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S a M P L E M a T E R I a L Not Yet Endorsed by Edexcel UNIT ‘Old corruption?’: parliament before 1 the Great Reform Act What is this unit about? This unit introduces key ideas about historical evidence and interpretation. InL it you will: • find out about using sources as evidence; A • explore different historical interpretations; • assess how far the political system before 1832 deserved its reputationI for ‘Old Corruption’; EDEXCEL • examine the changing ideas and attitudes of Whigs and Tories Rover time. Key questions • How did the British political system function? E • What were the principal features of parliamentary elections before 1832? BY • Why do historians aim to go beyond judging the past in terms of present-day ideas and attitudes? T A Source A SKILLS BUILDER The sturdy trunks are M topped by a crown, a mace, and a bishop’s mitre together with E a duke’s coronet. The junction of these trunks is labelled L ‘res publica’, which ENDORSED is Latin for ‘public P affairs’ and which can also mean ‘republic’. 1 What do each of the sturdy trunks M 1.1 The Constitution of England represent? YETAn undated print from the 2 What do the scales A mid-1770s that represents the represent? institutions and values of the 3 What keeps the English political system. S scales in balance? NOT 1 Britain, 1830–85: Representation and Reform A rotten system Definition Source B shows various politicians including Lord Grey, leader of the Whigs (on the left, carrying ‘Grey’s Family Chopper’) and Tory opponents of Rotten boroughs reform such as Sir Robert Peel (at the right-hand base of the tree) and the Rotten boroughs were Duke of Wellington (immediately to the right of Peel). The tree contains small towns that elected ‘Foul Nests’, labelled with the names of so-called ‘rotten boroughs’ such as Members of Parliament Dunwich which fell into the hands of profiteering borough-mongers. In the despite having declined in cartoon the borough-mongers cry ‘You take our lives when you do take the economic significance means whereby we live’. Many rotten boroughsL were scheduled to lose and population. their representation in Parliament under the Whigs’ reform proposals. In the background William IV stands on ‘Constitution Hill’ receiving thanks from figures representing England, Scotland,A and Ireland. I Source B EDEXCEL R E BY T A M 1.2 The Reformers’ Attack A print produced in April 1831, E showing reformers chopping down a decayed tree, labelled L ‘Rotten Borough System’. ENDORSED UnderstandingP the British political system The symbolism in Sources A and B is easy to interpret in terms of the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Although Mthere are important differences between the overall message of Source A and that of SourceYET B, there is continuity in that they both show respect for the institution of monarchy. There was widespread pride in a political A system that seemed to have squared the circle between the competing influences of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. Britain, according to S some political commentators, was a stable ‘republic’ precisely because it had subjected its monarchy to limitations by Parliament, which in turn representedNOT both aristocratic and popular interests. 2 Parliament before the Great Reform Act 1111 Constitution 2 Source A refers to the ‘English’ constitution even though this included 3 Wales, Scotland and Ireland: this was because people in England generally 4 regarded Wales, Scotland, and Ireland as junior and inferior partners. It is 5 also important to point out that there was no formal English constitution, 6 in the sense that applies to the United States of America, which has a 7 specific constitutional document that establishes rights, responsibilities, 8 and powers. In contrast the constitution for the British Isles was an 9 accumulation of various legal documents and traditions – the most 1011 L famous being Magna Carta of 1215. The fact that there was no single 1 fountainhead of constitutional wisdom was judged to be a strength. The 2 constitution had developed naturally; its peculiarities and inconsistencies 3111 A 4 were valuable and unique. Commentators would sometimes describeI how 5 the constitution had grown naturally by comparing it to a tree. This 6 positive image of natural growth was contrasted negatively with the idea EDEXCEL 7 that a constitution could be invented by reason alone. No Rpolitical 8 philosopher would have designed such a quirky system. Yet it worked. 9 20111 Monarch E BY 1 In theory the monarch was the active head of state. The king, or queen, 2 chose the government and could dismiss ministers at will. The monarch 3 T also had the power to dissolve Parliament, bringing it to an end in order 4 5 to hold fresh elections. In practice the monarch’sA choice was limited by 6 the need for the Prime Minister to have the confidence of Parliament, 7 especially the House of Commons. By the early nineteenth century the 8 king played little role in day-to-day decisions, but could still prevent 9 ministers from bringing forward unwantedM policies on major issues. 30111 1 House of Lords 2 The influence of the crown was particularly noticeable in the House 3 E of Lords, which contained hereditary peers – dukes, marquises, earls, 4 viscounts, and barons – together with bishops and archbishops of the 5 L Church of England. The creation of peers, and their advancement 6 7 in the peerage was a personal decision of the monarch,ENDORSED who as head 8 of the Church of England alsoP appointed and promoted bishops and 9 archbishops. 40111 1 House of Commons M 2 The House of Commons was also subject to influence from the crown 3 YET and the aristocracy. The king’s ministers could use the power of 4 patronage (salaries, contracts,A favours, and honours) to influence certain 5 elections and the political behaviour of some individuals. The aristocracy 6 possessed vast swathes of land and were able to influence, and even in 7 S 8222 some instances directly control, elections and political conduct in Parliament. NOT 3 Britain, 1830–85: Representation and Reform Old Corruption? Definitions In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century the existing political Radicalism (radical) system was criticised from a variety of radical perspectives. One common This term comes from the demand was for a comprehensive reform of Parliament. Latin word ‘radix’ which • Pressure for a radical reform of Parliament had fluctuated greatly since means ‘root’, which also the 1770s. Moderate reform had even become a respectable minority gives us the word ‘radish’, viewpoint in Parliament during the 1780s. Yet in the 1790s the French a root vegetable. A radical revolution and the rise in Britain of potentially revolutionary agitation proposal is one that aims caused a repressive backlash that persistedL even after the defeat of to get to the root of a Napoleon in 1815. problem. The label has • Radical agitation for reform did resurface; then it peaked and withered been applied to different A away by the mid-1820s. No petitions for reform were received by the groups, but generally Commons between 1824 and 1829. Despite these ups-and-downs in indicates a critical I radical activity, there had been one clear outcome. Radical attacks on the attitude towards accepted EDEXCEL unreformed Parliament in newspapers, pamphlets, and prints had practices. Radicalism succeeded in publicising theR extent of government spending and can take opposite forms – exposing bizarre variations in electoral practice. such as proposing • According to some radicals this was a system of ‘Old Corruption’ in greater intervention by E BY government and higher which a network of powerful interests controlled Parliament in order to taxes, or less government burden the population with unfair taxes that were then channelled back intervention and lower into already privilegedT pockets through salaries for civil, military and diplomatic posts. Some of these were just sinecures. taxation. If you re-examine Source A carefully, you will notice that Lord Grey is not Sinecures A taking a lead in chopping down the tree of corruption. Behind his back he Salaries paid for little or carries a piece of paper with the word ‘Nepotism’, written on it. This no work done suggests that this print has radical overtones, since Grey, a Whig aristocrat, is suspected ofM wanting to preserve elements of ‘Old Corruption’. Nepotism Giving jobs and favours to family members and their Source C associates. E L ENDORSED P M YET 1.3 The System that WorksA so Well A print by George Cruikshank, a celebrated satirical artist,S published in March 1831. NOT 4 Parliament before the Great Reform Act 1111 2 SKILLS BUILDER 3 Study Source C. 4 5 1 What is the message of this source? 6 2 Suggest one possible reason why this print was made? 7 3 How far does Source C support what you have learned so far about 8 attitudes towards parliamentary reform? 9 1011 L 1 2 3111 In Source C the House of Commons is identified as ‘St Stephens’A and is 4 metaphorically portrayed as a mill, complete with a wheel labelledI with the 5 names of rotten boroughs. A spout, labelled ‘Borough Bridge’, another 6 rotten borough, spews forth gold and paper to hungry tax-eaters, who are EDEXCEL 7 filling their pockets (and even large sacks) from an enormousR bowl labelled 8 ‘Public Money’. The flow contains ‘pensions’, ‘places’, ‘preferments’, Definition 9 ‘contracts’, etc. Under the mill, which is supported by upturned cannons, 20111 there is pile of enfeebled and dying bodies. E BY Suffrage 1 Many radicals believed that only universal manhood suffrage would be 2 The right to vote. capable of shattering the old system.
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