Noel Loos Edward Koiki Mabo: The Journey to Native Title Noel Loos Edward Koiki Mabo preferred his Murray Islander name, Koiki, to the colonialist, Eddie, by which he was known to the Australian public. Koiki was the name used by other Murray islanders and by those white Australians who had become close friends and interacted with him over a long period of time. I had addressed him for so long as Eddie that it took me quite a while to change and then only as a result of his persistence. My wife, Betty, who saw him less frequently than I, had to do so many double takes, which they both found amusing, that Koiki eventually gave up. ‘You can call me Eddie!’ he laughed. He continued to use Eddie as his public name, probably because he thought it would have been too confusing to change it; and that was the name that was registered in 1982 in the high court challenge that led on 3 June 1992 to the acknowledgement of native title in Australia.1 By that time Koiki had been dead for just over four months. When George Mye, Eidi Papa, read his poem, ‘Who Was That Boy’ to the united nations working group on indigenous populations in Geneva in 1995, the name Eddie did not appear even though the poem counterpointed his childhood on Mer, Murray Island, with the fame he had achieved through destroying terra nullius.2 Apek kebile, the little boy from the other side of the island, was unafraid of lamar, ghost or spirit, and lug-le, sorceror. George Mye had dramatically highlighted the independence and assertiveness of the child with the achievement of the adult. The lug-le is still ‘the greatest fear of islanders even today’, George Mye told me. ‘You show me an Islander who doesn’t believe in sorcery’, said Koiki’s cousin, Donald Whaleboat, ‘and I’ll show you a liar’. Yet, when I read the poem after George Mye, Donald Whaleboat and Elemo Tapim had translated the Miriam words and explained the nuances, it was ‘apek kebile’ that resonated with me. Literally Mabo was ‘the little boy from the other side of the island’. His village Las, sacred to the Malo-Bomai cult, is as remote as you can get on Murray Island from the centre of population that had grown up around the site of the mission. George Mye, Koiki’s friend and relative, had referred with affection to ‘that Las mob’ when I was discussing Murray Island affairs with him. The small village of Las was different and special. Apek kebile, ‘the boy from the back blocks’, I thought, the creative maverick that Koiki had been for the 25 years I had known him, was moulded by his origin. Koiki Mabo was certainly a ‘battler and stirrer’. He had grown up on an island that had become a colony of Queensland in 1879 and had been administered by a white administration throughout the twentieth century. In this situation, his proud and independent nature ensured that he would be a ‘battler’. He posed challenges to white colonial power and to the Torres Strait Islander establishment that had grown up under it, and this made it easy for him to be treated as a ‘stirrer’, a troublemaker, to the last years of his life. While this is not an uncommon fate for battlers, it was not one he deliberately sought. 108 Eddie Mabo Throughout the twentieth century, the oppressive Queensland administration had segregated the Meriam and other Torres Strait islanders from mainland developments under the policy of protection. It had fostered the change from a comfortable, satisfying subsistence economy based on agriculture and fishing to a cash economy based on the pearlshell, bêche-de-mer and trochus fisheries. The coming of christian missions in 1871 had, in effect, reinforced the cultural changes occurring in the Torres Strait. However, the islanders made christianity their own religion. They also incorporated their involvement in the fisheries and their participation in the colonial administration of their islands into their culture. Increasingly, Torres Strait Islanders collaborated in the administration of Queensland government policy. In doing so they were able to minimise the white colonialist presence on their islands and maintain their life style in a way unknown on Queensland’s Aboriginal reserves. They also funded their own colonialist controls by working in the fisheries. At the time Mabo was growing up on Mer, the islanders provided cheap black labour for the hundred or so ‘Master Boats’ owned by white businessmen. Throughout the Torres Strait some islander families owned their own smaller luggers, called ‘company boats’. An early missionary, FW. Walker, had encouraged islanders to buy their own boats and the Queensland government had supported this development when, in 1904, they began applying protectionist legislation to the islanders as they had to the Aborigines. However, the islanders were forced to sell their catch only to the Queensland administration at a much lower price than was generally available from the commercial buyers. The master boats and the company boats took most of the younger men away from the islands for much of the year, leaving the women, the children, the old men and those who didn’t wish to recruit to attend to church and council matters, to tend the gardens, to fish, to catch crabs, crayfish and birds and to collect oysters and other molluscs. The colonialist controls had been implemented by the protector stationed at Thursday Island, the administrative centre, and by a teacher-administrator on each of the inhabited islands. As the controls tightened and the islanders came to understand their situation, they resented their loss of freedom, especially the government’s control over their wages and bankbooks, but also such degrading measures as a nightly curfew. In 1936, the islanders on company boats stunned their white overlords by going on strike simultaneously throughout the strait. The Queensland administration had created a unity of purpose among people who had previously been concerned with their own island interests. They had also been drawn together into world-wide capitalism through the fisheries, introduced to a world-wide religion and its Torres Strait wide organisation through the missionaries, and become enmeshed in a western colonialist administration. The 1936 maritime strike was consequently successful because of the wider Torres Strait Islander identity produced by colonialist expansion, as well as being caused by the domination resulting from it. By 1936, the year Koiki Mabo was born, Torres Strait creole had developed throughout the Strait as a lingua franca, and on some islands had replaced the traditional language, but not on Murray. The islanders were also becoming familiar with English, the third language of Murray islanders. Torres Strait Islander English 109 Noel Loos had become a regional dialect, as different from standard English as Yorkshire or Cornish English. The strike lasted for four months in the western islands, while in the east the Murray Islanders boycotted the government-controlled fisheries until after world war II. Their gardens and the sea could sustain them. Indeed, Murray islanders are believed to have instigated the strike. They had always been noted for their self- assertive independence and had been dubbed ‘the Irish of the Torres Strait’. Strong leaders emerged to lead their fractious people until another strong leader challenged the old order. On Mer, ‘everyone mamoose’, the Meriam said of themselves, everyone is a chief.3 Throughout much of the colonial history, strong Meriam leaders had emerged to limit as much as possible the intrusion of Queensland’s colonialist controls into Meriam life. On more than one occasion they had defied Queensland authority, the 1936 maritime strike being but the best-known example before the Meriam demanded of the Queensland government, in the high court of Australia, the return of the native title to their land. Koiki Mabo was born in the year of the maritime strike and died in the year the Meriam won their ten-year high court challenge that destroyed the concept of terra nullius on which Australia was founded. Koiki was born on Mer, Murray Island, on 29 June 1936, the son of Robert and Poipe Sambo. His mother died soon after his birth and he was adopted by his maternal uncle, Benny Mabo, and his aunt, Maiga, in accordance with Torres Strait Islander custom, a circumstance which was to be heatedly contested in the course of his claim for native title to his ancestral lands. Because of his grasp of English, his third language, he was employed briefly as an assistant teacher on Yorke Island and as an assistant to a Queensland government team investigating an outbreak of malaria in the Torres Strait.4 Mabo told me that when he was sixteen, the Murray Island court found him guilty of drinking alcohol and making love to a young islander woman whom he thought he might have eventually married. In the eyes of the Queensland department of native affairs (DNA) and the Torres Strait Islander council implementing the laws, sexual relations before marriage and the consumption of alcohol were criminal offences, and Mabo was sentenced to twelve months’ exile from Murray Island. He decided to turn his punishment into an adventure by recruiting on a trochus lugger that was working to the south. This could have entailed visits to mainland ports like Cairns. He told me how he was taken before the senior DNA official, Mr Patrick Killoran, when he landed in Thursday Island, who quickly vetoed his plans and forced him to work on luggers that operated only in Torres Strait. This assertion of colonialist control angered him and he determined to migrate to the mainland with the steadily increasing flow of other Torres Strait Islanders.