District Council

2018 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

June, 2018

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Council

Local Authority Officer Martin Howlett Department Environmental Health

Address Rochford District Council

Telephone 01702 318049

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference number RDC/ASR2018 Date 3 August 2018

Written by Tim Savage Scientific Team Public Health & Protection Services City Council Duke Street Chelmsford CM1 1JE

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area

The 2018 Annual Status Report is designed to provide the public with information relating to local air quality in the district of Rochford, to fulfil Rochford District Council’s statutory duty to review and assess air quality within its area, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved.

The report reviews Rochford District Council’s air quality monitoring from 2017 and has found no exceedances of the annual mean objective for Nitrogen Dioxide at relevant exposure.

Air Quality in Rochford

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

Rayleigh Town Centre AQMA In 2015, Rochford District Council declared an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) in Rayleigh due to exceedances of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) from road traffic. This area extends from the Rayleigh Weir junction to and encompassing the Rayleigh Town Centre one-way system where congestion in the Town Centre and surrounding roads has long been an issue.

Monitoring Monitoring is carried out through the deployment of diffusion tubes at residences throughout the AQMA and at other locations of significance based upon historical data or potential for exceedance of an objective. Officers review monitoring locations annually using data trends and knowledge of issues which may adversely affect air quality, such as new developments or traffic routes.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

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UK Air Quality Plan for Nitrogen Dioxide (2017)

For the purposes of the UK Air Quality Plan for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Defra undertook modelling to estimate NO2 concentrations in the different local authority areas in the UK. This modelling predicts that in Rochford, EU limit values are being exceeded on the A127 near the Rayleigh Weir junction, and forecasts that they will be exceeded up to around 2022.

Along the A127, there are other predicted exceedences at the Fortune of War junction in the borough of and along a stretch in Southend borough.

Figure i.1 - A127 Modelled Exceedances and Monitoring Locations

Air quality at this location is not within the remit of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) but the Council has been working with Essex County Council (the Highway Authority) and neighbouring Basildon Borough Council to develop a Strategic Outline Case for an Air Quality Management Plan for the A127 by 29th March 2018 and to submit the Outline Business Case to Defra by 31st December 2018.

ii LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council Actions to Improve Air Quality Rayleigh Town Centre Air Quality Action Plan The Rayleigh Town Centre Air Quality Action Plan was developed in partnership with Essex County Council and after the process of public consultation and formal approval by Defra was adopted by Rochford District Council in 2017.

The action plan contains six priority areas:

1. Monitoring Air Quality • Enable the revocation of Rayleigh AQMA when appropriate 2. Traffic Management • Reduce congestion adjacent to relevant receptors 3. Sustainable Travel • Reduce volume of vehicular traffic through Rayleigh AQMA 4. Planning policy and development control • Strengthen planning policies to avoid new residential development within Rayleigh AQMA, manage growth and support electric vehicle infrastructure 5. Low Emission Vehicles • Reduce emissions in Rayleigh AQMA and across the district 6. Raising awareness of Air Quality • Raising awareness of the issues, increase physical activity and management of symptoms. Each measure has a Key Performance Indicator, the quantification of concentration reduction and achievement date. These can be found in Table 2.1 in section 2.

Clean Bus Technology Fund In 2017, Essex County Council working with Essex Air, Rochford District Council, Southend Borough Council and Borough Council submitted a joint bid to the Clean Bus Technology Fund (CBTF) for £1,072,500 to retrofit 60 buses with Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology (SCRT).

SCRT technology reduces emissions of NOx and NO2 by up to 95% and diesel particulate filters fitted to reduce particulate emissions.

Of the 60 buses, 42 would serve routes on the A127 corridor in and around both the

Rayleigh Town Centre AQMA and NO2 non-compliance area at the Rayleigh Weir. The bid was successful and the upgrade of these buses represents a chance to significantly reduce emissions in these areas. iii LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council A127 / A130 Fairglen Interchange The Fairglen Interchange lies at the boundaries of Basildon, and Rochford Councils. The junction forms a strategic connection between the A127, A13, A130 and A1245 roads.

The interchange experiences high levels of congestion during peak periods and high volumes of traffic at other times.

Essex County Council is in the process of consulting on planned improvements to the junction:

• A new ‘Southend Link Road’ linking the A130 southbound to a new signalised junction on the A1245, where traffic must turn right (southbound)

• Widened slip roads on most of the arms of the Fairglen Interchange roundabout

• Additional and/or longer slip lanes on both A127 on-slip roads

• Improvements at the Rayleigh Spur roundabout, including new traffic lights and an additional lane on the roundabout itself

• A new bridge for pedestrians and cyclists linking existing routes alongside the A127.

Figure i.2 - Proposed Improvements to A127 / A130 Fairglen Interchange

Congestion at the junction can significantly influence vehicle speeds and traffic flows, potentially contributing to the modelled exceedances on the A127.

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Conclusions and Priorities

The report reviews Rochford District Council’s air quality monitoring from 2017. No exceedances of the annual mean objective for Nitrogen Dioxide at relevant exposure.

The Council’s has prioritised the following actions for 2018:

• Submit Outline Business Case to Defra for the A127 NO2 non-compliance area

• Carry out measures contained within the Air Quality Action Plan, including the procurement of electric vehicle charging points in Rayleigh and progress with the CBTF.

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Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Rochford District Council is a member of the Essex Air Quality consortium. The purpose of Essex Air is to promote improvements in air quality related issues. The Essex Air web site provides a daily forecast of air pollution. Also, the @EssexAir twitter feed provides localised weekly air pollution forecasts.

Figure i.3 - Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications

Links to Defra recommended actions and health advice are provided when air pollution is likely to be moderate or higher. This will enable those with heart or lung conditions, or other breathing problems to make informed judgements about their levels of activity or exposure.

vi LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Rochford ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... iii Conclusions and Priorities ...... v Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... vi 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Rochford ...... 3

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 14 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 15 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 15 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 15 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 15 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 15

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 15 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 16 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2017 ...... 18 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 19 Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 21 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in ...... 23 Glossary of Terms ...... 24 References ...... 25

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List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 3 Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 16 Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 17 Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results – 2017 ...... 18 Table C.1 – AIR PT Results 2017 ...... 19 Table C.2 - NO2 Drop Off Estimation for RDC-ABSR ...... 20 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 23

List of Figures Figure i.1 - A127 Modelled Exceedances and Monitoring Locations ...... ii Figure i.2 - Proposed Improvements to A127 / A130 Fairglen Interchange ...... iv Figure i.3 - Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications ...... vi Figure 2.1 – Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution in Rochford 14 Figure D.1 – Monitoring Locations in Rayleigh & AQMA Boundary ...... 21 Figure D.2 – Monitoring Locations in Rochford ...... 22

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1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Rochford during 2017. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Rochford District Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

1 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of the AQMA declared by Rochford District Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/details?aqma_ref=1588

Alternatively, see Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMA(s). Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Is air Level of Exceedance (maximum quality in Polluta monitored/modelled the AQMA Action Plan nts and concentration at a location of influenced AQMA Date of Air City / One Line relevant exposure) by roads Name Declaration Quality Town Description controlled Objecti by At Date of ves Now Name Link Highways Declaration Publication England? Rayleigh Town Centre incorporating some premises in each of the following streets: Brook Road, Rayleigh http://www.essexair.org.uk/Re NO Rayleigh 2 Crown Hill, Town ports/Rayleigh_Town_Centre 30/01/2015 Annual Rayleigh NO 41.4 µg/m3 36.53 µg/m3 2017 AQMA Eastwood Road, Centre _Air_Quality_Action_Plan_20 Mean High Road, High Action Plan 17.pdf Street, Hockley Road, Southend Arterial Road, Websters Way ☒ Rochford DC confirms the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date

2 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Rochford

In 2017, Rochford District Council has adopted an ambitious Air Quality Action Plan. Details of all measures are set out in Table 2..

Rochford District Council anticipates that the measures stated in Table 2. will achieve compliance in the Rayleigh Town Centre AQMA.

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Organisations Reduction in Estimated / Key Measure EU EU involved and Planning Implementation Pollutant / Actual Comments / Barriers Measure Performance Progress to Date No. Category Classification Funding Phase Phase Emission from Completion to implementation Indicator Source Measure Date Complete. Monitoring Amend locations revised Monitoring AQMA No impact on 1 Other Other RDC End 2016 2017 – 2020 New Measure 2020 at earliest January 2017 and Programm revoked concentrations automatic analyser e decommissioned. Rayleigh Weir upgrade completed in May 2017 (with some data- cabling and footway reinstatement Rayleigh outstanding). Once Weir complete the signals Reduction in (A127) will operate measured Major UTC, dynamically and there NO2 Scheme - Traffic Congestion will be a remote control Early/mid Completed End concentrations 2 signals Managem management, ECC Up to 2 µg/m3 On-going Mar-17 link with the Traffic 2016 March 2017 at sites upgrade ent traffic Control Centre for affected by installation reduction incident management. current of Following this, once queues SCOOT/M the signals have OVA settled / calibrated, a 6 month BR will be undertaken. Current estimate for Benefits Realisation is summer 2018. Changes Strategic Puffin Funding for conversion to Traffic highway crossings of zebra crossings to Dependant on Dependant on 3 pedestrian Managem improvements, ECC 2016 installed to >0.2 µg/m3 Proposed Puffin – High funding funding crossing ent Re-prioritising replace zebra Road/Eastwood Road points road space crossings and High Road North

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away from (nr Castle Road) cars, including rejected by Local Access Highway Panel in management, September 2016. The Selective cost benefit is low, vehicle however additional priority, bus funding opportunities priority, high will continue to be vehicle sought as and when occupancy funding options lane emerge. RDC has jointly bid Public Vehicle with ECC and SBC to Use RDC held Promoting Procurement - the Clean Bus cleaner discussions Low Prioritising Technology Fund for 4 buses RDC 2016/2017 2017 with all <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017 Emission uptake of low £1.2M to retrofit Arriva through relevant Transport emission and First buses using AQMA operators vehicles routes through AQMA to Euro VI standard. Strategic highway improvements, Re-prioritising road space away from Minimise RDC held cars, including bus Traffic discussions Access 5 waiting Managem RDC 2016/2017 2017 with all <0.2 µg/m3 New Measure 2017 No Update management, times in ent relevant Selective AQMA operators vehicle priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane Retain Strategic appropriat highway Most deliveries at rear e off road improvements, (Websters Way) and space for Re-prioritising off road, so do not freight road space cause obstructions in deliveries Traffic away from Freight Avoid AQMA. Probably no 6 and Managem cars, including ECC/RDC On-going On-going delivery space worsening New measures On-going scope for improvement investigat ent Access retained pollution in terms of location or e issues management, hours. AAP and with Selective planning policy needs existing vehicle to protect space for loading priority, bus deliveries at rear. bays priority, high

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vehicle occupancy lane

A review of strategic signage is currently Ensure being undertaken. This south will set the Essex Policy requirements for Strategic Guidance signing Signing Reduction in and upgrades/changes to 7 review Other policy ECC On-going On-going through traffic <0.2 µg/m3 Proposed On-going Developm be undertaken as takes in AQMA ent highway schemes impact on Control come on stream. AQMA Scope to avoid AQMA into will be limited because account A129 is a “Priority 1” route. Major scheme to improve journey times and manage congestion. Improvements on the A127 corridor will A127 / reduce traffic through A130 AQMA which re-route Fairglen UTC, to avoid congestion on Interchang Traffic Congestion Reduction in 2015 to the A127. Launch of 8 e short Managem management, ECC 2021/2023 through traffic >2 µg/m3 Proposed 2023 2020 Public Consultation in term ent traffic in AQMA February 2018. Latest scheme reduction at improvem http://www.essexhighw ents ays.org/highway- schemes-and- developments/major- schemes/a127-a130- fairglen- interchange.aspx Winter 17/18 Reduction in distribution following A127 measured UTC, update of maps. The Corridor NO2 Traffic Congestion Strategy identifies the for Growth Mid/end concentrations 9 Managem management, ECC 2017/18 Up to 2 µg/m3 Proposed 2018 issues and solutions route 2016 at sites ent traffic for the A127 Corridor strategy affected by reduction to support and enable review current economic growth queues across south Essex.

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Improvements on the A127 corridor will take into consideration and aid the reduction of traffic through AQMA which re-route to avoid congestion on the A127. Need to ensure air quality impacts on AQMA are given adequate consideration and weight in decision making progress. Route Route UTC, management Included in Rochford based Traffic Congestion No funding measures to Integrated Transport strategies Yet to be Yet to be 10 Managem management, ECC allocation at this reduce <0.2 µg/m3 Proposed Package. ECC B1013 funded determined ent traffic time congestion estimate circulation and reduction and improve Summer 2018. A1015 journey times Eco Race Promoting Increase Essex. Wyburns, Riverside Travel School Travel number of 11 Target Sustrans/ ECC 2016/17 2017/2018 <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017/2018 and Westerings Alternativ Plans schools Rayleigh schools involved. es participating Schools Alternativ es to Quiet routes Quiet ECC/ RDC/ 12 private Other 2017 2017/2018 identified and <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2018 No Update Routes Sustrans vehicle publicised use Rayleigh, Hockley and Rochford Chambers of Commerce collaboratively working. Note – Sustrans / RDC Promoting End At least 1 café remit. Loyalty scheme The Cake Travel Promotion of 13 Sustrans/RDC 2016/beg 2017 in Rayleigh <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017 for cyclists to get free Escape Alternativ cycling 2017 joined scheme cake at participating es cafes. No cafes in Rayleigh at present. http://www.thecakeesc ape.org.uk/cafe-sign- up Secure Increase Experience in Essex Promoting cycling Promoting number of demonstrates that Travel School Travel Dependent of Dependant on 14 parking Travel 2017 secure cycle <0.2 µg/m3 New measure provision of secure Alternativ Plans funding funding local Alternatives stands at cycle parking can es schools schools increase cycle

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numbers. Funding sources to be identified.

Policy in Area Action Plan to provide enhanced cycle parking facilities at Enhanced Promoting suitable locations Increase in cycle Travel Promotion of throughout the centre. 15 RDC / ECC 2016 2017/18 cycle parking <0.2 µg/m3 Proposed 2018 parking Alternativ cycling Additional cycle facilities facilities es parking with CCTV cameras installed at Rayleigh Rail Station in partnership with Greater Anglia in 2016. Draft Rochford Cycle Action Plan to be issued imminently. New and Inclusion of Promoting New and improved improved appropriate Travel Promotion of pedestrian and cycle 16 pedestrian ECC / RDC 2016 2017/18 measures in <0.2 µg/m3 Proposed 2018 Alternativ cycling routes and links to the and cycle Cycle Action es railway station included routes Plan in AAP. Likely to be implemented as part of local Cycle Action Plan See 15 & 16 above. Local improvements also considered as part of Rayleigh Town Centre Action Plan. Likely to include cycle maps, parking and signage of alternative Promoting Appropriate Cycle routes. Funding yet to Travel Promotion of routes 17 Action ECC / RDC 2016 2017/18 <0.2 µg/m3 Proposed 2018 be secured for Alternativ cycling identified and Plan implementation. es publicised Development of Action Plan funded by ECC. National Cycle Network to also be promoted. £100k secured from s106 agreement for Hullbridge housing development.

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Marketing of Rail/bus/cycle Marketing improvements installed of Promoting Intensive Will be using previous LTSF Rail/bus/c Travel active travel Dependant on identified as Dependant on funding. Sustainable 18 ECC 2016/2017 <0.2 µg/m3 Proposed ycle Alternativ campaign & funding part of funding funding Transition Fund bid improvem es infrastructure process marketing was not ents successful. Will look to identify and apply for alternative funding. Personalised home to station travel plans have been carried out at two stations in Essex. This could be effective for Rayleigh passengers to minimise car trips Home to Promoting through the AQMA. Rail Personalised Travel ECC/train Plans Will be looked into with 19 Station Travel 2017 2018 <0.2 µg/m3 New measures 2019 Alternativ operator implemented new rail franchise travel Planning es operator Abellio plans Greater Anglia. A new Travel Plan Officer has been appointed at Greater Anglia, Essex County Council to seek expansion of this initiative in conjunction with operator. 2 secondary schools and up to 4 primary schools near AQMA. Targeted travel Implemented Rayleigh Promoting planning in schools in at least one School Travel School Travel conjunction with raising 20 ECC 2017 2017/2018 new school <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2018 Travel Alternativ Plans awareness air quality travel plan in Plans es has potential to reduce Rayleigh number of trips through AQMA. Needs to include information about in-car exposure. No large employers in New At least one Promoting Rayleigh identified by Business Workplace business Travel Steering Group. ECC 21 Travel Travel ECC 2016/2017 2017/2018 travel plan <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2018 Alternativ have indicated that Plans in Planning implemented es they have a list of Rayleigh (if Suitable potential targets in

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business Rochford, which could identified) be pursued.

New and improved pedestrian signage should be introduced Transport for key destinations New and Planning and attractions, improved 22 and Other RDC 2017/18 2018/19 New Signage <0.2 µg/m3 Proposed 2020 including the rail pedestrian Infrastruct station, the town signage ure centre, the mount, the windmill, Holly Trinity Church and the Dutch Cottage. Policy in AAP. Ensure air quality impacts on and in Policy AQMA ECC transport Guidance Impacts on Avoid considere department attends and AQM worsening 23 d in Other policy RDC / ECC 2016 2016/2017 New measure 2017 fortnightly meetings. Developm considered in pollution in developm Ensure RDC AQ officer ent Local Plan AQMA ent plan copied into minutes. Control evidence base (South Essex) Need to ensure the impacts of new developments upon AQMA and appropriate mitigation measures Formalise are considered Avoid Communi consistently in all Policy worsening cation applications. ECC Guidance Implement and pollution in between review applications and appropriate AQMA or 24 Environm Other policy RDC / ECC 2017 2017/2018 New measure 2018 with Transport Developm communicatio introducing new ental Assessments using a ent ns framework receptors into Health checklist. Now Control AQMA without and prioritising measures to mitigation Planning maximise sustainable transport 1st, infrastructure 2nd. Alternative approach could be to add air quality considerations

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to this checklist, although this wouldn’t include smaller applications

MH to Investigate mechanism for Ensure All ensuring that new new Policy AQ No additional sensitive receptors receptors Guidance assessments receptors introduced in the introduced End and for all relevant introduced in 2017 and AQMA via permitted 25 in AQMA Other policy RDC 2016/early 2017 New measures Developm permitted AQMA without beyond development have are 2017 ent development appropriate appropriate air quality considere Control applications mitigation assessments and d, where mitigation. Update possible planning officers on AQMA and Action Plan Promote Electric Promoting Policy Avoid Include appropriate Vehicles Low requiring EV worsening 26 RDC/ ECC 2016/2017 2017 New measure 2018 policy in emerging in new Emission included in pollution in Local Plan developm Transport Local Plan AQMA ents Large developments permitted to west and north of Rayleigh. Potential for targeted All new Travel travel plans or packs Promoting developments Plans – Personalised for new residents. May Travel required to 27 new Travel RDC 2017 2017/2018 <0.2 µg/m3 New measure On-going need to include Alternativ implement developm Planning requirement in Local es residential ents Plan. £100k for cycling travel plans obtained from s106 agreement for Hullbridge housing development. Consider Quantum of viability of development in next bypass as Local Plan could justify highways Policy a bypass as mitigation mitigation Guidance for highway impacts, Requirement for and and decision made by 28 Other policy RDC/ ECC 2017/18 2020 included in >2 µg/m3 New measure 2020 planned Developm Essex County not to Local Plan developm ent pursue the scheme ents as Control previously. Any part of resurrection of a Local Plan bypass proposals process would need to be

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considered carefully as part of the Local Plan process and A127 Corridor for Growth Strategy http://www.essexhighw ays.org/uploads/Neven don-A127-Corridor-for- Growth-Paper.pdf. To be started. Investigate for potential lower parking fees or season ticket fees for Lower Promoting EV. Season tickets Priority Parking Low Scheme may be easier to 29 parking for RDC 2017 2017/2018 <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2018 fees for Emission introduced enforce than day LEV's EV Transport tickets which are pay and display. ECC to liaise with Greater Anglia re: Rayleigh Station. Investigate grants for Council and other Company vehicles, including Vehicle Promoting taxis, from OLEV and Procurement - Grants Low communicate to 30 EV grants Prioritising RDC/ ECC 2016/2017 2017 identified and <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017/18 Emission relevant groups. Apply uptake of low applied for Transport for any directly relevant emission to RDC or ECC that vehicles could impact upon AQMA. Investigate potential for priority parking for EV Prioritise Promoting – at station and high Priority parking Low Priority spaces street (season ticket 31 parking for RDC 2016/2017 2017 <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2018 provision Emission implemented holders already given LEV's for EV Transport priority spaces nearest to station). See point 29. Procuring alternative At least 1 Install EV Promoting Refuelling To be started. Install charge point charging Low infrastructure EV at least one group 32 RDC Early 2017 2017 installed in a <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017/18 at council Emission to promote of charging points at Rayleigh car car parks Transport Low Emission Council car park park Vehicles, EV recharging,

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Gas fuel recharging

Procuring alternative Currently no public Refuelling charging points in Promoting infrastructure Rayleigh. ECC group Additional Low to promote Additional EV 33 RDC/ ECC 2017 2018 <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2018 aiming for provision of EV points Emission Low Emission points installed at least 1 point per Transport Vehicles, EV district. See points 29 recharging, and 32. Gas fuel recharging Procuring alternative Refuelling 1 petrol station in LPG station Promoting infrastructure AQMA has LPG promoted in all Promote Low to promote refuelling 34 RDC 2016/2017 2017/2018 relevant <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017/2018 LPG Emission Low Emission infrastructure. communicatio Transport Vehicles, EV Promotion not yet ns recharging, started. Gas fuel recharging Promoting Taxi Increase in To be started. Make Low Taxi emission 35 Emission RDC 2016/2017 2017 low emission <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2018 taxi companies aware Emission incentives incentives taxis of possible grants. Transport Current conditions (January 2016) maximum age 6 years Licence when first licenced and Promoting conditions that not re-licenced if more Taxi Low Taxi Licensing 36 RDC 2016/2017 2017 encourage low <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2019/20 than 10 years old. Not Licensing Emission conditions emission appropriate to reduce Transport vehicles that age limit at this time. Officers to keep discussing with Licensing colleagues. Established Liftshare Increase in Alternativ website for Essex. number of Promote es to Car & lift Promote locally as part users 37 Essex private sharing ECC 2016/2017 2017/2018 <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017/18 of other awareness- travelling Liftshare vehicle schemes raising. Investigate through use addition of Rochford Rayleigh group under the Essex

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umbrella. https://liftshare.com/uk link to be added to RDC website and promoted in interim. Alternativ Set up Private group for es to Car & lift Rochford Rochford Rochford can be set up 38 private sharing ECC 2016/2017 2017 <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017 Liftshare group set up under Essex umbrella vehicle schemes group free of charge. use Promoted since 2017. Active Essex Promoting https://www.rochford.g Promote promoted in all Travel ov.uk/leisure-and- 39 Active Other ECC 2016/2017 2017/2018 relevant <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017/2018 Alternativ tourism/sport-and- Essex communicatio es physical-activity/active- ns rochford Engage Public Health ECC Public Health colleague representative on RDC Briefing 40 s at Other Other RDC End 2016 2016/17 <0.2 µg/m3 New measure 2017 officer attending Health completed district & Wellbeing board and meeting March 2018. county level Make RDC comms Promote aware of AQAP and Air Quality any updates, to allow Raise Action Public Increase in them to distribute Via other awareness of When AQMA 41 Plan and Informatio RDC 2016/2017 2017/2018 comms related New measure information via existing mechanisms AQMA and revoked awarenes n to air quality channels. Consider an Action Plan s in event or awareness Rayleigh campaign using existing channels

13 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council 2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Rochford District Council does not monitor PM2.5 concentrations however notes the Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator 3.01 – Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate (PM2.5) air pollution which for 2015 gave a value of 5.4% which has increased slightly from 5.2% in 2015. These values are broadly similar to other authorities within the region. Figure 2.1 – Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution in Rochford

Rochford District Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5:

• Air quality measures from the forthcoming Air Quality Action Plan designed to

reduce nitrogen dioxide may have the complementary effect of reducing PM2.5. • Regular inspections of permitted industry where combustion and non-

combustion processes could lead to anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5 • Working with Essex County Council (highway authority) to deliver Major Transport improvement schemes to improve infrastructure, reduce personal car use and alleviate congestion. In addition to reduced exhaust emissions, these schemes will reduce non-exhaust emissions from brake and tyre wear by making traffic flows smoother. 14 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Rochford District Council did not undertake automatic (continuous) monitoring during 2017.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Rochford District Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 10 sites during 2017. Table A. in Appendix A provides detail of the sites.

During development of the AQAP, the diffusion tube monitoring sites were audited and in Rayleigh, all sites were relocated to more suitable locations and at relevant exposure where possible. The two diffusion tube locations in Rochford were maintained.

Details of Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A. in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

For diffusion tubes, the full 2017 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

There have been no measured annual means greater than 60µg/m3, which indicates that an exceedance of the 1-hour mean objective is not likely at these sites.

15 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to Distance to collocated Pollutants Relevant kerb of Site ID Site Name Site Type X OS Grid Ref Y OS Grid Ref In AQMA? with a Height (m) Monitored Exposure (m) nearest road Continuous (1) (m) (2) Analyser?

South Street - RDC-SS Kerbside 587670 190352 NO2 NO 2 1 NO 2.40 SS Anne Boleyn RDC-ABSR Sutton Road - Roadside 587733 189667 NO2 NO 13 1 NO 2.40 ABSR 22a Hockley RDC-HOR Roadside 580878 190918.4 NO2 YES 0 2.40 NO 2.40 Road - HOR Crown Heights, RDC-CRH Crown Hill - Roadside 580545 190734.6 NO2 YES 0 6.9 NO 2.40 CRH King Georges Court, RDC-KGC Roadside 580776.7 190462 NO2 YES 0 8.70 NO 2.40 Eastwood Road - KGC 4 High Road, RDC-HRA Roadside 580319.2 190429.6 NO2 NO 0 11.30 NO 2.40 Rayleigh - HRA 7 High Road, RDC-HRB Roadside 580337.9 190415 NO2 YES 0 4.60 NO 2.40 Rayleigh - HRB 71 High Road, RDC-HRC Roadside 580217 190140 NO2 YES 0 10.80 NO 2.40 Rayleigh - HRC 109 High Road, RDC-HRD Roadside 580217 189850 NO2 YES 0 6.30 NO 2.40 Rayleigh - HRD 18 Hollytree RDC-HOG Gardens, Suburban 580002.3 189898.5 NO2 NO 0 14.45 NO 2.40 Rayleigh - HOG Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

16 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Valid Data Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2017 Type Monitoring (%) (2) Period (%) (1) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

RD1 Roadside Automatic N/A N/A 52.5 50.1 47.59 55.17 N/A Roadside/Urban RO011 Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 41.33 37.1 34.57 36.51 N/A Centre Roadside/Urban RO012/013/014 Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 53 45 37.98 43.82 N/A Centre Roadside/Urban RO015 Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 48.62 47 39.61 43.56 N/A Centre RO016 Kerbside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 53.87 49.55 47.31 47.3 N/A

RDC-SS Roadside Diffusion Tube 82 75 40.8 35.7 34.08 32.82 30.75

RDC-ABSR Roadside Diffusion Tube 82 75 49.82 39.7 39.74 42.09 42.44

RDC-HOR Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 92 N/A N/A N/A N/A 36.53

RDC-CRH Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 92 N/A N/A N/A N/A 28.87

RDC-KGC Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 92 N/A N/A N/A N/A 26.43

RDC-HRA Roadside Diffusion Tube 82 75 N/A N/A N/A N/A 25.65

RDC-HRB Roadside Diffusion Tube 91 83 N/A N/A N/A N/A 26.27

RDC-HRC Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 92 N/A N/A N/A N/A 26.19

RDC-HRD Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 92 N/A N/A N/A N/A 28.57

RDC-HOG Suburban Diffusion Tube 100 92 N/A N/A N/A N/A 17.68 ☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected In 2017, no annualisation was required Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

17 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2017

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2017 3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Corrected Site ID Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.77) and Data Nearest Annualised Exposure (1) (2) RDC-SS N/A Missing Missing 44.80 41.30 35.80 32.90 39.30 39.60 40.80 42.60 42.30 39.93 30.75 26.71 RDC-ABSR N/A Missing Missing 56.40 51.90 55.70 46.60 51.50 58.50 53.70 64.80 57.00 55.12 42.44 27.20 RDC-HOR N/A 49.30 51.20 50.20 47.40 45.90 40.60 46.50 50.80 48.30 56.30 35.30 47.44 36.53 36.53 RDC-CRH N/A 44.80 43.60 42.70 36.70 29.30 27.40 35.00 35.30 36.80 39.20 41.60 37.49 28.87 28.87 RDC-KGC N/A 37.70 33.40 35.00 - - 23.30 27.20 31.90 35.50 44.50 40.40 34.32 26.43 26.43 RDC-HRA N/A 38.90 36.10 32.50 27.80 - 22.60 25.10 32.30 32.10 43.80 41.90 33.31 25.65 25.65 RDC-HRB N/A 37.50 39.80 35.90 35.00 28.60 27.90 29.20 31.40 34.70 42.50 32.80 34.12 26.27 26.27 RDC-HRC N/A 38.50 32.70 35.20 29.50 30.60 26.80 30.80 34.40 36.20 40.90 38.50 34.01 26.19 26.19 RDC-HRD N/A 43.50 44.40 35.90 38.90 33.20 29.60 33.40 33.50 27.50 47.50 40.80 37.11 28.57 28.57 RDC-HOG N/A 28.10 27.90 22.00 18.10 17.40 14.20 19.20 21.90 25.10 33.70 25.00 22.96 17.68 17.68 ☒ National bias adjustment factor used In 2017, no annualisation was required. ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC Diffusion Tubes QA/QC Rochford District Council undertook monitoring using 10 nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes at 10 sites in 2017.

The diffusion tubes were supplied by Environmental Scientifics Group (ESG Didcot) (UKAS Testing Laboratory number 1015) with a preparation method of 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in Acetone.

The AIR NO2 proficiency testing scheme found that the laboratory achieved the following percentage of results determined as satisfactory for 2017:

Table C.1 – AIR PT Results 2017

AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT

Round AR012 AR013 AR015 AR016

Round January – April – May July – August September – conducted February 2017 2017 October 2017 in the period 2017

ESG Didcot 100% 100% 100% 100%

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Rochford District Council uses the national bias adjustment figure for calculating diffusion tube results.

The Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet 03/18 identified that for ESG (Didcot) 50% TEA in acetone diffusion tubes in 2017, a bias adjustment factor of 0.77 should be used. This was derived from orthogonal regression analysis of 27 studies.

Point Sources No significant new point sources of emissions have been identified.

19 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council

NO2 Fall Off Estimation

Diffusion tube monitoring shown in Table B.1 in Appendix B has been adjusted for NO2 falloff between the monitoring location and the point of relevant exposure.

Using the equation from the Air Quality Consultants ‘NO2 Concentrations and Distance from Roads (2008)’ report a custom Excel spreadsheet has been developed to derive the NO2 concentrations at relevant exposure from the measured annual mean concentrations and using 2017 NO2 background maps.

Estimated Annual Mean at Relevant Exposure:

Cz = ((Cy-Cb) / (-0.5476 x Ln(Dy) + 2.7171)) x (-0.5476*Ln(Dz)+2.7171) + Cb

Where: • Cz is the total predicted concentration (μg/m3) at distance Dz; • Cy is the total measured concentration (μg/m3) at distance Dy; • Cb is the background concentration (μg/m3); • Dy is the distance from the kerb at which concentrations were measured; • Dz is the distance from the kerb (m) at which concentrations are to be predicted; and • Ln(D) is the natural log of the number D The annual mean measurement for monitoring location RDC-ABSR Sutton Road, Rochford was 42.44µg/m3. This measurement is not at relevant exposure.

By applying the calculation above using Defra background concentrations and measurements from the monitoring point to kerb and receptor, the estimated concentration at relevant exposure is found to be 27.20μg/m3

Table C.2 - NO2 Drop Off Estimation for RDC-ABSR

Distance Tube Bias Distance Distance to to kerb of collocated adjust Corrected Site Relevant Annual Mean Site Name nearest with a ed to Nearest ID Exposure (m) Background road (m) Continuous mean Exposure (1) (2) Analyser? (0.77) (2)

Anne Boleyn RDC- 42.44 27.20 Sutton Road 13 1 NO 13.79µg/m3 ABSR µg/m3 µg/m3 - ABSR

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Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs Figure D.1 – Monitoring Locations in Rayleigh & AQMA Boundary

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Figure D.2 – Monitoring Locations in Rochford

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Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

4 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

23 LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Rochford District Council

Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

µg/m3 Micrograms per cubic metre

AIR-PT An independent analytical proficiency-testing (PT) scheme, operated by LGC Standards and supported by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL)

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air Quality Annual Status Report

Bias Adjustment For NO2 diffusion tubes, bias represents the overall tendency of the tubes to under or over-read relative to the reference chemiluminescence analyser. This should not be confused with precision, which is an indication of how similar the results of duplicate or triplicate tubes are to each other. It is necessary to calculate a bias factor and adjust monitored results accordingly

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

EU European Union

EV Electric Vehicle

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Oxides of Nitrogen

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SCRT Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology – retrofit emissions system that can be fitted to older heavy-duty vehicles to achieve emissions equivalent to Euro VI.

TEA Triethanolamine. The absorbing substance used in diffusion tubes measuring Nitrogen Dioxide

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References

Air Quality Consultants (AQC) NO2 Concentrations and Distance from Roads (2008) available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/FallOffWithDistanceReptJuly08.pdf

Defra Air Quality web pages available at: http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk.

Defra Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/assets/Database_Diffusion_Tube_Bias_Factors_v03_18%2 0FINAL.xls

Defra LAQM Summary of Laboratory Performance in AIR NO2 PT Scheme available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/assets/AIR-PT-Rounds-13-to-24-Apr-2016-Feb-2018.pdf

Defra PG.16 Air Quality Policy Guidance available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-PG16-April-16-v1.pdf

Defra TG.16 Air Quality Technical Guidance available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-February-18-v1.pdf

Essex Air Quality Consortium available at: http://www.essexair.org.uk/Default.aspx

EssexCarShare.com available at: https://essex.liftshare.com/

Essex Air Twitter Feed available at: https://twitter.com/essexair

Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01 available at; http://www.phoutcomes.info/

Rochford District Council Air Quality Annual Status Report 2017 available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Rochford_DC_ASR_2017.pdf

Rochford District Council Rayleigh Town Centre Air Quality Action Plan available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Rayleigh_Town_Centre_Air_Quality_Action_Plan _2017.pdf

UK-AIR Background Mapping Data for Local Authorities available at; https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/data/laqm-background-maps?year=2015

UK Air Quality Plan for tackling roadside NO2 concentrations: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/air-quality-plan-for-nitrogen-dioxide-no2- in-uk-2017

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