3 Government Institutions Working in and for Coastal Zones

The departments working in the coastal zones (and those having implications for the coastal zones) include the following: x Sindh Forest & Wildlife Department, Government of Sindh x Livestock and Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh x Sindh Wild Life Department, Government of Sindh x Environmental Protection Agency, Sindh x Port Qasim Authority x Maritime Security Agency x Directorate General of Ports and Shipping x Karachi Port Trust x National Commission for Human Development (NCHD)

Profiles of these government institutions are presented below:

2.3.1 Forest Department

Sindh Forest & Wildlife Department is a well organized and a multi-disciplinary governmental organization entrusted with responsibilities for protection and management of 2.782 million acres of state forestry and rangelands resources in Sindh and promotion of tree planting on private lands for sustainable wood production and protection/ preservation of ecosystem/ environment. The department has been regularly undertaking various development activities and implementing local and donor assisted projects in the fields of forestry & rangeland management, promotion of social forestry, amenity/urban planting, landscaping & beautification, avenue plantation, promotion of sericulture and apiculture, forestry education, research and improvement of important ecosystems

The functions and objectives of the department are: x To increase vegetative cover over state forest lands x To meet the fuel wood and timber requirements of the province on sustained basis x To promote environmental stability, preserve biodiversity and natural heritage x To disseminate technology of nursery raising, field planting, marketing etc. to public particularly farmers through trainings, workshops, seminars and field visits x To promote a forestation on farmlands through farmers participation

2.3.2 Fisheries and Livestock Department

The main function of livestock and fisheries department is to improve availability of animal protein in human diet so as to achieve the required quantity of 27.5 grams daily.

The functions of livestock department include: x Provide extension and technical services upto village level regarding disease control of livestock, poultry and fish development x Provide training to rural farmer about modern technologies for imparting knowledge to establishment of dairy, fish and poultry farms in the province

5

 x Provide modern technologies regarding increase production of milk, beef, white and red meat, fish and poultry meat and eggs etc

The functions of fisheries department include: x Conservation of fisheries resources, management and development of resources on scientific lines x Training of fisheries and fish farmers and in-service training x Extension services of private sector x Revenue earning through auctioning / licensing of water resources x Supplies of quality fish-seed to private fish farmers on subsidized rates

2.3.3 Environmental Protection Agency - Sindh

The Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) were established to basically implement the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), 1997, and to enforce the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). The federal EPA has delegated its relevant powers and functions to the provincial EPAs.

The functions of EPA-Sindh are advising & coordinating with Government, semi-government organizations, industries, NGOs, & various development agencies on preventive measures for abatement of pollution. x Coordination Environmental Policies & Plan x Implementing PEPA, 1997 & entering NEQS x Rendering advice & assistance on environmental matters to various agencies x Establishment of monitoring system for effluents & emissions.

These agencies have extremely inadequate manpower to be effective.

2.3.4 Pakistan Maritime Security Agency

At the end of 1986, the Government of Pakistan announced the setting up of the Pakistan Maritime Security Agency to oversee Pakistan’s interest in the maritime zone and the EEZ.

2.3.5 Directorate General, Ports and Shipping

The Director General, ports and Shipping, Ministry of Communications has important responsibilities in respect of all ports and shipping matters. The work in respect of the proposed merchant shipping legislation is being undertaken by this office.

2.3.6 Karachi Port Trust

The Karachi Port is administered by a Board of Trustees, comprising Chairman and 10 Trustees. The Chairman is appointed by the Federal Government and is also the Chief Executive of Karachi Port Trust. The remaining 10 Trustees are equally distributed between the public and the private sector. The five public sector Trustees are nominated by the Federal Government. The seats for private sector Trustees are filled by elected representatives of various private sector organizations. This way all port users find a representation in the Board of Trustees.

6

 2.3.7 National Commission for Human Development (NCHD)

Human development in Pakistan requires a movement for social transformation. NCHD believes in the importance of community ownership in all projects where decision making rights are provided to all stakeholders. NCHD's approach to poverty alleviation is multi-sectoral, therefore they are taking an integrated approach focusing on the needs of people at the grassroots. NCHD has community development programme in Badin and Thatta districts, including coastal areas.

2.4 National and International Non-Government Sector Organizations in the Coastal Belt

There are some international organizations and national NGOs and grassroots groups working in the coastal areas. Most of these NGOs/ CBOs focus on advocacy, social mobilization or community development including education and health sector. Some of the NGOs have experienced officials at the top level but neither a mid level cadre professionals nor well-trained support staff at lower levels exist.

IUCN and WWF-Pakistan are also working for the conservation of wetlands and marine ecosystems. Threat to flora and fauna, deforestation, soil erosion, extinction of rare species, loss of agriculture biodiversity, water logging and salinity, land degradation and use of pesticides are some of the important bio-diversity issues which are of interest to low income urban and rural communities. International NGOs are actively supporting and solving environmental issues. With the focus on conservation of the natural environment and the ecological processes essential to life on earth, international organizations are promoting environmental awareness for the benefit of local communities. IUCN recently organized a workshop in Badin and Haleji Lake in Thatta WWF recently launched re-plantation of mangroves in district Thatta 4.

 4 Statistical Data Collection of Coastal Belt of Sindh, Forest and Wildlife Department Government of Sindh, Raasta Development Consultants, SDSC University of Jamshoro, 2004

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 CHAPTER THREE Methodology

3.1 Research Partnerships

The research was conducted by partnerships between a lead professional organization and three supporting organizations (SOs): x Raasta Development Consultants (RDC) - Lead Organization x Centre for Peace and Justice Pakistan (CPJP) - Support Organization in Karachi x LARR Development Association (LDA) - Support Organization in Badin x Rural Community Development Council (RCDC) - Support Organization in Gawadar

The lead organization used a participatory coordination mechanism involving SOs to provide a total research solution . The SOs were involved at every stage of the survey, from development of tools, through field work, data entry and compilation to analysis and reporting.

Team from supporting organizations

Each SO constituted a team for this study comprising: x 1 senior researcher x 1 junior researcher x 2 supervisors (1 male and 1 female) x 4 enumerators (2 male and 2 female) x 1 data entry clerk

Team from lead organization

The lead research organization provided a professional team comprising: x 1 principal researcher x 1 senior researcher x 1 data processing specialist x 1 research coordinator

See annex-3 for name of SOs and team members.

3.2 Purpose and Research Questions

Purpose

The study was designed to address the following sets of questions:

1. Employment Trends: x Livelihoods Analysis. What are the different types of livelihoods women and men are engaged in? Which are formal and informal economy activities? Is work home-based, contractual, daily

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 wages, piece-rate, permanent? Which livelihoods are directly related to fishing and which are non-fishing? x Work in the formal and informal economies. What sort of work do women and men do in the informal economy? What sort of work is done by home based workers? Role of middle man? x What are the entry /Skills requirements in terms of training and education for different types and levels of employment? x Working conditions. What sort of conditions prevails in different levels and types of employment? How do they compare against ILO’s standards of decent work? x Career progression. Do women and men have opportunities to progress in their jobs to higher levels of employment, or different types of employment? If not, why? How can these opportunities be created? x Collective Bargaining. What sorts of arrangements exist for collective action? Do women participate? Are women’s concerns adequately addressed? x Women and the workplace? Are there any issues regarding sexual harassment? Glass ceilings? Discrimination? Exploitation?

2. Employment Opportunities: x Skills need assessment. What are current skills shortages; emerging skills shortages; critical skills shortages? x Types of work. Which opportunities do and do not meet the standards of decent work? Do employers tend to prefer women or men for certain jobs? Why? Do women prefer to do certain types of work? Why? Do women aspire to jobs which they find difficulty accessing? If so, what are the barriers? x Which opportunities are most conducive to enhancing and improving women’s employment? x Linkages. Does training in this sector also lead to opportunities in other sectors? (e.g. hospitality training is relevant to retail, tourism and travel sectors) x Unconventional jobs. Are there opportunities to promote ‘green jobs’? Are there opportunities to train women for unconventional jobs?

3. Training Needs Assessment: x Skills demand. What type of training is needed to address identified skills shortages? x Skills development. For different types and levels of employment, what sorts of training do women and men need to enhance technical/vocational skills and enable upward job progression? x Non-trade specific skills. What sort of training can help women; in particular, participate effectively in opportunities for collective bargaining/action?

4. Stakeholder Mapping and Institutional Analysis: x Government Departments. Which departments are involved and in what capacity (policymaking, quality assurance etc)? Which policies apply? How gender-sensitive are they? x Projects. Have there been any special interventions for gender equality or women’s employment? Which NGOs have been involved? x Training Providers. Which training providers have the capacity to deliver training according to the identified training needs? x Target Groups. Which groups meet the requirements of the project (poor, rural and urban men and women) and the training entry requirements? What is their socio-economic profile including

9

 community profile; such as access to basic necessities specially drinking water, electricity and most importantly communication channels. These may include transportation (from/to work), ownership of radio/T.V., mobile phones and their specific utilization (channels etc) with respect to women? Are there any instances of girls, in particular, from low-income, disadvantaged backgrounds, which have high levels of educational attainment and could compete for higher levels of jobs? x Employers’ and Workers’ groups, formal or informal. x Is the impact of industrialisation of fishing on local jobs (big fishing companies coming in etc), has it displaced local peoples' jobs, and has it changed job profiles? What are the opportunities for alternative employment etc?

3.3 Sampling

The study was carried out in 5 villages/neighbourhoods in each of the districts of Karachi, Gawadar and Badin. The sample villages/neighbourhoods were as follows: x Karachi: Sheikh Para, Khaskheli Mohalla, Dabela Para, Tikri village, Abdul Rehman Baloch x Gawader: Pishukan, Doar, Surbandar, Mulaband and Baloch/Nigori Ward x Badin: Khamoon Mallah, Allah Bachayo Mallah, Sheikh Kerhyao, Misri Mallah, Haroon Bachal Jakhro

3.4 Research Instruments

Research Approaches and Methods

The situation analysis used a mix of qualitative and quantitative survey methods and secondary and primary data sources. Specifically:

1. To understand the policy framework related to gender, disadvantaged and the poor : desk review of policies, regulations, labour laws and the working environment in the coastal areas and specifically in the fisheries sector; community profiling and in-depth interviews giving a picture of actual conditions and focus group discussions with groups of men and women in communities. 2. To understand the gender dimensions of employment in selected economic sectors: Household survey where both men and women were interviewed to obtain gender disaggregated information on employment and all facets of the employment (markets, middleman, value chain, income; access, raw materials, training needs, issues faced by women in their workplaces etc); and focus group discussions with groups of men and women in communities. 3. To identify decent employment opportunities: Community profiling to provide information on workplaces i.e. businesses/ entrepreneurs in and around communities, access to health, education, vocational training, water and sanitation facilities and community perceptions. Information, including workplace issues faced by women employees, was obtained from workers, businessmen, entrepreneurs, middlemen, Govt. projects and programs and NGO and other donor interventions as well as focus group discussions with groups of men and women in communities. 4. To analyse training needs: Household survey; interviews with NGOs and businesses/ entrepreneurs in and around the community and focus group discussions with groups of men and women in communities. 5. To map and analyse stakeholders and institutions: Interviews at workplaces i.e. businesses/ entrepreneurs in and around the community, NGOs and government institutions.

0 1 

 Research Instruments

1. Family profile 2. Household tool 3. Community profile 4. FGD guideline for community males and females 5. Interview guideline for NGOs 6. Interview guidelines for government institutions 7. Interview guidelines for businesses

See annex 2 for research instruments.

Field Ethics / Protocols

Field ethics and protocols were developed and data collectors trained in how to approach and obtain personal data while protecting participants’ confidentiality and human rights.

Criteria for Selection of Respondents

This included briefs on sampling technique, profile of respondents and criteria for selection.

3.5 Sample Sizes and Groups

The survey was conducted in 15 villages of the 3 selected coastal areas of Karachi, Gawadar and Badin districts. The sampling was as under:

Household Survey

The HH survey was carried out in 50 households from each geographical area. In each area 5 villages (in rural areas)/neighbourhoods (in urban areas) was selected and from each village/neighbourhood, 10 households were randomly selected. In each household, one man and one woman were interviewed for providing gender disaggregated data. The total sample size of the household survey was 150 households and a total of 300 respondents with 150 family profiles.

Community Profiles

The community profiles covered each of the 5 village/ neighbourhoods where the HH survey was conducted in each geographical area. This provided a total of 15 community profiles. Male and female key informants identified in and around the communities were interviewed while 2 FGDs (one each for men and women community stakeholders) was conducted in each village/ neighbourhood where the HH survey was carried out. This gave a total of 10 FGDs in each geographical area. A total of 30 FGDs were carried out.

Stakeholder Mapping

Local Fishing and/or other Work Associations, businesses, local NGOs/CBOs and relevant provincial government institutions were identified and visited for collecting secondary data and for interviews/discussions. A total of 22 interviews all together were conducted.

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 3.6 Procedure and Time Frame

Preliminary Process

The representatives from lead organization and supporting organizations participated in an orientation workshop by ILO in Islamabad before the commencement of the study. This was followed by the development of a research grid and draft instruments by the Raasta team and the senior researchers from supporting organizations.

Pre-testing and Training of Senior Researchers

Pre-testing of instruments was carried out with senior researchers from supporting organizations in Karachi and the research instruments finalized. Training in each research instrument was carried out in 2 tiers; tier 1 in Karachi for senior researchers and tier 2 in each geographical area for junior researchers, enumerators and supervisors. The Raasta team trained the senior researcher from each support organization in all the tools as well as sampling technique, profile of respondents and criteria for sample selection and finalized the data collection and monitoring plan with them. In tier 2 the trained senior researcher from each supporting organization trained the junior researchers, supervisors and the enumerators whom they selected and appointed in their own geographical areas.

Data Collection/Field Work

Qualitative data collection was carried out by senior and junior researchers while the HH survey was carried out by male and female enumerators. The HH survey was supervised by supervisors who also organized the FGDs and assisted the senior and junior researchers in carrying out FGDs, in-depth interviews, stakeholder mapping and community profiles. The Raasta team monitored the training in each geographical area while the senior researchers from each supporting organization were responsible for ensuring timely and accurate collection of data.

Training for Data Entry and Processing

The data entry and processing specialist form Raasta developed the data base for quantitative data entry and trained 1 person from each supporting organization in data entry on SPSS, post verification, processing on the SPSS and tabulation of quantitative data. The Raasta team developed a reporting format for qualitative and secondary data compilation which was carried out by the senior researchers for their own each geographical area.

Tabulation/Compilation and Main Findings

Main findings, based upon quantitative and qualitative data and the secondary research, from each area was developed in Karachi by the Raasta team together with the senior researchers from the supporting organizations for sharing at tripartite consultations with stakeholders in Karachi.

Analysis and Reporting

Based on the feedback from stakeholder consultations, the research findings were analysed in line with the study objectives and the research report prepared by the Raasta team.

The timelines and milestones are provided in annex 4. 2 1 

 3.7 Risks and Limitations

A major constraint in carrying out research in coastal areas is the “village within village” syndrome, where what appears to be one contiguous village is reported as two or more villages, the divisions being made on ethnic lines. Sometimes greater number of villages is reported than there are geographical sites of villages. Some of these “villages within villages” are as small as 2-3 households. For the purposes of such surveys the contiguous village (regardless of how many smaller sections are reported as separate villages) is taken as one village.

The quality of the team members from the support organization was an unknown factor and it was precisely for this reason that a methodology of involving the supporting organizations at every stage of the study; right from inception to the reporting stage was devised. This helped in ensuring uniformity and quality of the report while at the same time build capacity of organizations in carrying out research along professional lines.

The limitation of the study is that it provides trends rather than actual numbers and is useful as a basis for determining the way forward for designing a focused intervention plan. For a focused intervention and for determining the approach and strategy of that intervention it will be necessary to do a research and action exercise on the ground to see how the elements of development and change in communities through an economic opportunities programme is brought about.

3 1 

 CHAPTER FOUR Findings and Analysis

4.1 Profile of Communities

4.1.1 Population Density and Language

The communities in Gawadar and Karachi were of a high density of population while that of Badin were sparsely populated (reference table-1 in annex-7). Communities in Badin were Sindhi speaking and in Gawadar Balochi, speaking. In the communities of Karachi Sindhi is mostly spoken, followed by Balochi, Punjabi, Pushto and Kachi.

Figure-1 Language by Communities 5 4 3

2 Karachi 1 Gawadar Badin 0 Sindhi Balochi Punjabi Pushto Kachi

4.1.2 Basic Utilities

All communities in Gawadar reported electricity and water supply but no sanitation facilities. Only 2 villages reported supply of gas. Conversely in Badin none of the communities reported any of the basic facilities in houses, water being available from canals and some handpumps. In Karachi electricity, gas and water supply were reported from 4 communities and sanitation in 3, while 1 community reported no facilities. Wood was the main source of fuel where gas was not available. Gas cylinders and kerosene oil was mentioned in 1 community of Karachi.

In Karachi, one community, Dabela Para, had no facility of gas, electricity, water supply & sanitation system while one community, Abdul Rehman Baloch, had no sanitation system. In Gawadar, Baloch/Nigori Ward, Mulaband and Pishukan had no gas connection and all five communities (Pishukan, Doar, Surbandar, Mulaband and Baloch/Nigori Ward) had no sanitation system. In Badin all five communities (Khamoon Mallah, Allah Bachayo Mallah, Sheikh Kerhyao, Misri Mallah, Haroon Bachal Jakhro) had no facility of gas, electricity, water supply & sanitation system.

4 1 

 Figure-2 Basic Utilities by Communities 5 4 3 2 Karachi 1 Gawadar 0 Badin Electricty Gas Water Sanitation supply  Figure-3 Source of Fuel 5 4 3

2 Karachi 1 Gawadar Badin 0 Wood Kerosene oil Gas cylinder

4.1.3 Infrastructure and Communications

A majority of communities/villages had katcha road in Gawadar and Badin. However 3 communities in Karachi had mix of katch/pacca road. In Gawadar and Karachi main, metalled roads were within a distance of 2-3 km but access to villages in Badin was by many kms of katcha roads.

Public transport was only reported from 2 communities in Karachi. Transportation across all villages/communities of Gawadar and Badin is generally hired cars although rickshaws and carts were also reported from Badin. Pick-ups, datsons and mazdas were reported from Karachi and Gawadar for use in transport of goods and products.

Mobiles are extensively used across the three areas. While Gawadar is well connected with telephones and wireless service, in Badin mobiles are the only source of communications with the outside world.

(reference table-11, 12 & 13 in annex-7)

15

 4.1.4 Educational and Health Facilities

All surveyed communities in Gawadar had public and private schools for both boys and girls, while there were no educational facilities in 2 of the 5 surveyed villages of Badin (Misri Mallah and Khamoon Mallah) and 1 of the 5 communities selected in Karachi (Khaskheli Mohallah). There were no schools for girls in all the surveyed villages of Badin and just 1 vocational center was found across all 15 communities surveyed.

Figure-4 Educational Facilities Figure-4a Figure-4b Karachi Gawadar 20%

80% 100%

f l f l

Ed Ed

uca t ion uc ation ity ac i it y

 a ci 

f l f l

N d N d

e ucation a ci it y o e uc atio n aci ity o    

Figure-4c Badin

40%

60%

f l

i i i

Ed

t t y

u c a on

 ac

f l

i i i

d N

t t y

e u ca on ac o  

Figure -5 Health Facilities Figure-5a Figure-5b Karachi Gawadar 20% 40%

60%

80%

l h l h f l f l

i i i i

H H

t t t y ty

ea ea ac

 a c 

h l h f l h l h f l

i i i i

N N

t ty t t y

e a a c ea ac o

o     6 1 

 Figure-5c Badin

100%

h l h f l

i i

t t y ac

ea 

h l h f l

i i

N

t t y

ea ac o  

4.1.5 Demographic Profile

According to the sample population, the proportion of males to females was 48 percent to 52 percent while the sex ratio was 93 (93 males per hundred females). The average family size is 6.86 (from a population of 1029 out of 150 households). Then the dependency ratio is 152.2, which means that for every one bread earner, there are about 1.5 dependents 5.

Figure-6 Age-sex Distribution

Figure-6a Figure-6b Karachi Gawadar 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 0-19 20-65 65 & above 0-19 20-65 65 & above

Male Female Male Female  

 5 Dependency ratio is calculated through a formula, by assuming that total population is dependent population (males who are earning, are also dependent upon themselves) and the economically productive population constitutes only males (between 15-64 years). Total population 1029 x 100 / male population between 15-64 years 676.  17

 Figure-6c Figure-6d Badin Total

100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 0-19 20-65 65 & above 0-19 20-65 65 & above

Male Female Male Female

Sixty-two percent females and 53 percent males of the total population surveyed was between the age 15- 49 years and about one third (36 percent males and 30 percent females) were under the age of 15 years. However on the other hand 11 percent males and only 8 percent females were over the age bracket of 50 years.

More than 2/3 of the households had a nuclear family structure, highest in Karachi and lowest in Gawadar. No boys and girls below the age of 15 were found to be married and only in Badin were young men and women in the age bracket of 15-19 years found married in significant numbers but very few in Karachi or Gawadar.

Figure-7 Family Structure

Figure-7a Figure- 7b Karachi Gawadar 22%

46%

54%

78%

Nuclear Joint Nuclear Joint 

Figure-7c Figure- 7d Badin Total

34% 37%

66% 63%

Nuclear Joint Nuclear Joint 

8 1 



4.1.6 Educational Profile

In Badin the educational profile was very poor; barely 20 percent boys and girls were enrolled in schools and only 30 percent of boys in the age group 15-19 years were educated. No women over the age of 15 years and barely 10 percent men over the age of 20 were found to be educated. In Karachi only about 40 percent of boys in the age group 5-14 years were enrolled in schools as compared to more than 60 percent girls in that age group who go to school. In the age group 15-34 years about 70 percent young men and about 60 percent young women were uneducated while more than 85 percent of both men and women above 35 years were uneducated. In Gawadar the education trend all the way up to 19 years was high for both boys (about 80 percent) and girls (about 70 percent). In the age group 25-34 years about 65 percent women and almost all in the age group 35 and above were uneducated. The educational trend of men in Gawadar was better with 60 percent men in the age group 25-34 and more than 40 percent in the age group 35-49 attaining some level of education. There were virtually no men and women above the age of 50 who were educated.

There is a clear link between availability of educational facilities, and enrollment of boys and girls. It is also clear that where enrollment is poor it is not because of school age children, boys in particular, going out to work since a majority of boys in the age group 10-15 years reportedly do not work (see section below on employment status). However, what is not very clear is the linkage between the education imparted in schools and their relevance for livelihoods of the people (see section 4.2.4 entry skills and requirements). This aspect of educational facilities will need to be explored further as it may be a crucial entry point for a livelihoods intervention (see section 5 on recommendations).

Figure-8A Educational Profile (age 5-19 years)

Figure-8a Figure-8b Karachi Gawadar 100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 5-9 10-14 15-19 5-9 10-14 15-19

Educated (male) Educated (male) Educated (female) Educated (female) Not educated (male) Not educated (male)

Not educated (female) Not educated (female) 9 1 

 Figure-8c Figure-8d Badin Total 100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 5-9 10-14 15-19 5-9 10-14 15-19

Educated (male) Educated (male) Educated (female) Educated (female) Not educated (male) Not educated (male) Not educated (female) Not educated (female)

   Figure-8B Educational Profile (age 20 years and above)

Figure-8e Figure-8f Karachi Gawadar 100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 20-34 35-49 50 & above 20-34 35-49 50 & above

Educated (male) Educated (male) Educated (female) Educated (female) Not educated (male) Not educated (male)

Not educated (female) Not educated (female) 0 2 

 Figure-8g Figure-8h Badin Total 100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 20-34 35-49 50 & above 20-34 35-49 50 & above

Educated (male) Educated (male) Educated (female) Educated (female) Not educated (male) Not educated (male) Not educated (female) Not educated (female)   4.1.7 Employment Status

No children up to 10 years of age were found to be working while about 80 percent of boys and more than 90 percent of girls in the age group 10-15 years do not work. About 60 percent boys begin working from the age of 16 years, mostly in fishing, while 80 percent of girls in the same age group do not work. It is noteworthy that in Gawadar a good 35 percent of young men do not begin to work until about 21 years of age. This has probably to do with the occupations reported from the communities surveyed in Gawadar where more than 30 percent of the male respondents reported employment in government and private jobs that generally tend to require higher educational levels and which can take up to 21 years of age to attain.

Figure-9

Employment Status

M

a le emal e

 F 

Figure-9a Figure-9b Karachi Karachi

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 >70 >70 10-15 16-20 21-30 31-55 56-70 10-15 16-20 21-30 31-55 56-70

Working Not working Working Not working

 2 1

 Figure-9c Figure-9d Gawadar Gawadar

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 >70 >70 10-15 16-20 21-30 31-55 56-70 10-15 16-20 21-30 31-55 56-70

Working Not working Working Not working 

Figure-9e Figure-9f Badin Badin

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 >70 >70 10-15 16-20 21-30 31-55 56-70 10-15 16-20 21-30 31-55 56-70

Working Not working Working Not working 

22

 Figure-9g Figure-9h Total Total

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 >70 >70 10-15 16-20 21-30 31-55 56-70 10-15 16-20 21-30 31-55 56-70

Working Not working Working Not working  

4.1.8 Livelihoods Profile

All surveyed communities across Karachi, Gawadar and Badin are dependent on fishing and fishing labour while those in Badin also reported agricultural labour (reference table-7 in annex-7). The largest variety of livelihoods were reported from the selected communities in Gawadar including fishing related work (net making, shrimp/fish cleaning, fish processing/packaging, boat making/repairing) small business and large businesses (fish processing factories, ice factory, ship building, builders/ building material business) as well as government employment and vocational jobs. Small shops, keeping of livestock and sewing/embroidery were also variously reported as income generating activities.

Table-1 Small and Large Businesses in and Around Communities Type of business Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Small Business Small shops 2 5 4 11 Livestock farming 5 2 7 Embroidery 3 3 Vegetable sellers 1 1 Large Business Large boat fishing 5 5 10 Transporters 5 5 Traders 5 5 Landlords 5 5 Agriculture 3 3 Livestock 1 1 No of villages 5 5 5 15

No financial institutions like banks were found in the surveyed communities from the Badin coastal area. Four villages of Gawadar had branches of different banks (UBL, agricultural bank, NIB, Bank Alfallah, Al Habib), while only one village in Karachi had branches of HBL and NBP.

23



All surveyed communities across all the coastal areas had local shopping area/ bazar within or in a neighbouring community/village. The selected communities of Gawadar and Karachi were by and large close to or within the city limits of Gawadar and Karachi which serve as a large market but the communities selected in Badin were remote from cities or even towns.

Table-2 Markets in or Near the Community Markets Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Maripur 2 2 Ibrahim Hyderi 1 1 Pishukan 1 1 Gawadar 4 4 No of villages 5 5 5 15

4.1.9 Household Income

Figure-10 Income per month of the total population (age > 16 years) 100

80

60

40

20 Male 0 Female <1000 1000- 3000- 5000- 8000- 12000- 16000- >20000 3000 5000 8000 12000 16000 20000

In terms of total household income 56 percent of households from Gawadar had an income in the range of Rs 8000-20000, while in Karachi the range for 58 percent of households was Rs 3000-12000 and in Badin for 52 percent the range was Rs 3000-8000. However the per capita income of households was Rs 1000- 3000 for about half the households across all 3 regions. In Gawadar the households where the per capita income was in the range of Rs 3000-5000 was 24 percent while in Karachi this was 10 percent and in

Badin it was 6 percent. 2 4 

 Figure-11 Total Household Income 100

80

60

40

20

0

0 00 00 0 000 000 1 50 80 0000 00 < - 12 2 0- -2 > 0 000 0- 1000-3000 30 5 0 00 80 0 12000-16000 16 Karachi Gawadar Badin

Figure-12 Per capita Income 100

80

60

40

Karachi 20 Gawadar 0 Badin <1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 5000-8000 >8000

4.2 Situation Analysis of Livelihoods

4.2.1 Employment Trends

By and large there are distinct jobs that men and women do (reference table-23 in annex-7.). More men do fishing (67 percent men and 3 percent women), while more women do fish and shrimp cleaning (26 percent women and 5 percent men). Sewing/embroidery and handicrafts (33 percent), teaching (9 percent) and selling small items (9 percent) were reported solely by women and government jobs (7 percent) and vocational work (5 percent) was reported solely by men. Both men and women reported net making (7 percent men and 11 percent women), private jobs (4 percent men and 9 percent women), farming (5

percent men and 6 percent women) and shop keeping (3 percent men and 3 percent women). 2 5

 Figure-13 Means of Livelihood

100

80

60

40

20

0 Labour Fishing Farming Govt job Teaching Private job Net Net making Boat making Shop keeping Vocational job

Shrimp/fish seller Male Sewing/handicraft Selling small items

Shrimp/fish cleaning Female 

Fishing was the main means of livelihood for men in communities along the coastal strip of Karachi (90 percent) and Badin (80 percent). In Gawadar there are more livelihood opportunities for men, apart from fishing (32 percent), including government jobs (22 percent) and vocational work (14 percent). In Badin the only other means of livelihood, other than related to fishing (14 percent shrimp/fish cleaning and 14 percent net making), is agriculture (16 percent). In Karachi occupations other than fishing were net making, boat making, shop keeping and private jobs but not more than 1 or 2 men reported this. Only 1 man in Gawadar reported that he had a job in a factory.

For women in Karachi and Gawadar the main livelihoods were sewing and embroidery (42 percent and 50 percent respectively), private jobs (14 percent and 16 percent respectively) and teaching (12 percent and 14 percent respectively). Interestingly few women from Gawadar reported fishing or fish related work as a means of income while women in Karachi (20 percent) and in Badin (58 percent) do cleaning of fish and shrimps and net making (10 percent and 22 percent respectively). In Gawadar 24 percent of women sell small items for income generation while only 1 woman each from Karachi and Badin reported same. Other than fish/shrimp cleaning, net making (although net making appears not to be for income generation) and agriculture no other significant means of livelihood was reported by women in Badin, only 3 of whom do sewing/handicrafts. Only 2 women from Gawadar and 3 women from Karachi reported working in a factory as an occupation (as distinct from the 8 women in Karachi who do shrimp cleaning and sewing embroidery in a factory).

Karachi is a large and heavily populated city, and the communities along the coastal strip, where the survey was carried out, are either old fishing villages or people have settled in these areas because fishing or fish-related work offered a means of income. Gawadar on the other hand is a small coastal town that has grown rapidly in the past decade beyond a traditional fishing village. There is a greater variety of economic opportunities than along the coastal strip of Karachi (not in the whole of Karachi city). The coastal communities of Badin are remote and there are few economic opportunities here other than in fishing and fishing related work and in agriculture. Much of the work that men and women do in these

26

 areas is subsistence or by its nature on a very small scale such as selling small items or sewing/handicrafts.

On the whole for men work is almost entirely based out of the home while for 60 percent of women work is home-based (reference table-26 in annex-7). In Badin all women do all work, except for farming, in their homes. In Gawadar all the jobs of women are home-based except for teaching in a school or a private job eg as a maid. In Karachi women go out to work if they are teaching in a school or doing a private job such as a maid, cleaner or dai or if they find a job in a factory (in our sample 6 women reported working in a factory for shrimp/fish cleaning and 2 women in sewing/embroidery).

For a large number of men in Karachi and Badin, the occupations they are involved in are subsistence (fishing and agriculture) while in Gawadar there is a wider range of work available. Similarly for the women, the work that they do is based on the need to supplement the household income and the opportunities available to them. The problem has been that while skilled and semi-skilled jobs, especially in a place like Karachi and Gawadar, may be available the educational system and vocational training has not kept pace with the demand. Thus while small industries and the services sector lack skilled personnel, the schools and vocational training centers do not offer a curriculum that may help women and men get skilled and obtain jobs in these sectors.

Figure -14 Where do you work Male Female

Figure-14a Figure-14e Total Total 1% 1% 10% 30%

30%

68% 60%

At home Sea At home Sea Out of home No response Out of home No response

Figure- 14b Figure- 14f Karachi Karachi 20% 4% 2%

38% 94% 0%

At home Sea At home Sea

Out of home No response Out of home No response 2 7

 Figure-14c Figure-14g Gawadar Gawadar 4% 30% 34%

66% 66%

At home Sea At home Sea Out of home No response Out of home No response

Figure-14d Figure-14h Badin Badin 18% 10% 18%

72% 82%

At home Sea At home Sea Out of home No response Out of home No response 4.2.2 Income Trends

Men generally bring home a higher income than women many of whom supplement the household income from the work that they do (reference table-65 in annex-7). In Badin, however, where livelihood opportunities are so few, both men and women work together, doing different components of the same occupation (eg men do fishing and women cleaning of the catch) to earn a combined income for the household. While women from Karachi and Gawadar reported an occupation and the income from that work, few women in Badin reported a separate income although they did report the work that they do.

Income disparities were found between men and women and across the 3 regions (reference table 20-21 in annex-7). Overall 60 percent of women reported earning an income between Rs 1000-3000 per month while the same percent of men reported earning Rs 3000-12000 per month. It is difficult to compare disparity in incomes of men and women in the same occupation since there are such distinct work that men and women do. But in those distinct jobs that men and women do, the income range of women, by and large, is less than that of men. This is clearly seen from fig-15 below. Only in income by shop keeping (fig 15i) can one see that while the income range of women is from 1000-5000 that of men is from 1000-12000. However since there were only 8 respondents from a total of 300 respondents and divided between Karachi and Gawadar, who do shop keeping as an occupation, this comparison has only a limited value.

28

 Figure-15 Respondent’s Income by Type of Employment (TOTAL) Figure-15a Figure-15b Income by Fishing (in Rs) Income by Sewing/Handicraft (in Rs)

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 3000 5000 8000 1000- 3000- 5000- 8000- 12000 16000 20000 < 1000 < 12000- 16000- 3000 5000 8000 1000- 3000- 5000- > > 20000 8000- 12000 16000 20000 < < 1000 12000- 16000- Male > 20000 Female Female 

Figure-15c Figure-15d Income by Net Making (in Rs) Income by Selling Small Items (in Rs)

100 100

80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0

0 < < 1000 > > 20000 3000 5000 8000 1000-3000 3000-5000 5000-8000 1000- 3000- 5000- 8000- 12000 16000 20000 < 1000 < 8000-12000 12000- 16000- > > 20000 12000-16000 16000-20000 Male Female Female

29

 Figure-15e Figure-15f Income by Teaching (in Rs) Income by Farming (in Rs)

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 3000 5000 8000 1000- 3000- 5000- 8000- 12000 16000 20000 < 1000 < 12000- 16000- 3000 5000 8000 1000- 3000- 5000- 8000- > > 20000 12000 16000 20000 < 1000 < 12000- 16000- Female Male20000 >  Female 

Figure-15g Figure-15h Income by Private Jobs (in Rs) Income by Government Jobs (in Rs)

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 3000 5000 8000 1000- 3000- 5000- 8000- 12000 16000 20000 < 1000 < 12000- 16000- 3000 5000 8000 1000- 3000- 5000- > > 20000 8000- 12000 16000 20000 < < 1000 12000- 16000- Male > 20000 Male

Female  0 3 

 Figure-15i Figure-15j Income by Shop Keeping (in Rs) Income by Vocational Jobs (in Rs)

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 3000 5000 8000 3000 5000 8000 1000- 3000- 5000- 1000- 3000- 5000- 8000- 8000- 12000 12000 16000 20000 16000 20000 < 1000 < 1000 < 12000- 16000- 12000- 16000- Male > 20000 > 20000 Male Female

Figure-15k Figure-15m Income by Shrimp/Fish Seller (in Rs) Income by Labour (in Rs)

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 3000 5000 8000 3000 5000 8000 1000- 3000- 5000- 1000- 3000- 5000- 8000- 8000- 12000 12000 16000 20000 16000 20000 < 1000 < 1000 < 12000- 16000- 12000- 16000- > > 20000 > 20000 Male Male

It is interesting to note that a large number of women (74 percent) from Karachi and about half the women (56 percent) from Gawadar are independent earning members of their households. In Badin all women reported working with husbands (or sons) to generate any income. While about one third of men in Karachi and Gawadar reported working with brothers or sons, almost all men from Badin reported the same.

A nuclear family structure would have been the most obvious explanation but such is not the case since more than 50 percent of households in Gawadar were joint and about two thirds in Badin were nuclear. This difference between Karachi and Gawadar on the one hand and Badin on the other is probably due to the fact that Gawadar and Karachi have more employment opportunities and infrastructure than Badin where by the sheer fact of remoteness women tend to be more dependent on their men for any income generation activity that they may be involved in. It seems that men and women in Gawadar and Karachi are engaged in separate jobs to make up the household income while in Badin income generation appears to be more of a household effort and hence more dependence of men and women upon each other.

3 1

 Figure -16 Help in Income Generating Activities

Figure-16a Figure-16b Karachi Gawadar

100 100

80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 None Husband Daughter Other 0 None Husband Brother Son Daughter Other Male Female Male Female

Figure-16c Figure-16d Badin Total 100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20 0 0 None Husband Brother Son Daughter None Husband Brother Son Daughter Other Male Female Male Female

For those men (4 percent) and women (13 percent) who said they do not have ‘control’ over their income, the money is generally given to whoever is running the household expenses. Almost one third of the women from Badin reported that they have n0 control over their income compared to 4 percent women from Karachi who reported this. None of the women from Gawadar reported that they do not have control over what they earn. Only a few women reported that the men of the household (husband, brother or son) spend or take away the money (reference table-29 in annex-7) as different from taking the money to add to the household income and expenses.

Figure-17 Control over income generated by own work Male Female

Figure-17a Figure-17e Total Total 4% 13% 1%

96% 86%

Yes No Yes No No response

32

 Figure- 17b Figure- 17f Karachi Karachi

8% 8%

92% 92%

Yes No Yes No

Figure-17c Figure-17g Gawadar Gawadar 4% 0%

96% 100%

Yes No Yes No

Figure-17d Figure-17h Badin Badin 2% 32%

66% 100%

Yes No Yes No No response

However it is important to note that the main occupations of men and women, fishing (and agriculture) bring in seasonal incomes (harvest time and the fishing season). Also for sewing and embroidery there are Eid and marriage seasons when demand is higher (reference table-25 in annex-7). As can be seen from fig 13, the incomes of almost all households from the selected communities Badin, of at least two thirds households from the selected communities in Karachi and about half the households from the selected communities of Gawadar are seasonal.

Only government and private jobs and employment in the education (and health) sector are likely to bring in a monthly salary and either because these opportunities are limited or do not exist or skills are not present that such jobs are few and far between. Thus in addition to low wages, the livelihoods of more than 70 percent of working men and women in these communities are by and large seasonal and uncertain.

33

 Figure -18 Peak Season

Figure-18a Figure-18b Karachi Gawadar 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Yes No Yes No

Male Female Male Female  

Figure-18c Figure-18d Badin Total

100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Yes No Yes No

Male Female Male Female

4.2.3 Working Conditions

Most of the occupations reported by men and women in the survey are in the informal economic sector which is unregulated and undocumented. In the fishing sector other than registering of boats few regulations were reported while the agricultural labour sector is almost entirely unregulated in terms of wages, contracts, etc. For more than half the women in the sample, work is home based in any case and undocumented and unregulated.

Regarding problems at the work place (overall about half the men respondents and about one third of the women respondents said that they do not face any problem at their work place. Half the men respondents and about one third of the women reported lack of toilet and drinking water at their work place (whether at home or out of home). Lack of transport was reported by about a fifth of the women and one third of the men. Overall the same number of men and women (11 and 12 percent respectively) reported bad behaviour of co-workers while only 7 women (1 from Karachi and 6 from Badin) specifically mentioned

harassment of women. 3 4 

  Figure -19 Problem Faced at Workplace

Figure-19a Figure-19b Karachi Gawadar

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 None Other None Other Lack of transport Lack of transport Badbehavior of coworkers Bad behavior of coworkers Lack toilet, drinking water etc Lack toilet, drinking water etc Harassment of women workers Male Female Male Female

Figure-19c Figure-19d Badin Total

100 100

80 80 60

40 60

20 40 0 None

Other 20

Lack of transport 0 None Other Badbehavior of coworkers Lack toilet, drinking water etc coworkers Harassment of women workers Lack toilet, Harassment of Bad behavior Bad of Lack of transport Male Female women workers  drinking water etc Male Female

3 5

 Regarding problems related to the work itself, in the perception of the respondents overall the major problem they face in their work is low payment/wages reported by more than half the men and women; followed by lack of market information reported by about 40 percent of the men and women. About a quarter of the men and one third of the women perceive low market prices and about one third of the men and a quarter of the women perceive lack of transport as a major problem. A few respondents (8 percent men and 1 percent women) reported other problems in their work. This included:

x Misbehaviour of rangers agency x Delay in payments x Difficulty in buying raw material/stocks x Lack of facilities like packing machine/deep freezer x Lack of material x No proper place for parking boats on shore which cause difficulty in buying and transporting fish

As can be seen from table 3 below these problems vary from Karachi to Gawadar to Badin and is a consequence of the nature of the work that men and women do, the employment opportunities available to them and the remoteness or otherwise of areas where they live.

Table – 3 Major Problem Face in your Work Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Low payment/ 19 38 20 40 21 42 25 50 42 84 49 98 82 55 94 63 wages Lack of market 18 36 12 24 2 4 46 92 49 98 66 44 61 41 information Low prices in 23 46 5 10 1 2 1 2 9 18 41 82 33 22 47 31 the market Transportation 25 50 8 16 3 6 6 12 19 38 24 48 47 31 38 25 to market Other 6 12 2 4 6 12 12 8 2 1 None 13 26 27 54 22 44 17 34 1 2 35 23 45 30 Base 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150 *multiple response

36

 Detailed tables of problems at work place by employment are provided in table-57 in annex-7. A listing of problems that emerged from the study by employment and male/female responses is given below.

Problems in Work Faced by Men by Occupation/Employment Fishing 101 respondents Lack of transport, bad behaviour of co-workers, lack of toilet, drinking water, None: 16 health problems due to water, rangers annoying and bad weather Shrimp/fish cleaning 7 respondents Lack of transport and lack of toilet, drinking water None: 0 Net making 10 respondents Lack of transport, lack of toilet, drinking water, rangers annoying None: 1 Boat making 3 respondents Lack of toilet, drinking water None: 1 Labour 5 respondents Lack of toilet, drinking water and bad weather None: 1 Farming 8 respondents Lack of transport, lack of toilet, drinking water None: 0 Private job 6 respondents Lack of transport, bad behaviour of co-workers, lack of toilet, drinking water None: 2 Government job 11 respondents Lack of transport, lack of toilet, drinking water and work burden None:4 Vocational work 7 respondents Lack of transport, coast guards annoying None: 4 Shop keeping 5 respondents None None: 5 Shrimp/fish seller 4 respondents Lack of transport, lack of toilet, drinking water None: 1

3 7

 Problems in Work Faced by Women by Occupation/Employment Shrimp/fish cleaning 39 respondents Lack of transport, bad behaviour of co-workers, lack of toilet, drinking water etc, None: 3 no drinking water at home and harassment of women workers Sewing/ handicrafts 49 respondents Lack of transport, bad behaviour of co-workers, lack of toilet, drinking water, no None: 40 drinking water at home, too far away from home, late payment and work under the sun Net making 17 respondents Lack of transport, bad behaviour of co-workers, no drinking water at home, too None: 2 far away from home, lack of time/household chores Selling small items 14 respondents Lack of transport and difficulty to sell door to door None: 8 Farming 9 respondents Lack of transport, lack of toilet, drinking water and rangers annoying None: 0 Private job 16 respondents Lack of transport, bad behaviour of co-workers None: 10 Fishing 4 respondents No drinking water at home None: 0 Teaching 13 respondents Lack of transport, bad behaviour of co-workers and lack of toilet, drinking water None: 6 Shop keeping 4 respondents None: 3 Lack of transport Factory 14 respondents Lack of transport, bad behaviour of coworkers, lack of toilet, drinking water, None: 4 harassment of women workers

Health Problems

A factor that has a large impact upon the income generating capacity of men and women is health problems (reference table-51 in annex-7). On the whole more women reported general health issues (blood pressure, fever, cough and body aches) while more men reported health issues related to work. A majority of men and women from Badin suffer from wounds in hands and nails as well as itching and burning. Injuries by machines and accidents at sea as well as injuries by fish were reported by men from Karachi. General sickness, injuries by machines and eye sight affected was reported by men from Gawadar. Only some men (largely from Gawadar) and women (largely from Karachi) reported that they do not suffer from health issues at work or otherwise.

38



The different type of health issues related to occupations that emerged from the study are listed below by male and female responses (reference table-59 in annex-7).

Type of Male Responses Female Responses Occupation/Employment Fishing x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, x General sickness (BP, asthma, etc) fever, etc) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Wounds in hands/nails damage x Wounds in hands/nails damage x Itching x Itching x Snake bites x Injuries by machines/accident etc x Injuries by fishes x Eye sight affected/eye burning x Accident at sea x Snake bites x Stuck in nets Sewing/Handicraft x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, etc) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Wounds in hands/nails damage x Eye sight affected/eye burning Shrimp/Fish Cleaning x Wounds in hands/nails damage x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, etc) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Itching x Wounds in hands/nails damage Net Making x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, x General sickness (BP, asthma, etc) fever, etc) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Wounds in hands/nails damage x Wounds in hands/nails damage x Eye sight affected/eye burning x Itching x Eye sight affected/eye burning Selling Small Items x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Eye sight affected/eye burning Teaching x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, etc) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) Farming x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, x General sickness (BP, asthma, etc) fever, etc) x Itching x Injuries during harvesting x Cuts/break x Snake bites x No health issues Private Job x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) etc) x Wounds in hands/nails x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) damage x Eye sight affected/eye burning x Injuries by fishes x Accidents x Cuts/ break

39

 Government Job x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, etc) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Burning x Eye sight affected/eye burning x Accidents Shop Keeping x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, None etc) x Burning Boat Making x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, etc) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Wounds in hands/nails damage x Cuts/ break Shrimp/Fish Seller x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, etc) x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) Vocational Job x Body ache (hand/legs/ back) x Eye sight affected/eye burning x Accidents x Wounds x Cuts/ break Labour x General sickness (BP, asthma, fever, etc) x Wounds in hands/nails damage x Itching x Injuries by machines/accident etc

Figure-20 Prevention/Remedial Measures Taken Male Female

Figure-20a Figure-20e Total Total 4%

43%

42% 54%

57%

Yes No Yes No No response 0 4 

 Figure- 20b Figure- 20f Karachi Karachi

24% 37%

63% 76%

Yes No Yes No

Figure-20c Figure-20g Gawadar Gawadar

49% 20%

51%

80%

Yes No Yes No

Figure-20d Figure-20h Badin Badin 20% 10%

36% 54%

80%

Yes No Yes No No response

Most women in Karachi take medicines and use home remedies while most women in Gawadar reported resting and taking home remedies for general sickness and health. For occupational hazards men from Karachi reported working carefully while some use medicines while men from Gawadar reported using protection and working carefully. Both men and women from Badin either take medicines or go to a doctor. For those who do not take any prevention/remedial measures at work the reasons for women were largely that it is part of their daily routine and for men that equipment, facilities or resources were not available or there is no information. For general health problems too, taking medicines or going to a doctor or a health facility is common. Only in Karachi did 40 percent women and 28 percent men report using home remedies. It would seem that general and specific health problems are many and health issues are probably the single most important factor in keeping these communities hand-to-mouth as much of their livelihoods are subsistence in nature and going to doctors can be an expensive proposition.

4 1

 Table – 6 Prevention/remedial Measures Taken Measures Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % First aid/self 2 12 7 78 1 6 1 3 25 62 15 55 28 38 23 32 medication Rest 2 12 21 60 2 3 21 30 Work carefully 15 94 4 24 1 3 19 26 1 1 Doctor 15 37 9 33 15 20 9 13 Home remedies 3 33 9 26 2 7 14 20 Use protection* 9 53 3 9 9 12 3 4 Cut the sharp 2 12 2 3 ends of fishes No response 2 7 2 3 Base 16 9 17 35 40 27 73 71 multiple response *gloves, jackets, masks

Figure -21 Where to go in case of general health problems

Figure-21a Figure-21b Karachi Gawadar

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20

20

0 Rest

Doctor 0 No where No Medicines nearby No response No Rest Rest Health facility Doctor Home remedies No where No Medicines

Male Female response No  Male Female

4 2

 Figure-21c Figure-21d Badin Total

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 Rest Doctor Doctor No where No Medicines Medicines by by No response No No response No Home remedies Health facility near Health facility near Male Female Male Female

4.2.4 Entry Skills/Requirements

As much of the means of livelihood is subsistence (fishing and agriculture), there are no entry skill levels, or training and education ‘requirements’. Some men and women, who probably have natural entrepreneurial skills, operate small shops, kiryana and other daily items stores or small auxiliary businesses related to fishing/agriculture or trade and transport. For those men and women who have a government job or are teachers some minimum educational level is required. For vocational work it is likely that the skill was learnt on the job itself.

Information from factories in and round the communities revealed the following:

KARACHI-Shrimp Peeling Factory – there were 8 males and 27 female employees; males as laborers, and women for supervisor and other works. There are no standard for jobs; in fact education is not important, only need to know about the work of shrimp peeling. The type of work for male and female are different therefore their wages are also different, all the workers are on daily wages sand there is no other incentives given to them. The working conditions were poor; there was not any type of facility for workers, no sitting arrangement, no hand gloves, and on minor mistakes supervisors deduct their wages. There was also no toilet facility, there was not any safety arrangement, even a first aid box was not available.

GAWADAR- SON OF THE SEA Fish Processing Factory- there were 9 women and 51 men employed. Employment is contractual and majority of workers are labourers. Nature of work included cleaning/

washing of fish, packing and classification of fish. Qualification doesn’t matter, few persons are hired as 3 4 

 per their expertise and experience and they get better payment. Rules are same for men and women workers. There isn't any major difference in the wages of men and women workers doing same work. No leaves in case of emergency or severe illness; leave is without pay and no medical allowances. Women are often not available in required number, so they do not prefer to hire young age women because they need a lot of leaves which cannot be afforded. Men demand more wages and are less obedient. Firing of workers is for absenteeism, in case of downsizing or no work, or for major disobedience and constant complaints. Separate place for women was available but was small and not good quality. First aid was not seen.

No women are working in Al Salam Hotel and Mir Sea Food Company. Local customs do not allow women to work in hotels and women do not like to work in factories because these are regarded as mens' work in the society.

BADIN- Local businessman had no women working with them because providing security to women employees is not possible.

4.3 Employment Opportunities

The communities along the coastal strip of Karachi, Badin and Gawadar have developed traditional skills related to fishing (fishing, net making, boat making, processing the catch etc) as this is the only means of livelihood available to them. For women there are even fewer opportunities as their traditional skills of sewing and embroidery does not have a market. Where more opportunities have been available, as in Gawadar, there has been an attempt to acquire the vocational skill from the nearest town or city or learn on the job itself. Both the lack of livelihood opportunities and the absence of a vocational basis in the public education system has served to ensure that neither can serve as a catalyst for creating more and varied employment opportunities for the men and women of these communities.

Alternative livelihoods were proposed in FGDs with communities and NGOs. However, it will take conceptual detailing, focused research and actual work on the ground as a pilot intervention to determine what elements are required to make a livelihoods intervention viable and sustainable. The following suggestions that have emerged from the study may be the basis for the recommended way forward from this study and which is detailed in section 5 of this report. Suggestions for alternative livelihoods that emerged from this baseline study are as follows:

Female responses: Karachi-vocational work, sewing/cutting/designing/fabric painting, improve existing skill of women ie candle making, sewing, embroidery, rilli/quilt making/garments/handicraft

Gawadar- Government services/ private sector, private teaching /tuition, selling goods, poultry farming, kitchen gardening, making gift items from sea shells, value addition of sea salt prepared in the village, cattle rearing, sewing/stitching garments, selling garments from Karachi, making detergent and bleach.

Badin-Handicraft, sewing, poultry, live stock management and dairy products, making net, small

Male responses: Karachi-vocational jobs (plumber, electrician, automobile repairing) for men, vocational job for women (sewing, embroidery, decoration pieces/ garments), shrimp/fish packaging and food preservation for women; handicraft for women and cottage industry.

44 

 Gawadar-Welding, repairing of electronics (AC/refrigerator, watch, mobile repairing), engine / motor mechanics, light machine plants, poultry farming, kitchen gardening, making knives, farming can be promoted, transportation could grow up, plumber, other skilled jobs, value addition and marketing of localy made sea salt. Expanding and modernizing fish processing can create more jobs, boat building and boat engine mechanics, fish packaging and value addition of fish products, marketing of artisan work of women like embroidery items and others, aqua culture and shrimp farming.

Badin-Live stock management and dairy products, honey, woods, coal preparation, brick making, small business, poultry farming, boats and net making, poultry feed, sewing, carpentry.

NGOs: x If modernized and expanded fishing can provide a lot of employment, women can get more employment if handcrafts and embroidery works are properly marketed and expanded. x Fish farming, aqua culture, crab farming, dairy farming, hoteling, sea shell and handicraft centres, eco tourism, x Renewable energy sector, sewing and handicrafts, making gift items from sea shells, culture base souvenirs, human resource development x Shrimp farming, handicrafts, value addition of fish products, poultry farming, dairy farming, making gift items, children’s garments, boat building industry x Fishing can be enhanced, agriculture can be increased if water issue is solved, training of women in handicrafts, embroidery x Livestock, poultry, sewing/embroidery, hut making, wood selling.

It was very difficult for respondents of FGDs to understand or articulate ‘decent’ employment opportunities. For a large majority decent employment was synonymous with employment itself, and provision of training and educational facilities, and better rates and wages. Many respondents, however, did mention unhygienic and poor working conditions and the resultant health and disease problems.

Some articulation of decent work in Gawadar included: x Independent or job of choice x Jobs that command respect such as teacher, doctor, captain of boat, government officer x Jobs requiring skills x Jobs that provide good and steady income x That work / business which is within the house hold x That job/work which is acceptable to our daughters and they are comfortable in it x Teaching , nursing and Doctors x That job in which there is a lot of interaction with men is not acceptable to our men, and within the community it is considered very bad and degrading

In Karachi, most of the men and women mentioned that: x ‘Decent work’ is that which should be near to home/in the village/in house, x Neat and clean with good wages and in the morning timing as they can back to home /children x For women work should be skilled based like tailoring and sewing and for men fishing would be decent work, through which they can get sufficient income and benefits

4 5

 In Badin perceptions about decent employment included: x Self employment/businesses of livestock, boat owning, agriculture x Marketing of product for men and for women livestock, sewing, handicraft, candle/soap making

In the perception of more than half the men interviewed, women cannot do the work that men do. Much of this perception of men is linked to the means of livelihood they do. In the communities of Karachi where the majority of men go fishing at sea, men do not think that women can do the same work as men as indeed they cannot. Where men and women have traditionally worked together as a household effort for a livelihood as fishing and agriculture in Badin more than half the men believe that men and women can do the same work. In Gawadar where much of the work done by women is based in their homes, the perception of men that society does not allow women to do the work of men based out of homes, is understandable.

Figure -22A Do women carry out the similar work which men are doing  Figure-22a Figure-22b Karachi Gawadar 8% 20%

46%

54%

72%

Y e s

N Y e s N

o o

N e s p s e

r on o 

Figure-22c Badin 2%

46% 52%

Y e s

N

o

e s p s e N

r on

o  6 4 

 Figure -22B Reasons 100

80

60

40

20

0 Society does Difficult Not possible Do Only men Working Women Don’t know not allow it work to go sea hosuework are area is away cannot do appointed that’s why this work for such a job

Karachi Gawadar Badin

4.4 Training Needs Assessment

A large majority of men and women from Karachi and Gawadar and men from Badin have learnt their work from family and/or locally or on the job. Few men or women have obtained any formal or vocational training. All women from Badin who reported that they had obtained training for their work reported that they had received their training in a near by city. Overall only a handful of women reported any training by NGOs. For both men and women there appears to be little relationship between education, formal or vocational training and the livelihood opportunities.

Figure -23 Training for Occupations

Figure-23a Figure-23b Karachi Gawadar 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Family/locally Workplace Formal Training Family/locally Workplace Formal Training Male Female Male Female

4 7

 Figure-23c Figure-23d Badin Total 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Family/locally Workplace Formal Training Family/locally Workplace Formal Training

Male Female Male Female

Table – 4 Formal Training Sources of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Training Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Nearby city 5 10 1 2 8 16 12 24 13 9 13 9 NGO 3 6 2 4 5 3 Formal training 5 10 6 12 5 3 6 4 Vocational 2 4 1 2 3 2 Training centre

It is quite clear from the findings about benefits of training that training must be linked to livelihoods either as a source of income or improving incomes and adding value to product. It is also quite clear that training alone will not provide opportunities. In those areas which are remote and resource poor only large scale government intervention or large scale private investment are likely to be a catalyst for development. However, in areas that have resources and opportunities educational and vocational training on the one hand and the demand for skilled and semi-skilled work will need to be brought in tandem. The way forward from the findings from this study is recommended in section 5 of this report.

Figure -24 Benefit from training

Figure-24a Figure-24b Karachi Gawadar 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Increase Quality Utilize as Work get Not trained Increase Utilize as Not trained income improved income easier income income source source Male Female Male Female

8 4 

 Figure-24c Badin 100 80 60 40 20 0 Increase Utilize as Work get Not trained income income easier source

Male Female

It is interesting to note that while more than 50 percent of the women said that they require training only 32 percent men said the same. It is important to understand here that for most men their experience is that any training in whatever they are already doing will not be of benefit unless the training can significantly change what they are doing. For women their experience is that by learning a skill they can add to the household income because otherwise they do not have the opportunity that men do of learning on job it self.

Sources of Training Benefits from Training Near by city x Increase income x Quality improved x Work get easier NGO x Increase income x Quality improved x Utilized as the source of income/get a job Formal training x Increase income x Quality improved Vocational training centre x Increase income x Utilized as the source of income/get a job

Figure-25A Do you need Training Male Female

Figure-25a Figure-25e Total Total 1% 32% 41%

58% 68%

Yes No Yes No No response 9 4 

 Figure- 25b Figure- 25f Karachi Karachi

8% 34%

66% 92%

Yes No Yes No

Figure-25c Figure-25g Gawadar Gawadar

30% 46%

54% 70%

Yes No Yes No

Figure-25d Figure-25h Badin Badin 12% 2%

42%

58%

86%

Yes No Yes No No response

It was difficult for men and women from these coastal communities to articulate training for livelihood opportunities that do not exist and they have no experience of. For the few men and women who could articulate their needs for training, vocational training, need to acquire skills and training in adding value to their product emerged. In the FGDs almost half the men reported needing vocational training which includes welding, A/C, refrigerator and mobile repairing etc. so they will get value added wages. Almost half the women reported needing training in fish processing, small business (selling and marketing of goods), poultry farming, kitchen gardening, gift/decoration items from sea shells etc. However, it must be stated here that training alone cannot provide livelihood opportunities. That requires a whole community development strategy based upon an understanding of how communities develop and change and a concrete action research programme.

0 5 

 Figure -25B Type of training

Figure-25a Figure-25b Karachi Gawadar

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 Sewing/ trainings Vocational Savings embroidery items Sewing/ trainings Vocational Need for skills embroidery items Small hand made related to fishing* Need for skills Value added work Small made hand relatedto fishing* Male Female Value added work Male Female

Figure-25c Figure-25d Badin Total

100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0 Savings Farming Farming items items Need for skills Need for skills Small hand made Small hand made related to fishing* related to fishing* Value added work Value added work Sewing/ embroidery Sewing/ Sewing/ embroidery Vocational trainings Vocational trainings Male Female Male Female

51



Other than training an important element in terms of occupations and incomes is the use of credit. Almost 50 percent of both men and women reported that they require credit in their livelihoods. This is taken most by women from Badin (86 percent) and least from both men and women in Gawadar (28 percent each). The source of credit is shops for women and moneylenders for men.

Figure -26 Take credit

Figure-26a Figure-26b Karachi Gawadar 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Yes No Yes No

Male Female Male Female 



Figure-26c Figure-26d Badin Total

100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Yes No No response Yes No No response Male Female Male Female

52

 Table – 5 Source of Credit Sources of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total credit Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Shop 1 7 6 43 8 27 42 98 9 13 48 65 Money lender 22 85 3 21 1 3 26 37 Friend 3 12 12 71 3 21 1 7 6 9 13 18 Family 2 12 2 14 5 36 2 3 7 9 Contractor 1 6 8 27 1 2 8 11 2 3 NGO* 2 14 3 21 2 3 3 4 Bank* 1 4 1 6 3 21 1 7 4 6 2 3 Landlord 4 13 4 6 Other 2 12 1 7 9 30 10 14 2 3 Base 26 17 14 14 30 43 70 74 multiple response

Other: * Saving and credit group * Businessman * Factory supervisor

For those do not take credit, other than that they do not require credit, the reasons in Badin were that no one has provided credit while in Karachi and Gawadar (and for women in Badin) it was largely that they may not be able to pay back. Only a very few men and women reported that they had any issues with credit/interest.   Figure-27 If no, Why did not you Get Credit Male Female

Figure-27a Figure-27e Total Total 5% 4% 16% 14%

58% 21% 82% Do not require credit No one provide credit Do not require credit May not be able to pay back May not be able to pay back

Opposed to credit/interest Opposed to credit/interest 3 5 

 Figure- 27b Figure- 27f Karachi Karachi

17% 9% 18%

25% 58% 73%

Do not require credit Do not require credit May not be able to pay back May not be able to pay back Opposed to credit/interest Opposed to credit/interest

Figure-27c Figure-27g Gawadar Gawadar

19% 8%

81% 92%

Do not require credit Do not require credit May not be able to pay back May not be able to pay back

Figure-27d Figure-27h Badin Badin 15% 33%

67% 85%

Do not require credit Do not require credit No one provide credit May not be able to pay back

The reasons for taking credit are many – tiding over the seasons when incomes are less as both fishing and agriculture provide unequal earnings depending upon the harvest or fishing seasons. Even for sewing and embroidery, that a large number of women are engaged in, there are eid and marriage seasons when income is more than in other times. Thus credit is likely not to expand the means of livelihoods but to tide over when there is a shortfall in the income.

Organizations at Work

Few men and women (2 percent and 16 percent respectively) from the communities of Karachi and a large majority of men (80 percent) from the Gawadar communities reported that they do not belong to any organization whether at the workplace or in their community/ neighbourhood. All the men and women from Badin and 40 percent of women respondents from Gawadar reported belonging to some organization; either a CBO or VDO or an organization established under a project of an NGO (reference

tables 31-34 in annex-7). A large majority of respondents who reported that they belong to an 4 5 

 organization also reported that they were part of the saving and credit groups of such organizations. It needs to be explored if such groups have the potential for collective action or bargaining in terms of the livelihoods of the people. Organizations reported by respondents included:

Karachi: x Pakistan Fisher Folk Forum

Gawadar: x NRSP x Bachat committee x NCHD x Carvan Pishukan x Kalkashan x Labour union x Anjuman Fallah-o-Behbood x RCDC x Urban Development Organization x Village organization x Wado Welfare Society

Badin: x Pakistan Fisher Folk Forum x NRSP

4.5 Stakeholder Mapping and Institutional Analysis

Plan/projects for fisheries sector and/or women

KARACHI

The programmes and projects as reported in interviews with other stakeholders include: One of the major projects being implemented by the Livestock Department Government of Sindh is Training of Coastal Women’s Improvement of Livestock. The main objectives of the project are (1) Enhance productivity of existing livestock dairy, poultry and fisheries resources through development of new technologies, scientific methods of farming and improvement management practices (2) Exploit export potential of livestock dairy, poultry and fisheries and their products (3) Promote import substitution of milk and dairy products (4) Ensure availability of credit for livestock farmers, specially the landless ones (5) Improve livestock marketing infrastructure (6) Strengthen institutions for livestock research and extension and improvement linkages and coordination.

The elements of the project are (A) 23 Lady Veterinary officers and 105 lady livestock Supervisors appointed, in the whole of the Sindh Province, and would be trained as Trainer, at Research and Training institute for Livestock Development at Tando Muhammad Khan. Each Lady Livestock supervisor will provide 10 days Training in a month to 20 women in rural area at Village Level for enhancing milk, meat, and wool production, by adapting scientific methods of livestock farming. The project is implemented in Thatta, Badin, Karachi (Gadap Town, Bin Qasim Town, and Malir Town)

Another project is that of the FisheriesDeaprtment support for 500 boats upgrading according to international standards for export of fish. In this 200 boats are up graded and handed over which includes 55

 lining of fiber glass for fish storage and fish yard, curtain the washbasin and toilet areas of large boats and for small boats lining of fiber glass to disconnect the wooden contact with catches, and also save the catches and ice for long time. It is done on share bases for large boats; government has funded for 75 percent expenses and 25 percent sharing by the owner and for small boats 90 percent sharing by government and 10 percent by the owner. Equipments are also purchased like 20,000 plastic crates to fishermen on subsidized cost and it will also save deduction from stock of fishermen during sale of fish, it will also keep safe from any contamination of fish, provision of stainless trolleys on fish harbor for carrying stock, construction of auction hall for shrimps which creates employment opportunity for women.

P&D Department has currently no programmes and projects for coastal areas but it is in their future plans.

Six different projects are being implemented under HANDS, on services delivery, awareness raising, advocacy, health and education for men, women and children of Rehri goth. A local organization is also working on small community issues, but has no funding for any project.

GAWADAR

The Balochistan Fisheries Department is developing a comprehensive plan for the development of the Balochistan coast with the support of ADP. A fisheries training center is being established at Jiwani.There are no specific programmes for women. The District Government (under the LG system) prepared the Integrated District Development Plan (Long and Short Term) with the technical assistance of IUCN. There are special projects and plans for women development in the ADP of the Planning and Finance Department but they are implemented by the Women Development Section of the Social Welfare Department. The Social Welfare Department has skill training centers such as industrial homes, gender refresh centers, literacy centers for adult women, and computer literacy centers. The Vocational Training Center has a Jafakash Aurat Programme, a long term programme for skill training and development of women.

Khushalli Bank has micro credit for small businesses for the poor and training. Beneficiaries include men and women doing small businesses, shopkeepers, garage owners, motor mechanics, men and women tailors, tuck shops, fish business at small level.

Makran Coastal Wetland Complex, PWP has training, advocacy and social mobilization project for coastal population especially fishermen and their families. Men are trained on modern techniques of fsihing while women are trained in handicrafts and net making.

IUCN has progarmmes and projects related to training, advocacy and research for the whole popualtion of Gawadar district.

SMEDA has training, social mobilization, business research and development. Currently they have one project for training on business development and marketing.

NRSP has training, services delivery, infrastrcuture development programmes focusing on women and realted issues. Men and women are equally targeted as beneficiaries of the projects. In micro credit women local support oragnizations are formed and CIF is initiated through them.

Son of the Sea is a fish processing unit/factory in Gawadar. They have 60 employees and only 9 are women, while in Al Salam Hotel and Mir Sea Food Company there no women employees.

6 5 

 BADIN

Pakistan Fisher Folk Forum was the only NGO found in the selected villages of Badin district working on fishermen’s right through advocacy. They have a presence in the Fisheries Department office in Badin

From the FGDs it seems that there are few coherent or long-term development plans, strategy or approach for development of communities in the coastal areas. There are no specific government policies related to gender, disadvantaged and poor. At the provincial department level the operative documents are the PC- 1s that are related to projects and the annual development plans that largely deal with financial outlays.

The women’s section of the Social Welfare Department has projects specifically for women. Projects usually target the poor, women and children. The directorates of fisheries generally concerned with registration of boats and regulating the fishing trade. The factories are registered with other concerned authorities. There are many departments, directorates, authorities etc all with their own policies and plans and jurisdiction.

Most NGOs and development organizations were found in Gawadar area but very few in Badin. Many work on advocacy for the rights of the fishermen while some (in Gawadar) have projects related to poverty, environment, employment, vocational training, business development, health, and education, micro credit etc. Many of the NGOs and organizations follow a social mobilization approach to development.

The government departments were able to show few documented information about their current projects. The existing bodies and organizations such as Karachi Port Trust, Karachi Fisheries Harbour Authority, Port Qasim Authority, Korangi Fisheries Harbour Authority have little connection to each other regarding their work. The government departments also face hindrances due to the lengthy procedure of approval for any development expenditure.

57

 CHAPTER FIVE Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusions

From the situation analysis it seems that some effort has been mobilized for the development of the coastal belt in Badin, Karachi and Gawadar that has highlighted problems and some attempt has been made to address these problems. However, this effort appears neither to be rationalized nor streamlined as most are individual efforts of organizations or on an ad hoc basis. In the case of the government political expediency, lack of vision and an inadequate policy framework have resulted in keeping the coastal areas poor and underdeveloped. The coastal development approach of the government is patchy and fragmented, and does not explain in clear terms the elements of the strategy that will lead to stated objectives. There is no vision for creating livelihoods as a means of development in these areas nor a framework of well defined and well researched parameters of development against which interventions can be designed or measured. Each sector of development is dealt with separately and variously and at great length, without an understanding of how all sectors need to link up. As a result, most work is done more as crisis management rather than as a coherent and concerted effort.

In the case of donors and NGOs there appears to be a tendency to follow a conventional approach to social development and restrictive mandates render their work less effective than would have been otherwise. The approach of community participation, engaging NGOs and CSOs as implementing partners and building upon the work of NGOs lacks clear directions and the substantial resources available are not utilized in the most efficient way. Nor are there any ‘successful pilot programmes of livelihood interventions’ that can serve as a model either for replication by the donor agencies or the government on a larger scale.

The people of the coastal areas suffer from a h istorical economic vulnerability where for centuries they have been subject to harsh conditions and subsistence living, with little hope to be able to climb out of their poverty trap. In these conditions they have tried to make the most of an economy which barely promises them physical survival; where health care is primitive, and in some cases, sub-primitive; education for children more medieval than modern; and access to economic opportunities difficult. Development of the coastal areas means providing the building blocks of development, i.e, (a) enhanced, diversified and self-sustained livelihoods; (b) a standard of living where health and education are provided in the modern context, (c) where access to resources and inputs of production, specially for the small holder or livestock farmer and the small entrepreneur are provided, and so on. If these factors of development, (which are central to vitalizing a community, and to the livelihoods approach of ILO), and for communities to be able to respond to modern challenges of growth, were to be brought in as a holistic approach, it would cumulatively create the spring-board for taking the community to a sustainable level of development with a standard of living better than before.

This involves addressing the more endemic vulnerabilities and requires different approaches, strategies and elements added to the GE4DE programme of ILO. Above all, it requires debate and articulation of a concepual framework which will inform the corollary of the specific elements and the incremental steps that needs must lead to change and development in these communities through a serious and viable livelihoods programme. Many community people met reported that few NGOs, government institutions or international agencies provide financial help or loan to the informal sector which is so necessary for development especially in traditionally vulnerable areas. Findings from the study and from empirical

evidence show that i) small credits are not easily available to the small entrepreneur in the informal sector 8 5 

 as micro finance policies tend to target the poorest of the poor and ii) the amount of the ‘small credit’ is too small to be of economic viability to the small entrepreneur in the informal sector. A careful study of the informal business sector in the area that is finally selected for a pilot intervention, will help determine the profile of the population that needs to be targeted to make the intervention workable. Many times effort is made to build the capacity of local communities for improving business initiatives in coastal areas, these business initiatives are not adequately linked with the market outside the communities on any significant scale . Building business capacity also needs to develop value-added products which require a rigorous feasibility which is beyond the capacity of communities. 

The findings from this situation analysis serve to highlight the broad directions of the interventions of ILO and their implementing partners. For concrete suggestions action research is necessary to determine the specific elements of interventions. Specifics can only emerge once an intervention in its entirety is tested on ground. The limitation has been in terms of conceptual clarity of what constitutes development in communities and the specific elements of interventions that will lead to that change. This is the core issue that needs to be debated and analyzed before any conceptual clarity and detailing can be determined for which livelihoods interventions can be instituted and where. The steps of this approach are detailed in the next section.

With conceptual clarity on the specific changes envisaged by ILO interventions, and more importantly,

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Livelihood Interventions as a Springboard for Vitalizing Development in Communities

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Ge e D e e e (G D The design of the P       project needs to assess what is needed for interventions to serve as a springboard for vitalizing development in coastal communities. The Project cannot be confined to gender equity but also address some of the long-term endemic vulnerabilities in the coastal areas. The long-term objectives of livelihoods are difficult to achieve unless a more focused approach is first taken to address the larger issues of access to market, health care, schooling etc. A focused approach would entail that if the donors and partners wish the community to develop on a self-sustaining basis in the years to come, then, for example, the effort should be to start with meeting at least one or two basic need(s) of the community – livelihoods in this case, build upon it to include the other issues and show sustainable results.

A focussed approach requires clarity and articulation of the developmental dynamics of change. It is, therefore, important that objectives of long-term changes in the community are deliberated upon with conceptual clarity and professional approach. Conceptual clarity and professional approach mean that (a) the objective (and target groups) of the intervention must be spelled out in specific terms, as much as possible, and (b) development of an area must be integrated with its long-term maintenance by local resources.

Professional approach does not mean synoptic planning where exhaustive data is collected and detailed analysis is carried out and plans made. In fact professional approach means that the design and concept

clearly spell out the elements wherein the development to the next stage becomes the logical outcome of 9 5 

 the first step. This needs continuous assessment based upon empirical evidence informed by scientific rigour of looking into an issue to the last detail.

At the very outset ILO needs to clearly articulate what is meant by decent work. Also the linkages between inputs of the project (building the capacity of supporting organizations, structuring and capacity development for gender equity etc) and the dynamics that lead to small entrepreneurs (small holders and small businesses) having more access and control over resources of production need to be clearly articulated. This will mean gathering information with greater scientific rigour and empirical evidence in the light of findings from the situation analysis. This will help ILO spell out specifically the logical incremental steps of their intervention leading to vitalizing livelihoods in the coastal areas, define how gender equity may be achieved within this larger approach, and help them analyse if the proposed input is likely to deliver the envisaged benefits.

There is need for ILO to define capacities and community needs as precisely as possible, and link these to

their interventions too see if they can indeed deliver the stated needs of the communities. In the context of

E 4 E D G ILO need to determine at the outset if their gender equity approach is a means to an end or an end in itself. The premise and assumptions of the strategy needs to be debated more rigorously for articulating clearly the concept, the corollary of strategies and activities for vitalizing livelihoods in communities as a whole, and linkage to incremental development and change in the community. This will not only allow for more effective implementation of future programmes but also provide the instruments for assessing the quality of interventions.

Design and Implementation of the Programme

The strength of donor agencies and NGOs is to focus on interventions within their scope, demonstrate the success of new development paradigms, and then try and take those to scale. It may be prudent if before the intervention, at the designing stage, a focussed discussion is held on what constitutes building and vitalizing communities and within this larger context build on gender equity. This will help determine the developmental steps and the precise elements of interventions. Notwithstanding that the need for response to many of the urgent problems (immediate and short-term objectives) cannot be over emphasized, this should not over-shadow the long-term planning. In most effective interventions, especially in areas that are resource poor, underdeveloped, marginalized from the mainstream of development and subject to natural calamities, sometimes it may be difficult to defer some issues for the sake of long-term, self- sustaining programmes, yet it is a step which must be taken.

The situation analysis indicates that enhanced livelihoods are priorities of the whole communities. A more professional design approach would be to concentrate on focused interventions, first on a small scale in one or two communities, and then take the success of those interventions to scale. Also from the point of view of effectiveness, and sustained development, it may be more efficient that resources are not spread too thin, first initial but concrete results were achieved, and the projects then built on the success of those achievements. The success would establish for both donors and partners the principle of bringing about changes in a community, the methodology of working with the community towards bringing about those changes and an effective tool for advocacy and lobbying for policy reform. For example, building business capacity needs to develop value-added products. This approach would determine the elements of the intervention that are required to do this.

This does not mean that the same value-added product would be used everywhere. In an urban market town, this may mean provision of hotels and retail outlets, where as in a rural market; this may mean

livestock and horticulture. This approach determines how the various elements that go towards 0 6 

 developing value addedness in any business development programme, whether it be hotels and retail outlets or animal husbandry and horticulture are identified and brought together in a way that leads to enhanced livelihoods.

It may also be more prudent from the point of view of creating long-term impact on the communities if, for example, only one or two items from a set of key needs (e.g. fisheries) is first taken up on a focused and sustainable level, and brought to completion by way of establishing a new paradigm of community development. The establishment of a new paradigm for community development, on however small a scale, would set the direction for addressing fisheries issues on a larger scale. The community could then build upon that intervention for expansion into vocational training, agricultural activities and crop diversification, clean health facilities, and so on.

In terms of methodology, it is clear from the situation analysis that a working methodology needs a fuller deliberation in the context of development for the long term. For example, some of the villages that were selected for the situation analysis were remote with a scattered settlement pattern. While it is important that even the remotest of communities be reached a more effective methodology may be to select communities easily accessible, build a long-term and more focused development programme in these communities, consolidate the success, and then expand to other (including remote) areas.

It may be more prudent to work with fewer beneficiaries to develop a more in-depth understanding of the dynamics of the informal sector and the expressed needs and requirements of the small entrepreneurs and small farmers, before going to scale with a greater number and variety of beneficiaries. Instead of working on something as broadly defined as the coastal sector it may be more effective to concentrate on one or two elements of that intervention e.g., small businesses, within well defined parameters. This will allowed more focussed activities, a deeper understanding of the various elements, strengths and weaknesses of that activity, and concrete actions to expand that work into the other related areas.

ILO is very well placed to work out a well-designed and detailed programme, not only for gender equity in the fisheries sector, but for livelihoods as a whole, for health and schooling issues which may serve as successful models both for further interventions of ILO and partners (and other donor agencies and NGOs), which would, in turn, initiate debate, and serve as a catalyst for the state to bring about policy reform, specially as many of the root causes of vulnerability have to do with an inadequate public policy framework.

5.2 Recommendations

What is needed now is for ILO to establish a new paradigm or direction for change. This will require a review of strengths and weaknesses of the design and implementation strategies of GE4DE, and a debate on how to establish a long-term conceptual framework, taking an unconventional view of, and out-of-the box thinking about the dynamics of change.

Need for Establishing a New Paradigm: Less is More

A major factor that has hampered the development of an effective, long-term framework of developoment is that carefully deliberated and well-planned policies have not emerged as a forte of either the government or the NGO/donor programmes. There is, therefore, a need to explore a new paradigm of a carefully planned, step-by-step approach for development and change in marginalized communities. It may be of benefit to ILO to deliberate on the ‘Less is More’ approach , whereby first , only one or two

interventions in one or two communities are made, the specific elements of the approach are identified, 6 1

 and some level of success and sustainability is achieved, before taking the programme to scale. This approach is a departure from the more prevalent practices of ‘more is better’ and looks to the rationale and methodology of: a) Working, initially, with a limited number of communities/beneficiaries most likely to show gains from interventions b) Working in more accessible communities so that intractable factors do not hamper the design and outcomes of interventions c) Working in one or two sub-sectors most likely to revitalize communities. d) Working to bring to completion a set of interventions to identify the elements that are needed to make that intervention successful

Need for Debate

On the basis of the findings from the situation analysis debate and discussion with analytical precision on the issues of development in the coastal communities will prove useful for the future course of the GE4DE Project. This will require first, establishing the parameters of how the Programme can be effective and second, developing concrete recommendations, on the basis of these parameters.

The premise and assumptions of the Programme need to be debated rigorously for articulating clearly the concept and objectives of the Programme, the corollary of strategies and activities leading to the objectives and logical linkage to incremental change in the community. There is need to continuously assess with professional and scientific rigour and based upon empirical evidence that interventions indeed are providing the building blocks for revitalizing the socio-economic base of communities. Reasons may be many and complex and need to be discussed, debated and clearly articulated in the light of findings from the situation analysis.

Together these will allow for:

1) Developing a more robust design of projects that can stand up to investigations of professional and scientific rigour; 2) Demonstrating, even if it is on a small scale, how communities are facilitated to build upon interventions towards a better life; and 3) Making necessary adjustments for replication and expansion.

5.3 The Way Forward

In light of the findings from the situation analysis and the larger objectives of the GE4DE that links gender equity and development and an approach that seeks to address the root causes of livelihodds vulnerability; a 3-step way forward by way of a process is recommended which will help extract the principles which are likely to produce better results and make for a more effective gender equity management and development policy making.

Specific Elements of the Process :

Constitute a 4-6 member research committee to review existing paradigms of development, and visit a few selected development projects in the coastal areas. Based upon the review and visits the research committee will develop a Concept Paper which would be circulated for feedback.

6 2

 1. On the basis of the recommendations made in the Concept Paper , the research committee will

next develop a Strategy Paper which will identify and design a selected few proposals to

i

ty

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demonstrate elements and methodology of effective interventions under the G   

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o m  E m p (GE4DE). This needs to be a small set of interventions as a research and development exercise with full professional thrust and keeping in mind that for initial success to be achieved the intervention should have as few variables as possible. 2. A conference will be organized for deliberating the conclusions of the Strategy Paper , refining the new paradigm and making recommendations from which will emerge a Policy Document.

Some Recommendations for Action Research :

From the findings of the situation analysis some recommendations for action research and to serve as a catalyst for development and change in a selceted community may be as follows:

6. A useful input which can serve as a catalyst for further development would be to set up a low-cost polytechnic institute for training men and women in refrigeration, air-conditioning, tailoring, repairing of mobile phones, in plumbing, electrical fittings, etc. 7. A production facility and employ men and women in fisheries production in Karachi and Gawadar, and link them with traders/exporters in Karachi. In doing so the programme will have set up a training centre for raw hands to be trained into skilled. 8. Facilities for eco-tourism in Gawadar and Karachi where some investment would be required and more importantly, it would provide training in rudimentary hotel management. 9. Enhanced livestock farming, with training in animal husbandry, feed, and marketing of livestock. 10. All of the above may be complemented with public schools of quality education that meet the needs of modern education as well as vocational training linked to livelihood opportunities in the area. The establishment of one or two such schools to teach children language, numerical skills, art, sports, history and geography up to Class 5 (primary level) and then from Class 6 the programme of studies of these schools would focus on vocational training and enhanced learning. This will not only serve to define the precise elements of such intervention (e.g. development of a curriculum, institution of intellectually stimulating environment in schools, the exact nature of vocational training, teachers training etc) but the success of this intervention will serve as a catalyst for improving standards in other public schools and provide for advocacy and lobbying with very concrete ideas. 11. Demonstrating effective public health services will go a long way in reducing vulnerability of populations along the coastal areas. This may include improving management of an existing government facility demonstrating that quality health services is a function of management (as opposed to that of funds alone) and that nothing stops a low cost public health facility delivering the same services as a high cost private facility. In geographical proximity to the schools this can be immediately linked up with the curriculum so that nursing (for girls as nursing as a profession for women does not carry a cultural constraint) and para medic training (for both boys and girls) can be immediately included in the vocational training curriculum of the school(s) and will have the advantage of demonstrating in a short period of time the efficacy of vocational training both as part of the school curriculum and linkage to a sustainable livelihood. Including livestock management will widen the canvas of the vocational training and demonstrate a linkage between education and economic opportunity.

63

 Timeline of the Process

Tasks Time Constitution of research committee 2 weeks Visit and review of selected programmes 4 weeks Development of Concept Paper 2 weeks Development of Strategy Paper 8 weeks Conference & development of Policy Paper After 6 months Assessment After 1 year

If ILO can undertake this process, through the Concept Paper , the Strategy Paper , and the Policy Document (the substantive and final statement of a new direction), it will be a pioneering effort in defining the context of effective and meaningful development, and the methodology for implementing that context into practice, not only for their themselves and their partners but for the development sector as a whole.

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1

 ANNEX - 2 Research Instruments: Questionnaires and Guidelines



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MI P O FI F    S # Relationship Age Sex Marital Educational Level of Education Employment/ Un Total Status Status Profession employed Monthly Income (PKR) Marrie Un Cur Educ No Pri Mi Se I B. N (Ask for Govt. d married rent ation Edu ma ddl co nt A/ o Job, Private   ly comp cati ry e nd er B. n Job, Business enr leted on M F olle ary Sc f or Labour etc.)  d o r m

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 8

2

 Questionnaire No. ______Date: ______District: ______Village: ______Name of Interviewer: ______

Sector-Wide Study on Gender and Employment in Coastal Areas International Labour Organization (ILO)

HOUSEHODL SURVEY

Sex of respondent: Male Ƒ Female Ƒ

Income Generation Activities (employment details):

1a. What type of work do you do for income generation?

1b. Details of work? (probe: labour, production work, service delivery, business etc)

2. Who helps you in your income generation activity and how? (probe: how the husband/wife, brother, son, daughter etc helps in his/her work?)

3a. Do you do this work on your own free will? Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

3b. If no, explain: ______

4a. Do you keep your income/salary or spend your self? Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

4b. If no, explain (probe: who receives and spends the income etc?)

5a. Do you have any peak season (months) in your work when there is a high demand for your product or an increase in sales?

5b. If yes, specify months and what is your income during this time?

Months: ______

Income: ______

Health Issues related to Work (access to health facility):

6a. Are there any health risks/hazards involved in your work?

Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

6b. If yes, explain these health risks?

83

 7a. Do you take any safety measures to protect your self from these risks/hazards?

Yes Ƒ No Ƒ If yes, explain: ______

If no, why not: ______

7b. What do you do if there is a general health problem during work? (probe: where do you go for help or do you do something your self)

Issues/ Problems Faced at Work Place:

8a. Where do you work? (probe: at home, factory, office, shop or any other place).

8b. What type of issues/problems do you face at your work place? (probe: problems related to their work place eg sitting place, behaviour of co-workers etc. Please tick answer of respondent in the appropriate column below and explain)

Problems ¥ Tick mark Transportation problem to and from work place Inappropriate behaviour of co-workers Lack of drinking water and toilet facility at work place Inappropriate behaviour with women (Harassment at work place) Others (please specify) No problem

Note: Please ask for explanation from the respondent on the issues/problems identified by them

Explain: ______

Issues/Problems related to Nature of Work:

9. What problem/s do you face related to work you are doing for income generation?

Problems ¥ Tick mark Lack of market information Low payment/ wages Low prices in the market Transportation to market Others (please specify) No problem

8 4 

 10a. Do you use credit for work? Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

10b. If yes, do you get credit? Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

10c. Who do you get credit from?

Source of credit ¥ Tick mark Shop Government Savings and credit group Contractor Friends Family Bank (specify name) Money lender NGO (specify name) Others (specify)

10d. If no, what are the reasons for not taking credit?

11a. Do you belong to any organization? Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

11b. If yes , what is the nature of the organization?

¥ Tick mark Village Organization (CBO, VDO, saving and credit group) NGO (project, saving and credit group) Cooperative Other (specify)

Name of NGO: ______

11c. What is the nature of your participation?

¥ Tick mark Office bearer of organization/group Voluntary member

8 5

 Educational and Training Needs:

12a. Have you received training for you work or learnt from some one? Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

12b. If yes, from where and who trained you?

Learnt from (where): ______

Who trained you? ______

12c. How did these trainings benefit you in your work? (probe: increase income, increase production, improve quality etc)

13a. Do you need further training related to your work? (probe: training in which they benefited to their work) Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

13b. If yes what type of training:

14a. Do you have any educational or training institution in your area? (probe: school, collage or training centre eg sewing centre etc) Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

14b. If yes, which educational or training institution?

14c. If you want can you apply for admission to any of these educational or trainings institution?

Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

14d. If no, why not: ______

15a. Are other women in the household doing work for income generation? Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

15b. If yes what type of work? ______

15c. If no, why not (reasons) ______

Only for Male Respondents:

16a. Do women carry out the similar work which men are doing? Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

16b. If yes, which type of work: ______

16c. If not, what are the reasons for not doing (similar work as men)?

16d. Can women do this type of work? 6 8 

 Questionnaire No. ______Date: ______District: ______Village: ______Name of Interviewer: ______

Sector-Wide Study on Gender and Employment in Coastal Areas International Labour Organization (ILO)

GUIDELINES FOR DISCUSSION WITH BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEUR

Introduction: (Ask for nature of business/entrepreneur) x Welcome participants and thank them for taking part in the discussion. x Briefly introduce yourself and your organization. Introduce participants. x Explain objectives of discussion “we are conducting a research study about livelihoods opportunities for men and women in your locality. We need your help to gather information. Your corporation and contribution will be of great value for our study. x Begin the discussion.

Discussion:

1. Is your organization registered? If yes explain the type of registration? (probe: with legal, association with government institution).

2. How many people are working (number of employees) in your organization?

3. How many male and female are working in your organization?

4. What is the nature of employment? What type of work they doing? And how many levels of work are there? (for example labour, vocational/skilled labour, supervisory, technical skill, managerial, administrative etc)

5. For the same type of work what are the criteria for man and woman employment? (probe: education, experience, skill. Also probe for the same criteria for man and women).

6. For the same type of work, is man and woman are employed on different salary?

7. What are the benefits give to the workers during employment? (health facility, leaves, paid pregnancy leave etc).

8. What are the problem you face to employ a woman?

9. What are the problem you face to employ a man?

10. What are the reasons for dismissing an employee? (probe for both man and woman)

8

7

 Observations:

1. Observe if women are working in this organization? And how many are working there?

2. Observe if working place for women and other facilities are appropriate for them? (work place, furniture, sanitation etc).

3. Protection tools eg fire fighting equipment, first aid facility are available at work place?

88

 Questionnaire No. ______Date: ______District: ______Village: ______Name of Interviewer: ______

Sector-Wide Study on Gender and Employment in Coastal Areas International Labour Organization (ILO)

GUIDELINES FOR DISCUSSION WITH GOVT INSTITUTES, P & D, FISHERIES AND SOCIAL WELFARE

Introduction: (Ask for nature of business/entrepreneur) x Welcome participants and thank them for taking part in the discussion. x Briefly introduce yourself and your organization. Introduce participants. x Explain objectives of discussion “we are conducting a research study about livelihoods opportunities for men and women in your locality. We need your help to gather information. Your corporation and contribution will be of great value for our study. x Begin the discussion.

Discussion:

1. Are the fisheries related businesses registered with your institution/department? How many type of registration are there?

2. What are the rules and regulation of registration? (under which act etc, ask for a copy of rules and regulations. If copy is not available than ask basic points which are necessary for registration eg criteria, number of workers etc)

3. What is the procedure of registration?

4. What are the main things to be in consideration for registration? (probe: protection waste mangemnet, safety and health hazards, plan etc)

5. What are the plans you have for development of coastal areas? (probe: annual development plan ADP)

6. How these plans are made?

7. Is there any special plan/project for women? (probe= type of plan/project, nature, budge)

8. Do you have any policy for development of women employment? (probe: is this policy in written form?)

9. Is there any organization/institution registered with you?

10. Is there any policy related to ‘decent work’? (probe: what do you understand by the term ‘decent work’?)

89

 Questionnaire No. ______Date: ______District: ______Village: ______Name of Interviewer: ______

Sector-Wide Study on Gender and Employment in Coastal Areas International Labour Organization (ILO)

GUIDELINES FOR FGDs (COMMUNITY GROUPS – MALE AND FEMALES)

Introduction: (Ask for nature of business/entrepreneur) x Welcome participants and thank them for taking part in the discussion. x Briefly introduce yourself and your organization. Introduce participants. x Explain objectives of discussion “we are conducting a research study about livelihoods opportunities for men and women in your locality. We need your help to gather information. Your corporation and contribution will be of great value for our study. x Begin the discussion.

Discussion:

1. What employment opportunities are available in your village? (government jobs, NGOs, business, labour, vocational jobs, agriculture etc).

2. What alternate employment opportunities can be possible in the village (except for existing opportunities)?

3. Do you think that these employment opportunities can be provided?

4. If these opportunities can be provided, than who will be the providers?

5. If these opportunities can not be provided, than what are the reasons?

6. What type of problem do you face during your work? (to getting the job, during job and at work place).

7. (only ask to man) What are the problems faces by women during work in your view?

8. Is there any organization/institution who is working on worker’s rights or provision of work? (probe for worker’s association, trade union, NGO, govt institution etc).

9. What are these organizations/institutions working on?

10. What is the ‘decent work’ in your views? (probe: what are the qualities of a ‘decent work’? what type of

employment is called a ‘decent work’? and at what bases?) 0 9 

 Questionnaire No. ______Date: ______District: ______Village: ______Name of Interviewer: ______

Sector-Wide Study on Gender and Employment in Coastal Areas International Labour Organization (ILO)

GUIDELINES FOR DISCUSSION WITH NGOs

Introduction: (Ask for nature of business/entrepreneur) x Welcome participants and thank them for taking part in the discussion. x Briefly introduce yourself and your organization. Introduce participants. x Explain objectives of discussion “we are conducting a research study about livelihoods opportunities for men and women in your locality. We need your help to gather information. Your corporation and contribution will be of great value for our study. x Begin the discussion.

Discussion:

1. On what type of projects/programmes is organization working? (health, education, environment, human rights, employment, trainings etc. list the sector in which organization is working)

2. What is the nature of these projects/programmes? (probe: service delivery, training, advocacy, micro credit, social mobilization etc. One NGO can work in more than one sector)

3. Who are the beneficiaries of these projects/programmes? (probe for common and specific separately).

4. If the organization is working on any employment related or income generation project/programme, ask for beneficiaries of the projects/programmes? (probe for men and women separately)

5. What is the duration of these projects/programmes usually?

6. What are the employment opportunities available in your area?

7. What are the employment opportunities available for women in your area?

8. What other employment opportunities can be possible?

9a. If there are no other employment opportunities than what are the reasons?

9b. If yes what alternate employment opportunities can be possible and how?

10a. Do you have any policy for women development?

10b. If yes, is this policy in written form? 9

1

 Questionnaire No. ______Date: ______District: ______Village: ______Name of Interviewer: ______

Sector-Wide Study on Gender and Employment in Coastal Areas International Labour Organization (ILO)

COMMUNITY PROFILE

Name of village: ______

District: ______

Tehsil: ______

Language: ______

Total number of households: ______

Total population: Male: ______Female: ______

BASIC UTILITIES

Electricity: Yes Ƒ No Ƒ

Gas: Yes Ƒ No Ƒ Cylinder: ______

Sources of fuel: Yes Ƒ No Ƒ Explain: ______

Water supply: Yes Ƒ No Ƒ Explain: ______

Drainage system: Yes Ƒ No Ƒ Explain: ______

Sewerage system: Yes Ƒ No Ƒ Explain: ______

9

2

 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES IN THE AREA:

Educational Govt/Private For boys For girls Co-education facilities

HEALTH AND FP CENTER IN THE AREA:

Health facilities Number

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE/COMMUNICATION FACILITIES IN THE AREA:

Type of road: ______

Type of local transport: ______

Communication facilities (telephone etc): ______

Local market/mandi (nearest): ______

Banks: ______

Mobile services: ______

Type of livelihoods (govt, private, business etc): ______

Type of small business: ______

Type of large business: ______

BUSINESS FACILITIES IN THE AREA:

Contractor: ______

Middle man: ______

Others (explain): ______

93

 ANNEX - 3 List of Research Partners and Team Members    S No Name Designation Raasta Development Consultants (RDC) - Lead Organization

1 Zia Niazi Principal researcher 2 Shahida Sajid Ali Senior researcher 3 Ashok Kumar Data processing specialist 4 Kausar Hashmi Research coordinator 5 Mohammad Pervaiz Admin/finance assistant Centre for Peace and Justice Pakistan (CPJP) - Supporting Organization Karachi

1 Hyder Shar Senior researcher 2 Rukia Fatima Junior researcher 3 Laila Munawar Fatima Field supervisor 4 Roshni Enumerators 5 Imran Hyder Enumerators/ Data entry clerk 6 Nawaz Enumerators 7 Hurmat Enumerators Rural Community Development Council (RCDC) - Supporting Organization Gawadar

1 Nasir Rahim Senior researcher 2 Javed Sameen Junior researcher 3 Rozina Suleman Field supervisor 4 Niaz Ibrahim Field supervisor 5 Mariam Suleman Enumerator 6 Asma Abdul Gafoor Enumerator 7 Abdul Qadir Enumerator 8 Abdul Rehman Enumerator 9 Jibran Khalil Data entry clerk LARR Development Association (LDA) - Supporting Organization Badin

1 Muhammad Younis Bakari Senior researcher 2 Najama Mallah Junior researcher 3 Mzhar Hussain Zaindpur Field supervisors 4 Farheen Abassi Junior supervisors 5 Abdul Hakieem, Enumerators 6 Abdul Salam Enumerators 7 Rehana Anasri Enumerators 8 Nasreen Enumerators 9 Shoaib Hussain Data entry clerk

 9 4 

 ANNEX – 4 Timelines and Milestones  Activity Time Frame Persons from Supporting Organization Contract signed with Raasta October 21 2010 MOU with supporting organizations October 22 2010 Situational Analysis begins (including pilot October 25, 2010 testing of tools) Orientation of supporting organizations October 25 2010 1 senior researcher Development of tools October 26-27 2010 1 senior researcher Pre-testing and finalization October 28-29 1 senior researcher Planning for data collection October 30 2010 1 senior researcher Training for data collection November 1-2 2010 1 senior researcher, 1 Junior researcher, 2 supervisors, 4 enumerators Household survey (50 households from 5 November 3-6 & 8 2 supervisors, 4 enumerators selected communities/neighbourhoods) 2010 Community/neighbourhood profiles (5 November 3-6 & 8 1 junior supervisor selected communities/ neighbourhoods) 2010 Stakeholder mapping and community FGDs November 3-12 2010 1 senior supervisor FILLED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS November 13 2010 CHECKED AND SIGNED BY SENIOR MILESTONE RESEARCHER AND SENT TO RAASTA RAASTA SENDS APPROVAL TO ILO November 15 2010 MILESTONE EID HOLIDAYS November 17-19 2010 Orientation for data entry (quantitative) November 22 2010 1 data entry clerk at Raasta office Quantitative data entry November 23- 27 2010 1 data entry clerk at Raasta office Orientation for data entry (qualitative) November 24 2010 1 senior or junior researcher at Raasta office Qualitative (FGDs and IDIs) data November 24-27 1 senior or junior researcher at compilation and preparation of main findings 2010 Raasta office MAIN FINDINGS SUBMITTED TO RAASTA November 27 2010 MILESTONE Running the data on SPSS and tabulation November 29-30 2010 Raasta Tabulation and analysis December 1-4 2010 Raasta Report writing (combined 3 areas) December 6-9 2010 Raasta Preparation of area presentations by SOs December 6-7 2010 SOs in their own offices CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP DECEMBER 8 2010 PRESENTATION BY RAASTA Draft report shared with ILO and supporting December 30, 2010 Raasta organizations Comments from ILO and supporting January 30, 2011 ILO and SOs Organization Comments incorporated February 17, 2011 Raasta Final research report submitted February 28, 2011 Raasta

 9 5

 ANNEX - 5 List of People Interviewed   S No Name Designation/Organization Centre for Peace and Justice Pakistan (CPJP) - Supporting Organization Karachi

1 Mr. S.M Kaleem Makki Secretary, Social Welfare Department, Old KDA Building, Sindh Secretariat Karachi 2 Mr. Shah Nawaz Jiskani Director (Monitoring & Evaluation), Planning and Development Department, 11 th Floor, Lakson Square, Sarwar Shaheed Road, Karachi 3 Dr. Nasrullah Panhwar District Officer, Livestock Department, Government of Sindh Karachi 4 Mr. Abdul Shuneed Memon Director , Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh Karachi 5 Mr. Akbar Shaikh Member Executive Committee, Shaikh Maheegeer, Welfare Association, Rehri Goth, Ibrahim Hydery, Bin Qasim Town, Malir Karachi 6 Mr. Khalil Wadhelo District Executive Manage, HANDS District Office Karachi Rural 7 Mr. Muhammad Shah Owner, Exporter of Lobster 8 Ms. Moosani Manager/Supervisor, Shrimps Factory Rural Community Development Council (RCDC) - Supporting Organization Gawadar

1 Nazir Ahmed District Coordinator, NRSP 2 A. Rahim Site Manager, PWP Wetlands 3 Ather Shah Manager, Pak. Oman Bank 4 Arshad Manager, Kushahhilbank 5 A. Razaq Regional Manager, SMEDA 6 Baboo Baloch Incharge/ chief Instructor,

VTC Gawadar 6 9 

 7 Mula Bakash Asst. Director, Balochisatn Fisheries Dept 8 M. Rafiq Manager, GABA Sea Food 9 M. Aslam Social Welfare Officer, CD/ Social Welfare dept. 10 Asgar Shah District Coordinator, IUCN 11 Asghar Ramzan Ex Planning Officer, District P & F Dept. LARR Development Association (LDA) - Supporting Organization Badin

1 Mr. Huzoor Bux Khoso Director Fisheries, Fisheries Department Badin 2 Mr Nazim Talpur Senior Clerk, Fisheries Department Badin 3 Mr. Allah Bachay Mallah Treasurer, Pakistan Fisher Folk Forum Badin 4 Mr. Abdul Qadir Chandio District Officer, Social Welfare Department Badin 5 Mr. Banhoon Businessman, Badin

 9

7

 ANNEX - 6 List of Documents Reviewed  

Area wise Fish Landing on Balochistan Coast for the Year 2009, Directorate of Fisheries Balochistan

Balochistan: Paedar Taraqi ki Hikmat-e-Amli , IUCN, GoB, 2003

Catch and Disposition of Commercial Fish on Balochistan Coast for the Year 2009, Directorate of Fisheries Balochistan

Details of Trade wise Trainees, Vocational Training Centre, Gawadar, Oct 1997 – May 2005

District Gawadar Profile, SMEDA Balochistan, no date

Expenditure from July 2005-April 2006, Vocational Training Centre, Gawadar

Fishermen Population and Per Capita Income on Balochistan Coast for the Year 2009, Directorate of Fisheries Balochistan

Gawadar: Integrated Development Vision, IUCN, GoB, 2010

Government of Balochistan Achievements, Women Development/Social Welfare Department

Khawateen aur Qudrati Wasaail Ka Intizam , IUCN, 2004

Local Consumption and Exportable Surplus of Fish for the Year 2009, Directorate of Fisheries Balochistan

Overview of SMEDA, no date

Pakistan Wetland Programme, IUCN, no date

Promoting Gender Equality for Decent Employment (GE4DE)-NEWS, ILO, 2010

Promoting Gender Equality for Decent Employment (GE4DE)-Participants Resource Pack: Workshop on Gender Sensitive Research Methodologies, ILO, CIDA, Value Resources, Oct 20-21, 2010

Stakeholder Consultation on Coastal and Riverine Communities: Participant’s Resource Pack, ILO, CIDA, Dec 2010

Sanctioned Strength of Post for Year 2005-2006, Vocational Training Centre, Gawadar

98

 Year wise Pass out Trainees Summer/Winter Session, Vocational Training Centre, Gawadar, 1997-2007

Statistical Data Collection of Coastal Belt of Sindh, Forest and Wildlife Department Government of Sindh, Raasta Development Consultants, SDSC University of Jamshoro, 2004

Total Fish Landing and its Value on Balochistan Coast for the Year 2009, Directorate of Fisheries Balochistan

99

 ANNEX - 7 Detailed Tables   Table – 1 Population by Community Population Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male 17,046 17,898 1,316 36,260 Female 17,383 17,198 1,649 36,230 Total 34,429 35,096 2,965 72,490

Table – 2 Language Spoken by Community Languages Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Sindhi 4 5 9 Balochi 2 5 7 Punjabi 1 1 Pushto 1 1 Kachi 1 1 No of villagers 5 5 5 15

Table – 3 Basic Utilities by Community Utilities Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Electricity 4 5 0 9 Gas 4 2 0 6 Water supply 4 5 0 9 Sanitation 3 0 0 3 No of villagers 5 5 5 15 Karachi: Dabela para has no facility, Gawadar: Balochwar, Mula Band and Pishukan has no gas connection Table – 4 Sources of Fuel by Community Sources of Fuel Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Wood 3 5 5 13 Kerosene oil 1 0 0 1 Gas cylinder 1 5 0 6 No of villages 5 5 5 15

Table – 5 Educational Facilities in the Community Type of Number of Number of Government Facilities Number of Private Facilities Educational Communities Where Facilities no Facilities Karachi 1 Boys Girls Co-education Boys Girls Co-education Primary 3 1 Middle 1 Vocational 1 Gawadar 0 Primary 7 7 4 Middle 3 1 High 4 3 Badin 2 Primary 3

Badin: Misri Mallah and Khamoon Mallah, Karachi: Khaskheli Mohalla 00

1 

 Table – 6 Health Facilities in Community Type of Health Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Facilities BHU 3 3 Dispensary 4 4 Maternity home 1 1 EPI centre 1 1 None 1 2 5 8 No of villages 5 5 5 15 No Health facility: Karachi: Khaskheli Mohalla, Gawadar: Balochwar and Mula Band

Table – 7 Type of Occupations in the Community Type of Occupations Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Fishing 5 5 5 15 Labour 4 5 5 14 Boat owner/ fish contractor 1 5 6 Net making 1 4 1 6 Small business / shop keeping 1 5 5 Government employment 5 5 Teaching 5 5 Builders/building material 5 5 Selling/trading of Irani food 5 5 items, fuels etc Vocational jobs 5 5 Banking 5 5 Fishing related jobs 4 4 Ice factory 3 3 Agriculture 3 3 Fish processing factory 3 3 Shrimp/fish cleaning 2 2 Fish drying 2 2 Boat making/repairing 1 1 Transport services for goods 1 1 No of villages 5 5 5 15 Business: estate agent, teashop Vocational: driver, barber

Table – 8 Small and Large Businesses in and Around Communities Type of Businesses Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Small business Small shops 2 5 4 11 Livestock farming 5 2 7 Embroidery 3 3 Vegetable sellers 1 1 Large business Large boat fishing 5 5 10 Transporters 5 5 Traders 5 5 Landlords 5 5 Agriculture 3 3 Livestock 1 1 No of villages 5 5 5 15

0 1 1 

 Table – 9 Sources of Credit and Materials in the Community Sources Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Contractor 3 3 2 8 Middleman 2 3 5 Bank 1 5 6 Micro finance institution 3 3 None 3 3 No of villages 5 5 5 15

Table – 10 Markets in or Near the Community Markets Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Maripur 2 2 Ibrahim Hyderi 1 1 Pishukan 1 1 Gawadar 4 4 No of villages 5 5 5 15

Table – 11 Type of Road in the Communities Type of Housing Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Katcha 1 5 5 11 Pacca 1 0 0 1 Mix 3 0 3 No of villages 5 5 5 15

Table – 12 Transportation Facilities in the Communities Transportation Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Facilities Pickups 3 5 8 Datsons 1 1 Buses 2 2 Mazda 1 1 Rickshaw 1 1 Bullock carts 1 1 Private cars 5 5 10 No of villages 5 5 5 15

Table – 13 Communication Facilities in the Communities Communication Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Facilities Telephone 5 5 Wireless phone 5 5 Mobile 4 5 5 14 Internet 2 2 None 1 1 No of villages 5 5 5 15

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 Table – 14 Age-Sex Distribution Age in years Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % 0 – 4 11 8 6 4 20 10 17 8 20 13 23 16 51 10 46 9 5 – 9 20 15 13 8 29 13 20 9 22 15 16 11 71 14 49 9 10 – 14 16 12 31 19 25 12 23 10 17 11 16 11 58 12 70 13 15 – 19 13 10 27 17 25 12 35 15 17 11 23 16 55 11 85 15 20 – 24 9 7 13 8 23 11 38 17 20 13 21 15 52 11 72 14 25 – 29 17 13 20 12 17 8 28 12 15 10 8 6 49 10 56 11 30 – 34 11 8 15 9 16 8 12 5 8 5 9 6 35 7 36 7 35 – 39 10 7 6 4 12 6 11 5 5 3 13 9 27 5 30 6 40 – 44 4 3 10 6 10 5 10 4 16 11 9 6 30 6 29 5 45 – 49 8 6 6 4 6 3 12 5 2 1 3 2 16 3 20 4 50 – 65 16 11 13 8 23 11 17 8 11 7 3 2 50 10 33 6 65 & above 1 1 3 1 5 2 3 1 6 1 Total 135 100 161 100 209 100 228 100 153 100 144 100 497 100 532 100 Karachi 296 (5.92 HH size), Gawadar 437 (8.74 HH size) and Badin 297 (5.94 HH size)

Table – 15 Family Structure Family Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Structure N % N % N % N % Nuclear 39 78 23 46 33 66 95 63 Joint 11 22 27 54 17 34 55 37 Total 50 10 50 100 50 100 150 100

Table – 16 Marital Status Marital Status Karachi Gawadar Badin Total by Age Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Married 2 15 2 6 6 35 10 43 8 14 12 14 (15-19 years) Married 22 59 35 73 27 48 41 53 32 74 36 95 81 60 112 68 (20-34 years) Married 20 91 20 91 25 89 31 94 23 100 24 96 68 93 75 95 (35-49 years) Widow 2 8 1 4 0 3 (35-49 years) Married 16 100 14 100 26 100 22 100 11 85 3 75 53 96 39 97 (50 years & above) Note: Percentages are calculated the number of people in their age groups

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 Table – 17 Educational Status Educational Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Status by Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Age Groups N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % 0 – 4 years Currently 3 15 1 6 3 6 1 2 enrolled No education 11 100 6 100 17 85 16 94 19 100 23 100 47 94 45 98 Base 11 100 6 100 20 100 17 100 19 100 23 100 50 100 46 100 5 – 9 years Currently 8 40 9 69 22 76 13 65 4 17 3 19 34 47 25 51 enrolled Education 1 5 1 2 completed No education 12 60 4 31 7 24 6 30 19 83 13 81 38 53 23 47 Base 20 100 13 100 29 100 20 100 23 100 16 100 72 100 49 100 10 – 14 years Currently 6 38 18 58 19 76 19 82 1 6 2 13 26 45 39 56 enrolled Education 1 3 4 16 2 9 1 6 1 6 5 9 4 6 completed No education 10 62 12 39 2 8 2 9 15 88 13 81 27 46 27 38 Base 16 100 31 100 25 100 23 100 17 100 16 100 58 100 70 100 15 – 19 years Currently 4 31 8 29 13 52 16 46 17 31 24 28 enrolled Education 5 19 8 32 8 23 5 29 13 24 13 15 completed No education 9 69 14 52 4 16 11 31 12 71 23 100 25 45 48 57 Base 13 100 27 100 25 100 35 100 17 100 23 100 55 100 85 100 20 – 34 years Currently 1 3 3 6 6 11 2 3 7 5 5 3 enrolled Education 10 27 14 29 28 50 27 34 4 9 2 5 42 31 43 26 completed No education 26 70 31 65 22 39 49 63 39 91 36 95 87 64 116 71 Base 37 100 48 100 56 100 78 100 43 100 38 100 136 100 164 100 35 – 49 years Education 2 9 3 14 12 43 1 3 1 4 0 15 21 4 4 completed No education 20 91 19 86 16 57 32 97 22 96 25 100 58 79 76 95 Base 22 100 22 100 28 100 33 100 23 100 25 100 73 100 80 100 50 years & above Education 1 6 0 0 1 4 0 0 2 4 0 completed No education 15 94 14 100 25 96 22 100 11 100 3 100 51 96 39 100 Base 16 100 14 100 26 100 22 100 11 100 3 100 53 100 39 100

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 Table – 18 Level of Education Level of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Education by Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Age Groups N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % 0 – 4 years Primary 3 15 1 6 3 6 1 2 Not educated 11 100 6 100 17 85 16 94 19 100 23 100 47 94 45 98 Base 11 6 20 17 19 23 50 46 5 – 9 years Primary 8 40 9 69 22 76 14 70 4 17 3 19 34 47 26 53 Not educated 12 60 4 31 7 24 6 30 19 83 13 81 38 53 23 47 Base 20 13 29 20 23 16 72 49 10 – 14 years Primary 4 25 16 52 19 76 14 61 2 12 3 19 25 43 33 47 Middle 2 13 3 10 3 12 6 26 5 9 9 13 Secondary 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 1 Not educated 10 62 12 39 2 8 2 9 15 88 13 81 27 46 27 38 Base 16 31 25 23 17 16 58 70 15 – 19 years Primary 0 0 1 4 5 20 5 14 5 29 0 10 18 6 7 Middle 3 23 7 26 5 20 5 14 23 100 8 15 35 41 Secondary 1 8 4 15 8 32 8 23 9 16 12 14 Inter 0 0 1 4 3 12 5 14 3 6 6 7 BA/BSC 1 3 1 1 Not educated 9 69 14 52 4 16 11 31 12 71 23 100 25 45 48 57 Base 13 27 25 35 17 23 55 85 20 – 34 years Primary 4 8 4 7 9 11 3 7 2 5 7 5 15 9 Middle 4 11 6 12 5 9 6 8 1 2 10 7 12 7 Secondary 2 5 4 8 7 12 2 3 9 7 6 4 Inter 3 8 1 2 9 16 8 10 12 9 9 5 BA/BSC 2 5 2 4 9 16 4 5 11 8 6 4 Not educated 26 70 31 65 22 39 49 63 39 91 36 95 87 64 116 71 Base 37 48 56 78 43 38 136 164 35 – 49 years Primary 2 9 2 9 5 18 1 3 1 4 8 11 3 4 Middle 1 4 1 1 Secondary 2 7 2 3 BA/BSC 5 18 5 7 Not educated 20 91 19 86 16 57 32 97 22 96 25 100 58 79 76 95 Base 22 22 28 33 23 25 73 80 50 years & above Primary 1 6 1 2 Inter 1 4 1 2 Not educated 15 94 14 100 25 96 22 100 11 100 3 100 51 96 39 100 Base 16 14 26 22 11 3 53 39

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Table – 19 Employment Status Type of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Employment by Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Age Groups N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % 10-15 years Fishing 3 15 3 10 3 12 9 12 Handicraft 2 5 2 2 Sewing/embroid 1 3 1 4 2 2 ery Net making 1 3 1 1 Labour 2 6 3 12 2 3 3 3 Other 2 5 1 3 1 1 2 2 None 17 85 32 86 24 80 27 96 18 75 18 100 59 80 77 93 Base 20 37 30 28 24 18 74 83 16-20 years Fishing 9 75 5 18 10 67 24 44 Net making 1 3 1 2 2 2 Seller small 5 16 1 2 6 6 items Sewing/embroid 5 16 4 9 9 9 ery Teaching 3 10 3 6 6 6 Shop keeping 1 4 1 7 2 4 Govt. job 1 4 1 2 Vocational job 1 4 1 2 Labour 2 7 3 20 5 9 None 3 25 21 68 18 64 37 80 1 7 28 100 22 40 86 82 Base 12 31 28 46 15 28 55 105 21-30 years Fishing 18 62 8 19 22 69 1 4 48 46 1 1 Shrimp/fish 3 9 3 3 cleaning Handicraft 11 34 1 4 12 10 Sewing/embroid 8 25 13 22 1 4 22 19 ery Teaching 1 3 4 12 5 9 1 1 9 8 Shrimp/fish 1 3 1 1 seller Shop keeping 1 3 1 3 4 9 5 5 1 1 Maid 1 3 1 2 2 2 Other 3 10 2 6 4 9 2 3 7 4 4 4 Govt. job 6 14 6 6 Vocational jobs 10 23 1 2 10 10 1 1 Labour 2 5 1 2 6 19 2 8 2 2 1 1 Net making 3 5 3 3 None 4 14 9 28 9 21 32 55 4 12 21 81 17 16 62 53 Base 29 32 43 58 32 26 104 116 31-55 years Fishing 30 81 1 3 13 28 27 71 5 15 70 57 6 5 Fish 1 3 1 2 2 2 contractor/busine ss Shrimp/fish 1 3 1 1 cleaning

Handicraft 10 27 10 8

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 Sewing/embroid 8 22 11 22 1 3 20 17 ery Teaching 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 Shop keeping 2 5 1 2 6 12 1 1 8 7 Maid 2 5 2 1 Selling small 1 3 1 3 1 2 4 8 2 2 5 4 items Labour 1 3 1 3 3 6 1 2 8 21 3 9 12 10 5 4 Net making 3 8 3 2 Vocational jobs 8 17 1 2 8 7 1 1 Govt. job 9 19 9 7 Other 2 5 7 19 2 4 2 4 2 5 6 5 9 7 None 2 5 7 19 8 17 25 50 1 3 24 73 11 9 56 47 Base 37 37 47 50 38 33 122 120 56-70 years Fishing 3 50 1 25 3 30 6 33 1 11 Govt. job 1 10 1 6 Vocational job 1 17 1 10 2 11 Net making 1 17 1 50 2 11 Selling small 1 20 1 11 items Sewing/embroid 2 40 2 22 ery Shop keeping 1 17 1 25 1 6 1 11 Labour 1 10 1 50 2 11 Other 1 20 1 11 None 2 50 4 40 1 20 4 22 3 33 Base 6 4 10 5 2 0 18 9 70 years & above Sewing/embroid 1 25 1 20 ery Shop keeping 1 25 1 20 None 1 100 2 100 2 50 2 100 3 60 Total 0 1 2 4 0 0 2 5

Table – 20 Income per Month of the Total Population (age > 16 years) Income in Rs Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % < 1000 6 8 8 12 4 6 6 3 12 8 1,000-3,000 30 40 38 58 17 19 36 55 39 48 13 93 86 35 87 60 3,000-5,000 15 20 12 18 24 27 20 30 26 32 65 27 32 22 5,000-8,000 16 21 4 6 16 18 4 6 7 9 39 16 8 6 8,000-12,000 6 8 1 2 20 22 1 2 7 9 1 7 33 13 3 2 12,000-16,000 1 1 2 3 8 9 1 2 2 3 11 4 3 2 16,000-20,000 3 3 3 1 > 20,000 1 1 1 1 2 1 Total 75 100 65 100 89 100 66 100 81 100 14 100 245 100 145 100

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 Table – 21 Total Household Income Income in Rs Karachi Gawadar Badin Total N % N % N % N % < 1000 2 4 2 1 1,000-3,000 6 12 8 16 14 9 3,000-5,000 6 12 1 2 18 36 25 17 5,000-8,000 10 20 4 8 8 16 22 15 8,000-12,000 13 26 10 20 8 16 31 21 12,000-16,000 1 2 11 22 3 6 15 10 16,000-20,000 2 4 7 14 4 8 13 9 > 20,000 10 20 17 34 1 2 28 19 Base 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100

Table – 22 Per capita Income Income in Rs Karachi Gawadar Badin Total N % N % N % N % < 1000 14 28 9 18 17 34 40 27 1,000-3,000 28 56 25 50 29 58 82 54 3,000-5,000 5 10 12 24 3 6 20 13 5,000-8,000 2 4 4 8 1 2 7 5 8,000-12,000 12,000-16,000 1 2 1 1 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 Base 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100

Table – 23 Means of Livelihood Type of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Livelihood Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Fishing 45 90 16 32 40 80 4 8 101 67 4 3 Sewing/handicraft 21 42 25 50 3 6 49 33 Shrimp/fish 10 20 7 14 29 58 7 5 39 26 cleaning Net making 2 4 5 10 1 2 1 2 7 14 11 22 10 7 17 11 Selling small 1 2 12 24 1 2 14 9 items Teaching 6 12 7 14 13 9 Farming 8 16 9 18 8 5 9 6 Private job 1 2 7 14 5 10 8 16 6 4 15 10 Government job 11 22 11 7 Shop keeping 1 2 3 6 4 8 1 2 5 3 4 3 Boat making 2 4 1 2 3 2 Shrimp/fish seller 1 2 3 6 4 3 Vocational jobs* 7 14 7 5 Labour 2 4 3 6 5 3 Base 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150 multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

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 Table – 24 Peak Seasons in Work Peak Seasons Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 36 72 29 58 25 50 28 56 50 100 50 100 111 74 107 71 No 14 28 21 42 25 50 22 44 39 26 43 29 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100

Table – 25 Peak Seasons (Months) Months Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Eid/Shawal 16 55 3 12 26 93 6 12 3 3 48 45 November 3 8 1 3 1 4 47 94 40 80 50 45 42 39 December 12 33 1 3 2 8 1 4 38 76 32 64 52 47 34 32 June 21 58 12 41 10 40 4 8 31 28 16 15 July 21 58 12 41 1 4 4 8 22 20 16 15 August 19 53 11 38 3 12 24 22 11 10 Marriages 16 55 16 15 October 5 14 3 12 10 20 3 6 18 16 3 3 February 3 12 3 3 May 2 6 1 3 2 4 4 4 1 1 September 1 2 1 1 Winters 1 4 1 1 Summers 1 4 1 1 When ship 1 4 1 1 arrival at port Base 36 29 25 28 50 50 111 107

Table – 26 Workplace-where do you work? Workplace Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % At home 21 42 2 4 33 66 36 72 2 1 90 60 Sea 46 92 15 30 41 82 102 68 Out of home 3 4 19 38 33 66 17 34 9 18 9 18 45 30 45 30 No response 1 2 10 20 5 10 1 1 15 10 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100

Table – 27 Helper in Income Generating Activities Helper Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % None 33 66 37 74 30 60 28 56 3 6 66 44 65 43 Husband 1 2 2 4 46 92 49 33 Brother 3 6 12 24 27 54 0 0 42 28 Son 12 24 5 10 2 4 19 38 4 8 36 24 6 4 Daughter 6 12 1 2 8 16 1 2 2 1 14 9 Other 3 6 6 12 2 4 10 20 7 5 16 11 Base 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150 multiple response

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 Table – 28 Working by Own Choice Choice of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Work Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 50 100 48 98 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 148 99 No* 2 4 2 1 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100 *Works because brother has low income

Table – 29 Control over Income Generated by Own Work Control over Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Income Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 46 92 46 92 48 96 50 100 50 100 33 66 144 96 129 86 No 4 8 4 8 2 4 16 32 6 4 20 13 No response 1 2 0 1 1 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100

Table – 30 Reasons of No Control over Income Reasons Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Husband 14 87 14 70 spend money Give to wife 4 100 4 67 because she is running house Brother/son 1 25 1 6 2 10 take the salary HH income* 3 75 2 100 1 6 2 33 4 20 Base 4 4 2 16 6 20 Whoever runs the household; mother/mother-in law; father/father-in-law

Table – 31 Belong to any Organization Belonging to Karachi Gawadar Badin Total any Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Organization N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 1 2 8 16 10 20 20 40 50 100 50 100 61 41 78 52 No 49 98 42 84 40 80 30 60 89 59 72 48 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100

0

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 Table – 32 Nature of Participation Participation Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Voluntary 1 100 7 88 7 70 7 35 36 72 49 98 44 72 63 81 member Office bearer of 1 10 2 10 1 2 2 3 organization / group No response 1 12 2 20 11 55 14 28 1 2 16 26 13 16 Base 1 100 8 100 10 100 20 100 50 100 50 100 61 100 78 100

Table – 33 Nature of Organization Nature of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Organization Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % NGO (project, 1 100 7 88 2 10 48 96 48 96 49 80 57 73 saving and credit group) Village 5 50 16 80 2 4 2 4 7 12 18 23 organization (CBO, VDO, saving and credit group) Other 5 50 2 10 5 8 2 3 No response 1 12 1 1 Total 1 100 8 100 10 100 20 100 50 100 50 100 61 100 78 100

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 Table – 34 Name of Organization Name of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Organizations Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % NRSP 2 20 1 5 50 100 46 92 52 85 47 60 Pakistan Fisher 1 100 7 88 14 28 1 2 21 27 Folk Bachat committee 4 20 4 5 Local support 4 40 4 7 organization NCHD 2 20 2 3 Local support 1 10 1 2 organization Caravan Pishukan Household saving 1 5 1 1 committee Kalkashan local 1 10 1 2 support organization Labour union 1 5 1 1 Ajuman Falha o 1 10 1 2 Behbood RCDC 1 10 1 2 Urban 1 5 1 1 Development Organization Village 1 5 1 1 Organization Wado Welfare 1 10 1 2 Society No response 1 12 1 10 11 55 1 2 12 15 Base 1 8 10 20 50 50 61 78 multiple response

Table – 35 Problems Faced at Workplace Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Lack toilet, 26 52 11 22 14 28 1 2 35 70 34 68 75 50 46 31 drinking water etc Lack of transport 12 24 14 28 12 24 40 80 7 14 54 36 31 21 Bad behavior of 7 14 4 8 6 12 1 2 4 8 13 26 17 11 18 12 coworkers Harassment of 1 2 2 4 6 12 2 1 7 5 women workers Other 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 12 8 5 4 3 None 19 38 32 64 20 40 35 70 10 20 39 26 77 51 Base 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150 multiple response

1 12

 Table – 36 Major Problem You Face Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Low payment/ wages 19 38 20 40 21 42 25 50 42 84 49 98 82 55 94 63 Lack of market 18 36 12 24 2 4 46 92 49 98 66 44 61 41 information Low prices in the 23 46 5 10 1 2 1 2 9 18 41 82 33 22 47 31 market Transportation to 25 50 8 16 3 6 6 12 19 38 24 48 47 31 38 25 market Other 6 12 2 4 6 12 12 8 2 1 None 13 26 27 54 22 44 17 34 1 2 35 23 45 30 Base 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150 multiple response

Table – 37 Do Women Carry out the Similar Work which Men are Doing Women Carrying out Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Similar Work as Men Male Male Male N % N % N % N % Yes 10 20 23 46 26 52 59 39 No 36 72 27 54 23 46 86 57 No response 4 8 1 2 5 3 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100

Table – 38 Reasons for not Doing (similar work as men) Reasons Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Male Male N % N % N % N % Society does not allow it 2 6 25 93 10 43 37 66 Difficult work 30 83 30 35 Not possible to go sea 6 17 6 7 Do housework 6 26 6 7 Only men are appointed for such a job 2 7 2 2 Working area is away that’s why 1 4 1 1 Women cannot do this work 1 3 1 1 Don’t know 4 11 8 35 12 14 Base 36 27 23 86 multiple response

3

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 Table – 39 Can Women Do this Type of Work Possibility that Women can Karachi Gawadar Badin Total do Similar Work as Men Male Male Male N % N % N % N % Yes 5 10 8 16 29 58 42 28 No 11 22 8 16 4 8 23 15 Not fishing but another work 1 2 1 1 If facilities are available 1 2 1 1 Fishing net 1 2 1 1 No response 33 66 34 68 15 30 82 55 Total 50 50 50 150

Table – 40 Learnt your Work from Someone Learnt your Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Work Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 40 80 37 74 44 88 45 90 37 74 20 40 121 81 102 68 No 10 20 12 24 6 12 5 10 13 26 30 60 29 19 47 31 No response 1 2 1 1 Total 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150

Table – 41 Training for Occupation Training by Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Family/locally 49 98 42 84 26 52 38 76 42 84 38 76 117 78 118 79 Workplace 1 2 3 6 14 28 2 4 15 10 5 3 Formal 5 10 10 20 10 20 8 16 12 24 18 12 27 18 Training Total 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150

Table – 42 Formal Training Formal Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Training by Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Near by city 5 10 1 2 8 16 12 24 13 9 13 9 NGO 3 6 2 4 5 3 Formal 5 10 6 12 5 3 6 4 training Vocational 2 4 1 2 3 2 Training centre

4

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 Table – 43 Benefit from Training Benefits Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Increase 31 62 22 44 27 54 29 58 22 44 14 28 80 53 65 43 income Quality 5 10 17 34 5 3 17 12 improved Utilize as a 14 28 1 2 2 4 1 2 16 11 2 1 source of income/get a job Work get 1 2 1 2 2 1 easier Learned book 1 2 1 1 keeping Not trained/ 9 18 27 54 15 30 6 12 26 52 36 72 47 31 65 43 don’t know Base 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150 multiple response

Table – 44 Do You Need More Training Need more Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Training Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 4 8 17 34 15 30 27 54 29 58 43 86 48 32 87 58 No 46 92 33 66 35 70 23 46 21 42 6 12 102 68 62 41 No response 1 2 1 1 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100

Table – 45 Type of Training Type of Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Training Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Vocational 2 50 2 12 12 80 5 18 5 17 11 26 19 40 18 21 trainings Small hand 2 12 5 18 2 7 28 65 2 4 35 40 made items Sewing/ 10 59 17 63 1 2 28 32 embroidery Need for 1 25 2 12 1 7 10 34 12 25 4 5 skills Value added 1 25 1 6 1 7 8 28 1 2 10 21 2 2 work related to fishing* Farming 4 14 4 8 Savings 1 7 1 2 Total 4 17 15 27 29 43 48 87 *Net making/packing sea food/boat making/ shrimp cleaning and storage/stock keeping

5

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 Table – 46 Credit Need in the Work Credit for Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Work Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 27 54 19 38 18 36 14 28 46 92 43 86 91 61 76 51 No 23 46 31 62 32 64 36 72 4 8 7 14 59 39 74 49 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100

Table – 47 Obtain Credit Take Credit Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 26 52 17 34 14 28 14 28 30 60 43 86 70 47 74 49 No 24 48 33 66 36 72 36 72 20 40 3 6 80 53 72 48 No response 4 8 4 3 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100

Table – 48 Source of Credit Sources Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Shop 1 7 6 43 8 27 42 98 9 13 48 65 Money lender 22 85 3 21 1 3 26 37 Friend 3 12 12 71 3 21 1 7 6 9 13 18 Family 2 12 2 14 5 36 2 3 7 9 Contractor 1 6 8 27 1 2 8 11 2 3 NGO 2 14 3 21 2 3 3 4 Bank 1 4 1 6 3 21 1 7 4 6 2 3 Landlord 4 13 4 6 Other 2 12 1 7 9 30 10 14 2 3 Base 26 17 14 14 30 43 70 74 multiple response Other: saving and credit group, businessman and factory supervisor

Table – 49 Reasons for not Obtain Credit Reasons Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Do not require 14 58 25 73 29 81 33 92 3 15 2 67 46 58 59 82 credit No one 17 85 17 21 provide credit May not be able to pay 6 25 6 18 7 19 3 8 1 33 13 16 10 14 back Opposed to 4 17 3 9 4 5 3 4 credit/interest Total 24 100 33 100 36 100 36 100 20 100 3 100 80 100 72 100

6

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 Table – 50 Injuries at Work Place Injuries at Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Work Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 43 86 37 74 35 70 44 88 50 100 45 90 128 85 126 84 No 7 14 13 26 15 30 6 12 0 0 5 10 22 15 24 16 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 150 100 150 100

Table – 51 Health Issues at Work Health Issues Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % General 5 10 30 60 18 36 44 88 26 52 20 40 49 33 94 63 sickness* Body ache 2 4 28 56 13 26 44 88 1 2 15 10 73 49 (hand/legs/ back) Wounds in 9 18 3 6 8 16 36 72 31 62 39 26 48 32 hands/nails damage Itching 2 4 2 4 40 80 23 46 42 28 25 17 Injuries by 11 22 12 24 23 15 machines/acci dent etc Burning 1 2 1 2 2 4 7 14 15 30 10 7 16 11 Injuries by 14 28 14 9 fishes Eye sight 1 2 13 26 11 22 13 9 12 8 affected/eye burning Accident at 7 14 3 6 1 2 10 7 1 1 sea Cuts/break 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 Snake bites 1 2 2 4 1 2 3 2 1 1 Stuck in nets 1 2 1 1 No health 7 14 13 26 15 30 6 12 0 0 5 10 22 15 24 16 issues Base 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150 multiple response *BP, asthma, fever, etc

1 17

 Table – 52 Safety Measures Taken Safety Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Measures Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Taken N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 16 37 9 24 17 49 35 80 40 80 27 54 73 57 71 54 No 27 63 28 76 18 51 9 20 10 20 18 36 55 43 55 42 No response 5 10 5 4 Total 43 100 37 100 35 100 44 100 50 100 50 100 128 100 131 100

Table – 53 Safety Measures Safety Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Measures Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % First aid/self 2 12 7 78 1 6 1 3 25 62 15 55 28 38 23 32 medication Rest 2 12 21 60 2 3 21 30 Work carefully 15 94 4 24 1 3 19 26 1 1 Doctor 15 37 9 33 15 20 9 13 Home remedies 3 33 9 26 2 7 14 20 Use protection* 9 53 3 9 9 12 3 4 Cut the sharp 2 12 2 3 ends of fishes No response 2 7 2 3 Base 16 9 17 35 40 27 73 71 multiple response *gloves, jackets, masks

Table – 54 Reason for not Taking Safety Measures Reasons Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Work carefully 3 11 5 18 15 83 3 5 20 36 because it’s our daily routine No facility 10 37 2 7 1 6 6 60 17 31 2 4 No safety 7 39 4 44 7 13 4 7 equipment available Lack of 1 4 4 22 3 33 5 9 3 5 knowledge Not needed 1 4 2 7 3 17 1 10 1 6 5 9 3 5 No health 1 4 1 2 problem Lack of 2 20 2 4 resources Difficult to take 1 6 2 22 1 2 2 4 safety measures Treat at home 1 4 1 2 No response 18 67 15 54 2 11 1 10 2 11 21 38 17 31 Base 27 28 18 9 10 18 55 55

8

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 Table – 55 Where to Go in Case of General Health Problems Where to go for Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Health Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Self treatment 38 76 26 32 16 32 13 26 26 52 1 2 80 53 40 26 Doctor 3 6 5 10 27 54 33 66 15 30 45 30 38 25 Health facility 1 2 8 16 47 94 8 5 48 32 near by Home remedies/ 14 28 20 40 14 10 20 14 daisi treatment No where 2 4 1 2 3 2 Rest 1 2 2 4 3 2 No response 2 4 12 24 7 14 1 2 1 2 2 4 10 7 15 10 Base 50 50 50 50 50 50 150 150 multiple response

9

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 Table – 56 Workplace by Type of Livelihood Workplace Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Sea 45 100 15 94 40 100 100 99 At home 4 100 4 100 Out of home/ bazar 1 6 1 1 Fishing 45 16 40 4 101 4 At home 14 67 25 100 2 67 41 84 Factory 2 9 2 4 No response 5 24 1 33 6 12 Sewing/handicraft 21 25 3 49 At home 3 30 24 83 27 69 Sea 7 100 7 100 Factory 6 60 6 15 No response 1 10 5 17 1 3 Shrimp/fish 10 7 29 7 39 cleaning At home 3 60 1 100 11 100 1 10 14 82 Sea 2 100 7 100 9 90 No response 2 40 1 100 3 18 Net making 2 5 1 1 7 11 10 17 At home 8 67 1 100 9 64 Out of home/ 4 33 4 29 neighborhood No response 1 100 1 7 Selling small items 1 12 1 14 At home 1 14 1 8 Out of home/school 5 83 6 86 11 85 No response 1 17 1 8 Teaching 6 7 13 Out of home/farm 8 100 9 100 8 100 9 100 Farming 8 9 8 9 Factory 3 43 1 20 2 25 1 17 5 33 At home 1 12 1 7 Out of home 3 43 4 80 5 62 4 67 8 53 No response 1 100 1 14 1 17 1 7 Private Job 1 7 5 8 6 15 At home 1 9 1 9 Out of home/office/ 10 91 10 91 school/field Government job 11 11 Out of home 1 100 2 67 4 100 1 100 5 100 3 75 Factory 1 33 1 25 Shop keeping 1 3 4 1 5 4 Out of home/shop 2 100 1 100 3 100 Boat making 2 1 3 Sea 1 100 1 25 Out of home/bazar 3 100 3 75 Shrimp/fish seller 1 3 4 Out of home/shop 7 100 7 100 Vocational jobs 7 7 Out of home/field 2 100 2 67 4 80 Sea 1 33 1 20 Labour 2 3 5

multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver 0

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 Table – 57 Problems at Workplace by Type of Livelihood Problems at Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Workplace Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Lack of transport 7 44 31 77 38 38 Bad behavior of 7 16 1 6 8 8 coworkers Lack toilet, 24 53 2 12 21 52 47 47 drinking water etc No drinking at 4 10 4 home 100 Health problems 3 19 3 3 due to water Rangers annoying 4 25 2 5 6 6 Bad weather 5 12 5 5 None 16 36 16 16 Fishing 45 16 40 4 101 4 Lack of transport 3 14 1 4 4 8 Bad behavior of 1 5 1 4 2 4 coworkers Lack toilet, 1 5 1 2 drinking water etc No drinking at 1 33 1 2 home Too far away from 1 5 1 2 my home Has to work under 1 5 1 2 the sun Late payment 1 4 1 2 None 16 76 22 88 2 67 40 82 Sewing/handicraft 21 25 3 49 Lack of transport 6 60 1 14 1 14 6 15 Bad behavior of 4 40 4 10 coworkers Lack toilet, 3 30 7 70 7 70 3 8 drinking water etc No drinking at 21 72 21 54 home Harassment of 1 10 1 3 women workers None 3 30 8 28 3 8 Shrimp/fish 10 7 29 7 39 cleaning

1 21

 Continue…… Workplace by Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Type of Livelihood Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Lack of transport 1 20 1 14 5 45 1 10 6 35 Lack toilet, 1 50 7 100 8 80 drinking water etc Bad behavior of 5 45 5 29 coworkers Harassment of 5 45 5 29 women workers No drinking at 6 54 6 35 home Far away from 1 20 1 6 home Lack of 1 20 1 6 time/household chores Rangers annoying 1 100 1 9 1 10 1 6 None 1 50 2 40 1 10 2 12 Net making 2 5 1 1 7 11 10 17 Lack of transport 5 42 5 36 Tuff to sell door to 1 8 1 7 door None 1 100 6 50 1 100 8 57 Selling small items 1 12 1 14 Lack of transport 2 33 2 29 4 31 Bad behavior of 1 17 1 8 coworkers Lack toilet, 3 50 2 29 5 38 drinking water etc None 2 33 4 57 6 46 Teaching 6 7 13 Lack of transport 7 87 2 22 7 87 2 22 Lack toilet, 7 87 9 100 7 87 9 100 drinking water etc Rangers annoying 2 22 2 22 Farming 8 9 8 9 Lack of transport 1 14 1 20 3 37 1 17 4 27 Bad behavior of 1 14 1 12 2 13 coworkers Lack toilet, 2 40 2 33 drinking water etc Bad behavior of 1 20 1 17 clients Salty water 1 20 1 17 None 1 100 6 86 1 20 4 50 2 33 10 67 Private Job 1 7 5 8 6 15 Lack of transport 3 27 3 27 Lack toilet, 3 27 3 27 drinking water etc Work burden 1 9 1 9 None 4 36 4 36 Government job 11 11

1 22

 Continue…… Problems at Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Workplace Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Lack of transport 1 33 1 25 None 1 2 67 4 100 1 100 5 100 3 75 Shop keeping 1 3 4 1 5 4 Lack toilet, drinking 2 100 2 67 water etc None 1 100 1 33 Boat making 2 1 3 Lack of transport 1 33 1 25 Lack toilet, drinking 3 67 3 75 water etc None 1 100 1 25 Shrimp/fish seller 1 3 4 Lack of transport 2 29 2 29 Coast guards 1 14 1 14 annoying None 4 57 4 57 Vocational jobs 7 7 Lack of transport 1 50 3 100 4 80 Lack toilet, drinking 3 100 3 60 water etc Bad weather 1 33 1 20 None 1 50 1 20 Labour 2 3 5 multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

Table – 57A Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace - FISHING Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Sea 45 15 40 100 Lack of transport 7 47 31 77 38 38 Bad behavior of 7 16 1 7 8 8 coworkers Lack toilet, 24 53 2 13 21 52 47 47 drinking water etc Health problems 3 20 3 3 due to water Rangers annoying 4 27 2 5 6 6 Bad weather 5 12 5 5 None 16 36 3 20 19 19 At home 4 4 No drinking water 4 100 4 100 at home Out of home/ 1 1 bazar None 1 100 1 100 Base 45 16 40 4 101 4

3

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 Table – 57B Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace – SEWING/HANDICARFT Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % At home 14 25 2 41 Lack of transport 1 7 1 4 2 5 Bad behavior of 1 4 1 2 coworkers Too far away from 1 7 1 2 my home Has to work under 1 7 1 2 the sun Late payment 1 4 1 2 No drinking water 1 50 1 2 at home None 12 86 22 88 1 50 35 85 Factory 2 2 Lack of transport 1 50 1 50 Bad behavior of 1 50 1 50 coworkers Lack toilet, 1 50 1 50 drinking water etc None 1 50 1 50 No response 5 1 6 Base 21 25 3 49

Table – 57C Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace – SHRIPM/FISH CLEANING Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % At home 3 24 27 No drinking water 21 87 21 78 at home None 3 100 3 13 6 22 Sea 7 7 Lack of transport 1 14 1 14 Lack toilet, 7 100 7 100 drinking water etc Factory 6 6 Lack of transport 6 100 6 100 Bad behavior of 4 67 4 67 coworkers Lack toilet, 3 50 3 50 drinking water etc No drinking at home Harassment of 1 17 1 17 women workers No response 1 5 1 Base 10 7 29 7 39

4

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 Table – 57D Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace – NET MAKING Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % At home 3 1 11 1 14 Lack of transport 1 33 5 45 6 43 Bad behavior of 5 45 5 36 coworker Harassment of 5 45 5 36 women workers Lack of 1 33 1 7 time/household chores Far away from 1 33 1 7 home No drinking water 6 55 6 43 at home None 1 33 1 100 1 100 1 7 Sea 2 7 9 Lack toilet, 1 50 7 100 8 89 drinking water etc Lack of transport 1 14 1 11 None 1 50 1 11 No response 2 1 3 Base 2 5 1 1 7 11 10 17

Table – 57E Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace – SELLING SMALL ITEMS Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % At home 8 1 9 Lack of transport 2 25 2 22 None 6 75 1 100 7 78 Out of 4 4 home/neighborho od Lack of transport 3 75 3 75 Tuff to sell door to 1 25 1 25 door No response 1 1 Base 1 12 1 14

5

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 Table – 57F Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace - TEACHING Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % At home 1 1 None 1 100 1 100 Out of home/school 5 6 11 Lack of transport 2 40 2 33 4 36 Bad behavior of 1 20 1 9 coworkers Lack toilet, drinking 3 60 2 33 5 45 water etc None 1 20 4 67 5 45 No response 1 1 Base 6 7 13

Table – 57G Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace - FARMING Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Out of home/on 8 9 8 9 land Lack of transport 7 87 2 22 7 87 2 22 Lack toilet, 7 87 9 100 7 87 9 100 drinking water etc Rangers annoying 2 22 2 22 Base 8 9 8 9

Table – 57H Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace – PRIVATE JOB Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Factory 3 1 2 1 5 Lack of transport 1 50 1 20 Bad behavior of 1 50 1 20 coworkers Lack toilet, 1 100 1 100 drinking water etc None 3 100 3 60 At home 1 1 Lack of transport 1 100 1 100 None Out of home 3 4 5 4 8 Lack of transport 1 33 1 25 2 40 1 25 3 37 Bad behavior of coworkers Lack toilet, 1 25 1 25 drinking water etc Bad behavior of 1 33 1 25 1 25 1 12 clients Salty water 1 25 1 25 None 2 67 1 25 3 60 1 25 5 62 No response 1 1 1 1

Base 1 7 5 8 6 15 6

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 Table – 57I Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace – GOVERNMENT JOB Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % At home 1 1 Lack of transport 1 100 1 100 Out of 10 10 home/office/schoo l/field Lack of transport 2 20 2 20 Lack toilet, 3 30 3 30 drinking water etc Work burden 1 10 1 10 None 4 40 4 40 Base 11 11

Table – 57J Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace – SHOP KEEPING Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Out of home 1 2 4 1 5 3 Lack of transport 1 50 1 33 None 1 100 1 50 4 100 1 100 5 100 2 67 Factory 1 1 None 1 100 1 100 Base 1 3 4 1 5 4

Table – 57K Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace – BOAT MAKING Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Out of 2 1 3 home/shop/open field Lack toilet, 2 100 2 67 drinking water etc None 1 100 1 33 Base 2 1 3

Table – 57L Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace - SHRIMP/FISH SELLER Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Sea 1 1 None 1 100 1 100 Out of 3 3 home/bazar Lack of transport 2 67 2 67 Coast guards 1 33 1 33 annoying Base 1 3 4

Table – 57M

1 27

 Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace - VOCATIONAL JOB Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Out of home/shop 7 7 Lack of transport 2 29 2 29 Coast guards 1 14 1 14 annoying None 4 57 4 57 Base 7 7 Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

Table – 57N Problems at Workplace by Type of Workplace - LABOUR Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Out of home/field 2 2 4 Lack of transport 1 50 2 100 3 75 Lack toilet, 2 100 2 50 drinking water etc None 1 50 1 25 Sea 1 1 Lack of transport 1 100 1 100 Bad weather 1 100 1 100 Base 2 3 5

8

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 Table – 58 Explain Problem at Workplace by Type of Livelihood Explain Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % wire net and big 1 2 1 1 trollers make problems Bring fishes by foot 4 25 4 4 from sea to home Stay at boat/sea for 6 37 6 6 2-3 months to catching fish Bad behavior of 3 19 3 3 coast guards and annoying & wasting time Labours are not hard 1 6 1 1 working Problem in parking 1 6 1 1 the boats on JT No transport 3 7 3 3 available No pacca road 3 7 3 3 Problem in reaching 17 42 17 17 to WP due to lack of transport No clean drinking 9 22 9 9 water available Fishing 45 16 40 4 101 4 no money for fare 1 5 1 2 found work very far 1 5 1 2 away Transport problem 1 4 1 2 Late payment 1 4 1 2 Sewing/handicraft 21 25 3 49 no money for fare 1 10 1 3 no facility and lots of 1 10 1 3 problems No clean drinking 1 3 1 3 water available at workplace Shrimp/fish 10 7 29 7 39 cleaning found work very far 1 20 1 6 away difficult to make net 1 20 1 6 because children are v young Lack of transport for 2 18 2 12 fare distances No pacca road 3 27 3 18 Net making 2 5 1 1 7 11 10 17

9

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 Continue…… Explain Problems at Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Workplace Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Very tuff to go door to 4 33 4 29 door/get tired/pain in legs Bring stocks from 2 17 2 14 Gawadar which is v far High fare of transport 2 17 2 14 Lack of transport for 2 17 2 14 fare distances Selling small items 1 12 1 14 no drinking water 1 17 2 3 23 available at WP bring from outside have to come home 2 33 2 15 less teachers in school 3 50 3 23 so have to take many classes Workplace is v far 2 29 2 15 away Convince problem 2 29 2 15 No toilet facility 2 29 2 15 Teaching 6 7 13 No transport available 3 37 3 37 No pacca road 3 37 3 37 Problem in reaching to 1 12 1 12 WP due to lack of transport No clean drinking 1 12 2 22 1 12 2 22 water available Lack of irrigation water 2 25 2 25 Disputes/quarrels 1 12 1 12 between coworkers Bad condition of road 2 25 2 25 during rain Farming 8 9 8 9 Low salary 1 12 1 7 No convince available 2 25 2 13 No electricity/ water 1 20 1 17 motor available to take out the salty water, have to do by hand Transport problem: 1 12 1 7 people take me (dai) far way Drinking water and 1 20 1 17 toilet Burden of work but 1 20 1 17 principle is not happy (Cleaner at school) people teasing on the 1 14 1 7 way Private Job 1 7 5 8 6 15

30

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 Continue…… Explain Problems Karachi Gawadar Badin Total at Workplace Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Bad behavior of 1 9 1 9 officers (scolding) Workplace is v far/ 1 9 1 9 no personal convince Drinking water/ 2 18 2 18 toilet problem Large number of 1 9 1 9 students in class (70- 75), in summer’s teachers and students get suffocated Government job 11 11 Bring stock for shop 1 100 1 33 1 20 1 25 from v far and on high price Shop keeping 1 3 4 1 5 4 Bring shrimp/fish by 1 33 1 25 foot from sea to home Drinking water and 1 33 1 25 toilet not available Shrimp/fish seller 1 3 4 Workplace is v far/ 2 29 2 29 no personal convince Vocational jobs 7 7 Convince problem 1 50 1 20 Workplace is v far 1 50 1 20 away Problem in reaching 3 100 3 60 to WP due to lack of transport No clean drinking 1 33 1 20 water available Labour 2 3 5 multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

3 1 1 

 Table – 59 Health Issues at Workplace by Type of Livelihood Health Issues at Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Workplace Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % General sickness 2 4 1 6 22 55 1 25 25 25 1 25 (BP, asthma, fever, etc) Body ache 2 4 2 12 4 4 (hand/legs/ back) Wounds in 2 4 22 55 1 25 24 24 1 25 hands/nails damage Itching 2 4 33 82 1 25 25 25 1 25 Injuries by 11 24 11 11 machines/accident etc Injuries by fishes 14 31 1 6 15 15 Eye sight 4 25 4 4 affected/eye burning Accident at sea 6 13 5 31 11 11 Snake bites 1 2 1 25 1 1 1 25 Stuck in nets 1 2 1 1 No health issues 5 11 3 19 2 50 8 8 3 75 Fishing 45 16 40 4 101 4 General sickness 1 5 1 2 (BP, asthma, fever, etc) Body ache 16 76 19 76 1 33 36 73 (hand/legs/ back) Wounds in 1 5 5 20 1 33 7 14 hands/nails damage Eye sight 3 14 8 32 11 22 affected/eye burning No health issues 3 14 1 33 4 8 Sewing/handicraft 21 25 3 49 General sickness 7 7 18 (BP, asthma, fever, etc) Body ache 2 20 2 5 (hand/legs/ back) Wounds in 7 70 7 100 17 59 7 100 24 61 hands/nails damage Itching 6 60 8 28 14 36 No health issues 1 10 1 3 2 5 Shrimp/fish 10 7 29 7 39 cleaning

3 2 1 

 Continue…… Health Issues at Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Workplace Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % General sickness 1 50 1 20 4 36 1 10 5 29 (BP, asthma, fever, etc) Body ache 1 50 3 60 1 100 1 100 2 20 4 23 (hand/legs/ back) Wounds in 1 50 2 40 7 100 11 100 8 80 13 76 hands/nails damage Itching 4 36 4 41 Eye sight 1 20 1 100 1 10 1 6 affected/eye burning Net making 2 5 1 1 7 11 10 17 Body ache 12 100 12 86 (hand/legs/ back) Eye sight 2 17 2 14 affected/eye burning No health issues 1 100 1 100 2 14 Selling small items 1 12 1 14 General sickness 1 17 1 8 (BP, asthma, fever, etc) Body ache 3 50 4 57 7 54 (hand/legs/ back/head ach) No health issues 2 33 3 43 5 38 Teaching 6 7 13 General sickness 3 37 9 100 3 37 9 100 (BP, asthma, fever, etc) Itching 3 37 3 37 Injuries during 2 25 2 25 harvesting Cuts/break 2 25 2 25 Snake bites 2 25 2 25 No health issues 2 25 2 25 Farming 8 9 8 9 General sickness 1 20 1 17 (BP, asthma, fever, etc) Body ache 3 43 3 60 5 62 3 50 8 53 (hand/legs/ back) Wounds in 1 14 2 25 3 20 hands/nails damage Injuries by fishes 1 12 1 7 Eye sight 1 20 1 17 affected/eye burning Accident at sea 1 100 1 17 Cuts/break 1 20 1 17 No health issues 3 43 2 40 2 25 2 33 5 33 Private Job 1 7 5 8 6 15

33

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 Continue…… Health Issues at Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Workplace Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % General sickness (BP, 3 27 3 27 asthma, fever, etc) Body ache (hand/legs/ 3 27 3 27 back) Burning 1 9 1 9 Eye sight affected/eye 2 18 2 18 burning Accident 1 9 1 9 No health issues 4 36 4 36 Government job 11 11 Body ache (hand/legs/ 1 25 1 20 back) Burning 1 25 1 20 No health issues 1 100 3 100 3 75 1 100 4 80 4 100 Shop keeping 1 3 4 1 5 4 General sickness (BP, 1 50 1 33 asthma, fever, etc) Body ache (hand/legs/ 1 100 1 33 back) Wounds in 1 50 1 33 hands/nails damage Cuts/break 1 50 1 100 2 67 Boat making 2 1 3 General sickness (BP, 1 33 1 25 asthma, fever, etc) Body ache (hand/legs/ 1 33 1 25 back) No health issues 1 100 2 67 3 75 Shrimp/fish seller 1 3 4 Body ache (hand/legs/ 3 43 3 43 back) Wounds in 1 14 1 14 hands/nails damage Eye sight affected/eye 2 29 2 29 burning Accident 3 43 3 43 Cuts/break 1 14 1 14 No health issues 1 14 1 14 Vocational jobs 7 7 General sickness (BP, 2 67 2 40 asthma, fever, etc) Wounds in 3 100 3 60 hands/nails damage Itching 3 100 3 60 Injuries by 2 100 2 40 machines/accident etc Labour 2 3 5 multiple response

*Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

3 4

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 Table – 60 Major Problem Face at Workplace by Type of Livelihood Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Lack of market 18 40 1 6 37 92 4 56 55 4 10 information Low payment/ wages 18 40 8 50 37 92 4 63 62 4 100 Low prices in the 22 49 1 6 9 22 3 32 32 3 75 market Transportation to 24 53 2 12 17 42 2 43 43 2 50 market None 10 22 7 44 17 17 Fishing 45 16 40 4 101 4 Lack of market 3 14 3 100 6 12 information Low payment/ wages 7 33 15 60 3 100 25 51 Low prices in the 3 100 3 6 market Transportation to 1 5 3 12 1 33 5 10 market Difficulty in buying 1 4 1 2 raw material None 12 57 6 24 18 37 Sewing/handicraft 21 25 3 49 Lack of market 7 70 7 100 28 97 7 100 35 90 information Low payment/ wages 9 90 7 100 28 97 7 100 37 90 Low prices in the 5 50 7 100 21 72 7 100 26 67 market Transportation to 5 50 13 45 18 46 market None 1 10 1 3 Shrimp/fish cleaning 10 7 29 7 39 Lack of market 3 60 7 100 11 100 7 70 14 82 information Low payment/ wages 2 100 3 60 1 100 7 100 11 100 9 90 15 88 Low prices in the 1 20 6 55 7 41 market Transportation to 1 50 1 20 7 100 10 91 8 80 11 65 market None 1 20 1 100 1 10 1 6 Net making 2 5 1 1 7 11 10 17 Difficulty in 1 8 1 7 reimbursement from buyers Low payment/ wages 4 33 1 100 5 36 Low prices in the 1 8 1 100 2 14 market Transportation to 3 25 1 100 4 29 market Difficulty in buying 1 8 1 7 stocks None 1 100 3 25 4 29 Selling small items 1 12 1 14

3 5

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 Continue…… Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Low/late payment/ wages 1 17 3 43 4 31 None 5 83 4 57 9 69 Teaching 6 7 13 Lack of market 6 75 9 100 6 75 9 100 information Low payment/ wages 5 62 9 100 5 62 9 100 Low prices in the market 9 100 9 100 Transportation to market 3 37 2 22 3 37 2 22 Farming 8 9 8 9 Lack of market 1 20 1 17 information Low payment/ wages 2 29 3 60 5 62 3 50 7 47 Transportation to market 1 20 1 17 Packing machine are not 1 20 1 17 available None 1 100 5 71 1 20 3 37 2 33 8 53 Private Job 1 7 5 8 6 12 Low payment/ wages 3 27 3 27 None 8 73 8 73 Government job 11 11 Lack of market 1 33 1 25 information Low payment/ wages 1 33 1 25 1 20 1 25 Transportation to market 1 33 1 25 None 1 100 2 67 3 75 1 100 4 80 3 75 Shop keeping 1 3 4 1 5 4 Low payment/ wages 1 50 1 100 2 67 Transportation to market 1 50 1 33 Boat making 2 1 3 Low payment/ wages 1 33 1 25 Boat parking problem 1 33 1 25 Transportation to market 1 33 1 25 Lack of facility eg deep 1 33 1 25 freezer None 1 100 1 25 Shrimp/fish seller 1 3 4 Low payment/ wages 3 43 3 43 Lack of material 1 14 1 14 None 3 43 3 43 Vocational jobs 7 7 Lack of market 3 100 3 60 information Low payment/ wages 1 50 1 20 None 1 50 1 20 Labour 2 3 5 multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

36

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 Table – 61 Benefits from Training by Type of Training Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Increase income 3 100 2 14 2 100 2 13 5 100 Quality improved 2 100 2 40 Utilize as a source 1 100 1 7 of income/get a job Work get easier 1 7 1 7 Not trained/don’t 11 79 11 73 know Workplace 1 3 14 2 15 5 Increase income 5 100 1 100 10 83 5 38 11 85 Quality improved 1 20 1 100 1 8 1 8 Work get easier 1 20 1 8 Not trained/don’t 8 100 2 17 8 61 2 15 know Near by city 5 1 8 12 13 13 Increase income 1 33 2 100 3 60 Quality improved 2 100 2 40 Utilize as a source 1 33 1 20 of income/get a job Not trained/don’t 1 33 1 20 know NGO 3 2 5 Increase income 2 40 5 83 2 40 5 83 Quality improved 3 60 3 50 3 60 3 50 Formal training 5 6 5 6 Increase income 1 100 1 33 Utilize as a source 1 100 1 33 of income/get a job Not trained/don’t 1 100 1 33 knows Vocational 2 1 3 training center

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 Table – 62 Safety Measures Taken by Type of Livelihood Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Yes 15 33 6 37 34 85 1 25 55 54 1 25 No 25 56 7 44 6 15 1 25 38 38 1 25 No response 5 11 3 19 2 50 8 8 2 50 Fishing 45 16 40 4 101 4 Yes 6 29 17 68 1 33 24 49 No 12 57 8 32 1 33 21 43 No response 3 14 1 33 4 8 Sewing/handicraft 21 25 3 49 Yes 2 20 7 100 18 62 7 100 20 51 No 7 70 10 34 17 44 No response 1 10 1 3 2 5 Shrimp/fish 10 7 29 7 39 cleaning Yes 1 50 1 20 1 100 7 100 6 54 8 80 8 47 No 1 50 4 80 1 100 5 45 2 20 9 53 Net making 2 5 1 1 7 11 10 17 Yes 11 92 11 79 No 1 8 1 7 No response 1 100 1 100 2 14 Selling small items 1 12 1 14 Yes 2 33 4 57 6 46 No 2 33 2 15 No response 2 33 3 43 5 38 Teaching 6 7 13 Yes 4 50 7 78 4 50 7 78 No 4 50 2 22 4 50 2 22 Farming 8 9 8 9 Yes 2 40 6 75 2 33 6 40 No 1 100 4 57 1 20 2 33 4 27 No response 3 43 2 40 2 25 2 33 5 33 Private Job 1 7 5 8 6 15 Yes 3 27 3 27 No 4 36 4 36 No response 4 36 4 36 Government job 11 11 Yes 1 25 1 20 No response 1 100 3 100 3 75 1 100 4 80 4 100 Shop keeping 1 3 4 1 5 4 Yes 1 50 1 100 2 67 No 1 50 1 33 Boat making 2 1 3 Yes 1 33 1 25 No response 1 100 2 67 3 75 Shrimp/fish seller 1 3 4 Yes 2 29 2 29 No 4 57 4 57 No response 1 14 1 14 Vocational jobs 7 7 Yes 1 50 3 100 4 80 No 1 50 1 20 Labour 2 3 5

multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver 38

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 Table – 63 Safety Measures by Type of Livelihood Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % First aid/self 2 7 19 56 1 100 21 38 1 100 medication Home remedies 1 100 1 100 Work carefully 14 93 14 25 Doctor 15 44 15 27 Use protection 4 67 4 7 Cut the sharp ends 2 33 2 4 of fishes Fishing 15 6 34 1 55 1 First aid/self 5 4 9 medication Home remedies 1 1 Rest 12 12 Use protection 1 1 Doctor 1 1 Sewing/handicraft 6 17 1 24 First aid/self 2 100 7 39 9 45 medication Doctor 7 100 7 39 7 100 7 35 Home remedies 2 11 2 10 No response 2 11 2 10 Shrimp/fish 2 7 18 7 20 cleaning First aid/self 1 100 1 100 5 83 1 14 6 75 medication Use protection 1 100 1 12 Doctor 7 100 1 17 7 100 1 12 Net making 1 1 1 7 6 8 8 First aid/self 5 45 5 45 medication Rest 6 55 6 55 Selling small items 11 11 First aid/self 2 100 1 25 3 50 medication Rest 2 50 2 33 No response 1 25 1 17 Teaching 2 4 6 First aid/self 4 100 7 100 4 100 7 100 medication Farming 4 7 4 7

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 Continue…… Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % First aid/self 1 17 1 17 medication Use protection 2 100 1 17 2 100 1 17 Rest 2 33 2 33 Work carefully 1 17 1 17 Home remedies 1 17 1 17 Private Job 2 6 2 6 Work carefully 3 100 3 100 Government job 3 3 Rest 1 100 1 100 Shop keeping 1 1 Work carefully 1 100 1 100 2 100 Rest 1 100 1 50 Boat making 1 1 2 Work carefully 1 100 1 100 Shrimp/fish seller 1 1 Use carefully 1 50 1 50 Work carefully 2 100 2 100 Vocational jobs 2 2 First aid/self 3 100 3 75 medication Use protection 1 100 1 25 Labour 1 3 4 multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

Table – 64 Reasons for not Taking Safety Measures Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % No facility 10 40 1 14 6 100 17 45 No safety equipment 4 57 4 11 available Not needed 1 14 1 3 Work carefully 2 8 1 100 2 5 1 100 because it’s our daily routine Lack of knowledge 1 4 1 14 2 5 No response 13 52 13 34 Fishing 25 7 6 1 38 1 Not needed 2 17 2 10 No safety equipment 4 50 4 19 available Don’t know about 3 37 3 14 safety measures Difficulty to use 1 12 1 5 safety measures Work carefully 2 17 2 10 because it’s our daily routine No facility 1 8 1 5 No response 7 58 1 100 7 33

Sewing/handicraft 12 8 1 21

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Continue…… Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Work carefully because 1 14 7 70 8 47 it’s our daily routine Not needed 1 10 1 6 No response 6 86 2 20 8 47 Shrimp/fish cleaning 7 10 17 No facility 1 100 2 50 1 50 2 22 Work carefully because 5 100 5 56 it’s our daily routine Not needed 1 100 1 50 Treat at home 1 25 1 11 No response 1 25 1 11 Net making 1 4 1 5 2 9 Lack of knowledge 1 100 1 100 Selling small items 1 1 Not needed 1 50 1 50 Treat at home 1 50 1 50 Teaching 2 2 Work carefully because 2 100 2 100 it’s our daily routine No facility 2 50 2 50 No t needed 1 25 1 25 No response 1 25 1 25 Farming 4 2 4 2 Work carefully because 1 25 1 25 it’s our daily routine Lack of knowledge 1 100 1 50 No response 1 100 3 75 1 50 3 75 Private Job 1 4 1 2 4 Lack of knowledge 2 50 2 50 No safety equipment 3 75 3 75 available Government job 4 4 Work carefully because 1 100 1 100 it’s our daily routine Boat making 1 1 Not needed 1 25 1 25 Lack of knowledge 1 25 1 25 Difficulty to use safety 1 25 1 25 measures No response 1 25 1 25 Vocational jobs 4 4 No response 1 100 1 100 Labour 1 1 multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

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 Table – 65 Respondent’s Income by Type of Livelihood Income Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % < 1000 4 9 4 4 1,000-3,000 12 27 12 30 4 100 24 24 4 100 3,000-5,000 11 24 5 31 16 40 32 32 5,000-8,000 14 31 2 12 3 7 19 19 8,000-12,000 1 2 5 31 2 5 8 8 12,000-16,000 1 2 2 12 3 3 16,000-20,000 1 6 1 1 > 20,000 1 2 1 6 2 2 No response 1 2 7 17 1 1 Fishing 45 16 40 4 101 4 < 1000 3 14 2 8 5 10 1,000-3,000 9 43 16 64 3 100 28 57 3,000-5,000 6 29 5 20 11 22 5,000-8,000 1 4 1 2 8,000-12,000 12,000-16,000 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 No response 1 5 1 4 2 2 Sewing/handicraft 21 25 3 49 < 1000 1,000-3,000 8 80 8 20 3,000-5,000 1 10 1 3 5,000-8,000 8,000-12,000 12,000-16,000 1 10 1 3 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 No response 7 100 29* 100 7 100 29 74 Shrimp/fish 10 7 29 7 39 cleaning < 1000 1 50 2 40 1 10 2 12 1,000-3,000 3 60 1 14 1 10 3 18 3,000-5,000 1 100 2 29 2 20 5,000-8,000 1 14 1 10 8,000-12,000 12,000-16,000 1 14 1 10 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 No response 1 50 1 100 2 29 11* 100 4 40 12 71 Net making 2 5 1 1 7 11 10 17 < 1000 1 8 1 7 1,000-3,000 8 67 8 57 3,000-5,000 1 8 1 7 5,000-8,000 1 100 1 7 8,000-12,000 12,000-16,000 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 No response 2 17 1 100 3 21 Selling small items 1 12 1 14

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Continue…… Income Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % < 1000 1,000-3,000 4 67 2 29 6 46 3,000-5,000 2 29 2 15 5,000-8,000 2 33 1 14 3 23 8,000-12,000 1 14 1 8 12,000-16,000 1 14 1 8 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 Teaching 6 7 13 < 1000 1,000-3,000 1 12 5 56 1 12 5 56 3,000-5,000 3 37 3 37 5,000-8,000 2 25 2 25 8,000-12,000 2 25 1 11 2 25 1 11 12,000-16,000 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 No response 3* 33 3 33 Farming 8 9 8 9 < 1000 1,000-3,000 4 57 3 37 7 47 3,000-5,000 1 100 2 29 2 25 1 17 4 27 5,000-8,000 1 14 1 20 2 25 1 17 3 20 8,000-12,000 1 20 1 17 12,000-16,000 1 20 1 17 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 No response 2 40 1 12 2 33 1 7 Private Job 1 7 5 8 6 15 < 1000 1,000-3,000 3,000-5,000 5,000-8,000 5 45 5 45 8,000-12,000 4 36 4 36 12,000-16,000 2 18 2 18 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 Government job 11 11

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 Continue…… Income Karachi Gawadar Badin Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % < 1000 1,000-3,000 3 100 1 25 1 20 3 75 3,000-5,000 1 25 1 100 1 20 1 25 5,000-8,000 1 100 1 20 8,000-12,000 1 25 1 20 12,000-16,000 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 No response 1 25 1 20 Shop keeping 1 3 4 1 5 4 < 1000 1,000-3,000 3,000-5,000 1 50 1 33 5,000-8,000 1 100 1 33 8,000-12,000 12,000-16,000 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 No response 1 50 1 33 Boat making 2 1 3 < 1000 1,000-3,000 1 33 1 25 3,000-5,000 1 33 1 25 5,000-8,000 1 100 1 25 8,000-12,000 12,000-16,000 16,000-20,000 1 33 1 25 > 20,000 Shrimp/fish seller 1 3 4 < 1000 1,000-3,000 3,000-5,000 3 43 3 43 5,000-8,000 8,000-12,000 4 57 4 57 12,000-16,000 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 Vocational jobs 7 7 < 1000 1 50 1 20 1,000-3,000 3,000-5,000 1 50 2 67 3 60 5,000-8,000 1 33 1 20 8,000-12,000 12,000-16,000 16,000-20,000 > 20,000 Labour 2 3 5 multiple response *Vocational jobs: motor mechanic, barber, tailor, driver

* Note: most of the women in Badin doing different type of work but their earning was not came as individual but the part of their HH income.

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