E-ISSN: 2278-3229

IJGHC, March 2020 –May 2020 Sec.A; Vol.9, No.2, 139-148. DOI: 10.24214/IJGHC/GC/9/2 /13948

International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry

An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online at www.ijghc.com Section A: Green Chemistry Research Article CODEN (USA): IJGHAY

Water Quality an Indicator of the Ecological State of Forestry in County in the Context of Efficiency of the Forestry Management

IDRICEANU Catalin-Ionel,

National Institute for Economic Research, 45, Ion Creanga str., Chisinau, MD-2064, Republic of

Received: 12 February 2020; Revised: 25 February 2020; Accepted: 08 March 2020

Abstract: Management of natural resources separately under current conditions is a risk and a danger of loss or disadvantages some of them. Approach to work ecological status of forest area in County Vaslui in the context of its damage by water resources shows that the authors address a topic very current. In order to identify potential influential in the area of water resources on how to streamline forest management, the authors have established important in the present research to determine water quality by taking several samples. With research results from measurements, the authors are already able to establish the current state of things, and to propose strategic development prospects of sustainable forest management for the zone. Keywords: environmental pollution, water resources, forest resources, quality indicators, sustainable development, forest management.

INTRODUCTION

Water is an indispensable element for existence and continuity of life on our planet. Water in nature is of outstanding biological representing structural and functional basis of living organisms. Water is the essential component of living matter, acted as particularly in the development of vital processes. Given that two thirds of the globe are covered with water, it is estimated that the planet has 1.4 billion km3 of

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Water Quality … IDRICEANU Catalin-Ionel. water. More specifically, the water supply of the world, in all its forms, totaling 1.38 billion km3 (97.3% sea water and fresh water 2.7%). The amount of fresh water used directly by humans is low, only 0.3% (rivers, lakes, groundwater depth 800m). Freshwater unusable directly (glaciers, water depth is subterranean, atmospheric humidity) is 2.4%. Fresh water resources are unevenly distributed across the globe; 60% of sweet water reserves are concentrated in 10 countries (the top hovering-are Brazil, Russia and China). The usable water resources in are 2,660 m3 / capita / year (compared potential 5930 m3 / year / capita) compared to the European average of 4,000 m3 / capita / year. Romania is a country with relatively low usable water resources. [1]. In Vaslui usable water resource is 27.64 million m³ / year, surface water having vital importance for economic and social development of the region. The most important rivers that furrow the county are the River Barlad Vaslui crosses a distance of 173 km is one of the most important sources of the a section between localities Dranceni - Fălciu Vasluieţ River and River . Have special importance and groundwater, which in this area have a depth of from 5 to 30 m, it is in the northern part of the district or the Moldovan Central plateau. Vaslui has 28 protected areas, occupying an area of 51717.85 ha. Of these, nine are nature reserves, four bird protection sites and 15 sites of Community interest, representing a resource favorable and best preserved as protected area. However, in addition to special protective functions of forests in Vaslui as: protecting and regenerating atmosphere, combating soil erosion and landslides particular importance that forests have economic function. In this context, forest resources management strategy aims to ensure favorable ecological conditions for sustainable development of the forestry sector in ensuring its effective economic tool. Water needs vary at individual and at Community level, resulting in specific consumption. Planetary global water consumption does not cover often the needs which it requires the protection of existing freshwater resources and the search for new resources. Water quality monitoring duties related the degrees of pollution back to “Romanian Waters National Administration" drinking water quality monitoring sources surface and groundwater being borne by the Public Health Authority structures territorial. [2] Also to be mentioned that in an area of forest resources quite considerably in Vaslui involvement Kerslake and other structures in maintaining the ecological status of the area is not only an aspect of the sustainable development strategy, but also an important element in maintaining the economic factor of forest resources in the current period marked the next 50 years[3].

EXPERIMENTAL

The work goal and objectives are the evaluation of water quality taken from Vaslui county forestry sectors with economic potential. Water quality monitoring used in various fields including the supply of forest resources. Prevent pollution, including forest area by minimizing pollution sources and ensuring forest resources with high economic efficiency, driving performance in the area of forest management. Friendly achieving the purpose have been proposed: Methods in the present work were collected [4] and tested water samples from the following locations Vaslui in the forestry zone:

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S.N0. place S.N0. place

1 Codăeşti 6 Tutova, 2 Zapodeni 7 Fălciu, 3 , 8 Drânceni 4 Dumesti 9 Olieneşti 5 Puiesti, 10

Fig.1. different locations Vaslui in the forestry zone:

To assess physical and chemical parameters of water were used standard methods: The determination of nitrite [5] Determination of chloride by flow analysis [6] Determination of alkalinity [7,8] Determination of pH [9] Determination of calcium [10] Determination of the amount of calcium and magnesium [11] Determination of ammonium [12] Determination of nitrate [13] Determination of the chloride content [14] The determination of dry residue [15] Chloro-alkali index of groundwater: Index chloro-alkali (CAI) is an index that is based on the ion exchange Na + and K + out of the water with Mg2 + and Ca 2 + from the groundwater and the mineralogical / soil contact time, or the migration of water into the underground, the proposed Schoeller H.[16]. Chloro-alkali index is calculated formulas (in mg.ech / L):

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(1). Apricots, I = [Cl - (Na + K)] / Cl; … (1)

(2) Apricots 2 = [Cl - (Na + K)] / SO4 + HCO3 + CO3 + NO3 …(2)

It was considered that the index chloro-alkali positively indicates the exchange of ions Na + and K + out of the water with Mg2 + and Ca2 + from the environment, and the negative value of CAI occurs when there is the exchange of ions or there is a reverse ion exchange Mg2 + and Ca 2 + in water the ions Na + and K + in the rock / soil.

Index of underground water pollution by nitrates

The formula for calculating the index and the degree of pollution of groundwater by nitrates: For a given source of water (well - water depth, well - groundwater, spring) has been proposed by Mitchell MK[17] Water pollution index nitrate (IPAN) using in the calculation the following formula:

IPAN = (C - AUC) / AUC … (3)

Where, C - the concentration of nitrate in the sample; CAU - is the contamination by human activities, taken as equal to 20 mg / L NO3-. Water quality after the index of water pollution by nitrates has been classified in five degrees of pollution (Table 1)

Table 1: The degree of pollution of the water, nitrate pollution index value

Pollution degree water quality Swapping IPAN value I unpolluted NEP <0 II low polluting SP 0-1 III moderate pollution P.M 1-2 IV significant pollution Psemnif. 2-3 V very significant pollution PFSemnif. > 3

Indices of water quality for irrigation: Have been proposed for irrigation water quality evaluation, using different indices of irrigation water, 142 calculated based on chemical parameters. The water samples studied to use sodium risk by calculating the ratio of adsorption of sodium, SAR (in mg.ech / L) [18].

SAR = [Na +]: [(Ca2 + + Mg2 +): 2] 0.5. … (4)

Specification: SAR <10 water is excellent; SAR 10-18 - good; SAR 18-26 - satisfactory; SAR> 26 - unsatisfactory for irrigation. Simple correlation coefficient R. In this type of correlation involving two parametric numeric variables that meet the conditions. Calculation of simple correlation (Bravais-Pearson) involves relative deviation of the results of the two distributions to marks. After Hopkins [19] It is considered that a correlation coefficient (r) value to less than 0.1 is classified as very low, the low is 0.1-0.3; 0.3-0.5 -

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Water Quality … IDRICEANU Catalin-Ionel. medium; 0.5-0.7 - great; 0.7-0.9 - large and> 0.9 - almost perfect. The minimum acceptable threshold for a statistically significant relationship is considered 0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Groundwater is an important natural resource which provides directly rivers, lakes wetlands and water. In the last decades showed an increased pressure on groundwater resources globally, which in many cases, influenced the sustainable amount of water and high levels of pollution. Given the importance of water, both surface and groundwater for health, agriculture, industry, fishing and generally environmentally European Parliament and Council developed and approved a number of directives. In this context main European Directives were adopted in the water, involving the modernization and development of monitoring, improving aquatic ecosystems, reduce or eliminate pollution etc., are: Direction objectives: 1. Directive 2006/118 / EC [Directive Specific measures of prevention and control 2006/118 / EC of Council of 12 December pollution of groundwater by measures, in 1991 concerning the protection of waters particular: (a) criteria for assessing good chemical against pollution caused by nitrates from status of groundwater and (b) criteria for agricultural sources (91/676 / EEC). identifying and reversing trends of significant and sustained upward for the definition of starting points for reversals trends. 2. Directive 2000/60 / EC European Community action in the field of water policy; the Parliament and of the Council of 23 protection and management of inland surface October 2000 establishing a framework for waters, groundwater, transitional waters and Community action in the field of water coastal waters; preventing and reducing pollution; policy (OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1) improve the status of aquatic ecosystems and minimize the effects of floods and droughts. 3. Direction 98/83 / EC of 03.11.1998 on the protection of human health by establishing quality quality of water intended for human requirements for water intended for human consumption consumption 4. Directive 2006/118 / EC of the European to prevent and control groundwater pollution by Parliament and of the Council of 12 the measures, in particular: (a) criteria for December 2006 on the protection of assessing good chemical groundwater and (b) groundwater against pollution and criteria for the identification and reversal of deterioration that establishes specific upward trends in significant and sustained for the measures under Article 17 (1) and (2) of definition of starting points for trend reversals Directive 2000/60 / EC 5. Direction 91/676 / EEC Council target regulation of the negative impact of 12/12/1991 protection of waters against agriculture, in particular fertilizers, the drinking pollution caused by nitrates from water sources and ecosystems by regulating the agricultural sources use of mineral and organic fertilizers in the agricultural regions. 6. Directive 96/61 / EC on integrated prevention, integrated control and reduce pollution pollution prevention and control, as amended by Directive 2003/35 / EEC, Directive 2003/87 /EEC and Regulation 1882/2003 / EEC Source:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006L0118&from=RO

Thus, the European Council Directives are quality standards that must be met for drinking water, protection and management of inland surface water, groundwater.

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The contact between the groundwater to the surface and the atmosphere is a factor which influences their chemical composition. Natural rocks coming into contact with the various physical conditions, groundwater may have a high 2 + 2 + 2 - 2- +, 2 + 3 + content of Fe , Mn , NO3 , NO , H Zn , AS or gases (CO2, H2S, CH4). Mineralization is also very different concentrations ranging from several tens of mg / L (fresh water) to 100 g / L and even more than 600 g / l (brines). Vertical zoning of the chemical composition of groundwater is evident in the sequence of depth and different layers of the structure to another. Thus, groundwater - water which is below the surface in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the soil or subsoil - play an important role in terrestrial water balance.

Table 2: Physico-chemical characteristics of natural ground water County Vaslui

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CMA

Quality Ratios Total hardness, 5.4 3.3 5.0 3.7 3.9 4.0 0.2 7.2 2.1 3.3 5 gr. German Calcium 180 116 84 76 114 156 9 208 68 128 - (Ca2 +), mg / L Magnesium 72 41 122 78 46 41 1.7 196 29 33 - (Mg 2 +), mg / L Hydrocarbon 433 488 805 732 572 524 415 750 537 628 - - (HCO3 ), mg / L Ammonia and 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.086 0.5 ammonium ions + (total) (NH4 ), mg / L -) Nitrite (NO2 , 0 0 0 0 0 0.047 0,065 0.046 0 0.37 0.5 mg / L Nitrate (NO3) 25 31 16 24 119 70 0 74 33 4.0 50 mg / L Chloride (Cl -), 36 27 2. 3 11 55 263 52 189 8 19 250 mg / L 2- Sulfate (SO4 ), 349 136 142 5.5 111 108 217 292 16 103 250 mg / L Sodium and 18 66 70 58 96 188 280 107 94 89 two potassium hundred (Na + K +), mg / L The 896 661 859 619 857 1088 767 1441 517 693 1500 mineralization, mg / L Hydrogen Index 7.09 7.52 7.2 7.12 7.00 7.45 8.60 7.19 7.29 7.13 - (PH) unit. pH CAI-1 0.22 -2.7 - -7.1 -2.7 -0.1 -7.3 -0.12 - -7.3 - 3.75 17.8 NO3 pollution 0.25 0.55 -0.2 0.2 4.95 2.5 0 2.7 0.65 -0.8 - index, IPAN Index irrigation 0.28 1.34 1.15 1.11 1.78 3.46 22,12 1.46 2.44 1.81 - SAR

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In Vaslui It was evaluated in terms of water quality and faucets in 10 wells. Summary of the data obtained for the physico-chemical parameters of the water in the county, shown in Table 2 denotes the hardness exceeded only by 1.3-fold in sample 8, the other being below the maximum permissible sample (5 g. of Germany). The maximum permissible concentration is exceeded drinking water for Na + K + in the sample 7 (1.4 2- - times); SO4 1 samples (1.4 times) and 8 (about 1.2 times); NO3 five samples (about 2.4 times), 6 and 8 (about 1.45 times), in other physico-chemical parameters samples do not exceed the maximum permissible limit. The pH values of water samples are evaluated within the allowed for drinking water. Waters assessed vast majority (60%) meet quality requirements of drinking water [20]. Chloro-alkali index of groundwater: In chlorine-alkali index calculated is found that only two samples of water with CAI-1 positive patients (Figure 1.) the other source of water 10. In the CAI-1 is - negative, but not significant increase in NO3 ions while increasing the content of very small correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.0662)

Figure 1: The index of the alkali-chloro groundwater

The concentration of nitrates in waters evaluated positively correlated with the hardness of the water, having a low coefficient of correlation (R2 = 0.2279) (Figure 2).

Figure 2: The correlation of nitrate with water hardness concentration.

Water mineralization evaluated positively correlated (low - R2 = .1751) with a concentration of nitrates, 2- - and correlation ↔ SO4 NO3 concentration is practically absent (Figure 3).

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Figure 3: Correlation of the nitrate concentration of SO42- ions and mineralization of the water content.

The content of Cl- ions in water positively correlated (low - R2 = 0.26) with concentration of nitrate, - + + NO3 concentration and the correlation ↔ Na K is below the minimum acceptable threshold for a statistically significant relationship (Figure 4).

Figure 4: The correlation of the content of nitrate ion concentration of Na ++ K + and Cl in water.

Thus, it appears that while increasing the concentration of nitrates in waters in the dynamic study is positive and hardness, mineralization and chlorine ions containment in existing source of pollution. Research results and some reports on pollution from various sources of domestic, agricultural or industrial, is still, despite the progress in various fields, a major concern. There is evidence that diffuse sources have an increasing impact on groundwater not only the surface. To reduce pressure on water and achieving good status are recommended to use tools such as testing water regularly promoting information tools and public education and industrial medium for compliance with environmental pollution, including water, ensuring the involvement in preserving environmental status of the area including tangential forces and not in the least application of strategic elements in the management of forest resources in the area.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Qualitative analysis of water fountains and spring water in Vaslui county denote exceeding of hardness level test only in the 8th probe while the others are below the maximum allowed. This

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shows that the forest area of Vaslui County can be a model for how to conserve water resources from the forest environment. 2. Mineralization, hardness and chlorine content of the water evaluated positively related to the content of nitrate. In this context we assume that maintaining a correlation effect may contribute to harnessing water resources with economic effect in the development of rest areas with spa character or use of clean water in various commercial purposes. 3. Waters evaluated correspond to most requirements of drinking water quality, which shows a perspective, sustainable development of water resources in the area and in this context, we mentioned that forestry resources developed are positively influenced.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sandu Maria, Associate researcher, PhD of chemical sciences. Goreacioc Tatiana, PhD of chemical sciences, [email protected] .Institute of Ecology and Geography, 1, Academy Street, Chisinau, MD-2028, Republic of Moldova

REFERENCES

1. National Strategy for sustainable development. 2. Environmental Protection Agency Vaslui. Report on State of Environment in Vaslui 2011, 178 p.http://apmvs-old.anpm.ro/upload/94056_Raport%20anual%20privind%20starea%20 factorilor % 20de%20mediu%20-%202011.pdf. 3. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006L0118&from=RO 4. SR EN ISO 5667-3: 2011. Water quality. Sampling. Part 3: Guidelines for the preservation and handling of water samples. 5. SR EN 26777: 2006. Water quality. Determination of nitrite. Molecular absorption spectrometric method. 6. SR EN ISO 15682: 2012. Water quality. Determination of chloride by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and photometric or potentiometric detection. 7. SR EN ISO 9963-1: 2007. Water quality. Determination of alkalinity. Part 1. The determination of total alkalinity and permanent. 8. SR EN ISO 9963-2: 2007. Water quality. Determination of alkalinity. Part 2. Determination of carbonate alkalinity. 9. SR ISO 10523: 2011. Water quality. Determination of pH. 10. SR ISO 6058: 2012. Water quality. The determination of calcium. EDTA titrimetric method. 11. SR ISO 6059: 2012. Water quality. Determination of the amount of calcium and magnesium. EDTA titrimetric method. 12. SR ISO 7150-1: 2005. Water quality. Determination of ammonium. Part 1: Manual spectrometric method. 13. SR ISO 7890-3: 2006. Water quality. Determination of nitrate. Part 3: Spectrometric method using sulfosalicylic acid.

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14. SR ISO 9297: 2012. Water quality. Determination of chloride content. Titration with silver nitrate using chromate as indicator (Mohr's method). 15. STAS 9187: 2007. Surface water, groundwater and wastewater. Determination of the dry residue. 16. Schoeller H. geochemistry of groundwater. In: Groundwater Studies-An International Guide for Research and Practice, UNESCO, Paris, 1977, p. 1-18. Quote:https://www. researchgate. net/publication/301668212_Hydrogeochemistry_and_Groundwater_Quality_Assessment_of_ Rapur_Area_Andhra_Pradesh_South_India. 17. M.K. Mitchell and W.B. Stapp Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring. An Environmental Education Program for Schools. Ninth Edition. Green Project, Ann Arbor, MI. 1995, 272 p.https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/25755741 18. J.D. Oster, Garrison Sposito. The Gapon coefficient and the exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio relation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1980, no. 44 (2), p. 258. ISSN 0361-5995. DOI: 10.2136 / sssaj1980.03615995004400020011x. 19. W.G.Hopkins A new view of statistics. Internet Society for Sport Science 2000, :http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/ . 20. Law no. 182/2011 approving Government Ordinance no. 1/2011 amending and supplementing Law no. 458/2002 on drinking water quality

*Corresponding Author: IDRICEANU Catalin-Ionel,

PhD students-researcher National Institute for Economic Research, 45, Ion Creanga str., Chisinau, MD-2064, Republic of Moldova

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