Antimicrobial Efficacy of Cinnamon, Ginger, Horseradish and Nutmeg

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Phytoprotection

Antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamon, ginger, horseradish and nutmeg extracts against spoilage pathogens Pouvoir antimicrobien d'extraits de cannelle, gingembre, raifort et muscade contre des agents pathogènes de conservation Hortense N. Mvuemba, Sarah E. Green, Apollinaire Tsopmo and Tyler J. Avis

Volume 90, Number 2, août 2009 Article abstract In the search for alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides, aqueous spice URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/044024ar extracts were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth of various DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/044024ar spoilage pathogens and their ability to control potato dry rot and carrot cavity spot in vivo. Results showed that cinnamon, ginger and nutmeg significantly See table of contents inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger (Ascomycota), Fusarium sambucinum (Ascomycota), Pythium sulcatum (Oomycota) or Rhizopus stolonifer (Zygomycota), whereas horseradish extract did not lead to the Publisher(s) inhibition of any microorganism at the tested concentration. Among the most effective extracts, 0.05 g mL‑1 of cinnamon extract completely inhibited A. niger Société de protection des plantes du Québec (SPPQ) and P. sulcatum, and 0.10 g mL‑1 of cinnamon extract completely inhibited F. sambucinum. A concentration of 0.05 g mL‑1 of ginger extract also caused 100% ISSN inhibition of P. sulcatum. In vivo, cinnamon extract significantly reduced lesions of potato dry rot and carrot cavity spot, and ginger extract reduced 0031-9511 (print) lesions of carrot cavity spot. These results indicate that aqueous cinnamon and 1710-1603 (digital) ginger extracts could provide an alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides to control these pathogens. Explore this journal

Cite this article Mvuemba, H. N., Green, S. E., Tsopmo, A. & Avis, T. J. (2009). Antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamon, ginger, horseradish and nutmeg extracts against spoilage pathogens. Phytoprotection, 90(2), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.7202/044024ar

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This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ Antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamon, ginger, horseradish and nutmeg extracts against spoilage pathogens

Hortense N. Mvuemba1, Sarah E. Green2, Apollinaire Tsopmo1, and Tyler J. Avis1

Received 2009-08-31; accepted 2009-11-10

PHYTOPROTECTION 90 : 65-70

In the search for alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides, aqueous spice extracts were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth of various spoilage pathogens and their ability to control potato dry rot and carrot cavity spot in vivo. Results showed that cinnamon, ginger and nutmeg significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger (Ascomycota), Fusarium sambucinum (Ascomycota), Pythium sulcatum (Oomycota) or Rhizopus stolonifer (Zygomycota), whereas horseradish extract did not lead to the inhibition of any microorganism at the tested concentration. Among the most effective extracts, 0.05 g mL-1 of cinnamon extract completely inhibited A. niger and P. sulcatum, and 0.10 g mL-1 of cinnamon extract completely inhibited F. sambucinum. A concentration of 0.05 g mL-1 of ginger extract also caused 100% inhibition of P. sulcatum. In vivo, cinnamon extract significantly reduced lesions of potato dry rot and carrot cavity spot, and ginger extract reduced lesions of carrot cavity spot. These results indicate that aqueous cinnamon and ginger extracts could provide an alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides to control these pathogens. Keywords: Cavity spot, cinnamon, dry rot, Fusarium sambucinum, ginger, Pythium sulcatum, spoilage pathogens.

[Pouvoir antimicrobien d'extraits de cannelle, gingembre, raifort et muscade contre des agents pathogènes de conservation] Dans la recherche de moyens de remplacement à l'utilisation de fongicides de synthèse, des extraits aqueux d’épices ont été évalués pour leurs effets sur la croissance mycélienne de plusieurs agents pathogènes de conservation et pour leur efficacité in vivo de répression de la pourriture sèche de la pomme de terre et de la maladie de la tache de la carotte. Les travaux réalisés montrent que les extraits de cannelle, de gingembre et de muscade inhibent significativement la croissance mycélienne des hyphomycètes Aspergillus niger et Fusarium sambucinum, de l’oomycète Pythium sulcatum, ou du zygomycète Rhizopus stolonifer, alors que l’extrait de raifort n’a causé aucune inhibition à la concentration testée. Parmi les extraits les plus efficaces, 0,05 g mL-1 d’extrait de cannelle a complètement inhibé A. niger et P. sulcatum, alors que 0,10 g mL-1 d’extrait de cannelle a complètement inhibé F. sambucinum. Une concentration de 0,05 g mL-1 de gingembre a également causé une inhibition de 100 % de P. sulcatum. Des essais in vivo ont montré que l’extrait de cannelle réduisait significativement les lésions de la pourriture sèche et de la maladie de la tache et que l’extrait de gingembre réduisait les lésions de la maladie de la tache. Cette étude suggère la possibilité d’utiliser des extraits aqueux de cannelle ou de gingembre comme produits de remplacement aux fongicides de synthèse pour la répression de certains agents pathogènes. Mots clés : Agents pathogènes de conservation, cannelle, Fusarium sambucinum, gingembre, maladie de la tache, pourriture sèche, Pythium sulcatum.

1. Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; corresponding author e-mail: tyler_avis@ carleton.ca 2. Département de biotechnologie, La Cité Collégiale, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1K 4R3

65 PHYTOPROTECTION 90 (2) 2009 cavity spot. these extractsinreducingpotatodryrotandcarrot spoilage pathogens,and(ii)toevaluatetheefficacyof of aqueousspiceextractsonthemycelialgrowth objectives ofthisstudywere(i)toevaluatetheeffects chemical fungicidesinapostharvestcontext,the Aspergillus niger niger Aspergillus antimicrobial activityofthe preparedspiceextracts. Four postharvestpathogens wereusedtoassessthe Fungal material MATERIALS ANDMETHODS al. et (including Cavity spotiscausedbydifferentspeciesof fungicide lesseffectiveincontrollingthisdisease. (Holley andKawchuk1996;Platt1997)thatmakesthe sing resistanceof fungicide thiobendazole.Manyreportsshowincrea- mainly controlledbypostharvestapplicationsofthe Fusarium respectively. Dryrotiscausedbyvariousspeciesof lent diseasesinpotatotubersandcarrotroots, control spoilageinstoredproduce. mation ontheuseofspiceextractsasameansto Dorman andDeans2000;Naganawa 2007; CichewiczandThorpe1996;Cowan1999; ding fungi,bacteria,protozoaandviruses(Cho against ahostofplantandhumanpathogens,inclu- shown ahighandgeneralizedantimicrobialactivity cinnamon, clove,garlic,horseradishandwasabihave Among someofthemorestudiedspices,chilies, in traditionalandherbalmedicine(Cowan1999). rials havebeenusedasantimicrobialproductsboth plant materials.Inparticular, spicesfromplantmate- cides involvestheuseofantimicrobialextractsfrom environment. modes ofactionwithreducedriskstohealthandthe control measuresthatpresentnoveloralternative context, thereremainsanurgentneedfordisease been replaced(JanisiewiczandKorsten2002).Inthis treatments, andsomeprohibitedchemicalshavenot the fieldarenotregisteredforuseaspostharvest cold storageunits,manyfungicidesthatareusedin lar caseoffoodspoilagediseasesinwarehousesand ronment (seereferencesinAvis 2007).Intheparticu- well astheiradverseeffectsonhealthandtheenvi- development inthetargetedmicroorganism(s)as backs, includingtheirpropensitytotriggerresistance tively effective,thesefungicideshavemajordraw- control measureforfoodcropdiseases.Whilerela- Synthetic fungicidesremainthemostwidelyused INTRODUCTION options areavailabletocontrolcavityspot(Martinez storage (Howard matures, andlesionscancontinuetodevelopduring disease generallyappearinthefieldascarrotroot al. In viewoftheneedforalternativestosynthetic Dry rotandcavityspotareamongthemostpreva- A possiblealternativetotheuseofchemicalfungi- 2001). However, thereiscomparativelylittleinfor- 2005). (including Pythium sulcatum Pythium et al. et F. sambucinum F. ig.(Ascomycota), Tiegh. Fusarium sambucinum Fusarium 1994). Fewefficientchemical sambucinum ). Symptomsofthe to thiobendazole et al. et 1996; Yu Fusarium Pythium ) andis et al. et et 66 radish andnutmeg)wereincorporatedat0.05gmL initial trial,spiceextracts(cinnamon,ginger, horse- produced extractswereincorporatedintoPDA.Inan and incubatedfor2(for pathogens wereindividuallyinoculatedonthemedia covered withactivelygrowingmyceliaofthefour grams) permLofPDA.Agarplugs(0.5cmdiam) are expressedasthequantityofdriedspice(in USA). through a0.45µmfilterunit(Nalgene,Rochester, NY, The supernatantwasrecoveredandcoldsterilized (#1) followedbycentrifugationat3,100xgfor15min. vered byfilteringthesuspensionsonWhatmanpaper tilled waterat24°Cfor36h.Theextractswerereco- each driedpowderedspicein100mLofsteriledis- Extracts werepreparedbysuspending10to100gof reduced topowderusingamortarandpestle. washed withwater, andlyophilizedpriortobeing were surfacesterilizedfor5minin70%ethanol, to afinepowderinspicegrinder. Gingerrhizomes cinnamon barksticksandnutmegseedwerereduced red withactivelygrowingmycelia of Mecteau using acorkboreraspreviously describedby diam, 4mmdeep)wereperformedoneachtuber with distilledwater, andairdried.Wounds (0.5cm solution ofsodiumhypochloritefor15min,rinsed var. Superior)weresurfacesterilized witha0.5% with fivereplications. ducted accordingtoacompletelyrandomizeddesign (diam oftheagarplug).Allexperimentswerecon- two perpendiculardiamofthecolonyminus0.5cm of eachpathogenwasmeasuredastheaverage at 24°C.Aftertheincubationperiod,mycelialgrowth To determine theireffecton Effect ofspiceextractsonmycelialgrowth ( ( Extracts werepreparedfromcinnamonbark Preparation ofplantextracts R.G. Pratt&J.E.Mitch.(Oomycota),and cavity spotexperiments,mature carrotroots( fungi myceliaservedasnon-inoculated controls.In were placedineachwound. Agarplugscontainingno experiments, potatotubers( lated potatotubersandmaturecarrotroots.Indryrot spot, theextractsweresprayedonartificiallyinocu- ginger extractsonpotatodryrotandcarrotcavity To determinetheinhibitoryeffectofcinnamonand diseases Effect ofspiceextractsonpostharvest 0.05, 0.10and0.15gmL above) atthefollowingconcentrations:0(control), extracts wereincorporatedintoPDA(asdescribed controls. Inasecondtrial,cinnamonandginger Petri dishes.PDAwithoutspiceextractsservedas into warm(45°C)sterilePDApriortopouring sulcatum P. and nutmegseed( Dickinson, Sparks,MD,USA)at24°C. maintained onpotatodextroseagar(PDA;Becton ( or 4d(for stolonifer Armoracia rusticana Armoracia Zingiber officinale Zingiber Cinnamomum verum Cinnamomum et al. et F. sambucinum F. (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. (Zygomycota)were and Fuckel (Ascomycota), (2008). Agarplugs(0.5cmdiam) cove- R. stolonifer R. Myristica fragrans Myristica P.G. Gaertn.,B.Mey. &Scherb), Roscoe), horseradishpowder R. stolonifer R. -1 J. Presl),gingerrhizome . Concentrationsofextracts and A. niger A. Solanum tuberosum Solanum P. sulcatum P. mycelial growth,the Pythium sulcatum Pythium , ), 3(for F. sambucinum F. F. sambucinum F. Houtt.). Dried ) inthedark Rhizopus A. niger A. Daucus L. -1 ) , MVUEMBA ET AL.: EFFECT OF SPICE EXTRACTS ON SPOILAGE PATHOGENS

Table 1. Effect of aqueous spice extracts (0.05 g mL-1) on mycelial growth of spoilage pathogens

Mycelial growtha (cm) Spice extract Aspergillus Fusarium Pythium Rhizopus niger b sambucinum c sulcatum c stolonifer d

Control 2.2 ae 4.2 a 4.2 a 4.3 a Cinnamon 0.0 b 1.3 b 0.0 c 1.6 c Ginger 2.0 a 4.2 a 0.0 c 1.9 c Horseradish 1.9 a 3.2 a 3.8 a 4.5 a Nutmeg 2.1 a 3.9 a 3.0 b 2.4 b a Mean of two perpendicular diam of the colony. b Determined after a 3-d incubation period at 24°C. c Determined after a 4-d incubation period at 24°C. d Determined after a 2-d incubation period at 24°C. e Within a column, values followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD test (P = 0.05). carota L. cv. Caropak) were surface sterilized with a Statistical analysis 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 5 min, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out with rinsed with distilled water, and air dried. Wounding the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc. 1999) was performed on each carrot root by gently scraping and, when significant (P < 0.05), treatment means the epidermis with a sterile razor blade according to were compared using Fisher's protected least signi- Benard and Punja (1995). Agar plugs (0.5 cm diam) ficant difference (LSD) test. covered with actively growing mycelia of P. sulcatum were placed directly on the wounded carrot epidermis. Agar plugs containing no P. sulcatum mycelia RESULTS served as non-inoculated controls. The inoculated and non-inoculated potato tubers and carrot roots were individually transferred to plastic containers Effect of spice extracts on mycelial growth lined with moistened paper towels. Each potato tuber In the initial in vitro trial, the four spice extracts (cin- and carrot root was sprayed with 2 mL of cinnamon namon, ginger, horseradish and nutmeg) were tested or ginger extracts at concentrations of 0.05, 0.10 and at a concentration of 0.05 g L-1 against the four 0.15 g mL-1. Sterile distilled water (2 mL) served as the postharvest pathogens. At this concentration, cinna- control. Dry rot and cavity spot severity was mea- mon extract caused 100% inhibition of mycelial sured as the average of two perpendicular diam of growth in A. niger whereas the other extracts did not the lesions after a 7-d incubation period at 24°C or a inhibit the growth of this pathogen (Table 1). In F. 10-d incubation period at 15°C for dry rot and cavity sambucinum, only the cinnamon extract significantly spot, respectively. The experimental unit consisted of inhibited mycelial growth when compared to the one potato tuber or one carrot root in an individual control (Table 1). Cinnamon and ginger extracts plastic container. The experiment was conducted completely inhibited the growth of P. sulcatum. according to a completely randomized design with Nutmeg extract also significantly inhibited the growth four replications. of P. sulcatum, albeit to a lesser extent (28%) (Table 1).

Table 2. Effect of different concentrations of aqueous cinnamon extracts on mycelial growth of spoilage pathogens

Mycelial growtha (cm) Cinnamon extract Aspergillus Fusarium Pythium Rhizopus (g mL-1) niger b sambucinum c sulcatum c stolonifer d

02.5 ae 4.2 a 4.0 a 4.7 a 0.05 0.0 b 1.1 b 0.0 b 1.4 b 0.10 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 b 0.8 b 0.15 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.0 b 0.0 c a Mean of two perpendicular diam of the colony. b Determined after a 3-d incubation period at 24°C. c Determined after a 4-d incubation period at 24°C. d Determined after a 2-d incubation period at 24°C. e Within a column, values followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD test (P = 0.05).

67 PHYTOPROTECTION 90 (2) 2009 a dose-dependentmannerfor namon andgingerextractsinhibitedthepathogensin therefore presentedforeachextract.Ingeneral,cin- and concentrationswerefoundthedataare Significant statisticalinteractionsbetweenextracts assess theirinhibitoryeffectonthetestedpathogens. extracts wereassayedatdifferentconcentrationsto tration of0.05gmL cinnamon andgingerextracts(Table 1).Ataconcen- significantly inhibitedthemycelialgrowthof None ofthetestedconcentrationsgingerextract ficantly inhibited concentration of0.15gmL water control)at0.10g mL control ofdryrot(approximately 20%relativetothe extract. Cinnamonextract providedsignificant found andthedataarethereforepresentedforeach actions betweenextractsandconcentrationswere Conversely, 0.05gmL or oomycota. cause asignificantinhibitioninanyofthetestedfungi pression ofpotatodryrot( extracts werefurthertestedtodeterminetheirsup- Various concentrations ofcinnamonandginger diseases Effect ofspiceextractsonpostharvest (Table 3). was necessarytocompletelyinhibit sary tocompletelyinhibit 0.05 gmL (Tables 2and 3).Resultsfromthistrialconfirmedthat decrease inmycelialgrowththesetwofungi e d c b a Table pathogens 3.Effectofdifferentconcentrationsaqueousgingerextractsonmycelialgrowth ofpostharvest 0.10 and0.15gL the control.Nutmegextractalsoinhibited the highestinhibitionofmycelialgrowthrelativeto In lesions by51and31%,respectively (Fig.1).Ginger suppression ofbothdryrot andcavityspot,reducing cavity spot( medium from0.05to0.15gmL 0.15 gmL completely inhibit sambucinum stolonifer stolonifer ( Within acolumn,valuesfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferentaccordingtoFisher'sprotectedLSDtest Determined aftera2-dincubationperiodat24°C. Determined aftera4-dincubationperiodat24°C. Determined aftera3-dincubationperiodat24°C. Mean oftwoperpendiculardiamthecolony. P In asecond R. stolonifer R. Ginger extract = 0.05). (g mL .019a34a . 0.8c 2.1b 0.0b 0.0b 3.4ab 4.2a 1.9a 2.2a 0.10 0.05 .517a29b00b0.0c 0.0b 2.9b 1.7a 0.15 02.2 a . Indeed,increasingtheconcentrationin -1 growth, thoughsignificantlylesssothan -1 -1 of cinnamonextractafforded thehighest ) P. sulcatum P. of cinnamonextractwasnecessaryto and , cinnamonandgingerextractscaused in vitro in F. sambucinum F. -1 R. stolonifer R. A. niger A. were requiredtototallyinhibit -1 -1 , horseradishextractdidnot ). Significantstatisticalinter- of gingerextractwasneces- trial, cinnamonandginger P. sulcatum P. F. sambucinum F. and -1 of gingerextractsigni- , respectively(Table 2). -1 F. sambucinum F. . Aconcentrationof -1 P. sulcatum P. , albeitbyonly29%. caused asignificant seglu uaimPtimRhizopus Pythium Fusarium Aspergillus R. stolonifer R. and 0.15gmL niger ) andcarrot , whereas e b A. niger A. and . A R. R. F. -1 68 sambucinum activity ofaqueouscinnamonbarkextractsagainst knowledge, thisisthefirstreportofantimicrobial also highlyinhibitedthemycelialgrowthof DISCUSSION 0.15 gmL concentrations (Fig.2).Agingerconcentrationof extracts didnotsuppressdryrotatanyofthetested Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus wide rangeofspoilagepathogens, including had previouslyshownantimicrobial activityagainsta of gingeroraqueousextracts fromgingerseed (29%). Essentialoilsobtainedfromhydrodistillation sambucinum F. oxysporum Fusarium growth of tive extractasitsignificantlyinhibitedthemycelial extracts. Inparticular, cinnamonwasthemosteffec- are stronglyaffectedbyvariousaqueousspice and causingriskstohealththeenvironment. ring resistancedevelopmentinthetargetedpathogen generally havethepotentialinconvenienceoftrigge- control methodsagainstproducespoilage,butthey chemical fungicidesarestillthemostwidelyused contribute tofoodspoilageduringstorage.Synthetic control plantpathogensand,inparticular, thosethat 1999). However, littleisknownoftheirabilityto bial activityintraditionalandherbalmedicine(Cowan Spice extractshavebeenknowntoprovideantimicro- Snyder &H.N.Hansen(Fawzi 2005; Tripathi extracts hadpreviouslyshown ly inhibitedthemycelialgrowthof by 35%. against mon leaveshavealsoshownantimicrobialactivity alcohol extractsoressentialoildistillatesfromcinna- Sm.) Sacc.(Magro a hostofmicroorganisms,including . . 4.3a 4.4a 4.1 a stolonifer roseum didus tum Among thetestedextracts,aqueousgingerextracts The presentstudyshowedthatspoilagepathogens (100%) and Mycelial growth Link, c Link:Fr. and R. stolonifer R. A. niger A. -1 by 63to100%.Aqueouscinnamonbark (cm) A. niger A. significantly reducedcavityspotlesions et al. et and R. stolonifer R. , sulcatum F. sambucinum F. et al. et a P. sulcatum P. R. stolonifer R. Link, and 2008). However, theaqueous f. sp. (Rodríguez 2006). Various aqueousand Fusarium culmorum Fusarium c F. oxysporum F. (56%), anditsignificant- lycopersici in vitro in . et al. et (Okigbo andNmeka , P. sulcatum P. et al. et seglu can- Aspergillus F. sambucinum F. effects against 2009). To our stolonifer (Sacc.) W.C. , 2008) and Fusarium Fusarium A. niger A. P. sulca- P. and (W.G. d R. , MVUEMBA ET AL.: EFFECT OF SPICE EXTRACTS ON SPOILAGE PATHOGENS

a a 3 a

0 g mL-1 b 2 0.05 g mL-1 a a b 0.10 g mL-1

Lesion size (cm) 0.15 g mL-1 1 c

0 Dry rot Cavity spot

Figure 1. Effect of aqueous cinnamon extracts on the development of potato dry rot and carrot cavity spot. For each disease, lesion sizes with the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD test (P = 0.05).

ginger rhizome extracts in this trial did not inhibit A. concentration 2- to 3-fold higher was necessary to niger mycelial growth. To our knowledge, this is the significantly reduce both diseases in vivo. Ginger first report of antimicrobial activity of aqueous ginger extracts were able to reduce the lesions of carrot extracts against F. sambucinum and P. sulcatum. cavity spot only at a concentration 3-fold higher than the concentration that was necessary to completely Although work conducted using other extraction inhibit P. sulcatum growth. Although ginger extracts methods had previously demonstrated their antimi- caused significant inhibition of F. sambucinum in crobial activity (Cho et al. 2007; Tripathi and Dubey vitro, no tested concentration allowed such an inhi- 2004), nutmeg and horseradish extracts revealed low bition in potato dry rot in vivo. These results suggest or no activity against the studied pathogens under the that some extracts would lose their efficacy when tested conditions. applied to the infected produce or that higher concen- Cinnamon extracts significantly decreased dry rot trations would be required to afford the same level of (F. sambucinum) and cavity spot (P. sulcatum) lesions inhibition as the one obtained in vitro. Of particular in infected potato tubers and mature carrot roots, interest, cinnamon extracts reduced potato dry rot respectively. Although cinnamon strongly inhibited more efficiently than carrot cavity spot, although this the growth of F. sambucinum and P. sulcatum in vitro extract was less inhibitory toward F. sambucinum at the lowest tested concentration (0.05 g mL-1), a when compared to P. sulcatum. While this may

a a

3 ab

0 g mL-1 a b a a 2 a 0.05 g mL-1 0.10 g mL-1

Lesion size (cm) 0.15 g mL-1 1

0 Dry rot Cavity spot

Figure 2. Effect of aqueous ginger extracts on the development of potato dry rot and carrot cavity spot. For each disease, lesion sizes with the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD test (P = 0.05).

69 PHYTOPROTECTION 90 (2) 2009 Cho, J.Y, G.J.Choi,S.W. Son,K.S.Jang,H.K. Lim,S.O.Lee, antimicrobial activityagainst extracts (cinnamon,gingerandnutmeg)havedirect Dorman, H.J.D.,andS.G.Deans.2000. Cowan, M.M.1999. other antimicrobialtreatments(Mecteau potato tuberdefensereactions,asobservedwith contribute todiseasecontrolthroughactivationofthe molecular andbiochemicalreactionsthatmay possible thatcinnamonextractsmayalsoheighten simply beaproductofthetestedpathosystem,itis Cichewicz, R.H.,andP.A. Thorpe.1996. Benard, D.,andZ.K.Punja.1995. Avis, T.J. 2007. REFERENCES for useofspecializedinfrastructure. The authorsthankDr. M.C.DeRosaandDr. J.D.Miller ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS produce receivingthespiceextracts. and todeterminetheorganolepticpropertiesof extracts, toevaluatetheirefficacyonalargerscale, are responsibleforthemodeofactionthese required todeterminetheinhibitorycompoundsthat and coldstorageunits.However, furtherresearchis lopment ofthesespoilagediseasesinwarehouses mon andgingerextractstocontrolorlimitthedeve- spot. Thisindicatesthepossibilityofapplyingcinna- as gingerextractsignificantlyreducedcarrotcavity reducing potatodryrotandcarrotcavityspot,where- tested spices,cinnamonextractwaseffectivein bucinum Overall, thisstudyrevealedthataqueousspice antifungal activityoflignansfrom N.D. Sung,K.Y. Cho,andJ.-C.Kim.2007. :31-45. Can. J.PlantPathol.17 cavity spotdevelopmentoncarrotsinBritishColumbia. pl irbo.8 :308-316. Appl. Microbiol.88 from plants:antibacterialactivityofplantvolatileoils.J. :564-582. Clin. Microbiol.Rev. 12 :61-70. uses inMayanmedicine.J.Ethnopharmacol.52 properties ofchilepeppers( :935-940. 63 against variousplantpathogenicfungi.PestManag.Sci. :323-329. Plant Pathol.29 membranes: applicationsinplantdiseasecontrol.Can.J. , P. sulcatum P. Antifungal compoundsthattargetfungal Plant productsasantimicrobialagents. and/or Capsicum Capsicum R. stolonifer R. Role of A. niger A. Antimicrobial agents Pythium Myristica fragrans Myristica The antimicrobial species) andtheir . Amongthe et al. et Isolation and , species in F. sam- F. 2009). 70 Okigbo, R.N,andI.A.Nmeka.2005. Naganawa, R.,N.Iwata,K.Ishikawa,H.Fukuda,T. Fujino, Fawzi, E.M.,A.A.Khalil,andA.F. Afifi.2009. Rodríguez, A.,C.Nerín,andR.Batlle.2008. Mecteau, M.R.,J.Arul,andR.J.Tweddell. 2008. Martinez, C.,C.A.Lévesque,R.R.Bélanger, andR.J. Magro, A.,M.Carolino,Bastos,andA.Mexia.2006. Janisiewicz, W.J., andL.Korsten.2002. Howard, R.J.,J.A.Garland,andW.L. Seaman(eds.).1994. Tripathi, P., N.K.Dubey, andA.K.Shukla.2008. Tripathi, P., andN.K.Dubey. 2004. SAS InstituteInc.1999. Yu, E.Y., I.J.Pickering,G.N.George,andR.C.Prince.2001. Platt, H.W. 1997. Holley, J.D.,andL.M.Kawchuk.1996. with leafextractsof :4238-4242. lic. Appl.Environ.Microbiol.62 ajoene, asulfur-containing compoundderivedfromgar- and A.Suzuki.1996. :1-6. Phytoprotection 89 of someplantextractson based activepaperpackagingagainst :1-10. 78 treated commerciallyineasternCanada.Phytoprotection var. different saltsonthedevelopmentof :767-771. of carrotcavityspot.PestManag.Sci.61 Tweddell. 2005. :176-178. Rev. Iberoam.Micol.23 Efficacy ofplantextractsagainststoredproductsfungi. :411-441. 40 postharvest diseasesoffruits.Annu.Rev. Phytopathol. logical SocietyofCanada,Ottawa,Canada.554p. Canadian PhytopathologicalSocietyandtheEntomo- Diseases andPestsofVegetable CropsinCanada.The 27. in Albertapotatostorages.Can.PlantDis.Surv. 76:21- oxysporum Fusarium management ofgreymouldgrapescausedby essential oilsaspost-harvestbotanicalfungicidesinthe :235-245. Postharvest Biol.Technol. 32 harvest fungalrottingoffruitsandvegetables. products asanalternativestrategytocontrolpost- SAS InstituteInc.,Cary, NC,USA. 6369. species and ipy.At 57:156-160. Biophys. Acta1527 from sinigrininhorseradishandwasabi.Biochim. situ observationofthegenerationisothiocyanates of thiabendazole andthiophanate-methylresistantstrains stolonifer officinale cinerea Helminthosporium solani Helminthosporium coeruleum ol .Mcoil itcnl 4:39-46. . World J.Microbiol.Biotechnol.24 f.J itcnl :804-807. . Afr. J.Biotechnol.4 odsolg.J gi.Fo hm 6:6364- food spoilage.J.Agric.FoodChem.56 Helminthosporium solani Helminthosporium Resistance tothiobendazolein , acausalagentofpotatodryrot. Evaluation offungicidesforthecontrol f.J itcnl :2590-2597. . Afr. J.Biotechnol.8 SAS/STAT user'sguide.Version 8. Inhibition ofmicrobialgrowthby Xylopia aethiopica Xylopia and Alternaria alternata Alternaria Fusarium sambucinum Fusarium Exploitation ofnatural Control ofyamtuber Biological controlof in potatotubers Antifungal effect Fusarium solani Fusarium New cinnamon- Distribution of and Use ofsome Rhizopus Fusarium Effect of Zingiber Botrytis and In