Invasive Plants and Animals Strategy (IPA)

1 The North Central Catchment Management Authority (CMA) wishes to acknowledge the Victorian Government for funding this publication, and the contributions of the Regional Invasive Plants and Animals Working Group and Chair, North Central CMA staff, the Department of Primary Industries (Biosecurity Victoria), RMCG, and numerous others involved in the development and review of the North Central Invasive Plants and Animals Strategy.

A special thanks also to other Victorian CMAs for their willingness to share information and ideas from developing their invasive plant and animal strategies.

Acknowledgement Of Country The North Central Catchment Management Authority acknowledges Aboriginal Traditional Owners within the catchment area, their rich culture and their spiritual connection to Country. We also recognise and acknowledge the contribution and interests of Aboriginal people and organisations in the management of land and natural resources.

North Central Invasive Plants and Animals Strategy 2010–15 Prepared by North Central Catchment Management Authority North Central Catchment Management Authority PO Box 18 Huntly Vic 3551 Telephone: 03 5448 7124 Fax: 03 5448 7148 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nccma.vic.gov.au

Document design: Comment Consulting, Bendigo

Cover page photo credits Top left: Red Fox (Department of Sustainability and Environment)

Bottom left: Paterson’s Curse, Gunbower Forest (Department of Sustainability and Environment)

Right: Cape Broom invading native vegetation, Sutton Grange (Adrian Martins, North Central CMA)

A copy of this strategy is also available on www.nccma.vic.gov.au

This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.

This publication may be of assistance to you, but the North Central CMA, and its employees, does not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind, or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes. It therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from reliance on information contained in this publication.

Foreword

I am pleased to present the North Central Invasive Plants and Animals (IPA) Strategy, developed by the North Central CMA on behalf of the Department of Primary Industries.

Invasive plant and animal species account for considerable losses in environmental, social and economic values, and continue to be of much concern to the North Central Victorian community. This IPA Strategy aims to provide direction to government, natural resource management practitioners, land owners and the broader community to help reduce the impact of invasive species through a combination of preventative, onground and collaborative measures.

As new Regional Catchment Strategies are being prepared across Victoria, it is timely that traditional approaches to pest management are updated to reflect changing environments and biosecurity principles. This IPA Strategy has a focus on prevention and preparedness for the introduction of high-risk invasive species and determines priority assets for protection from widespread invasive species. Once finalised, it will be a sub-strategy of the North Central Regional Catchment Strategy. An annual review will enable the strategy to be further developed as new information becomes available.

I commend the Regional IPA Working Group on the development of this strategy and look forward to working with the Department of Primary Industries and other stakeholders to drive its implementation over the next five years.

Geoff Williams

Chair North Central Catchment Management Authority February 2011

ii Table of Contents

Foreword ii

Table of Contents iii

Executive Summary v

Abbreviations vi

Glossary vii

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose of this Strategy 1 1.3 Vision 1 1.4 Scope 2 1.5 Development of the North Central IPA Strategy 2

2 IPA policy in Victoria 3 2.1 The biosecurity approach 3 2.2 Integrated natural resource management planning 4 2.3 Responsibilities for IPA management 4

3 The regional IPA perspective 6 3.1 Invasive species of North Central Victoria 6 3.2 Pathways of spread of invasive species in North Central Victoria 8

4 Species-led management of IPA in North Central Victoria 9 4.1 Goal 1 – Prevention and eradication 11 4.2 Goal 2 – Containment 12

5 Protecting North Central Victoria’s natural assets from invasive plants and animals 13 5.1 Defining and identifying assets using INFFER 13 5.2 Priority assets under threat from invasive species 16 5.3 Goal 3 – Protect assets 20

6 Communication, engagement and partnerships 30 6.1 Goal 4 – Engage the community and stakeholders 30 6.2 Goal 5 – Manage IPA holistically 31

iii 7 A monitoring, evaluation, reporting and improvement framework 32 7.1 Goal 6 - Monitor, evaluate and report on outcomes 34

Appendices 35 Appendix 1 – Membership of North Central IPA Working Group 35 Appendix 2 - Natural assets under threat from IPA in North Central Victoria 36 Appendix 3 – State Prohibited Weeds 39 Appendix 4 – Regionally Prohibited Weeds in North Central Victoria 41 Appendix 5 – Regionally Controlled Weeds in North Central Victoria 42 Appendix 6 – Restricted Weeds in North Central Victoria 43 Appendix 7 – Weeds of National Significance (WONS) of importance in North Central Victoria 45 Appendix 8 – Undeclared high risk species in North Central Victoria 48 Appendix 9 – Invasive animal species of concern in North Central Victoria 50 Appendix 10 – Cultural heritage works requirements 51

References 52

Executive Summary

Invasive (pest) plants and animals are a major cause of degradation to North Central Victoria’s natural resources – our land, water, biodiversity and farmland assets. Their effective management is crucial to the environmental, economic and social wellbeing of our region.

All natural resource management practitioners have a duty of care to minimise the negative impact of invasive species on our natural assets. In the past, regional weed and rabbit action plans were prepared in Victoria to guide pest planning and management, with a primary focus on private land. Now, regional invasive plant and animal strategies are being prepared across Victoria to reflect Australian and Victorian biosecurity approaches to managing the risk and impact of invasive species across all land tenures.

A biosecurity approach combines species-led and asset-based approaches to invasive species management to achieve the most beneficial community outcomes from government investment. The North Central Invasive Plants and Animals Strategy adopts the biosecurity approach and sets clear goals and actions for invasive species management over the next five years. It has been developed with the input of natural resource management agencies and the community. It outlines high-risk invasive species and priority natural assets under threat from invasive species in North Central Victoria, and highlights the importance of coordinated action and community engagement in tackling these issues.

Importantly, the strategy also recognises that there are many other invasive species that are not considered to be of high biosecurity risk, but which pose significant problems on a local or regional scale. Likewise, there are natural assets in addition to the priority assets identified that are under considerable threat from invasive species. Management of these species and assets has, and should continue to be, an important component of regional invasive species management.

Finally, a regional monitoring and evaluation plan forms part of the strategy and provides a means of determining the effectiveness of actions over the coming years. This allows for ongoing review and revision of invasive species management priorities as new information emerges.

Abbreviations

CaLP Act Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (Vic.)

CMA Catchment Management Authority

DPI Department of Primary Industries

DSE Department of Sustainability and Environment

EPBC Act Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Aus.)

FFG Act Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Vic.)

EVC Ecological Vegetation Class

GIS Geographic Information System

IPA Invasive Plants and Animals

IPAPF Invasive Plants and Animals Policy Framework

INFFER Investment Framework for Environmental Resources

MERI Monitoring Evaluation Reporting Improvement

NRM Natural Resource Management

NWR Noxious Weed Review

PV Parks Victoria

RCS Regional Catchment Strategy

RCW Regionally Controlled Weed

RPW Regionally Prohibited Weed

SPW State Prohibited Weed

TfN Trust for Nature

VCW Victorian Community Weed

WONS Weed of National Significance

Glossary

Asset A natural resource that provides ecosystem, production or social services.

Asset-based approach Involves prioritising control actions for a number of threats based on the relative value of identified assets that will be protected by the actions. Prioritisation should be based on maintaining the viability of important environmental assets and optimising outcomes for asset protection and management.

Biodiversity The variety of life forms: the different plants, animals and micro- organisms; the genes they contain; and the ecosystems they form.

Biological control The process of using one living species – the agent – to control (usually suppress) an unwanted species – the target.

Biosecurity A process designed to mitigate the risks and impacts to the economy, the environment, social amenity or human health associated with invasive species and diseases.

Containment The application of measures in and around an infested area to prevent the spread of an invasive plant or animal species. This may include reduction of the density or area of the infestation where appropriate. A containment program may include eradication of satellite infestations.

Control In relation to organisms, this includes: reducing the number of those organisms; preventing an increase in the number of those organisms; reducing the activity or appetite of some or all of those organisms; and modifying the behaviour or characteristics of some or all of those organisms.

Core infestation An established population of an invasive plant or animal from which satellite infestations may arise.

Eradication When a species (including, for a plant, its propagules) has been removed or killed and no longer occurs at that site. In practice, this means that it can no longer be detected by recommended methods of survey for a defined period of time.

Established species A species that, for the foreseeable future, will perpetuate within an area after entry.

vii High-risk species A term used to describe invasive species that, if not managed, would have a large impact on the environment, economy, social amenity or human health. They may be declared under the CaLP Act or undeclared species.

High-Risk Invasive Animals Program This program, managed by DPI, focuses primarily on the prevention and eradication of high risk invasive animals in Victoria, such as the Red-eared Slider Turtle.

Incursion An isolated population of an invasive species recently detected in an area, not known to be established but expected to survive in the immediate future.

Introduced species A species that is present in, but not native to, a particular place.

Invasive species A species occurring as a result of human activities beyond its accepted normal distribution and which threatens valued environmental, agricultural or other social resources. Species may be pest animals or noxious weeds declared under the CaLP Act, or other species that threaten the region’s assets including some wild (feral) populations of domestic animals.

Native species A species that is believed to have occurred in a particular part of Australia prior to European settlement.

Noxious weed A species declared as ‘noxious’ under the CaLP Act. The Act defines four categories: State Prohibited, Regionally Prohibited, Regionally Controlled and Restricted. A noxious weed may be an agricultural and/or and environmental weed.

Pest animal An animal species declared under the CaLP Act in one of four pest animal categories: Prohibited Pest Animal, Controlled Pest Animal, Regulated Pest Animal, and Established Pest Animal.

Potential distribution The estimated area into which a particular species may spread in the absence of control or containment measures. This area is estimated based on the known environmental, climatic and physical preferences of the species.

Risk The chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives.

Satellite infestation A population of an invasive species arising as a result of spread from an established population (see also core infestation).

viii Species-led approach Prioritising actions that will be most effective in preventing, eradicating, containing or reducing a target invasive species rather than those actions that will best protect or enhance a specific asset (see also asset-based approach).

Victorian community weed The Victorian community weed model outlines the approach taken to manage Gorse, Blackberry and Serrated Tussock. These are widespread, invasive weeds that have been targeted for a community-led approach to invasive species management. Community weed taskforces were established for each of these three weeds to work in partnership with the Department of Primary Industries.

Weed A plant that requires some form of action to reduce its effects on the economy, environment, human health and amenity.

Weed of National Significance (WONS) Twenty weeds that have been identified as national priorities with nationally coordinated management strategies.

Weed risk assessment An evidence-based process estimating the relative weed risk of plant species. This is based on their biological characteristics, impacts on agriculture, the environment and human health, and the ratio of the species’ present and potential distribution.

Weed Spotters program A Victorian Government program that provides training for people to look out for and report incidences of State Prohibited Weeds and Victorian Alert Weeds.

Widespread species A species that has spread to many places that are suitable for its growth within a specified area. It may occur at high or low density in these places. Containment may still be possible on a small scale, but exclusion from remaining uninvaded areas, or reduction, are likely to be more appropriate responses.

ix 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Invasive plants and animals (IPA, also sometimes referred to as pest plants/weeds and animals), are species that cause significant loss of environmental, economic and social values. They are a major concern for government and private landholders (DPI 2010). In North Central Victoria, invasive species present significant challenges for environmental managers and agricultural communities. The spread of invasive species creates significant costs, and invasive plants alone cost the Victorian economy over $900 million each year (DSE 2009).

IPA threaten biodiversity by competing for natural resources and contributing to habitat and native species loss and displacement. Invasive plants often displace native species and can provide harbour for invasive animals. In some cases, such as woody weeds, invasive species may provide some benefits for native species by providing a food source or habitat. This is explored further in Section 3.

Agricultural productivity is also threatened by invasive species. For instance, areas can become erosion- prone due to rabbits stripping the vegetation. In aquatic environments, the water quality, flow characteristics and delivery (such as through irrigation systems) are threatened by sedimentation as well as aquatic and terrestrial invasive plants.

1.2 Purpose of this Strategy The North Central IPA Strategy replaces previous weed and rabbit action plans. It follows DPI guidelines for pest plan development (DPI 2009b) and adopts the principles of the Victorian IPA Policy Framework (DPI 2009c).

The purpose of the North Central IPA Strategy is to: • provide direction to assist land owners in meeting their duty of care in invasive species planning and management • describe regional priorities and goals for invasive species management and asset protection • guide public and/or private investment in regional invasive species management • maximise community benefit from public investment in invasive species management • define a monitoring, evaluation and reporting framework that will assess the effectiveness of IPA management • manage community expectations of invasive species management and gain long-term commitment to managing high risk species and priority assets.

1.3 Vision The strategy’s vision is to have land owners working together across all land tenures to prevent new high- risk invasive species from establishing, eradicate those already present, prevent further spread of established invasive species and protect priority natural assets from further degradation caused by invasive species.

1 1.4 Scope Invasive species addressed in this strategy are terrestrial and freshwater invasive plants and vertebrate invasive animals that are, or could be, declared under Victoria’s Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (CaLP Act). These include currently declared noxious weeds and pest animals, and other species that threaten natural assets in North Central Victoria, such as other weeds and feral or wild populations of animals normally kept as domestic pets or farm animals. It applies to all land tenures in the region.

The strategy does not include invertebrates, micro-organisms, domestic pets and farm animals, or any native species protected under Australian or Victorian legislation such as the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 or the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 or Wildlife Act 1975.

1.5 Development of the North Central IPA Strategy The North Central IPA Working Group was convened to oversee the development of the North Central IPA Strategy, with representatives from natural resource management agencies and the wider regional community. A community background paper and survey were prepared to provide information on changes to invasive species policies and planning, and to encourage early community input into the North Central IPA Strategy. The background paper and survey were advertised in regional papers and placed on the North Central CMA website. Two responses to the survey were received. The draft strategy was made available for comment to natural resource management agencies and to the wider regional community. Seven submissions were received and were incorporated where appropriate into the final document.

Membership of the North Central IPA Working Group is shown in Appendix 1.

2 IPA policy in Victoria 2.1 The biosecurity approach Historically, invasive species management in Victoria has focused on widespread, formally ‘declared’ plant and animal species. The recent adoption of a biosecurity approach (DPI 2009c) to managing invasive species signals a shift towards prevention and early intervention. The key driver is to avoid future damage by preventing new invasive species from entering Victoria or, if they have entered, acting quickly and eradicating them while this is still possible.

The biosecurity approach assesses the level of risk imposed by a species and uses the ‘generalised invasion curve’ (Figure 1) to illustrate four different IPA management principles: prevention; eradication; containment; and asset protection. The economic returns or community benefit from investing in prevention and eradication far outweigh the returns from adopting an asset protection approach. The complexity and cost of each approach increases as you move from prevention to asset protection.

Figure 1: Generalised invasion curve showing the approach applied at each stage (DPI 2010)

Depending on the specific invasive species threat and local circumstances, one approach or a mix of all four biosecurity approaches may be appropriate. This strategy identifies the circumstances where each approach or a combination of approaches should be adopted to minimise the impact of invasive species in North Central Victoria. 3 By definition, prevention is the approach used before a species enters an area. This approach focuses on actions like surveillance and monitoring potential pathways of entry and spread. Climate change projections can be used to assist the preventative management approach.

Eradication is when a species has been removed or killed and no longer occurs at a site for a defined period of time. State Prohibited Weeds (Appendix 3) and prohibited, controlled and restricted pest animals are generally targeted for prevention or eradication. Undeclared high-risk invasive plant species identified regionally (Appendix 8) are also potential targets for prevention and eradication.

The containment approach involves the application of measures in and around an infested area to prevent the spread of an invasive species. It may include reduction of the core infestation and/or eradication of satellite infestations. This approach applies more generally to invasive plants, given that animals are mobile and therefore less likely to be contained. It could, however, be applied to invasive animals in specific circumstances.

In general, prevention, eradication and containment of target species are referred to as species-led approaches. The alternative to species-led approaches is the asset-based approach, which involves implementing management actions for a number of threats, including invasive species, to protect identified priority assets. This may be adopted once a species has become so widespread that a species-led approach is not feasible.

2.2 Integrated natural resource management planning Invasive species do not recognise boundaries and a cooperative approach to their management is required. Section 6 considers ways to engage stakeholders and develop effective partnerships to manage IPA as part of a broader approach to natural resource management.

2.3 Responsibilities for IPA management The CaLP Act outlines the duties of land owners (including private land holders and public authorities managing Crown Land) in relation to invasive species. The Victorian Government is responsible for the eradication of State Prohibited Weeds from all land in Victoria, but all land owners have defined responsibilities to manage regionally prohibited and controlled weeds, and declared pest animals. Where there is a role for government in providing invasive species services, cost-sharing may be appropriate where there are both public and private benefits. This may be attained through user pays, beneficiary pays or risk creator pays principles (DPI 2009c).

Public land owners/authorities that must adhere to the CaLP Act include, but are not limited to, Catchment Management Authorities (CMAs), Department of Primary Industries (DPI), the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE), Parks Victoria (PV), the Australian Government, local government, water corporations and transport authorities. Private land owners include rural and residential land owners, and private industry.

While it is not practical to detail the responsibilities of each land owner in this strategy, it is useful to describe the role of the primary agencies involved in invasive species policy and planning. DPI is the key

4 Victorian government agency responsible for administering the CaLP Act in relation to biosecurity, the investment into and management of invasive species. CMAs set regional strategic direction and coordinate regional IPA strategies in consultation with all stakeholders, both public and private. In addition, they are responsible for implementing monitoring, evaluation and reporting frameworks as part of a broader role in managing catchment information.

Experience has shown that effective long-term management to reduce impacts of IPA that have spread beyond the possibility of regional eradication is best achieved through sustained community-led action. Across Victoria, there are examples of cooperative and coordinated efforts by local communities that have successfully managed invasive plants. DPI acknowledges and encourages these efforts, and supports three single-species community weed groups. An important role for community groups is to ensure landholders are properly informed of the threat from particular weeds, and of the best options for their management. DPI seeks to build upon gains achieved through community-led efforts when prioritising enforcement action.

Those with a role in invasive species management have been categorised as follows:

Department of Primary Industries Refers to the Biosecurity Victoria Division (policy and operations).

North Central CMA Covers the area outlined in Figure 2.

Australia Government Includes departments and authorities with a role in biosecurity, e.g. Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Australian Customs and Border Protection Service, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.

Land owners Includes authorities and organisations with responsibilities for managing public or private land e.g. DSE, PV, water corporations, local government, EPA Victoria, interstate resource management agencies, farmers and lifestylers.

Community, industry and business Includes non-government organisations, community pest management groups, weed spotters, industries and businesses involved in nursery and agricultural trade.

Sections 4, 5, 6 and 7 contain goals for IPA management in North Central Victoria. Each goal has a set of actions and an agency or group nominated as the lead responsibility for these. Partners in delivering actions are also outlined.

3 The regional IPA perspective

3.1 Invasive species of North Central Victoria

The North Central CMA region is an area of diverse landscapes and land-uses, encompassing approximately 13 per cent of Victoria (see Figure 2). It is home to abundant land, biodiversity, water and agricultural assets. The region includes four major river catchments – the Campaspe, Loddon, Avoca and Avon– Richardson – which form part of the Murray–Darling Basin. Dairying, horticulture and mixed farming are the main enterprises in irrigation areas; in dryland agricultural areas, cropping and grazing are major land uses. Intensive farming is another land use in both dryland and irrigation areas. Approximately 13 per cent of the region is public land. The region retains some of the most extensive Box–ironbark and River Red Gum forests in the state, as well as other threatened and/or internationally significant native communities, species and natural areas.

Figure 2: The North Central Catchment Management Authority region

6 IPA management has long been a part of farming and natural resource management in North Central Victoria, and history tells of the devastating impact that they have had on the environment and economy. The ability of invasive species to change and destroy native habitats and ecosystems has lead them to be the number one cause of native animal extinctions in Australia and the second biggest threat to rivers, streams and nationally important wetlands. Invasive species can also reduce the value of primary industries (agriculture, forestry and fisheries), and impact on recreation, tourism and cultural values (DSE 2010).

It is important to effectively control invasive species, but control works need to be mindful of the full range of environmental needs and other values. These may include sites of Aboriginal or archaeological significance. All cultural heritage is protected in Victoria under the Cultural Heritage Act 2006. When undertaking IPA works, a register search of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register should be undertaken to determine if there are any registered Aboriginal heritage sites. Additional cultural heritage works requirements are outlined in Appendix 10. A risk management approach helps to consider the full range of values that may be affected by invasive species control works and to select an appropriate course of action to avoid or minimise non-target effects.

North Central Victoria has a mixture of existing and potential invasive species that are important to address using one or more of the biosecurity management approaches to reduce the future impact on the region. Invasive species of concern vary within sub-catchments of the region. DPI records give some indication of the location and extent of these, which provides a good basis for further investigation and management. Climate change projections are an additional factor in determining potential new incursions of high-risk invasive species (DSE 2009).

Invasive animals of concern in the region within the scope of this strategy are rabbits, foxes, hares, feral goats, deer, cats and pigs (refer to Appendix 9). Wild dogs are also of concern in some parts of the region and warrant further investigation. Rabbits are still of great concern to land managers, and their management has historically been a major priority for North Central Victoria due to their severe secondary impacts such as soil erosion, sedimentation of waterways and reduced water quality. In the absence of specific localised scientific data for North Central Victoria, the North Central CMA and DPI will adopt precautionary principles to determine the level at which rabbits cease to have an impact on land, water and biodiversity resources in the region. Long- term studies in arid and semi-arid woodlands have shown that just one rabbit per hectare can reduce regeneration of natural vegetation (Murdoch 2007). This science-led approach defines long-term control. It is expected that by reducing the number of warren entrances to less than one per five hectares on arable land, and less than one entrance per hectare on non-arable land, rabbit densities of less than one per hectare will be attained across the wider area.

Appendices 3–9 outline the region’s IPA species according to various categories. There are other environmental or agricultural IPA species in the region not included within these appendices, as they are either not considered to be of high biosecurity risk, or public investment in their management would have minimal community benefit. However, it is recognised that managing these species makes an important contribution to regional IPA management and should be supported.

7 While some native plant and animal species in the region may have invasive tendencies which impact on natural assets – for example, overgrazing by kangaroos or locust attacks on crops and pastures – they are not part of the North Central IPA Strategy as their management is dictated by other legislation.

3.2 Pathways of spread of invasive species in North Central Victoria It is important to identify pathways of spread of invasive species to ensure that efforts to control them in one area are not negated by unchecked spread into new areas (DPI 2010). The following factors create opportunities for invasive species to spread to or within North Central Victoria:

• land-use change, demographic shifts and associated management practices • disturbance to native vegetation • sale and escape of invasive garden species into natural environments • movement of contaminated soil, landscaping products or farm produce • seeds dispersed by stock, wildlife, invasive animals and humans (clothing or shoes) • seed carried by water (including floodwaters) or wind • movement of machinery, vehicles and boats • climate change, creating more suitable areas for invasive species expansion • cultivation/soil disturbance • deliberate introduction and dispersal of species for hunting purposes, e.g. release of fish for recreational fishing • inappropriate disposal of garden refuse and unwanted pets/pet products (especially aquatic species) into natural environments • illegal pet trade.

It is up to everyone to help minimise opportunities for new incursions. These pathways of spread need to be considered in developing management actions for invasive species control.

8 4 Species-led management of IPA in North Central Victoria In North Central Victoria, there are numerous species-led programs underway addressing State Prohibited Weeds, Regionally Prohibited Weeds, Weeds of National Significance and Victorian Community Weeds. The management of Serrated Tussock and Alligator Weed provides case studies that demonstrate the management of a Regionally Prohibited Weed and State Prohibited Weed according to biosecurity principles.

Case study – Eradication Removal of Alligator Weed from the Bendigo Creek

Alligator Weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) is a declared State Prohibited Weed in Victoria under the CaLP Act. State Prohibited Weeds are the highest category to which invasive plants can be allocated under Victorian legislation. In recognition of the threat that State Prohibited Weeds pose to the state’s assets and values, the Victorian Government is responsible for the eradication of State Prohibited Weeds on all land in the state – both public and private.

There are currently a number of infestations of Alligator Weed in Victoria, mostly in metropolitan Melbourne. Bendigo is one of only two known regional infestations in Victoria. All sites are targeted for eradication.

If left untreated, Alligator Weed will rapidly become the dominant plant in a waterway, out-competing other native vegetation and adversely affecting native fauna. Alligator Weed also interferes with irrigation systems and affects water quality and flow regimes, causing flooding and sedimentation. It can easily spread downstream when the plant is broken into smaller fragments, particularly during floods. It can also spread inadvertently in garden mulch or when attached to machinery, vehicles and watercraft. When growing on land, it can quickly degrade the composition of pastures and reduce crop production.

In 2010, DPI removed two infestations of Alligator Weed and 180 tonnes of contaminated material from the Bendigo Creek at Golden Square. These works will help prevent the weed from spreading, as the Bendigo Creek flows into Kow Swamp, near Cohuna. Ongoing monitoring of the site and downstream, all the way to Kow Swamp, will continue into the future to detect any regrowth or new incursions, and to evaluate the success of the mechanical removal.

The project will be an ongoing partnership between the City of Greater Bendigo and the North Central CMA as the site is revegetated. It is thought that the site will regenerate naturally over a short period. In future years, once the site is confirmed as eradicated, the council will further enhance the area with revegetation works.

9 Case study – Containment Surveillance success with Serrated Tussock at Creek View Serrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma) is a noxious weed, with the largest infestations in the Port Phillip & Westernport and Corangamite catchments. Smaller infestations are scattered throughout the rest of Victoria. Serrated Tussock is classified as a Regionally Prohibited Weed (RPW) in the North Central CMA region with several known isolated infestations. Because it is not feasible to eradicate Serrated Tussock across the whole of Victoria, it has been identified as a target species for statewide containment and regional eradication in some catchments, including the North Central CMA region. Serrated Tussock can grow in a wide variety of climates with an annual rainfall of 450 to 1000 mm and is not limited by soil type or fertility. It favours well drained areas and is a prolific seeder with 90 per cent of the plant self- pollinating. Large Serrated Tussock plants can produce 100,000 seeds a year, which can be blown along for several kilometres. The seeds are also dispersed by moving water, mud, in hay and fodder, on machinery, and by livestock. DPI’s ‘Improving biosecurity at a regional scale by managing Regionally Prohibited Weeds’ project (DPI 2010) aims to implement a tenure blind program that will ensure that all known RPW infestations are treated for eradication and monitored on an ongoing basis. Surveillance activities on land adjacent to known infestations and suspected spread pathways are paramount to ensuring that RPW infestations are identified and treated. As a result of surveillance efforts, DPI has detected an increase in the number of known infestations of Serrated Tussock in the North Central CMA region from 15 in November 2008 to 32 in July 2010. A science-based model (biometric analysis) for the surveillance of Serrated Tussock and other RPWs is now being tested and implemented. Building community skills to recognise Serrated Tussock is also important to increase the project’s surveillance capacity. Ultimately, if community members can identify Serrated Tussock and are aware of the threat, they are more likely to report new incursions and manage known infestations appropriately. Creek View Serrated Tussock infestation A Serrated Tussock infestation was recorded in 2000 on the Northern Highway at Creek View, south east of Elmore in central Victoria. This site has been treated over the years by Vic Roads and DPI staff, but no surveillance or further rigorous exploration had been completed prior to the commencement of the RPW project. Surveillance was conducted around the known roadside infestations, 1km in each direction, both sides of the road, and 500 metres into all adjoining freehold properties. The surveillance revealed three further plants along the Northern Highway and one Photo courtesy of DPI mature plant in freehold adjoining land. However, a much larger infestation of Serrated Tussock was also discovered in an adjoining DSE Crown land allotment on the Mount Pleasant Creek floodplain. Approximately 40 plants were found scattered through the two hectare reserve and were treated by DSE staff three weeks later prior to seeding.

Outcome DSE and Vic Roads are now actively managing the Creek View infestation each season, and DPI will conduct further targeted biospatial modelling to complete surveillance activities downstream and on further potential sites.

The discovery of this infestation, along with further freehold and roadside infestations, has been vital for the project’s aim of managing RPWs for eradication. All sites have been treated with 100 per cent success over the past 12 months, which is vital to prevent further spread and to achieve eradication.

10 To complement existing projects and to achieve the strategy’s vision, two goals for future species-led management of IPA have been developed. Each goal has an associated set of actions and a responsible lead agency or group.

4.1 Goal 1 – Prevention and eradication Prevent the introduction of new high-risk invasive plants and animals or eradicate those already present (declared or otherwise) in North Central Victoria

High-risk species, suitable for prevention and eradication activities, include State Prohibited Weeds and other regionally significant undeclared species that present an unacceptable threat to the region. It also includes invasive animal species identified under the Invasive Animal Prevention and Eradication Program, such as the Red-eared Slider Turtle. While the responsibility for actions relating to prevention and eradication of most high-risk species across Victoria lies with DPI, all land owners have a duty of care to support these actions at a local or regional level.

Actions Lead Partners responsibility

Treat for eradication all known State Prohibited Weed and high-risk DPI North Central CMA invasive animal infestations / incursions within the region Land owners Undertake risk assessments, targeted education and surveillance DPI North Central CMA operations to prevent establishment of high-risk species Australian Government (AQIS) Undertake risk assessments, surveillance, response and compliance DPI Australian Government programs for State Prohibited Weeds, high-risk undeclared invasive plants and high-risk animal species across Victoria Promote adoption of hygiene practices to reduce pathways of spread of DPI North Central CMA regional high-risk species Land owners

Industry and business

Conduct Weed Spotter training DPI North Central CMA Land owners Report new incidences of known or potential high-risk species to DPI Land owners North Central CMA Industry and business Provide accessible public information about high-risk species DPI North Central CMA Encourage exchange of information regarding high-risk species with North Central CMA DPI neighbouring regions (e.g. Cabomba and Western Cape form of Bridal Creeper, Goulburn Broken CMA) Assess climate change projections to determine species that may present DPI North Central CMA a future risk in North Central Victoria

11 4.2 Goal 2 – Containment Contain established invasive plants and animals to identified core infestations in North Central Victoria

Species targeted for statewide containment will typically have a clearly definable core infestation, as well as satellite infestations. A containment approach means that satellite infestations are targeted for eradication, while work on the core infestations focuses on preventing any further spread beyond a defined boundary.

There are significant efforts being made to contain Serrated Tussock on a statewide basis, including activities within North Central Victoria to eradicate all known satellite infestation sites. Other invasive plant species will be progressively investigated for their suitability as statewide containment targets. The process of declaring a species as a target for containment is being developed by DPI Biosecurity Victoria.

Actions Lead Partners responsibility

Treat for eradication all known infestations of Regionally Prohibited DPI North Central CMA Weeds from North Central Victoria to contribute to a statewide Land owners containment strategy Investigate establishment of a containment line for Gorse in North DPI North Central CMA Central Victoria to contain core infestations while eradicating satellite Australian Government populations Support DPI in assessing suitable species for statewide containment North Central CMA Land owners Support DPI surveillance programs by reporting new incidences of RPWs Land owners North Central CMA Actively manage all pest animal permits issued within the region DPI Permit holders Provide accessible public information about regional high-risk species DPI North Central CMA Encourage exchange of information regarding high-risk species with North Central CMA DPI neighbouring regions (e.g. Cabomba, Goulburn Broken CMA) Assess climate change projections to determine species that may present DPI North Central CMA a future risk in North Central Victoria

12 5 Protecting North Central Victoria’s natural assets from invasive plants and animals 5.1 Defining and identifying assets using INFFER The Victorian Biosecurity Strategy states that “once a pest becomes so widespread that containment is no longer possible, the management approach focuses on protecting the region’s priority assets” (DPI 2009d). For the purposes of this strategy, natural assets (referred to as assets) are defined as land (including agricultural land), water and biodiversity resources that have environmental, economic and/or social value to the North Central Victorian community. They may be large or small areas, in poor or excellent condition, localised or dispersed. Figure 3 highlights some examples of natural assets.

Figure 3: Geographical examples of natural assets

The Investment Framework for Environmental Resources (INFFER) is a process for planning and prioritising public investment in natural resources and the environment. It aims to help investors achieve the greatest public benefit outcomes possible with the available resources. The first step in the INFFER process is developing a list of significant natural assets in an area. Subsequent steps involve filtering the asset list according to key investment criteria to identify asset-based projects that are feasible to implement and will generate cost-effective outcomes (www.inffer.org).

13 As part of the North Central Regional Catchment Strategy renewal, the North Central CMA has adopted the INFFER process to identify a list of regional assets. This was based on a series of community and technical stakeholder workshops where participants nominated significant natural assets and described threats to these assets. Figure 4 depicts the Asset Identification stage. This list was then assessed and assets merged and categorised (the Asset Data Management stage) to produce a list of assets that could be clearly defined and mapped (either as single or multiple components). Where the same or very similar threats were impacting on assets’ value, they were combined.

For the North Central IPA Strategy, the next step was to validate data on the threat of recognised species to these assets, as per the IPA Asset Filtering process in Figure 4. With asset and threat information, it was then possible to apply the concepts of significance and risk as adopted by INFFER to rank assets in order of priority for IPA management.

Figure 4: Flowchart for identifying natural assets threatened by IPA

5.2 Priority assets under threat from invasive species The process of identifying assets threatened by IPA resulted in a list of more than 80 assets. To meet the requirements of the biosecurity asset protection approach, the next step was to determine the highest priorities for invasive species management. The two key criteria used to determine these priority assets were:

1. Significance of the asset within North Central Victoria (based on a number of factors such as scale, rarity, environmental status).

2. Level of IPA threat to the value of the asset.

The North Central IPA Working Group, North Central CMA staff and others with natural resource management expertise were involved in the assessment of significance and threat rankings. Where possible, assessments were based on current strategies and databases that could provide information on significance and IPA threat levels for assets.

The question used to rate significance was: How significant is the asset (in the sense of being valuable or important)?

Only those assets with the following rankings were considered further:

Exceptional E

Very high VH

High H

The question used to rate IPA threat was: Without a major new project for this asset, how damaged will the asset be in 10 years’ time?

Very high (76 – 100% loss of asset value) VH

High (51 – 75% loss of asset value) H

Medium (26 – 50% loss of asset value) M

When considering this question, all IPA threats impacting on each asset were assessed to determine the level of damage inflicted. For example, if a combination of IPA threats such as boxthorn and rabbits were occurring, the threat rating considers the total impact of both these threats. Other non-IPA threats may impact on the loss of asset value; however, these non-IPA threats need to be considered under the appropriate prioritisation process.

16 Investment generally not focused at this scale due Priority asset group Ground-inhabiting to cost and low feasibility animal species

Significant assets - Grey-crowned Babbler Undertake detailed INFFER under considerable - Malleefowl assessment on individual - Plains-wanderer IPA threat significant assets to determine - Bush Stone-curlew cost-effectiveness for - Brolga - Carpet Python investment

Significant assets - Golden Sun Moth Address non-IPA threats under marginal IPA - Eltham Copper Butterfly through appropriate - Greater Long-eared Bat threat - Swift Parrot investment prioritisation - Growling Grass Frog processes

Figure 5: Example showing the asset hierarchy of the ‘Ground-inhabiting animal species’ priority asset group

Figure 5 details the asset hierarchy of one of the priority asset groups for the North Central CMA region; Table 1 (following page) lists the other priority asset groups. Assets that are not in the priority asset groups are listed in Appendix 2, which details all of the regional assets of medium significance or above under threat from IPA. It should be noted that a limitation in this process was a lack of knowledge of some assets, hence an inability to determine whether an IPA threat existed. Where possible, this was addressed by consulting with stakeholders.

Where assets have a common attribute, similar significance and IPA threat rankings, they were amalgamated into a larger asset group to reduce any bias and to enable a broader representation of priorities. As a result, nine priority asset groups have been identified and are summarised in Table 1. These priority asset groups will form the basis for seeking investment in asset-based invasive species management after undergoing more comprehensive INFFER assessments. This process will assess other threats to assets, existing management strategies, project feasibility, community benefit and likely adoption as part of an integrated approach to asset management.

Each priority asset group is represented in either inclusive or individual significant asset maps in Section 5.3. Assets that do not form part of these priority asset groups will still be considered for asset protection and invasive species management should the opportunity arise as part of the adaptive management. They may remain high priorities for land owners on a local scale and in accordance with existing management plans and priorities.

Priority asset group Significant assets Significance IPA threat

Gunbower Ramsar site o Gunbower Forest / National Park Exceptional High o Gunbower Island o Gunbower Creek Reach 38 o Gunbower Creek Reach 39 Threatened grassland remnants o Avoca Plains Grasslands Exceptional High o Patho Plains o Plains Grassland on Victorian Volcanic Plain Ground-inhabiting animal o Malleefowl Very high Very high species o Plains-wanderer o Bush Stone-curlew o Brolga o Carpet Python o Grey-crowned Babbler Threatened plant species o Threatened orchids Very high High o Southern Shepherd's Purse o Swainson-pea species o Broad-lip Diuris

Valuable roadside vegetation o Roadsides assessed as high conservation Very high High value across the North Central CMA region

Large public land reserves o Mt Alexander Regional Park Very high High o Terrick Terrick National Park o Kamarooka section of Greater Bendigo National Park o Kooyoora State Park o Mount Bolangum Nature Conservation Reserve o Hepburn Regional Park o Creswick Regional Park Murray River riparian area Very high Medium

Kerang natural wetlands o First, Second and Third Marsh Very high Medium o Lake Bael Bael o Wandella Forest o Tragowel Swamp

Upper catchment river reaches o Coliban River headwaters Very high Medium o Loddon River Reach 10 o Kangaroo Creek Reach 49 (Loddon Basin) o Kangaroo Creek Reach 21 (Campaspe Basin)

Table 1: The North Central CMA’s priority assets subject to an IPA threat

Case study – Asset protection Kerang Ramsar-listed Wetlands The Kerang Ramsar-listed Wetlands Rabbit Project forms a component of the North Central CMA’s Enhancement of the Kerang Ramsar Wetlands Project and is a partnership project between the North Central CMA, Fairley Bael Bael Landcare Group, DPI, DSE, PV, Indigenous land managers and Trust for Nature . The Reedy Lakes are part of the Kerang wetlands system, identified as a high-value asset within the North Central CMA region. The project area incorporates internationally-listed Ramsar sites including Reedy, Middle and Third Lakes, and includes a cross tenure of public land and over 2,000 hectares of private land adjoining the lakes. Rabbits are one of the threats to the health of the Kerang Lakes. The allocation of environmental water and invasive plants are other key issues being addressed through an integrated approach to protecting this priority asset. However, rabbits are seen as a significant threat and the aim of this project is to reduce rabbit populations to a Photo courtesy of Nick Hunter recognised benchmark level that will allow native vegetation to regenerate and recover. The technique for managing rabbits is to target the rabbit’s key defence – the warren. Success, however, is driven by getting this simple step right. Research indicates that, where quality warren management works have been implemented, rabbit numbers have been reduced by up to 97 cent of the numbers recorded after the introduction of rabbit calicivirus. These reduced levels of infestation have been maintained with minimum effort and at low cost for up to 14 years since ripping took place. In areas where ripping programs were absent or poorly implemented, rabbit numbers are now creeping back to approximately 45 to 55 per cent of numbers recorded pre-calicivirus. Long-term rabbit management requires collaboration and high rates of participation between private and public land managers, who must work together to address threats in an integrated way. By prioritising and planning works, implementing and monitoring in partnership, the scale of rabbit management on the landscape will enable rabbit control to be achieved. It is also recognised that maintaining and/or increasing capacity enables the exchange of knowledge and ideas, accurate mapping and recording of data, and further research design. This also makes it possible to give additional support to communities, Indigenous groups and other non-profit organisations that are undertaking complementary projects. By working with the Traditional Owners (Barapa Barapa Nation) and Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, the rabbit project will continue to play an important role in identifying and protecting new cultural heritage sites. An extension program will be initiated in 2011 to engage all land managers in providing consistent messages around the expectations of the project and the use of best practice techniques. DPI will undertake extension and compliance activities to build the capacity of land owners to fulfil their responsibility for rabbit control under the provisions of the CaLP Act. Numerous activities will be implemented to reduce rabbit populations in the long-term, including mapping the distribution of rabbit warrens, spotlighting to monitor rabbit populations, enhancing community knowledge of best practice rabbit management, and implementing integrated control techniques such as baiting, warren ripping and fumigation. One of the main goals of the project is to reduce rabbit numbers to below 1 per km. Completion of the project will make a significant contribution to the overall protection of this priority asset by addressing the threatening processes of rabbits.

5.3 Goal 3 – Protect assets Protect priority regional natural assets by reducing the impacts of invasive plants and animals in North Central Victoria

Actions Lead Partners responsibility

Undertake detailed INFFER assessments for projects on priority regional North Central CMA Land owners assets under threat from IPA to determine cost-effectiveness Promote cross-tenure management approaches to asset protection North Central CMA DPI Land owners Assist community groups and others to implement priority asset- North Central CMA Land owners protection works on a local scale Facilitate integration of IPA management into existing plans and North Central CMA Land owners programs for priority assets Develop management action targets for each priority asset group over North Central CMA DPI the period of the strategy Land owners Develop benchmark levels in priority asset areas to assess future rabbit DPI North Central CMA impacts Support community pest management groups in asset protection works North Central CMA DPI Land owners Provide targeted compliance programs for priority assets and to support DPI community-led efforts in invasive species management

5.3.1 Gunbower Ramsar site Description The Gunbower Ramsar site priority asset includes

Gunbower Forest, associated water bodies, and Gunbower Creek. The Gunbower area is a site of international significance under the Ramsar Convention. It is listed on the Register of the National Estate and the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia, and is part of the second largest River Red Gum wetland in the world.

The Gunbower Ramsar site supports more than 210 species of native flora and 143 species of native fauna. It is home to several species listed nationally under the EPBC Act, including: Dwarf Swainson-pea (Swainsona phacoides), River Swamp Wallaby-grass (Amphibromus fluitans), Western Water Starwort (Callitriche cyclocarpa), Superb Parrot (Polytelis swainsonii) and the Growling Grass Frog (Litoria raniformis). This priority asset also has significant cultural heritage values.

IPA threats The biodiversity values of this asset are critically threatened by invasive plants and animals. In particular, the asset is subject to; rabbit,and fox infestations, Weeds of National Significance and other invasive plants that threaten the ecological character of the forest and wetlands. Foxes predate on native fauna and have been identified nationally as a key threatening process. Rabbits graze on and damage endangered plants, and disturb soils through burrowing. This facilitates easy invasion by non-native plant species. There is a combined impact of continuous grazing by pest animals, native herbivores and domestic stock on sensitive habitats throughout Gunbower Forest, including wetlands, lagoons and adjoining watercourses. Where grazing pressure is severe, some plant species are reduced or even eliminated, while others (mostly non- native species) will increase in distribution and become invasive. A number of aquatic weeds threaten the health of Gunbower Creek and associated wetlands. There are five Weeds of National Significance invading the project area, including: three Willow species (Salix fragilis var., fragilis Salix x rubens, Salix x pendulina), Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.) and Bridal Creeper (Asparagus asparagoides).

5.3.2 Threatened grassland remnants

Description This priority asset group includes the Avoca Plains Grasslands, Patho Plains and the Plains Grassland within the Victorian Volcanic Plains. All of which contain a suite of national and state threatened species and ecological communities. The Patho Plains constitutes the last remaining stands of Northern Plains Grasslands in North Central Victoria. Consequently, this is one of the most

threatened vegetation communities in the state. The Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain is a native grassland which is a critically endangered ecological community under the EPBC Act. An impressive diversity of plant and animal species live

within all of these grasslands. Significant plant species

include: Turnip Copperburr (Sclerolaena napiformis), Chariot Wheels (Maireana cheelii), Red Swainson-pea (Swainsona plagiotropis), Spiny Rice-flower (Pimelea spinescens ssp. spinescens) and Northern Golden Moths

(Diuris protena). Significant animal species include the

Plains-wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus), Pale, Golden and Striated Sun Moths (Synemon spp.), Fat-tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata), Common Dunnart (S. murina) and Hooded Scaly-foot (Pygopus nigriceps).

IPA threats IPA threats to this priority asset group are the predation and herbivory of threatened species by invasive animal species. Annual invasive plants and geophytes provide competition for native plants and cause habitat degradation. Loss of recruitment by rabbit grazing is critically threatening the survival of recruits, especially in the Buloke Woodlands areas

Invasive plant incursion, initiated by past disturbance, poses the biggest threat to the long-term integrity of remnant grassland vegetation. Infiltration by species from the Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Iridaceae families are of particular concern. There are a number of woody invasive plants present in the region, but only Boxthorn is a major weedy element in the landscape. However, management of Boxthorn needs to be considered in its landscape context – it could be an important habitat element for woodland birds if there is nothing else like it around. The devastating impact of foxes, cats, dogs and other feral predators on the Australian biota and landscapes has been well documented. Feral predation has played a significant role in the extinction of many species, both locally and absolutely. All medium-sized mammals have disappeared from this site, including: the White-footed Rabbit-rat, the Pig-footed Bandicoot and the Lesser Stick-nest Rat (all extinct); and the Rufous Bettong, Tasmanian Bettong, the Plains Mouse, and Eastern Quoll (all locally extinct).

5.3.3 Ground-inhabiting animal species

Description The animal species in this priority asset group are all ground-inhabiting, i.e. part to all of their life cycle occurs on the ground, including foraging, nesting, breeding and raising young. These species are all threatened; the Plains Wanderer is critically endangered, the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), Grey-crowned Babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis), Bush Stone-curlew (Burhinus grallarius) and Carpet Python (Morelia spilota metcalfei) are endangered, while the Brolga (Grus rubicunda) is listed as vulnerable.

IPA threats The life-history of these species puts them at a high risk from fox predation, making them susceptible to a reduction in density or range. Studies have shown that fox predation appears to have been greatest on medium-sized ground dwelling and semi-arboreal mammals, and ground nesting birds. Rabbit disturbance is a key threat to the Carpet Python.

5.3.4 Threatened plant species

Description Herbaceous species within this priority asset comprise terrestrial orchids, some leguminous species, and one tiny annual plant. Herbaceous species constitute some of the most vulnerable plants to undesirable grazing pressure.

IPA threats The herbaceous species of this asset are some of the most vulnerable plants subject to undesirable grazing pressure. Their intrinsic qualities of being small, juicy and palatable often make them the first choice of rabbits, hares and other herbivores. The consequences of this are dire – repeated grazing can prevent a species from flowering and reproducing, and in some cases, lead to local extinctions. The Southern Shepherd's Purse is facing additional threats, i.e. invasive plant incursion, possibly in response to disturbance (by White-winged Choughs and wild pigs) and prevailing climatic conditions. All of these species are threatened at either a national or state level; in the case of Southern Shepherd's Purse, it is the only known population in existence. 24

5.3.5 Upper Catchment River reaches

Description This priority asset otherwise know as upper Loddon and Campaspe includes;

reach 10 of the Loddon river, the

headwaters of the Coliban river and reach 21 of the Kangaroo creek in the Campaspe basin and reach 49 of Kangaroo creek of the Loddon basin. The upper Loddon and

upper Campaspe catchments are

recognised as containing some of the healthiest rivers and creeks in North Central Victoria. They support intact, native riparian vegetation; deliver good

quality water to downstream users;

provide important habitat for aquatic and terrestrial species; and are the focus of community interest in river management. The proliferation of invasive species, such

as blackberry, gorse and willows, along with the impact of livestock, threatens the health of these waterways.

IPA threats The most urgent threat to this asset is invasive plants degrading the riparian condition. Degraded riparian condition has a direct impact on instream water temperatures. This affects aquatic flora and fauna, the incidence of blue green algal blooms, the availability of habitat and food sources (both instream and terrestrial), and the degree to which the banks can filter run-off containing sediment and manure before it enters the waterway. Damage has occurred on the asset in previous years and the threat will continue to occur. Intervention will reverse the decline and improve the condition of the significant riparian zone. The major threat is from woody invasive plants. There is a significant risk of native diversity loss over the short- term if not addressed.

Of lesser urgency are isolated but significant instances of environmental degradation caused by invasive plants that might be reversed with intensive efforts (moderate consequence). There is a high risk of further proliferation of invasive plants through public land areas. Damage has occurred on the asset in previous years. Intervention seeks to reverse the decline and improve the asset condition; however, if left unmanaged, the decline will continue.

5.3.6 Valuable roadside vegetation

Description

Within the North Central CMA region, there

are 44,500 km of roadsides, which constitute 3

per cent of the area. This asset includes those

roads that have been rated as having a high

conservation value. Roadsides in this category

feature species that are endangered, rare,

vulnerable or depleted. The condition is near natural or has moderate disturbance, and the majority of the roadside is of high conservation value. The roadsides are of significant value because they often contain the only remaining example of these vegetation and habitat types in an otherwise cleared landscape. They often represent some of the best examples of vegetation communities that have been substantially degraded elsewhere on private land or in public reserves. They can also contain very high numbers of threatened flora and fauna species, and provide vital linkages and networks for species movement.

IPA threats Roadside vegetation, by its linear nature, is exposed to high threat levels of both incremental and total loss of quality and extent. This includes exposure to various broad ecological threats, such as invasive species. In addition, roadside vegetation is more susceptible to the encroachment of land management activities which can be vectors for IPA threats. All these activities directly threaten the quality and viability of roadside vegetation and therefore the value of services provided to the whole community. Foxes and cats can prey on native wildlife populations along roadsides or compete with natural resources.

5.3.7 Large public land reserves

Description This priority asset group comprises national, state

and regional parks that are significant for provision

of habitat for threatened species and/or

communities, diversity of habitat and, in some cases, geological features in the landscape. Included in this group are Terrick Terrick National Park, Kamarooka section of Greater Bendigo National Park, Kooyoora State Park, Mount

Alexander Regional Park, Hepburn Regional Park,

Creswick Regional Park and Mount Bolangum

Nature Conservation Reserve. All of these areas

are managed by Parks Victoria for their scientific

and conservation values with cultural values also being a feature of many of these sites.

IPA threats The IPA threats facing these reserves are African Boxthorn, Bathurst Burr, Horehound, Wheel Cactus, St John’s Wort, Paterson’s Curse and. In addition to these regionally controlled weeds, is the weed of national significance Bridal Creeper and a number of environmental weeds such Annual Rye-grass and Wild Oats. A variety of introduced animals has been recorded in the parks and reserves, including foxes, rabbits, hares and feral cats. Rabbits are a particular problem because they inhibit the regeneration of native woody species in woodland areas. The impact of fox and cat predation on native fauna in the reserves can pose a significant threat to small mammals, including the threatened Fat-tailed Dunnart. These invasive animals also are also threaten bird species that spend much of their time at or near the ground nesting, including the Little Button Quail, Grey-crowned Babbler, Plains-wanderer and Bush Stone-curlew as well as reptiles such as the Tessellated Gecko, Carpet Python, Hooded Scaly-foot and Striped Legless Lizard.

5.3.8 Murray River riparian area

Description The Murray River corridor provides a critical link from the urban remnant habitats surrounding Echuca through to the Gunbower Forest. This riparian corridor is considered to be vital for the habitat, movement and genetic exchange of various less mobile fauna species, such as the Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis). The management for climate change adaptation creates a greater need to protect and enhance such corridors to maintain biodiversity.

IPA threats Due to its fragmented nature and proximity to urban settlement and agriculture, the Murray River corridor is subject to many ongoing edge effects such as weed invasion and feral predators. Bridal Creeper likes sandy and friable soils. It has invaded some areas of natural bushland, e.g. sandhills in Victoria Park and along the lower Campaspe River, Echuca.

Kerang natural wetlands

Description The Kerang natural wetlands priority asset includes Tragowel Swamp, Wandella forest, Lake Bael Bael plus the First, Second and Third Marsh.

The Kerang Ramsar-listed wetlands are recognised for their representativeness of Victorian wetland environment, flora and fauna values, and the provision of habitat for a large abundance of waterbirds. They are a priority asset group on a local and international scale. The Kerang wetlands are also rich in Aboriginal cultural heritage (to date, 450 cultural heritage sites have been recorded, with further surveying likely to reveal many more archaeological sites). They provided reliable sources of water as well as a rich and diverse supply of plant and animal resources for food, medicines, shelter, clothing and tools.

IPA threats Invasive plants are considered to be a very high threat to the native flora, fauna and habitat of the wetlands. Pest plants in the Kerang wetlands are common, having benefited from changed land and water management in the region. There are numerous terrestrial and aquatic invasive plant species, with Boxthorn, Willow and Spiny Rush being most predominant. Rabbits are ranked as a very high threat to the Kerang wetlands, impacting on flora, fauna and cultural heritage sites. Rabbits are causing detrimental damage to the natural environment. They compete with native wildlife for food and shelter, and contribute to a decline in the numbers of many native plants and animals. Within the Kerang wetlands, high populations of rabbits have led to the destruction of large areas of vegetation and the degradation of Aboriginal cultural heritage sites. Loss of vegetation promotes soil erosion, as the exposed soil is washed or blown away, resulting in slumping of the lunettes on the eastern side of the wetlands. Rabbit management practices will need to complement a fox management program to reduce the effect that foxes have on native fauna.

6 Communication, engagement and partnerships 6.1 Goal 4 – Engage the community and stakeholders Engage the North Central Victoria community in IPA management and develop community awareness and support for the vision and goals of the strategy

Effective IPA management in North Central Victoria relies on the involvement of the regional community. It is important that all stakeholders understand the significance of invasive species in the region, are aware of their responsibilities in managing them, and have opportunities to participate as partners in all aspects of invasive species management. The goals of this strategy will be communicated to stakeholders, particularly those with responsibilities for IPA management. Partners will be engaged in monitoring, evaluation and review processes.

Many of the goals detailed in previous sections require communication and engagement actions to support effective delivery. These actions are outlined below, along with the lead agencies responsible for implementation.

Actions Lead Partners responsibility

Raise awareness of the North Central IPA Strategy by regularly North Central CMA DPI communicating the region’s progress towards achieving its goals through the appropriate mediums, including: - making the strategy available via print copy and on the internet - producing a summary document - distributing information throughout Landcare and other community networks - contributing information to relevant publications - providing information at field days - coordinating regional media activity. Organise annual community invasive species forums to update the North North Central CMA DPI Central Victorian community on progress in IPA management, research Land owners findings and policy developments Create capacity building opportunities for key stakeholders through DPI North Central CMA regular training and extension activities Maintain information on high-risk species in the region and make this DPI North Central CMA readily available to the community via publications and the internet Support community-led efforts in targeted invasive species management DPI North Central CMA and asset protection through technical support Land owners Support opportunities for community biological control programs for DPI North Central CMA invasive species management, such as Weed Warriors Investigate and promote new opportunities for IPA funding North Central CMA DPI

6.2 Goal 5 – Manage IPA holistically Integrate invasive plant and animal management with other NRM programs, plans and partners in North Central Victoria

IPA do not recognise boundaries or land tenure. In addition, IPA will often be one of many threats to an asset. Without a coordinated approach, management of a single threat like an invasive species may be a wasted effort. Therefore, their management should be a holistic rather than a stand alone approach integrated with existing plans and projects. Developing partnerships is integral to creating awareness of opportunities for integrated natural resource management, and has other benefits such as reducing management costs.

Actions Lead Partners responsibility

Ensure consistency with existing management strategies and legislation North Central CMA DPI when determining appropriate invasive species management actions, (by communicating Land owners e.g. EPBC Act Recovery Plans, FFG Act Action Statements, Actions for this where possible, Biodiversity Conservation database, cultural heritage protection such as at annual processes and native vegetation guidelines invasive species forum) Develop processes to minimise the impact of invasive species North Central CMA management on cultural heritage Encourage the uptake of IPA priorities in regional and local operational, North Central CMA DPI extension and compliance plans and programs such as community grants, Land owners public land management plans, local weed action plans and community taskforces Support implementation of local government invasive plant management North Central CMA DPI strategies, particularly where they are part of a larger holistic/asset protection approach Support community and individual work addressing local priority invasive North Central CMA DPI plants, including through the use of Victorian Landcare Grants Provide opportunities for stakeholder and community consultation on North Central CMA IPA priorities over the life of the strategy Coordinate Regional IPA Working Group meetings to discuss IPA goals North Central CMA DPI and actions Land owners Community

7 A monitoring, evaluation, reporting and improvement framework The purpose of a monitoring, evaluation, reporting and improvement (MERI) framework is to demonstrate the extent to which the goals of the strategy are being achieved and to ensure that goals and priorities can be adapted to reflect current conditions and knowledge.

The framework below identifies a set of key evaluation questions, and data or evidence sources for the following strategy goals to: 1. Prevent the introduction of new high-risk IPA species, or eradicate those already present (declared or otherwise) in North Central Victoria. 2. Contain specific IPA species to identified core infestations in North Central Victoria. 3. Protect priority regional natural assets by reducing the impacts of IPA species in North Central Victoria. 4. Engage the North Central Victoria community in IPA management and develop community awareness and support for the vision and goals of the strategy. 5. Integrate IPA management with other natural resource management programs, plans and partners in North Central Victoria.

Goal 1: Prevent the introduction of new high-risk invasive plants and animals, or eradicate those already present (declared or otherwise) in North Central Victoria. Evaluation question Evidence, data and information required To what extent have surveillance networks and o Number of instances of passive surveillance detecting processes contributed to effective detection of new target species high-risk IPA species? o Proportion of high-risk areas under active surveillance To what extent have high-risk species already present in o Proportion of high-risk species for which eradication the region been eradicated? This includes work on state plans have been prepared and regionally prohibited species. o Change in area of high-risk invasive plant species o Number of species (if any) considered eradicated according to established criteria To what extent is the program preventing the o Number of instances of new high-risk species entering introduction of new high-risk plants and animals in the region Victoria? o Instances of pathways being targeted for prevention work (e.g. information provision, extension and enforcement)

Goal 2: Contain specific invasive plants and animals to identified core infestations in North Central Victoria Evaluation question Evidence, data and information required To what extent have containment targets been o Species with containment plans prepared that include identified (including core and satellite infestations)? documenting core and satellite infestations Are the species targeted for containment being o Measures of infestations over time contained? o Onground work – frequency, timing, etc.

Have the infestations of these species increased, o Number of infestations outside the agreed decreased or remained constant? containment area To what extent have core infestations been managed to o Changes in the spatial extent of the boundary of core prevent them from spreading? infestations o Number of spread pathways under active management Goal 3: Protect priority regional natural assets by reducing the impacts of invasive plants and animals in North Central Victoria Evaluation question Evidence, data and information required To what extent have IPA impacts on priority assets been o Distribution and abundance of invasive species per reduced? (the evidence and data for this area is subject priority asset to further refinement by DPI) o Measures of impact of IPA species reduced, such as: fox numbers; successful breeding/recovery of ground- inhabiting native species; rabbit numbers/active warrens; extent, density and distribution of invasive plants, etc. o Funding involved in managing that asset o Condition measures before and after IPA treatment How are asset priorities reviewed? If there is a o Documentation of formal process to review priorities knowledge change about the urgency of a threat to an o Reviews have occurred as needed, particularly as asset, how is that reflected in priorities? information gaps are addressed Goal 4: Engage the North Central Victoria community in IPA management and develop community awareness and support for the strategy’s vision and goals Evaluation questions Evidence, data and information required To what extent are the key stakeholders aware of the o Surveys of stakeholders groups before and after release IPA Strategy and supportive of its vision and goals? of the strategy To what extent are community and stakeholders aware o Longitudinal surveying of community and stakeholders of, and meeting, their roles and responsibilities in IPA management? To what extent does the IPA program provide o Review asset protection work to identify opportunities opportunities to receive, consider and respond to given for community input, and responses to community and stakeholder feedback? community input

Goal 5: Integrate invasive plant and animal management with other natural resource management programs, plans and partners in North Central Victoria Evaluation questions Evidence, data and information required To what extent do management plans for priority assets o Examples of management plans that include IPA include management of IPA species? o Management plans covering the priority assets identified in this strategy To what extent are IPA management actions, at the o Identify examples where IPA management actions have project level, coordinated with other project actions? been explicitly planned and coordinated with other actions to protect that same asset

7.1 Goal 6 - Monitor, evaluate and report on outcomes Provide a means to measure the effectiveness of strategy implementation and to adjust actions accordingly

Actions Lead Partners responsibility

Oversee MERI framework North Central CMA

Identify research and development opportunities to address gaps in DPI North Central CMA knowledge and baseline data Maintain an IPA information management system DPI Extract data from all partners on an annual basis and report on progress North Central CMA DPI towards meeting goals and performance indicators Land owners Coordinate an annual review of significance and threat levels and North Central CMA DPI management action targets for regional natural assets Land owners

Appendices Appendix 1 – Membership of North Central IPA Working Group Name Representation

Stuart McLean (chair) North Central CMA Board

Shane O’Loughlin North Central CMA Natural Resource Management Committee

Grace Grech Department of Primary Industries

Andrew Hodges Department of Primary Industries

David Mifsud Department of Primary Industries

Sharyn Williams Department of Primary Industries

John James Department of Primary Industries

Jessica Seidel Department of Primary Industries

Amy Groch Department of Sustainability and Environment

David McIlroy Department of Sustainability and Environment

Mark Tscharke Parks Victoria

Lachlan Milne Macedon Ranges Shire Council

Roger Baker Goulburn–Murray Water

Wendy Shea North Central CMA

April Curatolo North Central CMA

Rohan Hogan North Central CMA

Appendix 2 - Natural assets under threat from IPA in North Central Victoria

Priority asset group Asset Name Significance IPA threat level Brolga (Grus rubicunda) H VH Bush Stone-curlew (Burhinus grallarius) H VH Carpet Python (Morelia spilota metcalfei) VH VH Ground inhabiting animal Grey-crowned Babbler (Pomatostomus species temporalis) VH VH Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) VH VH Plains Wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus) H VH Hooded Scaly-foot (Pygopus schraderi) VH H Gunbower Creek Reach 38 VH M Gunbower Gunbower Creek Reach 39 VH M Gunbower Island and Forest E H Kerang drainage lakes H VH Kerang freshwater VH VH Kerang natural wetlands Kerang throughflow H VH Kerang 'unregulated' lakes VH M Murray River and associated riparian zone and Murray River riparian area adjoining floodplain (public and private land) VH VH Loddon West Road, Powlett Plains M H Small patches of remnant vegetation containing Patches of rare remnant rare species in Wedderburn Conservation vegetation Management Network area. H VH 'Sonny Troy's' H VH Striated Sun Moth (Synemon sp aff collecta) VH L Northern Plains Grassland Community E H Threatened grassland remnants Patho Plains Grasslands E H Plains Grassland on Victorian Volcanic Plain VH M Arching Flax-lily (Dianella sp. aff longifolia Threatened plant species (Benambra)) VH H Bendigo Spider-orchid (Caladenia sp. aff. fragrantissima (Central Victoria) VH H Brilliant Sun-orchid (Thelymitra mackibbinii) VH H Castlemaine Spider-orchid (Caladenia clavescens) VH H Dainty Phebalium (Phebalium festivum) VH H Broad-lip Diuris (Diuris X palachila ) VH H Downy Swainson-pea (Swainsona swainsonioides) VH H Habitat for threatened orchids VH H Inland or Woodland Leek-orchid (Prasophyllum sp. aff. validum A) VH H

Priority asset group Asset Name Significance IPA threat level Jericho Wire-grass (Aristida jerichoensis var. subspinulifera) VH H Late-flowered Flax-Lily (Dianella tarda) VH H Lowly Greenhood (Pterostylis despectans) VH H McIvor Spider Orchid (Caladenia audasii) VH H Pale Flax-lily (Dianella sp. aff. longifolia (Riverina) VH H Emerald-lip Greenhood (Pterostylis smaragdyna) VH H Red Swainson-pea (Swainsona plagiotropis) VH H Red-cross Spider-orchid (Caladenia cruciformis) VH H Shiny Daisy-bush (Olearia passerinoides subsp. glutescens) VH H Silky Swainson-pea (Swainsona sericea) VH H Slender Darling-pea (Swainsona murrayana) VH H Small Scurf-pea (Cullen parvum) VH H Southern Shepherd's Purse (Ballantinia antipoda) VH H Spiny Rice-flower (Pimelea spinescens) VH H Stiff Groundsel (Senecio behrianus) VH H

Stuart Mill Spider-orchid (Caladenia cretacea) VH H

Sutton Grange Greenhood (Pterostylis agrestis) VH H Tough Scurf-pea (Cullen tenax) VH H Velvet Daisy-bush (Olearia pannosa subsp. cardiophylla) VH H Western Water-starwort (Callitriche cyclocarpa) VH H Winged Peppercress (Lepidium monoplocoides) VH H Yan Yean (Swamp) Leek-orchid (Prasophyllum sp. aff. occidentale F) VH H Yellow-lip Spider-orchid (Caladenia xanthochila) VH H Coliban River Headwaters VH H Upper Catchment River reaches Kangaroo Creek Reach 21 VH VH Loddon River Reach 10 VH H Valuable roadside (and other linear reserve) Valuable roadside vegetation native vegetation VH H Assets with marginal IPA threat Growling Grass Frog (Litoria raniformis) VH L Campaspe River Reach 6 VH L Cryptic Sun Moth (Synemon theresa) VH L Eltham Copper Butterfly (Paralucia pyrodiscus lucida) VH L Golden Sun Moth (Synemon plana) VH L Greater Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus timoriensis) (eastern form) VH L

Priority asset group Asset Name Significance IPA threat level Mount Franklin M L Mt Ida Forest H L Murray Hardyhead (Craterocephalus fluviatilis) VH L Northern Golden Moth Orchid (Diuris protena) VH L Northern Riverine Plains Red Gum / Lignum depressions VH L Oat Kangaroo-grass (Themeda avenacea) H L Pale Sun Moth (Synemon selene) VH L Pink Tailed Worm-lizard (Aprasia parapulchella) VH L Ridged Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum porcatum) VH L Rose Hill H L Shelbourne Nature Conservation Reserve VH L Skinners Flat H L Sunday Morning Hills VH L Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolour) H L

Appendix 3 – State Prohibited Weeds

Current as of December 2010

These weeds do not yet occur in Victoria but would pose a significant threat if they invade; or if they are present, they pose a serious threat and it is reasonable to expect that they can be eradicated from the state. Under the CaLP Act, DPI is responsible for treating and monitoring of all invasive plants proclaimed as State Prohibited Weeds across all land tenures.

Common name Botanical name Regional goal Management actions

Alligator Weed Alternanthera Eradication (Bendigo area) Support state eradication philoxeroides activities, awareness raising, training and surveillance Bear -skin Fescue Festuca gautieri Prevention Support state management actions Black Knapweed Centaurea nigra Further investigation Investigate distribution in the North Central CMA region (Wallace area) Branched Broomrape Orobanche ramosa Prevention Support state management actions Camelthorn Alhagi maurorum Prevention (known in the Support awareness raising, Wimmera/Mallee region) training and surveillance Giraffe thorn Acacia erioloba Prevention Support state management actions Hawkweed Hieracium species Prevention (previously Surveillance of previously treated treated) population at Trentham Horsetail Equisetum species Prevention (previously Surveillance of previously treated treated) population at Daylesford Ivy-leaf sida Malvella leprosa Eradication (Kerang, Swan Support state eradication Hill, Cohuna, Boort areas) activities, awareness raising, training and surveillance Karoo Thorn Acacia karroo Prevention Support state management actions Knotweeds Fallopia japonica, Fallopia Further investigation Investigate distribution in the sachalinensis and Fallopia North Central CMA region x bohemica Lagarosiphon Lagarosiphon major Prevention Support state management actions Lobed Needle Grass Nassella charruana Prevention (known around Support awareness raising, Melbourne) training and surveillance Marijuana Cannabis sativa Prevention Support state management actions

Common name Botanical name Regional goal Management actions

Mesquite Prosopis species Eradication Support state and national (WONS) eradication activities, awareness raising, training and surveillance. Refer Appendix 2 Mexican Feather Grass Nassella tenuissima Prevention Support state management actions Nodding Thistle Carduus nutans Prevention Support state management actions Parthenium Weed Parthenium hysterophorus Prevention Support state management actions Perennial Ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya Prevention Support state management actions Poverty Weed Iva axillaris Further investigation Investigate distribution in the North Central CMA region (Newstead, Quambatook, Kerang areas) Salvinia Salvinia molesta Prevention Support state management actions Tangled Hypericum Hypericum triquetrifolium Eradication (Tarnagulla Support state eradication area) activities, awareness raising, training and surveillance Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Further investigation Investigate distribution in the North Central CMA region

Appendix 4 – Regionally Prohibited Weeds in North Central Victoria

Current as of December 2010

These invasive plants have a high potential to spread but are not widely distributed. Public and private landholders are responsible for their control. Eradication may be possible.

Common name Botanical name Regional goal Management actions

African Daisy Senecio pterophorus Prevention Surveillance (Maryborough area) African feather grass Pennisetum macrourum Prevention Surveillance (Guildford area) Boneseed Chrysanthemoides Contribute to containment Support existing regional monilifera subsp. by eradicating isolated management actions. Refer also monilifera infestations to Appendix 7

Californian/Perennial Cirsium arvense Eradication Support existing regional Thistle management actions Scotch Thistle Onopordum acanthium Eradication Support existing regional subsp. acanthium management actions Serrated Tussock Nassella trichotoma Contribute to statewide Support existing regional containment by management actions eradicating all known satellite infestations Soldier Thistle Picnomon acarna Eradication Support existing regional management actions

Appendix 5 – Regionally Controlled Weeds in North Central Victoria

Current as of December 2010

These invasive plants are widespread and require continuing control measures, with a focus on asset- protection.

Common name Botanical name African Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum African Love Grass Eragrostis curvula Amsinckia Amsinckia spp. Artichoke Thistle Cynara cardunculus Bathurst Burr Xanthium spinosum Blackberry Rubus fruticosus agg.* Caltrop Tribulus terrestris Cape Tulip (one-leaf ) Moraea flaccida Cape Tulip (two-leaf) Moraea miniata Golden Thistle Scolymus hispanicus Gorse/Furze Ulex europaeus* Horehound Marrubium vulgare Illyrian Thistle Onopordum Illyricum Khaki Weed Alternathera pungens Noogoora Burr/Californian Burr Xanthium strumarium (incl. X.occidentale & X.orientale) Paterson’s Curse Echium plantagineum Prairie Ground Cherry Physalis viscosa Prickly Pear (drooping) Opuntia monocantha Prickly Pear (erect) Opuntia stricta Russian Knapweed/Hardheads Acroptilon repens Silver-leaf Nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium Spiny Burr Grass/Gentle Annie Cenchrus longispinus Spiny Rush Juncus acutus subsp. acutus St John’s Wort Hypericum perforatum subsp. veronense Sweet Briar Rosa rubiginosa Thorn Apple Datura spp. Wheel cactus Opuntia robusta Wild Garlic Allium vineale * Victorian Community Weed

Appendix 6 – Restricted Weeds in North Central Victoria

Current as of December 2010

These invasive plants must not be sold or traded in Victoria.

Common Name Botanical Name Angled Onion Allium triquetrum Apple of Sodom Solanum linnaeanum Athel Pine, Tamarisk Tamarix aphylla Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis Bridal Creeper Asparagus asparagoides Buffalo Burr Solanum rostratum Cabomba Cabomba caroliniana Cape Broom/ Montpellier Broom Genista monspessulana Chilean Cestrum Cestrum parqui Chilean Needle-grass Nassella neesiana Devil's Claw (Purple-flower) Proboscidea louisianica Devil's Claw (Yellowflower) Proboscidea lutea (gazetted as Ibicella lutea) Dodder Cuscuta spp. English Broom Cytisus scoparius Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Flax-leaved Broom Genista linifolia Great Mullein Verbascum thapsus Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Hemlock Conium maculatum Hoary Cress Lepidium draba (gazetted as Cardaria draba) Hymenachne Hymenachne amplexicaulis Lantana Lantana camara Mimosa Mimosa pigra Onion Weed Asphodelus fistulosus Ox-eye Daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Pampas Lily-of-the-Valley Salpichroa origanifolia Parkinsonia Parkinsonia aculeata Pond Apple Annona glabra Prickly Acacia Acacia nilotica subsp. indica Ragwort Senecio jacobaea Rubber Vine Cryptostegia grandiflora Saffron Thistle Carthamus lanatus Sand Rocket/Sand Mustard Diplotaxis tenuifolia Skeleton Weed Chondrilla juncea Slender/Shore Thistle Carduus tenuiflorus / C. pycnocephalus Soursob Oxalis pes-caprae Spear Thistle Cirsium vulgare Spiny Broom Calicotome spinosa Spiny Emex Emex australis

Common Name Botanical Name St Barnaby's Thistle Centaurea solstitialis St Peter's Wort Hypericum tetrapterum Star Thistle Centaurea calcitrapa Stemless Thistle Onopordum acaulon Stinkwort Dittrichia graveolens Topped Lavender Lavandula stoechas Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima Tufted Honeyflower Melianthus comosus Tutsan Hypericum androsaemum Variegated Thistle Silybum marianum Viper's Bugloss Echium vulgare Wild Mignonette Reseda luteola Wild Teasel Dipsacus fullonum Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera (gazetted Wild Watsonia as W. meriana ‘Bulbillifera’) Willow* Salix spp. *Except Salix alba var. caerulea, Salix alba x matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix X calodendron, Salix caprea ‘Pendula’, Salix matsudana ‘Aurea’, Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’, Salix myrsinifolia and Salix X reichardtii.

Appendix 7 – Weeds of National Significance (WONS) of importance in North Central Victoria

Current as of December 2010

Common name Botanical name Regional goal* Management actions*

Alligator Weed Alternanthera Eradication o Refer to Appendix 3 philoxeroides Athel Pine Tamarix aphylla Further investigation o Map extent o Support Caring for our Country actions – map, record, eradicate and monitor naturalised Athel Pine in riparian areas and high-risk plantings near ephemeral lakes, streams and in riparian areas. Increase awareness of impacts, risk, control options and alternate species. o Confirmed sample at Lake Meran. Kerang cemetery to be confirmed. Athel Pine Tamarix ramosissima Further investigation o As per T. aphylla. Lake Boga presence Blackberry Rubus fruticosus spp. Asset protection o Presence of blackberry with largely agg. unknown distribution. Prioritise areas for control of core infestations based on protection of identified assets, especially around agriculture and biodiversity values. Provision of mapping and surveillance projects. o Coordinate activities with Victorian Blackberry Taskforce (African) Boneseed Chrysanthemoides Eradication o All boneseed in the region is considered monilifera subsp. outlier and is targeted for eradication, monilifera with view to establishing containment line at NSW/Vic border (supporting NSW efforts towards eradication). Mapping is also a high priority. Raise awareness of threat to inland areas. Develop and implement education and awareness programs aimed at all stakeholders, with emphasis on school resources. Bridal Creeper Asparagus Asset protection o Core infestation of bridal creeper. asparagoides Focus should be on identification and protection of key assets and maintenance of active biological control agents. Further mapping to refine distribution knowledge will assist with prioritisation. Consider

Common name Botanical name Regional goal* Management actions* establishing/maintaining containment zones to prevent further spread. Support community groups with targeted control, training, biocontrol redistribution and awareness raising. Cabomba Cabomba spp. Prevention (known o Surveillance and ID training are key around Goulburn- priorities Broken CMA region) Chilean Needle-grass Nasella neesiana Containment o Classed as Chilean Needle-grass core infestation o Mapping and surveillance are key activities required to verify this classification and to assess the need for a northern containment line. o Establish containment lines around northern boundary of the core infestation, followed by strategic control of Chilean Needle-grass and asset protection (environmental and agricultural*). Gorse Ulex europaeus Asset protection o Gorse is present in this region (the south is a core infestation area), though some areas (e.g. to the north) are likely to be outlier populations that are high priority for eradication or control. o Coordination with the Victorian Gorse Taskforce activities Lantana Lantana camara Containment o Naturalised Lantana currently unknown in this region o Education and awareness required to encourage early detection, reporting and control of new infestations o Ongoing enforcement of the ban on sale and distribution (Velvet) Mesquite Prosopis velutina Eradication o Isolated Mesquite plants are known in the region and are subject to an ongoing control program o A very high priority for eradication o Follow-up control and delimitation required Parthenium Weed Parthenium Eradication o Parthenium does not occur in this hysterophorus region. Focus on education and awareness, and linkage with key NRM stakeholders. Salvinia Salvinia spp. Prevention o Salvinia not currently present but the

Common name Botanical name Regional goal* Management actions* region is identified as at risk of invasion. Implement landholder education and awareness campaigns to prevent introduction. Serrated Tussock Nassella trichotoma Contribute to state- o All Serrated Tussock in this region is wide containment via considered an outlier population. It is eradication of all targeted for control/containment and know satellite ongoing monitoring. infestations o Priority activities for this region are: onground control; awareness-raising; ID and hygiene education/training; education on transportation of agricultural products; good grazing management; rehabilitation /restoration of treated areas. o Coordinate activities with the Victorian Serrated Tussock Working Party Willows Salix alba Target S. cinerea for o Asset protection to contain/reduce Salix babylonicas.l. eradication. Other impacts of willow species. Salix babylonicas.s. willows: prevent o Continue mapping new areas and spread and protect Salix cinerea update data in existing areas of extent assets of willow species and feed information Salix fragilis back to the National Willows Program Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’ o Develop awareness and skills on willow Salix X rubens identification

* Goals and actions adapted from WONS management actions, Australian Government

Appendix 8 – Undeclared high risk species in North Central Victoria

These species are considered to be the highest risk undeclared invasive plants in North Central Victoria. The list includes species nominated for State Prohibited or Regionally Prohibited Weed declaration as part of the Noxious Weed Review, as well as Victorian Alert Weeds where they pose a risk in North Central Victoria. It also includes other species of concern that do not necessarily meet noxious weed criteria but warrant attention due to their potential impact. Management actions include supporting or developing control and/or awareness programs.

Many local governments also have environmental weeds of significance which highlight priorities for local action.

Common name Botanical name

African Weed Orchid Disa bracteata Annual Mercury Mercurialis annua Arrowhead Acetosa sagittata Arum Lily Zantedeschia aethiopica Asparagus Fern Asparagus scandens Basket Willow Salix viminalis Blanket Weed Galenia pubescens Bluebell Creeper Sollya heterophylla Bridal Veil Asparagus declinatus Broadleaf Privet Ligustrum lucidum Bugle Lily Watsonia meriana Cane Needle-grass Nassella hyalina Canary-grass Phalaris canariensis Chain-link Cactus (Abrojo old) Cylindro puntia tunicata var. tunicata Chilean Rhubarb Gunnera tinctoria Cypress Spurge Euphorbia cyparissias Desert Ash Fraxinus angustifolia Divided Sedge Carex divisa Dwarf Arrowhead Sagittaria pygmaea Espartillo Achnatherum caudatum Fireweed Senecio madagascariensis Galenia Galenia pubescens Gazania Gazania linearis Harlequin Flower Sparaxis bulbifera Giant Arrowhead Sagittaria montevidensis

Common name Botanical name

Giant Hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum Hairy Willow-herb Epilobium hirsutum Hedge Cactus Cereus hildmannianus Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Large-leaf Cotoneaster Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Leaf Cactus Pereskia aculeata Leafy Spurge Euphorbia esula Moon Cactus Harrisia martinii Old Man's Beard Clematis vitalba Pale-fruited Asparagus Asparagus declinatus Pampas Grass Cortaderia selloana Perennial Veldt-grass Ehrharta calycina Shrubby Crassula Crassula tetragona Small Leaf-privet Ligustrum sinense Smoke Bush Buddleja madagascariensis Spotted Knapweed Centaurea maculosa Texas Needle-grass Nassella leucotricha Trailing Gazania Gazania rigens Tricolor Harlequin-flower Sparaxis tricolor Toowoomba Canary-grass Phalaris aquatica Tree Tobacco Solanum mauritianum Velvet Cotoneaster Cotoneaster pannosus Ward’s Weed Carrichtera annua Whisky Grass Andropogan virginicus White Weeping Broom Retama raetam

Refer to local government documents for local environmental weeds of significance.

Appendix 9 – Invasive animal species of concern in North Central Victoria

The species below are considered to be the invasive animals of greatest concern in North Central Victoria and fit within the scope of the North Central IPA Strategy.

Established pest animals are a serious threat to primary production, Crown land, the environment and community health in Victoria. Land owners have the responsibility to take all reasonable steps to prevent the spread of and, as far as possible eradicate, established pest animals on their land. It is not possible to eradicate these pest animals from the state; therefore asset protection is the most effective approach to minimise their impact on priority assets.

Common name Species name CaLP Act Declaration

European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Declared established pest animal European Hare Lepus europaeus Declared established pest animal Red Fox Vulpes vulpes Declared established pest animal Wild Dogs Canis familiaris Declared established pest animal Feral Cat Felis catus Undeclared Feral Goat Capra hircus Declared established pest animal Feral Pig Sus scrofa Declared established pest animal Feral Deer Species to be identified Currently declared under Wildlife Act

Appendix 10 – Cultural heritage works requirements

Should any Aboriginal cultural heritage be discovered or uncovered before, during, or after works activity, the following steps must be taken:

1. If Aboriginal objects or places are found, stop work immediately in the vicinity of the find and report the discovery to Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. It is a mandatory requirement to report discovery of Aboriginal cultural heritage under section 24 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. Do not remove any cultural heritage material.

2. Should any human remains be found or uncovered, all work must stop immediately. The Police must be notified immediately. Do not remove any human remains or bone material.

3. Any Aboriginal cultural heritage discovered before, during, or after the proposed work must be avoided. Therefore, no harm is permitted at all unless in accordance with an approved Permit.

References Department of the Environment and Water Resources (2007a), Australian Pest Animal Strategy: A National Strategy for the Management of Vertebrate Pest Animals in Australia, Australian Government, Canberra.

Department of the Environment and Water Resources (2007b), The Australian Weeds Strategy: A National Strategy for Weed Management in Australia, Australian Government, Canberra.

Department of Natural Resources and Environment (2000), Rabbit Management Action Plan 2000–05 North Central Region, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Primary Industries (2010), Improving Biosecurity at a Regional Scale by Managing Regionally Prohibited Weeds (RPW). North Central RPW Pathways of Spread Mitigation Strategy, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Primary Industries (2009a), A Guide for the Control over the Possession, Trade and Movement of Declared Pest Animals, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Primary Industries (2009b), Guidelines for the Development of Regional Pest Plans, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Primary Industries (2009c), Invasive Plants and Animals Policy Framework, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Primary Industries (2009d), Biosecurity Strategy for Victoria, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Primary Industries (2008a), Review of Noxious Weeds in Victoria, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Primary Industries (2008b), Weeds and Pests Initiative: Developing Regional Pest Plans, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Sustainability and Environment (2003), FFG Act Action Statement #17: Inland Carpet Python (Morelia spilota metcalfei), Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007), Guidelines and Procedures for Managing the Environmental Impacts of Weeds on Public Land in Victoria, Victorian Government, Melbourne

Department of Sustainability and Environment (2010), Invasive Species web page,

Department of Sustainability and Environment (2009), Securing our Natural Future: A White Paper for Land and Biodiversity at a Time of Climate Change, Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Gong W, Sinden J, Braysher M & Jones R (2009), The Economic Impacts of Vertebrate Pests in Australia, Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra.

Massam M, Kirkpatrick W & Page A (2010), Assessment and Prioritisation of Risk for Forty Introduced Animal Species, Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra.

Murdoch F A (2007), Evaluating the Effects on Buloke Regeneration of Increased Browsing by Rabbits – Hattah Kulkyne National Park: Final Report, FA & PJ Murdoch, Colignan, Victoria.

Parks Victoria (2003), Prioritisation of Rabbit Control within the Parks Victoria Estate, Heidelberg, Victoria.

Robley A, Pelican M, Kotaih I & Choquenot D (2004), Mapping the Potential Biodiversity Benefit of Fox Control Across Victoria, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.