Topic: Name: ______Date:______

Carbon Objective: - SWBAT explain the structure and function of the four organic/ carbon Compounds compounds: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Questions/Main Ideas: Bonds What are three types of 1. Ionic bond= strong bond where one element gives up electrons to bonds in molecules? another element 2. Covalent bond= strong bond where electrons are shared by both elements 3. Hydrogen bond= weak bond between hydrogen atoms

Carbon= 6th element on the period table; makes compounds organic

Organic Chemistry- the study of carbon compounds - Carbon atoms form strong covalent bonds. - Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms making unlimited chains with single, double, or triple bonds. How are polymers Macromolecule= “giant” molecules made? Polymerization/ Dehydration Synthesis = making large compounds (polymers) from simple monomers using covalent bonds - “mono” = one; - “poly” = many - releases water in the process

How are polymers Hydrolysis- breaking down organic compounds (polymers into monomers) broken down into - requires water monomers? - breaks the covalent bonds

Carbohydrates= main/ first source of energy - Structure- Found in a ratio of (1:2:1)= 1 Carbon: What are the 4 Carbon 2 Hydrogen :1 Oxygen (Example: C6H12O6) Compounds? - Monomer= Monosaccharides- single sugar molecules. Examples: glucose, galactose (milk), and fructose (fruit) - Disaccharides- two monosaccharides put together Examples: maltose, lactose (milk), sucrose (table sugar) - Polysaccharides- long chains of carbohydrate molecules. Examples: glycogen (in animal muscle tissue) and cellulose (in plants)

Lipids= store energy. - Structure- Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Different structures of lipids: - Saturated- maximum number of H+ atoms used; the BAD BOYS! Unhealthiest version - Unsaturated- contain at least 1 C=C bond, liquid at room temperature - Polyunsaturated- more than 1 double bond

Examples of lipids: - Triglycerides- found in solid state and liquid state as oil - Phospholipids- responsible for the structure and function of cell membranes - Waxes- in beehives and plant leaves - Steroids- chemical messengers like cholesterol and hormones

Nucleic Acids - Structure- made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. - Monomer= nucleotide o Phosphate o Base (made of nitrogen o Sugar (5 carbon) - Ex.: DNA, RNA, and ATP (made up of 3 phosphates and stores energy for the cell) Proteins - Structure- made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. - Monomer= Amino Acids - There are more than 20 different amino acids - Proteins are joined together by peptide bonds - Shapes of a protein: o Primary- long thin line of amino acids o Secondary- 3D folds o Tertiary- “glob” Functions of proteins include: - Control reactions - Regulate cell functions - Form bones and muscles - Fight disease - Transport substances