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OUTRIGGER CANOE RACING IN HAWAII' ITS ECONOMIC IMPACT

Mike Markrich LOANCOPY ONLY

Sea Grant Marine Economics Report

July 1988

UNIHI-SEAGRANT-ME-88-02 UH SeaGrant College Program Honolulu, Hawaii

Contribution No. 65 Ocean Resources Branch Departmentof Businessand Economic Development State of Hawaii

This work is the result of research project PM/M-2A, "Economic Impacts of Ocean Sports Promotional Events in Hawaii" ! sponsoredin part by the University of Hawaii SeaGrant CollegeProgram under Institutional Grant No. NASIAA-D-00070 from NOAA, Office of Sea Grant,U.S. Department of Commerce;and by the OceanResources Branch, Hawaii Departmentof Businessand EconomicDevelopment. The U.S. Governmentis authorizedto produce anddistribute reprints for governmentalpurposes notwithstanding any copyrightnotations that may appearhereon. This reportwas published by theUniversity of Hawaii SeaGrant College Program. Mike Markrich is a programeconomist with the University of Hawaii SeaGrant College Program, 1000 Pope Road, MSB 220, Honolulu, HI 96822.

The views expressedin this report do not necessarilyreflect those of the University of Hawaii, the University of Hawaii SeaGrant College Program,or the OceanResources Branch of the Hawaii Departmentof Businessand Economic Development. Any errors are the solere- sponsibility of the author. Any commercialproduct or trade namementioned herein is not to be construed as an endorsement.

The National SeaGrant College Programis a network of institutions working together to promote the wise use, development,and conservationof the nation's coastal,marine, and GreatLakes resources. Provisions of the National SeaGrant College and ProgramAct of 1966 called for the creation of SeaGrant Colleges,and in October 1972,the University of Hawaii was designatedone of the first five SeaGrant Collegesin the nation. Locally, SeaGrant is a unique partnership of university, government, and industry focusing on marine research, education,and advisory/extensionservice. Ka Ho'ohanohano

Ka ho'ohanohano nei keia palapala i ka hana nui a John Peter Kapua, Jr.

Ua ha'awi aku 'o ia i kona manawa he nui i na 'opio o Hawai'i ola mau ai ka pa'ani kahiko o ka hoe wa'a i Hawai 'i nei.

This report is dedicated to the memory of John Peter Kapua, Jr.

He gave much of his time to the youth of Hawaii so that the ancient sport of Hawaiian canoe paddling might live. ABSTRACT

Outrigger canoe racing competitionsin Hawaii have direct and indirect regionaleconomic impacts that are conservatively estimated at morethan $6 million per year. On the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii, outrigger canoeracing eventsgenerate significant economicactivities. Theregattas and long- distanceraces held by the canoeracing associationsattract large numbersof people and stimulatespending on sportsequipment, clothing, food, hotel, and air transportation. Theyalso encourageincreasing numbers of U.S.mainland and international paddlers to come to Hawaii in order to compete.In addition to economicbenefits, outrigger canoeracing provides social programs and activitiesfor many economi- cally disadvantagedyoung people. However, despite the sport's social and economic contributions,few facilities are availablefor the sport, and canoe club organizers have experienceddifhculty in obtaining the infrastructural support necessaryfor further development. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank the many peoplein the Hawaiian outrigger canoeracing communitywho assistedme in preparingthis report.I would particularlylike to thankthe late JohnKapua, Lei Peltier,and Peter Apo of Na Ohana0 Na Hui Wa'a Association,Inc.; Michael A. Tongg,president of the HawaiianCanoe Racing Association; Moku Froiseth, Edie Van Giesen,Tilton Morse, and Joan Malama of theOahu Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association; Walter Guild andHenry Ayau of the OutriggerCanoe Club; Mary JaneKahanamoku, Albert Kaahili, andMike Atwood of Moku 0 Hawai'i; Leimomi Perreiraof the Maui County Hawaiian CanoeAsso- ciation; and Diane Daniels of the GardenIsland CanoeRacing Association.I would alsolike to expressmy thanksto authorand water sports expert John Clark and ocean recreationspecialist Dr. JanAuyong for reviewingthis manuscript.Lastly, I would like to thank the OceanResources Branch of the Hawaii Departmentof Businessand EconomicDevelopment and the Universityof Hawaii SeaGrant College Program for making this report possible.Special mention should also be made of the outstandingwork performedby the Hawaii SeaGrant publications staff. TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEFINITIONS

A SHORT HISTORY OF CANOE RACING IN HAWAII.

METHOD OF DETERMINING RACE EXPENDITURES.

CANOE RACING ASSOCIATIONS .

Oahu Hawaiian CanoeRacing Association. .6 GardenIsland CanoeRacing Association 11 Na Ohana 0 Na Hui Wa'a Association, Inc 12 Molokai CanoeRacing Association 13 Maui County Hawaiian CanoeAssociation 15 Moku 0 Hawai'i Canoe Racing Association 17 RelatedOrganizations 21

EXTERNAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS . 22

HAWAIIAN CANOE RACING ASSOCIATION STATE CHAMPIONSHIP REGATTA 22

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES 24

PROBLEMS 27

CONCLUSIONS 30

RECOMMENDATIONS 32

BIBLIOGRAPHY . 32

APPENDIXES . 33

Appendix A. RepresentativeHui Wa'a CanoeRegatta: ExpenditureDistribution 35 Appendix B. Molokai Long-DistanceRace Expenditures . 36 AppendixC. Maui Long-DistanceRace Expenditures ..... 37 AppendixD. HCRAState Championship Race Budget 38 LIST OF TABLES

Table

1 Hawaiian CanoeRacing AssociationMembers

2 Representative OHCRA CanoeRegatta: ExpenditureDistribution Chart.

3 Representative OHCRA Long-Distance Race: ExpenditureDistribution Chart for Duke Kahanamoku,1986

HCRA State Championship Regatta: ParticipatingPaddlers and Associations. 22 Hawaiian CanoePaddling EstimateEquipment Expenditures, 1986 ...... 25 Hawaiian CanoePaddling Estimate Total Expenditures,1986 31 DEFINITIONS

Outriggercanoe regattas in Hawaii are all-day competitionsinvolving the crews of a numberof canoeclubs. In mostregattas, the clubs are membersof the specificcanoe racing association that sanctions the event. Each association plans a yearly schedule of regattas generallyfrom May through August! and establishesits own rules and procedures.

The regattasare held in nearshoreareas or lagoons where carefully surveyedrace coursescan be laid out on the water. The competition lanes are laid out over a presetdistance, with the number of lanes determined by the number of active clubs within the sponsoring association. The lanes are marked with buoys and set so that several canoes can race abreast without colliding.

The heatsin which canoecrews competeare known as events.Depending on the association,there are an averageof 25 to 30 events in each regatta. The events are categorizedaccording to skill level, distance, sex, and age i.e., senior men's, junior women's!. The winning canoecrew of each event contributespoints to the club that it represents.The club that fields the greatestnumber of winning crews wins the most points and hence the regatta.

Regattas generally involve large numbers of people. The reasons for this are that ! there are a large number of different events, ! canoe racing rules prohibit paddlers from competingin morethan one event, thereby increasing the needfor morecrews, and ! many of the paddlersbring their friendsand family membersto the eventas supporters.A paddler may wait most of the day to participatein one event. As a result social interaction at the regattabecomes an importantpart of the experienceand many peoplecome not to compete but to visit with friends and relatives.

Long-distance races are single category distance events that take place between two presetlandmarks. These races are held in nearshoreareas or betweenislands. They vary in lengthand expense from small-scale,inexpensive races to large-scalecompetitions, such as the 40.8-mile Molokai to Oahurace. Long-distance races attract fewer crowdsthan regattas. They are popular invitational eventsfor canoeclubs and associationsthroughout the state. They have also done much to develop the international aspectof the sport and have attracted increasing numbers of competitors from other states and countries.

A SHORT HISTORY OF OUTRIGGER CANOE RACING IN HAWAII

The sport of modern outrigger canoe racing has its origins among the practices of the ancient Hawaiian nobles, or ali'i. Although there is little information on the role of canoe racing in pre-contactHawaii, the writings of 19th century historians David Malo and Abraham Fornandersuggest the racesfigured prominently in ancientHawaiian gambling practicesin which races,people gambled not only their worldly possessionsbut their lives. Malo wrote that racing canoespaddled far out to sea and then pulled for land. "If they touched the beach at the same time, it was a dead heat, but if a canoe reached the shore first, it wasthe victor, andgreat would be theexultation of thosewho won andthe sorrowof those who lost their property" Fornander,1878!. The winning of canoeraces brought recognition and status to chiefs in ancient Hawaii. It was therefore common for chiefs to seek champion paddlersamong the men in their villages to develop crews capableof winning bets and meeting the challenges of rivals.

Interest in canoe racing remained high until Captain James Cook arrived in 1778 and westerncultural influencesbegan to grow. In populatedareas, traditional racing andfishing canoes gradually gave way to European-style craft, and by the mid-1800s canoe races had completely disappeared.Missionaries encouraged this change.They acted forcefully to discouragethe sport becauseof its connectionwith gambling. However, the missionaries were powerlessto stop the popular regattasheld in Honolulu Harbor by Europeanand Americanship captains, in which gamblingalso played an importantpart. The Americanand Europeancaptains did not makeuse of Hawaiiancanoes. Instead, they usedimported barges, sculls, and other racing craft from sources throughout the world in their regattas.

The harbor regattaswere enjoyedby Hawaiiansand foreignersalike. In 1875, King Kalakaua, who was enthusiastic about both ocean sports and Hawaiiana, included Hawaiian canoeracing as a small segmentof a regattahe was sponsoring.Between 1875and 1933, seniormen's canoeracing and canoesailing raceswere the only eventsregularly included in thesecompetitions. Although this did not satisfy the desiresof many interestedpaddlers, the inclusion of theseevents helped maintain canoe racing skills that might otherwisehave been lost.

The first modern regatta held exclusively for canoes took place in the village of Napo'opo'o on the islandof Hawaii in 1933.An estimated20,000 people attended. A surge of interest in the sport followed, and for the next 4 years it grew steadily. Then, interest declinedjust assuddenly as it hadbegun. Football and baseball were the growing attraction», and canoe racing could not compete for public attention. The number of active participants in canoeracing dropped,and by the time World War II broke out on December7, 1941, canoe racing events were no longer being held in Hawaii.

In 1943, a small revival of the sport took place. A group of paddlers received permissionfrom the Islands' military governmentto hold a canoerace in the Ala Wai Canal. Interest resumed and grew steadily through the late 1940s. By 1950, the sport had grown to the point wherethe canoe clubs felt it necessaryto form an organizationthat would establish a uniform set of rules and procedures.This organizationwas called the Hawaiian Canoe Racing and Surfing Association, a name later shortened to the Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association HCRA!.

Prior to World War II, all racing canoeswere laboriously madefrom koa wood. The expenseof acquiringkoa and the difficulties involved in building traditional racing canoes limited racing to only the few clubs with skills and financial resources.In addition, the shortage of canoes made it difficult for the sport to expand becauseit limited opportunities for peoplewanting to compete.With canoesin short supply and six men to a crew,most of the competition in regattaswas limited to a smallgroup of paddies,primarily males.

During the postwarperiod, however,new meansof building outrigger canoeswere developed.Fiberglass technology made it possibleto constructmolds of popularkoa racing canoesand reproduce them. Soon the numberof canoesincreased, and so did the numberof canoe paddlers. Participation expanded to include women, young people, and people from many ethnic groups and walks of life.

The sport grew steadily through the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s, the number of people taking part in it doubled. The rapid growth created a situation in which both the number of clubs and the number of paddlers grew faster than the HCRA's ability to maintain control. As a result numerous disputes developed within the organization over such issues as the use of koa canoes versus fiberglass canoes, neighbor island autonomy versus control from the Honolulu-based HCRA, and complaints that HCRA policies were too restrictive.

In 1973, a number of clubs formed their own association, the Hui Wa'a Surfing and Racing Association now known as Na Ohana 0 Na Hui Wa'a Association, Inc.!. Although largely Oahu-oriented, it included several clubs from the neighbor islands. The association held its own regattasand championships until 1976,when its membersagreed to participate in the HCRA-run state championships.

In 1979the HCRA wasrestructured in responseto requestsfrom neighborisland clubs for more control over their own affairs. Centralized control over state canoe races from Honolulu was abandoned in favor of an organization of interconnected but semi- autonomous canoe club associations on Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. The restructuring brought a further growth in participation.

As the sportdeveloped, it beganto takeon newforms. Whereas the first regattaswere simple affairs in which nearby clubs would gather for informal competitions, regattas evolvedinto carefully plannedday-long tournaments that involved hundredsof peopleand took months to organize.

In 1952,the Molokai-Oahu CanoeRace marked the developmentof a new kind of competition: an open-waterrace betweenset points on two different islands.This type of race differs from regattasin that it calls for a crew of nine people insteadof six. It also involves an escortboat. Only six peoplecrew the boatat any onetime, but at carefully paced intervals,three paddlersin eachcanoe change with threeothers resting in the escortboat. This ensures that the paddlers remain fresh over the entire 40-mile distance.

The Oahu-Molokairace developed into the popular BankohMolokai Hoe, which has becomeone of the bestknown canoeraces in the world. As a resultof its success,other long- distanceraces have becomepopular, and today long-distanceoutrigger canoe races of varying lengths are held throughout the state. These races attract entrants from Hawaii, the U.S. mainland, and several foreign countries.

The newest variation is the "ironman" long-distance race, an endurance event in which paddlers compete without crew changes or escort boats. These races have become increasingly popular becauseof their low cost. In addition, an effort is currently underway to integratecanoe racing with kayaking and other olympic paddlingevents.

The combinationof regattasand long-distanceraces has madecanoe racing one of Hawaii's most popular and visible summersports. In recognitionof this, as well as of the largenumber ofpeople involved incanoe racing, the Hawaii legislature passed a resolution in 1986proclaiming canoe racing the state's official team sport.

METHOD OF DETERMINING RACE EXPENDITURES Theeconomic benefits of c;inoeracing competitions can be evaluated in terms of direct andindirect expenditures. Direct expenditures arethose monies spent by canoe associations or memberclubs on itemsrelated to a regattaor long-distancerace e.g.,marker buoys, souvenirt-shirts, and security!. Indirect expenditures are those secondary or tertiaryexpen- dituresthat can be attributed to a canoepaddling event e.g., spectators purchases!. These are derivedfrom direct expenditures byapplying the standard .74 entertainment multiplier. The .74multiplier isderived from the United States Department ofCommerce tables and is used bythe Hawaii Department ofBusiness andEconomic Development todetermine theindirect effectsof entertainmentand recreationalspending, Informationon canoe club and regatta expenditures was gathered by means of a survey of canoeclub participants and canoe club organizers. The survey was conducted from October1985 through March 1987. Canoe club association participants onOahu, Molokai, Kauai,Maui, and Hawaii, were interviewed inperson or by telephone. Inthe interviews, the participantswereasked specific questions asto the size, nature, and frequency ofcanoe club activities. Hawaiiancanoe racing associations differ from sport-enthusiast organizations inother partsof theUnited States inthat they look upon themselves notonly as canoe paddlers but alsoas members of a select"ohana," or extendedfamily. For thisreason, many of the associationsand clubs depend on thedonations of theirmembers and supporters for organizationalneeds. Items such as canoes orthe use of escort boats are often donated, and expendituresareshared communally toreduce costs. In addition, items such as insurance, medallions,and benefit t-shirts are purchased collectively by theassociations to cover the needs of individual clubs. Expendituresincluded in thisreport include such items as insurance, officiating, lunches,etc., that are paid for by activeclub members and their supporters at or in preparationforcanoe racing competitions. Many of these expenditures, suchas officiating andinsurance, are amortized over a season.As a result,per-unit listings are estimates. In addition,a distinctionwas made between regattas and long-distance races. Because regattas followa standardizedformat, their expenditures are based on representative regatta costs for eachof theisland canoe racing associations that hold them. However, because long-distance racesvary greatly their expenditures, distance, entry fees, etc., are listed individually by island association. Theexpenditures ofcanoe paddlers are classified interms of the competitions inwhich theyparticipate. The figures for daily expenditures of out-of-state participants are based on estimatesbythe Hawaii Visitors Bureau, which says visitors from the mainland spend about $100 per day. CANOE RACING ASSOCIATIONS

Eight outrigger canoe racing associationsare currently active in Hawaii. Several inactive associations also exist. Although the active organizations differ in size, location, andoperating procedures, they sharea commonpurpose: the promotion of traditional canoe racing as a modern sport.

All of the associationsbelong to the HawaiianCanoe Racing Association HCRA!, the state's largest canoeracing organization Table 1!. They are the Oahu Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association OHCRA!; Na Ohana 0 Na Hui Wa'a Association, Inc. Hui Wa'a!; Moku 0 Hawai'i Canoe Racing Association MOHCRA!; the Maui County Hawaiian Canoe Association MCHCA!; the Garden Island Canoe Racing Association GICRA!; the Molokai Canoe Racing Association MCRA!; and Na Opio, an Oahu-based high school canoe paddling association and Na Wahine 0 Ke Kai, a small organization which hosts a women's Molokai-to-Oahu canoerace each year. The numberof activities regattas,long- distance races, etc.! held each year by the individual associations varies according to the numberof active participantsand the availability of adequatefinancial resources.Although theseorganizations are f'ree to maketheir own decisionsas to the way their regattasand long- distanceraces are conducted,they conform to standardHCRA rules when competingin the HCRA-sponsored annual state championship regatta.

TABLE 1. HAWAIIAN CANOE RACING ASSOCIATION MEMBERS*

Long-Distance Association Regattas R Clubs Paddlers SupportersEvents

OHCRA Oahu! 16 2,800 4,750 31

Hui Wa'a Oahu! 12 1,600 4,000 30

MOHCRA Island of Hawaii! 1,300 1,000 25

MCHCA Maui! 1,012 4,048 30

GICRA Kauai! 600 31

MCRA Molokai!

Total 34 33 53 7,112 14,998 147

~Na Opio and Na Wahine 0 Ke Kai are not included in the abovetable due to the specializednature of their activities Oahu Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association

The Oahu Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association OHCRA! is the largest and most influentialcanoe racing organization in thestate. It is madeup of 16active clubs and about 2,800active paddlers. In 1986,OHCRA and its memberclubs held seven regattas and four long-distanceraces. To paythe cost of theseevents, OHCRA and its memberclubs sponsor fund-raisingevents such as the annualBlue HawaiianMoonlight Concert. They alsohold food and t-shirt sales.They collectdues from membersand actively solicit donationsof money,goods, and services from businesses and individuals. Because expenditures of canoe regattasand long-distance races differ from yearto year,OHCRA organizers have devel- opeddifferent systems for puttingon theirregattas and long-distance races.

Regattas The costof puttingon regularseason regattas is sharedby OHCRAand its member clubs Table 2!. The OHCRA commits to paying certain expensesat eachregatta such as insurance,lane setting,refreshments for judges,surveyor's sound equipment, tents, and officials' shirts.It paysfor theseby conductingfund-raisers and raising money through its membership.It can be assumedthat theseexpenditures averaged $2,100 at each 1986 OHCRA regular seasonregatta.

TABLE 2. REPRESENTATIVE OHCRA CANOE REGATTA: EXPENDITURE DISTRIBUTION CHART

Expenditutefor 15 Active OHCRA Sponsoring Participating paddiers Association Club Club Canoe Clubs

Insurance $200 Security $ 225 Food/refreshments 250 Rental tents 80 Escort boats 525 Lane setters 600 Surveyors 150 Medals 1,200 Trophies 400 Equipment replacement 150 $75 T-slurts 45 1300 Gas 25 Entry forms 25 Entry fees 300 Soundsystem PA! 250 Miscellaneous $15 $10

Subtotal $2,100 $3,800 $42,000« $56,000

«Totalexpenditures for all 15clubs per regatta = $109,900 Other expensesare borne by clubs within the OHCRA that agree to act as sponsors for OHCRA regattas. The sponsor clubs are expected to provide security costs, medals, and trophies. These costs amount to approximately $2,300 per regatta. The greatest part of these expenses involve the buying of medallions and trophies. The medals are particularly expensive as they are imported from Italy.

Certainclubs agreeto bearthese costs in return for the exclusiveright to sell t-shirts to the participantsand spectators at theevent. They do this in anticipationof making a profit on the shirts that they can apply to their canoeclub operatingcosts.

Assuming that each sponsor club invests in at least $1,500 worth of shirts, their expendituresaverage $3,800 at eachregular seasonOHCRA regattaevent.

The expensesof participating canoeclubs can also be estimated.Each of the clubs spendsapproximately $400 on entryfees, food, andmiscellaneous equipment. Assuming that thereare 15clubs participating in eachregatta, than $6,000 is spentcollectively by these clubs during the competition.

The 2,800 paddlers taking part in the regattasalso have expenditures.The usual practicefor athletesat a regattais for eachpaddler to participatein one heator racing event during the day. The remainderof their time is spentsupporting their teammates.Since there are as many as 33 separateracing heatsheld during the regatta,an athletespends consider- able time at theseregattas waiting to raceor socializing with friends. Much of this time is spenteating or drinking soft drinks.

Assumingthat each paddler spends $15 per dayon suchthings as either food anddrinks sold at the event,a souvenirt-shirt, floral leis as gifts for teammates,or somecombination of theabove it canbe estimated that they collectively spend $42,000 at a typicalregatta.

Additionalexpenditures are made by supporterswho are the family or friends.Canoe cluborganizers estimate that supporters expenses vary at between$5 to $15.People come to theseevents either for a wholeday to supporta teamor for a few hours to seea friend in a particularevent. For example,some families buy food in largeamounts for theseevents and servetwo andthree meals during the courseof a day.Other people come as individuals and spend nothing.

Becausethe supporters are so transient they vary in bothnumber and typical expenditures.Some buy souvenirt-shirts and foods in the sameamount that paddlers do. Others spendonly a few dollarson food, leis, or gas.Much of the food and drinks boughtby supportersis saidto be purchasedat marketsand convenience stores in thevicinity of the event.

Assumingthat at leasttwo supporterscome to a regattafor eachactual paddler and that eachspends at least$10 on foodor leis,a conservativeestimate of theirexpenditures at an OHCRA regattatotals $56,000during a regatta. If all of the moneyspent at a regularseason OHCRA regattais totalled, expenditures are equivalent to $109,900.Assuming that each of the six regular seasonregattas have approximatelyequivalent expenditures the total would be equal to $659,400.

The end of seasonOHCRA championshipregatta is underwrittensolely by the association. The costsof this regattaare estimatedto be $6,900,which is $1,000more than an averageregular seasonregatta. The increaseis due to the increasedcosts of publicity, championshipawards, and the useof a moreelaborate sound system. If this amountis added, total OHCRA regattaexpenditures can be estimatedto come to $770,300during a typical seven-regatta season.

Long-Distance

In addition to the regattas, OHCRA sanctions four long-distance races each year. They are the ! Dad Center Race, a women's race from Kailua Beach to the Outrigger Canoe Club in Waikiki 4 miles!; ! the Skippy KamakawiwaoleRace, men's andwomen's races from the Outrigger CanoeClub to Pokai Bay 1 miles!; ! the Duke KahanamokuClassic, a men's race from Magic Island to Lanikai 6 miles!, and a women's "ironman" race no change of crews! within a triangle course in Kailua Bay miles!; and ! the Bankoh Molokai Hoe, a men's race from Molokai to Oahu 0.8 miles!.

The division of expendituresfor OHCRA long-distanceraces is different from that for regattas. The OHCRA provides each of the races with the insurance protection required by law, raceofficials, oneofficial escortboat, and sanctioning authority. This totals about$425 per race.As with the regattas,sponsor clubs also assumepart of the cost.

The clubs or institutions that sponsorthe racesare responsiblefor providing one or more official escortboats, gasoline for the boats,a percentageof eachparticipating crew' s entry fee, medals, trophies, and food for officials. Although the amounts paid out by the sponsorclubs areoften the samefrom one year to the next, the amountspaid for particular goodsand serviceschange constantly because the clubs actively solicit donationsand in- kind servicesto reducecosts. The donationsenable the sponsorclubs to dealwith increasing costs.

An example of how OHCRA sponsor clubs apportion their payments in long-distance races may be seen in the Duke Kahanamoku Canoe Race Table 3!. In 1986, the OHCRA spent$425 on raceinsurance, official escortboats, and food for officials. The race sponsor, Lanikai CanoeClub, spent$2,600 on the following: $300 for medals,$250 for security, $1,750 for t-shirts, $100 for a public addresssystem, $50 for lunch for officials, $150 for gasolinefor threedonated escort boats, as well as $50 for miscellaneousexpenses.

Each participating crew spentapproximately $510 on its expenses.These expenses were $400 for an escort boat, $60 for gasoline, and $50 for special high energy food supplementsand drinks. Entry feeswere $40 for menand $27 for women.This brings total cost per crew to $537 for the women and $550 for the men involved in the Duke KahanamokuCanoe Race. If these expendituresare summedfor the 39 men's and 30 TABLE 3. REPRESENTATIVE OHCRA LONG-DISTANCE RACE: EXPENDITURE DISTRIBUTION CHART FOR DUKE KAHANAMOKU, 1986

Expenditures Association Sponsoring Club Participating Crews Lanikai Canoe Club!

Insurance $200 Escort boats 175 Donated $400 Food 50 $50 50 Medals 300 Security 250 Entry fees 27 W! 40 M! Gas 150 60 T-shirts 1,750 Sound system PA! 100

Subtotal $425 $2,600 $16,110 W!* $21,450 M! 4

Total $40,585

~$527 x 30 = $16,110 t$550 x 39 = $21,450 women's crewsin the event,their combinedexpenditures equalled $37,560. Total association, administrative,and participant expendituresfor the Duke KahanamokuCanoe Race can be estimated to come to $40,585.

The Dad Centeris a women'scanoe racing event sporting a competitivefield of 18 crews. Racecosts include $425 in administrativecosts spentby the OHCRA and $1,200 spentby its sponsorthe Outrigger Canoe Club. Theentry feefor therace is $15. Expenditures for the crew costs covering escort boat rental, food supplements,and gasoline were approximately$510 per crew and $9,450for 18 crews.Total Dad Centerrace costscan be calculated to be $11,075.

The Skippy KamakawiwaoleRaces is a pairof racessponsored by the OutriggerCanoe Club. It includes races for both men and women. In 1986, 24 men and 18 women crews participated.Its costsincluded $425 in OHCRA costsand $2,000 in sponsorcosts paid by the Outrigger CanoeClub. Its entry fees are $25 per crew. Per crew costsfor gasoline,escort boat rental, and food supplementsare also $510 and totalled $22,470.Total Skippy KamakawiwaoleRaces expenditures can be calculated to be$24,895.

The abovefigures do not takeinto accountthe expenditures made by long-distance racecrews practicing for thecompetitions. It is estimatedthat each of thecrews participating in theseOHCRA membership races spends at least 10 weekends per year practicing. During thesepractice sessions, it is customaryfor eachcrew to arrangefor anescort boat to follow it asa safetymeasure. The boat owners donate the use of theirboats and in returnthe clubs pay$60 per race for gasolineexpenses, per practice session and per race.

Assumingthere are 18 womenand 24 mencrews competing in the OHCRAlong- distanceraces on a regularbasis, their total expenditures for practicesduring and prior to the canoeracing seasoncome to $25,000.

The Bankoh Molokai Hoe race, sponsoredby Bank of Hawaii, involves OHCRA expendituresof approximately$28,000 986 figure!.It is thelargest and most expensive canoeclub raceorganized in Hawaii.The highercost of the raceis dueto its length.The shorterraces are 1-dayaffairs, but preparationand participation in the Molokairace can involveup to 3 daysor more.Escort boats, for example,must be hired,driven across the Molokai Channel,and then driven backwith therace. Besides the $200entry fees,each crew of nineparticipating in the1986 Molokai race spent roughly $2,000 each on food, overnight accommodations,barge transport for canoes,airfare, vans, a boatescort, fuel, andmiscella- neouscosts. Therefore, the 52 crews participating in therace spent approximately $104,000 a conservativeestimate, since some crews were said to have spent more on hotel accommodations,escort boats, van transportation,and food.

In addition to theseexpenditures, there are thoseof the 10 or so teamsof 12 paddlers each that come from out-of-state. In 1986, crews came from California, Illinois, and Tahiti. Most of thesepaddlers stayed in Hawaii at least one week. Assuming their expenditures immediatelybefore and after the racewere about the sameas those of stateteams, their race expensescan be lumped with thoseof theother teams. Their living costsfor theadditional 5 daysthey spendin Hawaii can also be calculated.Assuming that eachof the 120out-of- stateoutrigger canoeteam membersspend at least $100 per day over a 5-day period in Hawaii, their additional expenditurestotal $60,000.In addition, someout-of-state clubs spendan unspecified amount on canoe rentals. If theseexpenditures are added to thoseof the BankohMolokai raceexpenditures, its total economicimpact can be estimatedto havebeen $192,000 in 1986.

The BankohMolokai Hoe hasa significantimpact on the Molokai economy.A number of Molokai stores,restaurants, hotels, and other businesses were informally surveyedfor this reportand asked what impact the race had on theirbusiness. All s,iidthat the Molok;iirace weekend, Christmas, and New Year's are their most profitable periods.

If the expendituresfor the four OHCRA long-distanceraces, in terms of organizing costs,entry fees,and crew-related spending, are totaled, they amountto $293,555.When this total is added to that of regatta-relatedexpenditures, OHCRA-related expendituresare estimated to come to $1,869,120.

10 Garden Island Canoe Racing Association

The Garden Island Canoe Racing Association GICRA! is made up of four active canoe clubs. In 1986, GICRA clubs took part in four regular-seasonregattas, one championship regatta,six long-distanceraces, and the PrinceKuhio Invitational Long DistanceRace.

Regattas

The regular-season regattas on Kauai are small-scale competitions that cost each sponsorclub about$100 per regatta. These costs involve spendingfor boatgasoline, ribbons, beer, and soda. There are no charges for security on Kauai, and all other services such as surveying, lane setting, and canoe hauling, are donated. An estimated 250 paddlers attended each of the four regattas sponsored by GICRA canoe clubs in 1986. Kauai canoe club organizers estimated that each paddler brought at least one supporter.

The singlemost expensive regatta is saidto be the GICRA championship,which costs about $1,250 to put on. The cost for the championshipis higher becauseit involves expenditures for insurance, lane setting services, gasoline for two escort boats, food for officials, t-shirts for officials, and about $550 for medals.

At eachregular-season canoe racing regatta,the paddlersspend approximately $15 apiece on food, gasoline, and leis. On Kauai, the clubs do not organize food concessions or regular t-shirt sales as is done in other areas. Because the Kauai paddlers sometimes travel long distances,they bring enoughmoney for gasoline,leis, and two meals.Assuming that 250 paddlersattend each of the five regattas,their expendituresare calculatedat the rate of $3,750per regattaor, $18,750for the five-regattaseason.

Supporterswere said to spend$10 eachat the regular-seasonregattas because they pay only for meals, leis, and refreshments.Assuming each paddler brings one supporterper regatta,supporter expenditures are estimatedto be $2,500,or $12,500for the five-regatta season.

If the expendituresper regatta for the sponsorcanoe club, the paddlers, and the supportersare totaled,they come to $6,350.Total expendituresfor the four regular-season regattascome to $25,400.The expendituresfor the GICRA championshipcome to $7,500. Total regattaexpenditures come to $32,900.

Long-Distance Races

In addition to the regattas,the Garden Island CanoeRacing Association generally puts on six long-distanceraces each year for GICRA membersonly. The racescost approximately $200 each $1,200for the six! and are paid for by the clubs that sponsorthem. The outlay coversthe costof insurance,boat gasoline, and refreshments. There are no entry fees.

The largestcanoe racing competition held on Kauai is the PrinceKuhio Long Distance Race,an invitational, that is open to off-island canoeclubs. It is currently the only GICRA racerequiring entry fees.In 1986,it attracteda fieldof 14crews from Kauai andsix from the neighbor islands. Organizersestimated it cost $2,000 to put on the event. This amount

11 covered the costs of insurance,security, officials, an escort boat, medals, t-shirts for officials, souvenirt-shirts, a publicaddress system, refreshments, and an official party. The entryfees for thecompetition were $50 for Kauaicrews and $100 for off-islandcrews. The feestotaled $1,300. In addition,each of the six enteringcrews from off-island spent$400 on round-trip bargetransportation for their canoes.

Each crew brought six people and spent money on refreshmentsand boat fuel. Assumingthese expenditures were $110 per crew, the 20 crewsspent $2,200. The six off- island crews stayedat least two nights and spentabout $175 per personfor airfare, hotel, transportation,and meals.Their expenditurescame to approximately$6,300. Thus, total Prince Kuhio race expenditurescame to $14,200. The amount spent on GICRA long- distanceraces is $15,400.The total spentfor both the regattasand long-distanceraces is $48,300.If the $670 spentannually by the GICRA associationon food, travel, and other costsis addedto this figure, it booststhe tally to $48,970.

Na Ohana 0 Na Hui Wa'a Association, Inc.

Na Ohana0 Na Hui Wa'a Association,Inc., known henceforthin this report by its abbreviatedtitle, Hui Wa'a! is oneof the two largestcanoe-paddling organizations on Oahu. It consistsof 11 active clubs and about 1,600paddlers. Each year the associationputs on sevenregular seasonregattas, a championshipregatta, and four long-distanceraces of varying lengths Appendix A!.

Regattas

Hui Wa'a divides the costs of each of its eight regattas this way: the association pays $1,900for insurance,security, officiating, four escortboats, lane setting, and the useof race equipment e.g., race flags and buoy markers!; each sponsorclub pays $2,650 to cover refreshmentsfor officials, equipment,souvenir t-shirts, medals,trophies, entry fees,and a soundsystem Appendix A!. For the Hui Wa'a championship,another $1,000 is spenton a specializedsound system, trophies, publicity, and other expenses.

In additionto theseregatta expenditures, there are those generated by participatingHui Wa'a canoeclubs. Unlike OHCRA, which chargeseach of its participatingclubs anentry fee for a pre-determinednumber of participatingcrews, Hui Wa'a hasa divisionalentry system that allows its larger clubs to field as many crews as they choose.As a consequence,the amounteach club spendson entry fees varies between$80 and $300, dependingon the numberof crewsthey enter.Assuming that miscellaneousfood andequipment expenditures come to $50 per crew, each of the 11 active Hui Wa'a clubs at every regatta spendsan averageof $200.

Additional expendituresmade at the regattascome from the spendingof participating paddlersand their supporters.Hui Wa'a organizersestimated that roughly 4,000 supporters attendeach regatta. Assuming that eachof the 1,600paddlers spent $15 on two meals,a souvenirt-shirt, and leis, it can be estimatedthat their expenditurestotalled $24,000per regatta.Hui Wa'a organizersestimated that the 4,000 supporterswho came to the regatta

12 spentapproximately $10 each.Their collective expenditurescan be estimatedto come to $64,000per regatta.

If eachof the sevenregular-season regattas generates $70,750 in expendituresand the championshipgenerates an equalamount plus an extra $1,000,total Hui Wa'a regatta- relatedexpenditures come to $567,000.

Long-Distance Races

In 1986, Hui Wa'a sponsored four long-distance races. These races were ! the Waikiki Beach Boys' Long Distance Race from Magic Island to Diamond Head, ! the Kamoe Canoe Club Pokai Bay Long Distance Race at Haleiwa, ! the Sarah Kapua Long Distance Race in Waimanalo, and ! the Manukai Canoe Club Haleiwa Long Distance Race. These races were shorter and involved fewer paddlers than those organized by OHCRA clubs. They ranged in length from 8 to 12 miles, or about half the distance of the OHCRA races. Each race involved expenditures by Hui Wa'a of between $850 and $1,000 for insurance, refreshments, officiating, four escort boats fuel only!, and transportation vans,etc.!. In addition, the sponsoringclubs spentabout $600 per race on gasolinefor an escort boat, officials, refreshments for officials, awards, and medals.

It is estimatedthat eachof the 178 men's and women's crews participating in these eventsspent at least $35 on entry fees and $50 on refreshmentsand miscellaneousitems. Becauseof the shorterlength of the races,escort boatsfor Hui Wa'a crews are generally donated.Assuming $5,800 was spentputting on four racesand $15,130 by participating crews, $20,930 was spent on Hui Wa'a long-distanceraces in 1986. Total Hui Wa'a outrigger canoe club-related expendituresfor both regattasand long-distanceraces are estimated to be $587,930.

Molokai Canoe Racing Association

The Molokai CanoeRacing Association MCRA! is the smallestcanoe racing organization in the state.It consistsof threeactive clubs and about 100paddlers. Being small, the organizationlacks the financial resourcesto sponsorregattas and long-distanceraces of the size and numberother associationssponsor. Its membersparticipate in Maui regattasbut hold none of their own. They do, however,sponsor three long-distanceraces in Molokai waters.In addition to these,individual crews from the threeclubs participatein the Queen Liliuokalani, BankohMolokai Hoe, Duke Kahanamoku,and other long-distanceraces each year.

Regattas

The numberof crews sentto participatein Maui regattasvaries from one year to the next. The decision to send crews is based on the interest of club members and on the amount of moneyon hand.However, each year the three largest clubs on the islandtry to sendat least one or two crews under the age of 18 to a Maui regatta so their paddlers will receive experiencein regattacompetition.

13 In 1986, nine crews were sent to participate in Maui regattas by Molokai canoe clubs. It cost eachclub an estimated$500 to sendtwo to three crews to a regattaon Maui. Costs included transportation,van rental, and overnight accommodations.To cut expenses,the crews which included six paddlers,two alternates,and a coach!traveled to Maui by boat, atecommunal meals, and spent the night at a Mauicanoe club member'shome. In 1986,the nine Molokai crewsspent about $1,700 traveling to andfrom theMaui canoeracing regattas.

Long-Distance Races

In 1986, the MCRA sponsoredthree long-distance races: ! a Maui-Molokai race for men and women which extended from D.G. Flemings on Maui to Kaunakakai, Molokai, a distance of 23 miles; ! the Frank Ka'ahunui Invitational Race which, for women, extended 4 miles from Pukoo to Kamolo Wharf, and for men, from Kamolo Wharf to Kaunakakai pier, a distanceof 10 miles!; and ! the Tony Castor Mokuoniki Ironman Race, which was a 12-mile circular race that extended from Honoliwai, around Mokuoniki, and back. The collective organizingcost for putting on theseraces was $2,600 Appendix B!.

The Maui-Molokai race was the most expensiveof the MCRA races.It cost MCRA about $2,000 for the escortboats, t-shirts, miscellaneousadministrative costs, a post-race luau,and awards. In 1986,this raceattracted 23 crews,each of which spent$150 on anescort boat, $50 on entry fees, and $50 on food and drinks. Thus the race involved total expendituresof about$7,750.

As for the Frank Ka'ahunui Invitational Race, five crews participated in the women' s race and sevencrews in the men's. Thesewere shorelineraces that did not require escort boats.Organizing costs were $300. Each crew spentat least$50 on food anddrinks, and$12 on entry fees.In addition, the eight crewsthat camefrom Maui for the race spent$500 each on canoe transportationand other expenses.Total expenditurescame to approximately $5,044.

The Tony Castor Mokuoniki Ironman Race was also estimated to have cost the MCRA $300. In 1986, only three crews participated.Entry fees were $50 per crew. It was an "ironman" racethat did not requireparticipating crews to hire escortboats for crew changes. Assumingthat eachparticipating crew also spentat least$50 on food and drinks, expendituresfor the Tony Castorrace totaled$600.

Total MCRA Molokai raceexpenditures were estimatedto be $13,394.

The MCRA organizerssaid that becauseso many of their goods and servicesare donatedby Molokai residents,their listed expendituresactually underrepresentthe costsof the long-distanceraces. For example,trophies that clubs on other islands must buy, are handcarvedon Molokai. Such trophies would otherwise cost as much as $400 per long- distance race.

The organizerssay putting on racesand attendingoff-island canoeracing eventsputs a strainon their financial resources.As a result,MCRA club membersspend almost half the year raising funds selling Portuguesesausage, sweet bread, etc.!. One MCRA organizer said that Molokai paddlersspend almost as much time fund-raisingas they do paddling.

14 Maui County Hawaiian CanoeAssociation

The Maui County Hawaiian CanoeAssociation MCHCA! is the third largestin the state.It is made up of six active canoeclubs and about 1,000 active paddlers.In 1986, MCHCA clubs participatedin six regular-seasonregattas, a pre-seasonregatta in Hana,and 11 long-distanceraces. It differs from other outriggercanoe racing associationsin the state in that it includes its MCHCA championship regatta The John M. Lake Regatta! as a regular part of its regatta season.

Regattas

MCHCA regattasare paid for almostentirely by the association.Money is raisedfor the associationthrough benefit fund-raisersand set fees approximately$500 per club in 1986!, which are collected from participating clubs at the beginning of the year. The associationthen handlesthe costsof such things as insurance,security, medals,trophies, gasoline for escort boats, and souvenir t-shirts. MCHCA organizers say the cost of each regular-seasonregatta, as well as the end-of-season championship regatta, is approximately $1,6 X!.Additional MCHCA needsare met through contributionsby Maui County, which supplies canoe racing marker buoys, surveys the canoe race courses,and employs a part-time canoe racing specialist in its recreation department to help organize and coordinate canoe racing events.These services save the canoepaddlers hundreds of dollars eachyear.

Expenditures incurred by the sponsor club are about $200 for refreshments, $100 for gasoline for donated escort boats, $2,000 for fund-raiser and souvenir t-shirts, and $300 for entry fees and miscellaneous canoe maintenance costs. These expenditures come to $2,600 per regatta.

Each of the participating canoeclubs spendsan estimated$350 on entry fees and gasolinefor its boat. Assuming there are five participating canoeclubs in eachregatta in addition to the sponsorclub, their collective expenditurescome to $1,750per regatta.

Eachpaddler spends about $15 at eachregatta for two meals,automobile transportation, and leis. Assumingthere are 1,000active paddlersat eachregatta, their total expenditures are estimatedto be $15,000.MCHCA organizersestimate that each paddler brings betweenone and four supportersto eachevent. They cite two reasonsfor the large turnout: first, canoeracing regattasfigure prominently in the summeractivities of Maui residents; and second,the regattashave becomepopular visitor attractions.Assuming at least 2,000 supportersattend every event and each spends $10, estimated spending comes to $20,000per regatta.

If these expendituresare totaled, each Maui regatta involves spending of about $41,000.Assuming that there are six regattasper season, total MCHCA regular-season and championshipregatta expenditures come to $246,000.

15 Hana Regatta

The HanaRegatta is a pre-seasoncompetitive event held eachMay at the invitation of the HanaCanoe Club. It is the singlelargest gathering in Hana.Hotels, condominiums, and privaterentals are booked weeks in advance.Unlike other competitive regattas sanctioned by theMCHCA, the results of theHana Regatta do notcount toward the overall standings of participatingclubs. Expenditureson the regatta,which is madeup of 28 events,are about equal to those of other regattas.The cost of setting up and running the event is roughly $1,700.The entry fee for eachof the estimated500 participantsis $1 per event,half that of other regattas.However, becausethe Hana Regattais unique in permitting participantsto enteras many different categoriesof competitionas they choose all otherregattas limit each participantto only one event!, the entry feestotal around$800.

Seventy-fiveto 100participants in the regattacome from Hana.The remaindercome from thesix otherparticipating MCHCA clubs.Each of the visiting clubs spendsabout $300 on food, transportation,and one night's accommodations.Assuming six MCHCA clubs participatein the HanaRegatta every year, their expenditurestotal $1,800.

Some440 adult paddlersand 60 paddlersunder the ageof 16 participatedin the 1986 HanaRegatta. Each of theyoung paddlers is estimatedto havespent $10 and the adults $30. The higher level of spendingrepresents the purchaseof two or moret-shirts on the day of the raceas well as food, leis, anddrinks after the regatta.Adult andyoung paddlersspent about $13,800.

Otherexpenditures are made by around1,000 supporters who go to the eventeach year. It is estimatedthat each spends at least$25 for food, gasoline,and souvenirs during the event for a total of $25,000.

Total expendituresassociated with the Hana Regattaare estimatedat $43,100.

Long-Distance Races

Each year MCHCA clubs attend 11 separatelong-distance races Appendix C!. The MCHCA-sponsoredraces include the Maalaea-LahainaLong DistanceRace, a men'srace 7 miles!; the John Kukahiko Relays,a combinationmen's and women's race 3 miles!; the QueenKaahumanu Race, a women'srace 3 miles!, and a men'srace called the Great Kahakuloa Race 2 miles!; the Kauikeaouli Race, men's and women's races 8 miles!; the Molokini-Kihei Race, men's and women's races 0 miles!; the Ben Abiera Race, a series of four 8-mile "ironman" sprints for men, women, and paddlersunder 18; the Kahana Invitational Race, a series of "ironman" races from 1 to 13 miles for men, women, and paddlersunder 18;and the Na Pili Invitational DoubleHull Races,a specialtyrace series for double-hull canoes,1 to 2 miles in length, with divisions for men, women,and children!.

A breakdown of crew size, race distances, and estimated costs can be found in Appendix C for MCHCA long-distanceraces.

Theorganizational expenses for theseraces range from a lowof $300to asmuch as $1,800.In 1986,the total organizingexpenses for the racescame to $8,000.Expenses for

16 participatingcrews varied accordingto the type of raceand sizeof the crew. Representative expendituresfor racesinvolving nine crew members included $12 to $18for entryfees, $50 for drinks and high energy foods, and $150 for an escort boat. Crews of six involved in "ironman" racespaid $12 in entry feesand $50 for food anddrinks. The crewsin the double hull canoerace were estimatedto havespent $100 eachfor food and drinks. Approximate crew and organizational expenditures for all MCHCA-sponsored long-distance races came to $30,714.

Total expenditures for the Maui County Hawaiian Canoe Association regular regattas, the HanaRegatta, and the MCHCA long-distancecanoe races come to $319,814.

Moku 0 Hawai'i Canoe Racing Association

Moku 0 Hawai'i Canoe Racing Association MOHCRA! is the organizing body for 11 active canoe clubs on the island of Hawaii. In 1986, it was made up of an estimated 1,300 active paddlers and sanctioned seven regattas and five long-distance races.

MOHCRA differs from other statecanoe racing associationsin that it is a small organization within a large geographic area. The distance between events makes fund raising for the association difficult and createssignificant transportation costs. As a result, much of the financial burden of putting on canoe racing events falls upon the individual canoe clubs that makeup the organization.The clubs that sponsorregattas and long-distanceraces pay their entire costs.The MOHCRA paysonly for the end-of-seasonchampionship regatta.

Regatlas

MOHCRA organizers estimate that each of the seven regattas including the MOHCRA championshiprace! costs about the sameamount: about $1,700 per regatta roughly $11,900over the season!.However, the actualfigures are saidto run much higher becauseindividual canoeclubs dependupon barter, donations, and Hawaii County services to help defray expenses.Some organizers estimated that each regatta would cost as much as $3,000 or more if they had to pay for the donated goods and services.

Regatta expensesin MOHCRA differ significantly from other associations in that so many of its expendituresare donatedrather than paid for. MOHCRA regattacosts include insurance,food for judges,lane setting services, personal expenses of raceofficials, medals and trophies,and in somecases, fees for the useof stateproperty. The cost of the medals, trophies, and insuranceconstitutes two thirds of each regatta's budget. Other goods and services,such as escort boat use, gasoline, food, and specialskills, aredonated. Savings are also realized through the contributions of Hawaii County, which uses its employeesto surveythe racecourses and to pick up rubbishafter eachevent. In addition, the County also sometimesallows the paddlersand their supportersto use tables and picnic equipment. However,these savings are offset by thecosts of certainstate requirements such as payment for the closureof Bay Front Highway in Hilo during the canoeregatta. It is lessexpensive to pay for the state to close the road than it is for MOHCRA to assume the insurance costs of having people cross the road before and during an event.!

17 In addition to the administrativeand set-upcosts borne by the regattasponsors, each participatingclub paysan entry fee that amountsto $4 per personper event,or about$24 per crew. Assumingthere is an averageof sevenentries per eventand 27 eventsper regatta,this totals $4,536for eachday of regattacompetition or $31,752over the entire season.

On the islandof Hawaii paddler-relatedexpenditures are different from thoseon other islands.Because 60 percentof the paddlersare under 16 and thereforeineligible to drive!, providing bus transportationover the long distancesbetween canoe-racing competitions is a significant expense.Total bus-transportationexpenditures are estimatedat $2,700 per season.

As a resultof the distances theseHawaii island paddlers travel, they tend to spend more and stay longer at the site of the regattas than their counterparts on other islands. The reason is that the regattas provide an opportunity for them to socialize with friends and relatives that they might not otherwise see regularly.

Each paddlerreportedly brings betweentwo and four family membersor friends to eachregatta. The paddlersand supporterswere said to havespent about the sameamount of money. A race organizer interviewed for this report said all participants and supporters customarilybuy lunchesfrom sponsor-clubconcessions rather than bring picnic lunchesin orderto help the sponsorclub meetits expenses.Assuming each of the 1,300paddlers at each eventand their 3,900supporters spend at least$10 eachon food, soft drinks, leis, or souvenir t-shirts, it is estimatedthat $52,000is spentby paddlersand supportersat eachregatta, and $364,000is spentover the courseof the entire regattaseason.

Other expenditures involve those of the three Kona clubs that travel to Hilo. Because the selection of goods there is greater than it is in Kailua-Kona, a number of the participants chooseto spendan extra day shopping.One MOHCRA organizerestimated that 100people from Kona spendat least$100 per day over a 2-dayperiod while shopping.Assuming that this is donethree times per year,the regattasrepresent an incomebenefit to Hilo of approximately $60,000.

If all regatta-related expenditures for the island of Hawaii are summed over the entire season,they come to $470,422.

Long-Distance Races

In 1986, Moku 0 Hawai'i Canoe Racing Association sponsored four long-distance races for clubs on the island of Hawaii and one large-scaleinvitational race to which mainland and internationalcrews were invited. The numberof long-distancecanoe races held by MOH clubs variesbecause the clubs operateon small budgets.Those clubs wishing to put on a long-distancerace invite other clubs within Moku 0 Hawai'i to pay an advance entry fee of between$60 and $100. If enoughcrews agreeto enter and enoughmoney is raised,the event is held. If not, the long-distancerace is canceled.Between 8 and22 clubs enter these races.

In 1986,the following long-distanceraces were held on the island of Hawaii: I! the A.J. McDonald Race from Keahou Bay to Kailua-Kona 8 miles for men, 6 miles for

18 women!; ! the Richard Smart Race from Kawaihae to Mahukona and back 7 miles for men, 13 miles for women!; ! the Auntie Alice Hauanio Race from Poohiki to Kalapana 2 miles for men, 6 miles for women!; ! the Dan Nathaniel Ironman Race from Hilo Bay Front to Onomea and back 3 miles for men, 6 miles for women!; and ! the Queen Liliuokalani Race from the City of Refuge to Kailua-Kona 8 miles for men, 11 miles for women!.

The A.J. McDonald, Richard Smart, Auntie Alice Haunio, and Dan Nathaniel races are local races, primarily for MOHCRA crews. The Queen Liliuokalani race is a large-scale invitational race. Each of the MOHCRA local races has different organizing and entiy fees. Fee expenditures for the previously mentioned races are as follows: A.J. McDonald, organizing fees $1,500!, entry fees $20 per child, $30 per woman,and $35 per man!; Richard Smart,organizing fees $1,500!,entry fees $50 per person!;Auntie Alice Haunio,organizing fees $2,000!,entry fees $30 per person!;and the Dan Nathaniel"Ironman", organizing fees $2,000!,entry fees $35 per person!.Organizing fees for the aboveraces total $7,000.

Crew expendituresfor long-distanceraces held on the islandof Hawaii generatelower per-crewcosts than long-distanceOahu races. Because of their generallyshorter lengths, it is customaryfor the useof escortboats in both training and competition to be donated.

In 1986,the expensesof the 105crews participating in the four long-distanceraces involving exclusively local participantsinvolved travel as well as gasoline,race, food, and beverageexpenses. Per crew racecosts for food and drink totalled $50 per crew. Gasoline costsfor the escortboats cost $60 per racecrew. Entry feesvaried between$35 and $50 per crew dependingon racerequirements. These costs varied between$145 and $160per crew per race.

Total crew, food, and gasoline expenditures in the A.J. McDonald, Richard Smart, Auntie Alica Haunio, and Daniel Nathaniel Ironman can be estimated to come to $22,445.

Additional travel costs also have been included for the clubs that had to travel across the Island in order to participatein theseevents. It was estimatedthat the averageclub that travelledto an eventon the islandof Hawaii spent$120 on transportationexpenses for four cars!,$50 on food and$50 on accommodation.Assuming that $220 was spentby four clubs at eachof four different locally sponsoredlong-distance races it is estimatedthat additional travel expenditures come to $4,400.

Total expenditures for these races can be estimated at $26,845.

Queen Liliuokalani Race

The largest and best known canoeingevent on the island of Hawaii is the Queen Liliuokalani Long DistanceRace. It consistsof an 11-milecourse for womenextending from Keauhou Bay to HonaunauCity of Refuge, an 18-mile race for men, extending from Honaunau to Kailua-Kona, and a 6-mile double-hull canoe race for both men and women.

In 1986, the Queen Liliuokalani race involved organizing expendituresof about $2,000.It attracteda fieldof 46 women'sand 51 men'screws. They camefrom the mainland USA, six crews!, neighborislands 6 crews!, and the island of Hawaii 5 crews!. Thirty-sixof thecrews participated in the"ironman" event which involved crews of six and no escortboat. The 61 other crews participatedin koa, non-koa,and mastersdivision racesthat involved crewsof nine andrequired escort boats for crew changes.Expenditures varied for eachcrew dependingupon the type of race entered.

MOHCRA canoe club organizersestimate that in 1986, the Queen Liliuokalani "ironman" crews spentan averageof 2 dayson the island of Hawaii. Eachcrew was made upof a teamof six paddlers,a coach,and two supportstaff. Their expenses were estimated percrew asfollows: $180for accommodations this rateassumes that severalpaddlers share each room!, $225 for food $25 per person with some meals donated!, $540 for air transportationto and from a neighborisland, $400 for round-trip canoetransportation by barge, and approximately$50 per crew on high-energysnacks and refreshments.These expensestotaled $1,395 per off-island crew participatingin the "ironman" division. Assum- ing that all 36 visiting clubs spent this amount, their total expenditurescame to about $50,220.

The crews participating in the koa, non-koa, and mastersdivision races incurred significantly higher expensesthan thoseparticipating in the "ironman" event. MOHCRA canoerace organizersdescribed each of thesecrews as consistingof a teamof 12 people: nine paddlers,a coach,and two alternatepaddlers. Each crew paid an entry fee of $100.

In 1986, six of the 61 crews participating in theseraces came from the mainland. Assumingthat the numberof paddlersand coaches per crew wasequal to that of the Hawaii crews,it was estimatedthat 72 peopleparticipated from out-of-state.Each of the mainland participants reportedly brought one additional person and spent one week in Hawaii. Assumingthat eachof the 144people from the mainlandspent $100 per day on hotel, food, transportation,and other expensesover a 7-day period their expenditureswere about $100,800.Additional expensesincluded canoetransportation or rental at $400 per crew, $175 for the useof an escortboat, and approximately$50 per crew for refreshmentsduring the race. These additional expenseswere estimatedat $625 per crew or $3,750. Total mainlandcrew expenditureswere estimatedat $104,550.

Expendituresfor eachof the 46 crews from the neighborislands participating in the non-ironmanevents were calculatedas follows: $180 for lodging with severalpaddlers sharinga room!,$300 for food $25 per person!,$400 for canoetransportation, $175 for the rental of an escortboat, and $50 for refreshments.Their expenditureswere estimatedto be $1,105 each. Total expensesof participating neighbor island clubs were estimated at $50,830.

The crew expensesfor the five clubsparticipating from Hilo andPuna were calculated in the following manner.Each crew paid about $180 for lodging, $300 for food, $175 for escort boat rental, $50 for refreshments,and approximately$100 for gasojineand other automobiletransportation expenses. Thus each of thesecrews spentapproximately $805 to participatein the race.Their total expenditureswere estimatedat $4,025.

The four crews from West Hawaii did not pay for escort boats. However, it was estimatedthat they had expendituresof approximately$150 each for food, gasoline,and other miscellaneousexpenses. Their expensescame to $600.

20 Total expendituresrelated to the QueenLiliuokalani raceare estimated at $212,225.If the estimatedexpenditures of the seven MOHCRA regattas,the four MOHCRA long- distanceraces and the QueenLiliuokalani raceare summed,they total $705,092.

RelatedOrganizations

Na Wahine 0 Ke Kai

Na Wahine 0 Ke Kai is the name of a small, independent paddling organization made up of five women.It puts on a women'sMolokai-Oahu canoe race eachyear. In 1986,the group spentabout $18,000 to put on a racefor 20 crews.The 12-womancrews camefrom Hawaii 7!, California !, Chicago !, and Tahiti !.

The raceorganizer said each of thesecrews spent an estimated$1,200 on escortboats, food, transportation, entry fees, and canoe costs. This is less than the amount spent by the men's crews entered in the Bankoh Molokai Hoe. The difference was said to be due to fewer financial resources of the women's crews compared to the longer-established men's crews. Therefore, the women economize wherever possible, Their total expenditures are estimated to come to $24,000.

In addition, the three crews from out-of-state stayed about five additional days in the state.Assuming that eachof the 36 womenpaddlers spent $100 per day eachover the 5-day period, their expendituresare estimatedto havebeen $18,000. Total race expendituresare estimated to total $42,000.

Na Opio Association

Na Opio is a high school canoe-racing association that holds its canoe racing competitions from January1 toApril 1. It hasan informal working arrangementwith schoolsin the Hawaii Departmentof Education DOE! and the InterscholasticLeague of Hawaii ILH!, but maintains no official ties to either organization. The DOE permits the organizers of Na Opio to involve its studentsduring after school hours but does not recognize Hawaiian canoe racing as a legitimate intramural activity. Neither does it contribute any funding to the Na Opio program.The ILH schools,however, pay the Na Opio organizersto train canoeclubs in their schools and fund the cost of the regattas.

At present,Na Opio is organizedonly on Oahuand hasan annualbudget of $20,000. This amountcovers the cost of leasingcanoes from canoeclubs, the costs of regattas,and the costs of holding one or two long-distanceraces. Other expensesare covered through donations and extensive volunteer work.

The Na Opio organizersaid they were grateful for the supportof the ILH schoolsto help them pay their expensesbut addedthey would like to involve studentsat the DOE schools.

21 EXTERNAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS

As canoepaddling has gained popularity, it hasattracted enthusiasts from the mainland andseveral foreign countries. In 1986,the QueenLiliuokalani race attracted 78 paddlers from four different California canoe clubs; the Bankoh Molokai Hoe attracted 120 paddlers 0 crewsof 12!from Californi, Illinois,Tahiti, and Australia; and the Na Wahine 0 KeKai attracted36 paddlers crews!from California,Illinois, andCanada. However, it wassaid by canoerace organizers that these paddlers represent only a fewof thetotal number of out- of-stateclubs that havebeen involved. In pastyears, teams have come from Samoa,Japan, and as far away as Germany.

The paddlerswho cometo theseevents were said to havestayed at least1 weekin Hawaiiand to havespent about $100 per day. Assuming each of the234 paddlers spent $100 a dayfor 7 days,their expenditures came to $163,800.However, it mustbe noted that this is a conservativeestimate because it includesonly the spendingof participatingpaddlers, not thatof familymembers or friendsthat accompany them to Hawaii.This amount also does not includeexpenditures on canoerentals or othermiscellaneous costs borne by the visiting canoe clubs.

HAWAIIAN CANOE RACING ASSOCIATION STATE CHAMPIONSHIP REGATTA

The HawaiianCanoe Racing Association HCRA! StateChampionship Regatta is the culminationof theyear's regatta activities. It is madeup of specially-selectedcrews from the Hui Wa'a, the OHCRA, the MCHCA, the GICRA, the MOHCRA, and the MCRA associations Table 4!.

TABLE 4. HCRA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP REGATTA: PARTICIPATING PADDLERS AND ASSOCIATIONS

Canoe Association Lanes Clubs Crews Paddlers

MOHCRA 10 78 468 MCHCA 6 52 312 Hui Wa'a 7 46 276 OHCRA 13 155 30 GICRA 3 23 138 MCRA 1 2 12

Total 14 40 356 2,136

22 The HCRA championship is unlike any other regatta held in the state. It is made up of 31 separateevents and is the only regatta in which all of the different canoe racing associations agree to compete under one set of rules and procedures. Under the rules established by the HCRA, each of the associations is allowed to choose its own representatives to the state regatta. This is generally done through the association championships held at the end of the season by each of the active canoe associations.

The actual processof selectionis complex. Each of the participating associationsis allowed by HCRA rules to enteronly clubs with "qualified" crews crews of six that have won or placedin their categoryof competition: seniormen' s, etc.!. This restrictionprevents the entry of hastily put together"pick up" crews and raisesthe standardof competition. Becausesome clubs arelarger than others and therules specifythat no paddlermay compete in more than one heat,the HCRA classifiesparticipating clubs accordingto the numberof qualified crews they bring to an event. Those clubs that are able to field 31 crews and participatein everyevent in the competitionare classified as "AAA" clubs.Those clubs able to field 10to 14crews in competitionare classified "AA" andthose able to field six or fewer are classified as "A" clubs.

The actualnumber of clubsthat areawarded lane space by the HCRA is determinedby a formulabased on the activenumber of paddlersin everyclub. Becausethe numberof active paddlersfiuctuates, this numberis saidto changeyearly. In the 1986regatta held in Hilo, the 14 lanesat the regattawere allocated on the following basis: OHCRA four lanes,Hui Wa'a three lanes, MCHCA two lanes, MCRA one lane, and the GICRA one lane. The lanes are allocatedto the top-scoring finishers in each division. Thus the top four finishers in the OHCRA aregranted one laneeach and so on. Becausethe numberof crewswithin eachclub thatare considered "qualified" is limited,clubs that are unable to providequalified crews in a particularevent may seeksubstitute crews from otherclubs that meetthe competition standard.This has had the effect of increasingthe number of crewsable to competesince a club with more qualified crewsthan it hascompetition slots may sendsome of its crews to anotherclub as substitutes. In 1986,for example,the 14 designated lanes were shared among 304 crews from 40 different canoe clubs.

Eachyear approximately $15,000 is spentby the HCRA on suchexpenses as race security,airfare, housing, food for officials,lane setting, official boats,uniforms, security, a publicaddress system, portable sanitary facilities, insurance, miscellaneous expenses, and canoetransport costs Appendix D!. The competitionis held on Oahuevery other year.This givesneighbor island canoe racing associations the opportunity to hostthe HCRA champi- onshipon alternateyears. In 1986,the HCRA regattawas held on the islandof Hawaii. Clubs from all over the stateparticipated in the event.

Actual expendituresdiffered accordingto the resourcesand practicesof individual clubs. However,it was estimatedthat an averageof $1,400was spentper off-island club in order to participatein theevent. Canoe club organizersestimate that this amountcovered the costof the following club expenditures:the round-tripshipment of canoesby barge,the rental of vansto carry paddlers,miscellaneous costs for club leis, club gifts, and food for at leastone large party for club membersand their families.It is assumedtheir expenditures totaled approximately$42,000 in 1986. Expendituresby individualpaddlers also varied from oneclub to thenext. According to oneHCRA organizer, most clubs used travel agencies in orderto getspecial rates for their paddlers.Although practices vary, it wasgenerally assumed that each paddler was respon- sible for his own airfare,accommodations, food, andother expenses.One estimate made by canoeclub organizers was that paddlers spent $115 each for airfare,two nightslodging, and one communal meal. In addition, it was estimatedthat $25 was spent by each off-island participatingpaddler at the 1986HCRA regatta.

Accordingto informationprovided by theHCRA, there were 278 off-island crews and 26 crewsfrom participatingisland of Hawaiiclubs. In additionto thepaddlers, each of the clubs broughtcoaches and relief paddlersas well asfamilies andfriends of paddlers.It was estimatedthat for every threeoff-island paddlers,one friend or supportercame along to see the race.Assuming each crew was madeup of six peopleand that therewere .3 supporters perpaddler, it wasestimated that therewere 1,668 off-island participating paddlers at the 1986HCRA championship regatta and 567 supporters. If eachspent an average of $150on living expenses,their total expenditures were estimated at $335,250.

Assumingthat eachof the 156paddlers participating in the 26 island of Hawaii crews broughtat least one friend or supporterto theevent, it canbe estimated that there were at least 300Hawaii county paddlers and supporters at the event. If eachspent at least$15 on t-shirts, food,and gas, expenditures by islandof Hawaiiparticipants came to $4,500.

Total 1986championship regatta expenditures were estimatedat $396,750.

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

The rapid growthof canoepaddling has stimulated a smallcommercial sector of individuals supplyingcanoes, canoe equipment, paddies, wet-suit garments,and swimwear to canoeingenthusiasts Table 5!. A number of thesevendors are craftsmen as well as entrepreneurs.For example,there are presently two shopsand severalindividuals building competitiveoutrigger racing canoeson a commercialbasis each year.

Canoes

Estimatessay an averageof 17 fiberglasscanoes are built eachyear at a costof about $6,000per canoe.The canoebuilders interviewed for this report said that althoughmost of the canoesare built for Hawaii clubs, the growth of the sport has encourageda growing export market.They said that on the average,three fiberglass canoes are shippedoverseas eachyear. The most popularout-of-state markets for the canoesare Tahiti, California, and Illinois, wherepeople have developed an interestin competingin Hawaiianpaddling events. Otherplaces where canoes have been sold are Louisiana, Australia, and American Samoa, Grossexpenditures on fiberglassoutrigger racing canoes in Hawaii are estimatedto he $102,000.In addition, aboutfour koa canoesare built eachyear at a costof about$30,000 each.The koa canoesare expensive because neither the materialnor the woodworking skills necessaryto build the canoesis easily available. A single koa log is saidto cost asmuch as $6,000.! The total amountspent on new koa andfiberglass canoes each year come to about $222,000.

24 TABLE 5. HAWAIIAN CANOE PADDLING ESTIMATE EQUIPMENT EXPENDITU RES, 1986

Average No. Per Unit Item Bought/Year Cost Total

Fiberglass canoes 17 $6,000 $102,000 Koa canoes 4 30,000 120,000 Paddies factory made! 700 50 35,000 Paddies custom made! 300 75 22,500 Paddies home made! 100 10 1,000 Canoe maintenance costs annual! 120* 500 60,000 Wet suit shorts 550 30 ] 6,500 Women's swim wear 5,000 35 175,000 Men's swim wear 2,500 30 75,000 Foul weather gear 25 40 1,000 Women's accessories 2,500 20 50,000 Canvas canoe covers, aluminum hoops, etc. 15 815 12,225

Total $670,225

*Active canoes in competition, 1986

The sale of the new canoesoften involves the additional purchaseof specially- designedcanvas and aluminumcovers. These covers include aluminum hoopsand runners that stretchthe canvasand hold it in place.If 15 of thesecovers are sold eachyear at a price of $815 each,they would bring in $12,225.

Canoemaintenance costs are also significant. The canoebuilders said canoeclubs spendat least$500 per year on canoemaintenance, the minimum neededto take care of a canoeand keep it from deteriorating.Assuming 120 active racing canoesare being used statewideand that eachclub spendsat least$500 on servicingeach canoe, $60,000 is spent on canoe maintenance each year.

Paddies

Paddiesrepresent another large expenditure.According to paddle wholesalersin Honolulu, approximately 1,000new paddiesare sold each year. Some are sold to canoe clubs which have to replace broken and used paddies but most are sold to individual

25 paddlers.This increasein salesto individual paddlersis due to new rules madeby canoe clubs that require participating athletes to furnish their own paddies.

Commercially madepaddies vary in cost between$35 and $100 dependingon size, shape,and quality. The largestpercentage of paddies an estimated700 or 70 percent! are massproduced imports from factoriesin Canada.They sell for $50 each.

An additional300 paddieswere said to be custom-madein Hawaii. Thesepaddies can be very expensivedepending upon the wood chosenand the purposefor which they are made. Steering paddies,for example, are more expensivethan regular paddies. It was estimatedthat most of thesepaddies were sold for $75 each.

Somepeople make their own paddies.This is especiallytrue of the high schoolleagues such as Na Opio. These paddies are made from scrap wood, with most of the outlay being for wood and shellac.An averageof $10 is spenton materials.

Assuming that 1,100 paddies are made and sold at the above-mentioned prices each year, it is estimated that annual paddle expenditure equal $58,500.

Clothing

Another outcome of the rapid growth in canoe paddling over the past 5 years has been the development of specially designed rubber wetsuit shorts designed to protect paddlers from skin-chafing sores caused by sitting for long periods in fiberglass or wooden canoes!. Over time the shorts have becomedecorative, and people buy them as much for their appearanceas for protection.The shortssell for $28 to $45 each.Assuming that eachyear the manufacturerssell 550 pairs of shorts,they generate$16,500 in sales.

Considerablemoney is alsospent on swimsuits.Each year, paddlers replace swimsuits becauseof the heavy wear on fabric that paddling entails! and buy additional suits for appearance.On the average,women paddlers buy betweenone and five swimsuitsper year becausecanoeing events, such as regattas, are social gatherings where personal appearance is considered important. In addition to women simply buying suits, there has been a trend towards the buying of designer suits by individual canoe club crews. Assuming conservatively that 2,500 women purchase two suits each year to wear in conjunction with paddling events,at a rate of $35 per suit, women spend$175,000 on suits each year. Other items purchased by women include visors, gloves, suntan lotion, skin creams, and other accessories. Assumingthat 2,500 women spend$20 on theseitems it is estimatedthat $50,000is spent on these items.

Male paddlers also buy new swimsuits every year for paddling-relatedactivities. Although they aresaid to buy the suitsfor usein severalwater sports, club officials indicated that most of the active male paddlersbuy extra suits especiallyfor the paddling season. Assuming2,500 male paddlersspent $30 per suit for at leastone new suit per season,their expenditurestotal $75,000.

An additional piece of specialclothing sold by paddling storesis wet-weathergear. Demandfor this kind of item is dependentupon weather conditions. However, in an average

26 year, an estimated25 suits of wet-weathergear are sold at a per-unit price of $40. Other expensesnot consideredabove are accessoriessuch as gloves,sun visors, specialvitamins, and membershipin healthclubs for useof weightlifting equipment!.Assuming that each paddlerspends at least$20 on theseitems during the courseof a season,about 5,000 active paddlersspent at least$100,000 on paddling-relatedaccessories and health-relatedequip- mentin 1986.If the costof canoeequipment, maintenance, and clothing is totalled,it comes to $670,225.

Fund-raising

Fund-raising is an important activity of canoe clubs. Several of the most common methods are t-shirt sales, huli-huli chicken sales, Molokai sweet bread sales, and the operationof food booths.

Estimating the total amount raised by these activities was difficult. T-shirts are the most commonly used fund-raising item. Clubs buy them for $4 and sell them for $8. However,they are sold more widely by someclubs andassociations than others. Assuming 30 clubs buy and produce 300 t-shirts for sale during the course of a year, 9,000 t-shirts are purchasedeach year. Another 6,600 shirts are produced for the Bankoh Molokai Hoe alone. It is estimated that nearly 16,000 t-shirts are purchasedeach year at a costof at least $64,000. This amount has been previously included in the estimatesof regatta and long-distance race expenditures.!

Transportation

Another relatedservice is that of canoetransportation by barge.Many clubs transport their canoesby bargewhen they participatein neighborisland canoeracing regattas.The averageclub paysnearly $200 to transporta canoeone way betweenislands. Young Brothers estimatesthe companyhandles 340 canoeshipments per year.This meansat least $68,000 is spenttransporting canoes and related equipment each year. However,this amountis not consideredas a separateexpense since it hasalready been included in the expendituresof invitational long-distance races.

PROBLEMS

Canoeclub organizersreached for the purposesof this report indicated they were pleasedwith the rapid growth of the sport over the last 10 years. However, a number expressedconcerns over ! the managementproblems created by the rapid growth, ! the difficulties involved in establishinga uniform set of standardsfor paddling events,! the needfor assistancefrom both the stateadministration and county governments,and ! the constantstruggle by many of the clubs to remain financially sound.

The most widely-expressedconcern was that the sport hasbeen growing without firm guidanceor direction. The presentinfrastructure of semi-autonomousindependent canoe racing associationsand a statewideumbrella organization has not resultedin a uniform set of standardsacceptable to all. This is said to have a divisive effect among the different organizations and has led to numerous disagreements.

27 Disputesarise because associations disagree as to whichrules are acceptable, which canbe flexibly changed on shortnotice, and which may benefit some clubs at the expense of others. These differences occur becausethe size and financial resources of the clubs differ greatly,and what may seem fair to oneclub sometimes appears unfair to another.Although severalorganizers said they were confident that differences could be workedout theyex- presseda senseof frustrationbecause some paddling groups were more willing to pull out of competitionsthan to compromise.

The concernwas expressedthat if a centralsanctioning authority with enforcement powersis notcreated soon, standardized canoe racing rules will beimposed on thesport by paddlersfrom outsideHawaii. For ascanoe paddling continues to grow in popularity on the mainland,Australia, and the SouthPacific, the demands for a comprehensiveset of rules will increase.Some fear that if the Hawaii CanoeRacing Association finds itself unable to provide uniform rules for this ancientHawaiian sport,they will be madeelsewhere.

Oneof the biggestcauses of divisivenessamong canoe racing associationsand canoe clubs has stemmedfrom the regulationsimposed by the HCRA on the use of koa wood canoesin the statechampionship regatta. Although the HCRA recognizesthat eachof the canoeassociations has developedits own standardsfor canoedesigns over the years, it specifiesthat for the most important race, the statechampionship, each associationenter only those canoes45 feet in length and weighing 400 pounds that conform to a rigid mathematicalmodel specificallydesigned to preservethe shapeof a "traditionalHawaiian" canoe.This mathematicalmodel of a traditionalracing canoe was developed from theresults of a 2-yearlong survey977-79! of all thecanoes in the stateknown to havebeen raced prior to 1977.The teamof HCRA canoesurveyors measured new canoesas well as thosebuilt as early as 1900.They madeparticular note of designattributes in the faster canoessuch as narrow stemsthat madefor greaterracing speedand incorporatedthem into a composite canoedesign that they hopedwould set a uniform standardfor all canoeracers in the state.

The older canoesin the survey were said to be multi-purposecanoes designed for fishing aswell asracing. The sidesof thesecanoes were built wide to encourageflotation and greateremphasis was placedon durability than on speed.As a result,these canoes are no match for new narrower canoes designed and built specifically for racing.

The creation of the formula has createdproblems because canoe racers in different associations and different islands believe that this unfairly biases canoe standards to those canoesof the most commonly built type. They say that there were many kinds of racing canoesdeveloped in Hawaii over the yearsand that simply taking the measurementspeci- fications from existing canoesis no guaranteethat historic or cultural values are being preserved.They say that thereare widely differing views as to what accuratelyspecifies a traditional Hawaiianracing canoe.

HCRA organizersfear that an attemptto openraces to all boatclasses will rendertheir existing canoes obsolete becausethey will be slower. This will create problems for many clubs becausein order to remain competitive it will force them to upgrade their canoes at a great expense.

28 HCRA rules specify that eachclub build a canoefrom koa wood, 3/4 of which comes from a singlelog. However,because tall koa logs are scarceall over Hawaii the HCRA race organizersfear that someclubs may neverfind the materialsthey needand will be put at a permanent disadvantage.

However,advocates of changesay that creativity andexperimentation are a partof any sport and must be allowed or the sport will neverdevelop. They favor changingthe koa wood rule to allow competitiveracing canoesto be built from koa planksrather than from a singlelog. They believethat traditional Hawaiian canoe designs should be basedon unique Hawaiian canoe historical design attributes discovered by scholarsrather than by the averageof existing canoespecifications.

A number of canoeracers complained that the presentsystem of measuringcanoes follows no set standard.They said they object to having to alter their koa canoes at great expenseand sometimes two or threetimes! when the canoesare measured in whatthey consider to be an arbitrary manner.

Becauseof the expenseinvolved in maintainingand racing canoes,a numberof canoe club organizersexpressed concern about the unsuperviseduse of nearshoreocean areas. Nearshore areas on all islands that were once almost exclusively used by canoes are now beingused by windsurfers,swimmers, and commercial craft operators.As a consequenceof the increasedactivity in the nearshorewaters, there have already been at leastthree lawsuits involving the use of canoes,swimmers, and other craft. Severalcanoe racing organizers expressedthe sentimentthat if somethingis not done soon about the problem, the risk of collisions betweencanoes and other water craft will increase.They expressedresentment that despitethe long history of canoepaddling in Hawaii and its popularity among local residents,their interestshave been increasingly superseded by newly establishedcommer- cial operatorsof j et skis, windsurfers,para-sail rides, and other tourist-relatedocean craft.

Relatedto this problem is the complaint that newspaperand television reporting on canoeracing seldomfocuses on any aspectof canoeingother thanthe BankohMolokai Hoe race or the OHCRA championship.As a result,few residentsof the islands are able to see Hawaiian canoeracing in other than a limited, traditional, Hawaiian cultural perspective. Becauseof this, canoepaddlers complain that they sometimesreceive less consideration from County officials in the form of facilities than practitionersof other sports such as marathonrunners, yacht racers,or baseballplayers.

A relatedconcern was that of maintainingfinancial solvencyin the face of increasing costs. Many of the smallercanoe clubs spendhalf a yearor more fund raising in order to afford to participatein canoeracing events. But it wasreported that eventhis effort is sometimesnot enoughbecause of the increasingcosts facedby many of the clubs. These costsinclude not only theexpense of sponsoringor participatingin anassociation race series but also the underwriting of increasinglyexpensive youth programsas well. These programs,which are run by manyof theclubs, encourage young people with few resourcesto participate.The clubs supply food, transportation, and equipment at no expense.In return, the young peopleor their parentscontribute what they can.

29 The Oahuclub organizerssaid that they felt theyand their neighborisland counterparts deservesome recognition from city andcounty agenciesfor their work with underprivileged young people. This is becausemany of the participantsin canoe paddling come from backgroundsof limited means and look to the sport as an important meansof social interaction.Many of theseyoung people look to their canoeclub coachesfor personal guidanceand to theirfriends in thecanoe club for emotionalsupport. For many,the canoe clubsprovide their only structuredactivity, outside of school,that imparts positive social values.Most canoerace organizers said they derived personal satisfaction from working with youngpeople. They saidthat the canoe clubs serve as extended families in the truesense of theHawaiian ohana family! andthat keeping this traditionalive was their principal re- ward.

Anotherproblem cited by Oahupaddlers was the lack of adequatestorage facilities for canoeson Honolulu. The Ala Waiboat house is old andthere is notenough parking available for thosewho wish to usethe facility. Thereare also no outdoorlights at thefacility despite thefact that many of theyoung paddlers do notfinish their practice sessions until afterdark. In additionthere were complaints that the floatingdocks are inadequate. However, funds havebeen appropriated for the facility to be upgraded.

The Oahucanoe race organizers were particularly concerned that improvementsbe madeat Keehi Lagoon a sitereferred to by paddlersas the "dust bowl" becauseof the lack of grassin thearea and the fine duststirred up by thepaddlers when they congregate there. It is themost commonly-used location for canoeregatta championships on Oahubecause it offersthe most accessible calm water for the 14lanes needed to put on a regatta.

Theorganizers ask that a 1977Hawaii Department of Transportationplan for thearea beimplemented. The plan calls for buildinga canoehouse and establishing a protectedwater coursefor thepaddlers. At present,two of thelanes are blocked by derelict fishing boats that havenot been used or movedin manyyears.! Canoe paddlers say that in orderfor thefacility to bebuilt, stateand city andcounty officials would have to exchangeadjoining pieces of land on which nothing is presentlybuilt.

Canoeclub organizersfrom Oahuand other islands shared a senseof frustrationabout their inability to convince city and county as well as state officials that their needsfor facilitiesare as legitimate and pressing as those of enthusiastsof otherpopular sports such as baseball, football, basketball, or tennis.

CONCLUSIONS

Eachyear an estimated $3.6 million is directlyspent in Hawaiion canoe racing-related events, goods, and services Table 6!. If this amount is multiplied by the standard.74 entertainmentmultiplier, indirect expenditures total approximately$2.7 million, bringing thetotal economic impact of canoeracing events on the state's economy to $6.3million. The sport involvesan estimated7,000 active paddlers and 15,000supporters statewide. In addition,the better-known canoe races, such as the Bankoh Molokai Hoe, attract paddlers from all over the world.

30 TABLE 6. HAWAIIAN CANOE PADDLING ESTIMATE TOTAL EXPENDITURES, 1986

Long Distance Equipment Total Association Regattas Races Expenditures* Expenditures

OHCRA $770,300 $293,555 $1,063,855 Hui Wa'a 567,000 20,930 587,930 GICRA 32,900 16,0704 48,970 MCHCA 289,100 30,714 319,814 MOH 470,422 239,070 709,492 MCRA 1,700 13,394 15,094 HCRA Championship 396,750 396,750 No Opio 20,000 20,000 No Wahine 0Ke Kai 42,000 42,000

Miscellaneous equipment $670,225 670,225

Totals $2,590,172 $613,733 $670,225 $3,874,130

~Equipmentexpenditures for 1986 seeTable 5! tlncludes$670 for costof food,travel, and other expenses

Canoeracing is a popularHawaiian sport with increasingly significant regional social andeconomic impacts in theareas where events are held. The sport does much to help young people.It is aneconomic boon to areassuch as Hilo, where large numbers of peoplegather forregattas each year, as well as to the places selected tohost the HCRA State Championship Regattaeach year. In addition,the sport has become an international focal point for paddlers fromthroughout the world and offers the state an opportunity to attractvisitors to either participatein or watchits canoeraces. Although the potential for growthis great,developmentof canoepaddling in Hawaiiwill succeedonly if canoepaddlers are able to uniteinto a cohesiveunit and can gain the active cooperation of stateand city andcounty officials.

31 RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended that:

! A professionalmediator be hired to assistthe canoeracing associationsin the developmentof a uniform set of rules and proceduresthey can all abideby.

! A concerted effort be made to have the Keehi Lagoon area cleaned up and turned into a first classracing facility for useby flat water kayaksas well as Hawaiian canoes.Hawaiian canoe paddling is now consideredan important crossover sportfor Olympic kayakingby the National PaddlingCommittee because of the high percentageof former Hawaiian canoepaddlers now on the U.S. Olympic kayakingteam. There is a strongbelief that sucha facility at Keehi could become an important national center for Olympic kayak training.

! The canoe racing associationswork with the Honolulu city governmentfor SummerFun monies to developtheir canoepaddling programs for youngpeople. This would removepressure from organizersconstantly worried aboutkeeping their programssolvent and permit them to spendmore time with the young peopleinvolved in their programs.

! The recognitionof canoeracing as a legitimatescholastic sport and the budget- ing of money for an interscholastic racing program by the Department of Educa- tion

S! The appointment of a full-time canoeing specialist in the Honolulu city and county recreationprogram similar to the position createdin Maui County! to help coordinate canoe racing activities

! Have the Hawaii Visitors Bureau or an appropriate state agency consider promoting the sport of canoe paddling to encourage greater appreciation of Hawaiian canoe paddling by the general public.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fornander, Abraham. 1878. An Account of the Polynesian Race. London: Trubner.

Holmes, Tommy. 1981. The Hawaiian Canoe. Hanalei, Kauai: Editions Ltd.

Malo, David. 1903. Hawaiian Antiquities. Hawaiian Gazette, Honolulu.

32 APPENDIXES

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37 APPENDIX D. HCRA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP RACE BUDGET

Expenditure Total

Race security $ 600 Airfare 2,790 Housing 2,200 Awards 2,500 Lane setting 800 Official boats 750 Officials' meals 500 Uniforms 1,500 Security 550 Sound system 650 Platform 500 San itoids 300 Insurance 250 Miscellaneous 500 Canoe transport 1,200

Total $15,590

38 . I a 1

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