Roberts Birds of Southern Africa, 7 Edition

Home , African black swift, African stonechat, Batis (bird), Bearded woodpecker, Black cuckoo, Blue quail

Unknown and little known information in Roberts Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edition

Prepared by Sharon Maree April 2005 This serves as a summary of the unknown, little known and/or missing information in Roberts Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edition.

For simplicity, the sections are given as they appear in Roberts, listing the unknown data as subheadings under each, and providing a list of species (common names only) for which these apply. The species are listed in the taxonomic order, as they appear in Roberts.

INTRODUCTION

Juvenile description • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Hottentot Buttonquail • Long-billed Crombec • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Barratt’s Warbler • Whyte’s Barbet • Common Myna • Green Tinkerbird • Long-tailed Pipit

Immature description • Blue Quail • Bat Hawk • Crested Guineafowl • Black Kite • Hottentot Buttonquail • Southern Banded Snake- • Racket-tailed Roller Eagle • Broad-billed Roller • Little Grebe • Giant Kingfisher • Great Crested Grebe • Pied Kingfisher • Black-necked Grebe • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Malagasy Pond-Heron • White-throated Bee-eater • Greater Frigatebird • Böhm’s Bee-eater • Lesser Frigatebird • Madagascar Bee-eater • Salvin’s Albatross • White-backed Mousebird • Chatham Albatross • Speckled Mousebird • Sooty Albatross • Red-faced Mousebird • Light-mantled Albatross • Green Malkoha • Double-banded Courser

VOICE

Voice description and song • Hottentot Buttonquail • Black-necked Grebe • Bradfield’s Swift • Drakensberg Prinia • Sooty Falcon

Voice in behavioural context • Pied Crow

DISTRIBUTION

General distribution • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Long-tailed Pipit • Souza’s Shrike

POPULATION & DEMOGRAPHY

General population & demography • Chukar Partridge • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Red-billed Spurfowl • African Hoopoe • Cape Spurfowl • Green Wood-Hoopoe • Natal Spurfowl • Common Scimitarbill • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Racket-tailed Roller • Harlequin Quail • Purple Roller • Blue Quail • Broad-billed Roller • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Half-collared Kingfisher • Greater Honeyguide • Malachite Kingfisher • Lesser Honeyguide • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Pallid Honeyguide • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Brown-backed Honeybird • Woodland Kingfisher • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Striped Kingfisher • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Giant Kingfisher • Green-backed Woodpecker • Pied Kingfisher • Ground Woodpecker • White-fronted Bee-eater • Cardinal Woodpecker • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Bearded Woodpecker • Blue-cheeked Bee-eater • White-eared Barbet • European Bee-eater • Whyte’s Barbet • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • White-backed Mousebird • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Speckled Mousebird • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Red-faced Mousebird • Acacia Pied Barbet • Jacobin Cuckoo • Black-collared Barbet • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Crested Barbet • Great Spotted Cuckoo • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Thick-billed Cuckoo • Red-chested Cuckoo • Lemon Dove • Black Cuckoo • European Turtle-Dove • Common Cuckoo • Laughing Dove • African Cuckoo • African Mourning Dove • Madagascar Cuckoo • Cape Turtle-Dove • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Red-eyed Dove • Klaas’s Cuckoo • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • African Emerald Cuckoo • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Diderick Cuckoo • Tambourine Dove • Green Malkoha • Namaqua Dove • Coppery-tailed Coucal • African Green-Pigeon • Senegal Coucal • Kori Bustard • White-browed Coucal • Southern Black Korhaan • Burchell’s Coucal • Northern Black Korhaan • Meyer’s Parrot • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Rosy-faced Lovebird • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Lilian’s Lovebird • African Snipe • Scarce Swift • Greater Painted-snipe • Böhm’s Spinetail • Caspian Plover • African Palm-Swift • Three-banded Courser • Mottled Swift • Burchell’s Courser • African Black Swift • Temminck’s Courser • Bradfield’s Swift • Black-winged Pratincole • Little Swift • Grey-headed Gull • Horus Swift • African Cuckoo Hawk • White-rumped Swift • European Honey-Buzzard • Schalow’s Turaco • Bat Hawk • Knysna Turaco • Black Kite • Ross’s Turaco • Egyptian Vulture • Purple-crested Turaco • African Harrier-Hawk • Barn Owl • Lizard Buzzard • African Scops-Owl • Forest Buzzard • Cape Eagle-Owl • Steppe Eagle • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle • Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl • Pygmy Falcon • Pearl-spotted Owlet • African Hobby • African Barred Owlet • Little Grebe • Freckled Nightjar • Great Crested Grebe • Swamp Nightjar • Black-necked Grebe • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Squacco Heron • Pennant-winged Nightjar • White-backed Night-Heron • Rock Dove • Little Bittern • Speckled Pigeon • Hamerkop • African Olive-Pigeon • Hadeda Ibis • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Fairy Flycatcher • African Pitta • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Eurasian Golden Oriole • Green-capped Eremomela • African Golden Oriole • Karoo Eremomela • Green-headed Oriole • Barratt’s Warbler • Black-headed Oriole • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Square-tailed Drongo Warbler • Fork-tailed Drongo • Black-faced Babbler • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Southern Tchagra • Bush Blackcap • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • White-crested Helmet-Shrike • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Retz’s Helmet-Shrike • Cape White-eye • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Orange River White-eye Shrike • Red-faced Cisticola • Black-and-white Flycatcher • Singing Cisticola • Cape Batis • Lazy Cisticola • House Crow • Rattling Cisticola • Cape Crow • Tinkling Cisticola • Pied Crow • Grey-backed Cisticola • White-necked Raven • Wailing Cisticola • Magpie Shrike • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Southern White-crowned • Luapula Cisticola Shrike • Chirping Cisticola • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Grey Cuckooshrike • Croaking Cisticola • Black Cuckooshrike • Neddicky • Cape Rock-jumper • Short-winged Cisticola • Rufous-bellied Tit • Zitting Cisticola • Miombo Tit • Desert Cisticola • Grey Tit • Cloud Cisticola • Mascarene Martin • Pale-crowned Cisticola • White-throated Swallow • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Wire-tailed Swallow • Karoo Prinia • Greater Striped Swallow • Drakensberg Prinia • South African Cliff-Swallow • Namaqua Warbler • Eastern Saw-wing • Roberts’s Warbler • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Red-winged Warbler • Cape Bulbul • Rufous-eared Warbler • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Bar-throated Apalis • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Black-headed Apalis • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Chirinda Apalis • Tiny Greenbul • Grey-backed Camaroptera • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Melodious Lark • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Cape Clapper Lark • Sharp-tailed Starling • Karoo Lark • Pied Starling • Barlow’s Lark • Common Starling • Dusky Lark • Common Myna • Gray’s Lark • Western Violet-backed • Agulhas Long-billed Lark Sunbird • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Bronzy Sunbird • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Miombo Double-collared • Stark’s Lark Sunbird • Sclater’s Lark • Variable Sunbird • Large-billed Lark • Copper Sunbird • Spotted Creeper • Gurney’s Sugarbird • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Chestnut Weaver • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Yellow-crowned Bishop • Orange Ground-Thrush • Black-winged Bishop • Groundscraper Thrush • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Olive Thrush • Locustfinch • Karoo Thrush • Red-headed Finch • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Cut-throat Finch • White-starred Robin • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • East Coast Akalat • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Cape Robin-Chat • Lesser Seedcracker • White-throated Robin-Chat • Orange-winged Pytilia • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Brown Firefinch • Collared Palm-Thrush • Twinspot Indigobird • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Northern Grey-headed • Kalahari Scrub-Robin Sparrow • Karoo Scrub-Robin • Cape Longclaw • Whinchat • Mountain Pipit • African Stonechat • Long-tailed Pipit • Buff-streaked Chat • Kimberley Pipit • Mountain Wheatear • Wood Pipit • Capped Wheatear • Tree Pipit • Sickle-winged Chat • Black-headed Canary • Karoo Chat • White-throated Canary • Tractrac Chat • Protea Seedeater • Familiar Chat • Cape Siskin • Ant-eating Chat • Drakensberg Siskin • Arnot’s Chat • Lark-like Bunting • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Boulder Chat • Cape Bunting • Pale-winged Starling • Golden-breasted Bunting • Red-winged Starling • Cabanis’s Bunting

Age of first breeding • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • African Grey Hornbill • Red-billed Spurfowl • Trumpeter Hornbill • Harlequin Quail • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Blue Quail • Southern Ground-Hornbill • Common Peacock • African Hoopoe • Crested Guineafowl • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Helmeted Guineafowl • Common Scimitarbill • Egyptian Goose • Narina Trogon • South African Shelduck • Lilac-breasted Roller • Yellow-billed Duck • Racket-tailed Roller • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Purple Roller • Hottentot Buttonquail • Broad-billed Roller • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Half-collared Kingfisher • Greater Honeyguide • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Lesser Honeyguide • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Pallid Honeyguide • Mangrove Kingfisher • Green-backed Honeybird • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Brown-backed Honeybird • Striped Kingfisher • Red-throated Wryneck • Giant Kingfisher • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Pied Kingfisher • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Blue-cheeked Bee-eater • Knysna Woodpecker • Speckled Mousebird • Green-backed Woodpecker • Red-faced Mousebird • Ground Woodpecker • Jacobin Cuckoo • Cardinal Woodpecker • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Bearded Woodpecker • Great Spotted Cuckoo • Olive Woodpecker • Thick-billed Cuckoo • White-eared Barbet • Red-chested Cuckoo • Whyte’s Barbet • Black Cuckoo • Green Barbet • Common Cuckoo • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • African Cuckoo • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Madagascar Cuckoo • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Black-collared Barbet • Klaas’s Cuckoo • Crested Barbet • African Emerald Cuckoo • Red-billed Hornbill • Diderick Cuckoo • Southern Yellow-billed • Green Malkoha Hornbill • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Crowned Hornbill • Senegal Coucal • Bradfield’s Hornbill • White-browed Coucal • Burchell’s Coucal • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Brown-headed Parrot • Tambourine Dove • Lilian’s Lovebird • Namaqua Dove • Rose-ringed Parakeet • African Green-Pigeon • Scarce Swift • Denham’s Bustard • Mottled Spinetail • Ludwig’s Bustard • Böhm’s Spinetail • Red-crested Korhaan • African Palm-Swift • Southern Black Korhaan • Mottled Swift • Northern Black Korhaan • African Black Swift • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Bradfield’s Swift • Karoo Korhaan • Little Swift • Blue Korhaan • Horus Swift • White-bellied Korhaan • Schalow’s Turaco • Black-bellied Bustard • Livingstone’s Turaco • African Finfoot • Knysna Turaco • African Crake • Ross’s Turaco • Corn Crake • Purple-crested Turaco • Black Crake • Grey Go-away-bird • Allen’s Gallinule • African Grass-Owl • Common Moorhen • African Scops-Owl • Lesser Moorhen • Southern White-faced Scops- • Red-knobbed Coot Owl • Namaqua Sandgrouse • Cape Eagle-Owl • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • African Wood-Owl • African Snipe • Pearl-spotted Owlet • African Jacana • African Barred Owlet • Lesser Jacana • Marsh Owl • Water Thick-knee • Fiery-necked Nightjar • Spotted Thick-knee • Freckled Nightjar • Three-banded Plover • Swamp Nightjar • Chestnut-banded Plover • Square-tailed Nightjar • White-fronted Plover • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Long-toed Lapwing • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Blacksmith Lapwing • Rock Dove • White-crowned Lapwing • Speckled Pigeon • African Wattled Lapwing • African Olive-Pigeon • Double-banded Courser • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Bronze-winged Courser • Lemon Dove • Three-banded Courser • African Mourning Dove • Burchell’s Courser • Red-eyed Dove • Temminck’s Courser • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Grey-headed Gull • Caspian Tern • White-breasted Cormorant • Antarctic Tern • Slaty Egret • Damara Tern • Black Heron • Whiskered Tern • Little Egret • African Cuckoo Hawk • Yellow-billed Egret • European Honey-Buzzard • Great Egret • Bat Hawk • Black-headed Heron • Black Kite • Goliath Heron • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Squacco Heron • Brown Snake-Eagle • Rufous-bellied Heron • Southern Banded Snake- • Green-backed Heron Eagle • White-backed Night-Heron • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Hamerkop • Black Harrier • Glossy Ibis • Dark Chanting Goshawk • Hadeda Ibis • Southern Pale Chanting • African Sacred Ibis Goshawk • African Spoonbill • Gabar Goshawk • African Openbill • African Goshawk • Abdim’s Stork • Little Sparrowhawk • Saddle-billed Stork • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • African Pitta • Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk • African Broadbill • Black Sparrowhawk • African Golden Oriole • Forest Buzzard • Green-headed Oriole • Augur Buzzard • Black-headed Oriole • Verreauxs’ Eagle • Square-tailed Drongo • Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle • Fork-tailed Drongo • Booted Eagle • Blue-mantled Crested- • Wahlberg’s Eagle Flycatcher • Long-crested Eagle • African Paradise-Flycatcher • Secretarybird • Brubru • Pygmy Falcon • Black-backed Puffback • Rock Kestrel • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Grey Kestrel • Black-crowned Tchagra • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Red-necked Falcon • Southern Tchagra • African Hobby • Tropical Boubou • Taita Falcon • Swamp Boubou • Little Grebe • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Great Crested Grebe • Bokmakierie • Black-necked Grebe • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Australian Gannet • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • African Darter • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Reed Cormorant • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Cape Bulbul Shrike • Sombre Greenbul • Black-and-white Flycatcher • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Cape Batis • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Woodwards’ Batis • Terrestrial Brownbul • Chinspot Batis • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Pale Batis • Tiny Greenbul • Pririt Batis • Eastern Nicator • House Crow • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Cape Crow • Fairy Flycatcher • Pied Crow • White-tailed Crested • White-necked Raven Flycatcher • Magpie Shrike • Rockrunner • Southern White-crowned • Cape Grassbird Shrike • Moustached Grass-Warbler • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Victorin’s Warbler • Grey Cuckooshrike • Red-faced Crombec • Black Cuckooshrike • Long-billed Crombec • Cape Rock-jumper • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Green-capped Eremomela • Cape Penduline-Tit • Karoo Eremomela • Grey Penduline-Tit • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Carp’s Tit • Broad-tailed Warbler • Rufous-bellied Tit • Little Rush-Warbler • Miombo Tit • Knysna Warbler • Ashy Tit • Barratt’s Warbler • Grey Tit • African Reed-Warbler • Brown-throated Martin • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Banded Martin • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Mascarene Martin • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Grey-rumped Swallow • Yellow-throated Woodland- • White-throated Swallow Warbler • Wire-tailed Swallow • Southern Hyliota • Blue Swallow • Black-faced Babbler • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Lesser Striped Swallow • Southern Pied Babbler • Red-breasted Swallow • Arrow-marked Babbler • Mosque Swallow • Bare-cheeked Babbler • South African Cliff-Swallow • Bush Blackcap • Rock Martin • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Black Saw-wing • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Eastern Saw-wing • African Yellow White-eye • Dark-capped Bulbul • Cape White-eye • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Orange River White-eye • Red-faced Cisticola • Sabota Lark • Singing Cisticola • Fawn-coloured Lark • Lazy Cisticola • Red Lark • Rattling Cisticola • Karoo Lark • Tinkling Cisticola • Barlow’s Lark • Grey-backed Cisticola • Dune Lark • Wailing Cisticola • Gray’s Lark • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Spike-heeled Lark • Luapula Cisticola • Cape Long-billed Lark • Chirping Cisticola • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Croaking Cisticola • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Neddicky • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Short-winged Cisticola • Short-clawed Lark • Zitting Cisticola • Red-capped Lark • Desert Cisticola • Stark’s Lark • Cloud Cisticola • Pink-billed Lark • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Botha’s Lark • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Sclater’s Lark • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Large-billed Lark • Black-chested Prinia • Spotted Creeper • Karoo Prinia • Cape Rock-Thrush • Drakensberg Prinia • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Namaqua Warbler • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Roberts’s Warbler • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Red-winged Warbler • Orange Ground-Thrush • Rufous-eared Warbler • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Bar-throated Apalis • Groundscraper Thrush • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Kurrichane Thrush • Rudd’s Apalis • Olive Thrush • Black-headed Apalis • Karoo Thrush • Chirinda Apalis • White-chested Alethe • Green-backed Camaroptera • Pale Flycatcher • Grey-backed Camaroptera • Chat Flycatcher • Barred Wren-Warbler • Marico Flycatcher • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Southern Black Flycatcher • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Fiscal Flycatcher • Monotonous Lark • African Dusky Flycatcher • Melodious Lark • Ashy Flycatcher • Rufous-naped Lark • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Flappet Lark • Swynnerton’s Robin • Cape Clapper Lark • East Coast Akalat • Eastern Clapper Lark • White-throated Robin-Chat • Rudd’s Lark • White-browed Robin-Chat • Chorister Robin-Chat • Miombo Double-collared • Collared Palm-Thrush Sunbird • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Southern Double-collared • Bearded Scrub-Robin Sunbird • Brown Scrub-Robin • Greater Double-collared • White-browed Scrub-Robin Sunbird • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Karoo Scrub-Robin • Variable Sunbird • Herero Chat • White-bellied Sunbird • Buff-streaked Chat • Copper Sunbird • Mountain Wheatear • Dusky Sunbird • Capped Wheatear • Shelley’s Sunbird • Sickle-winged Chat • Marico Sunbird • Karoo Chat • Purple-banded Sunbird • Tractrac Chat • Gurney’s Sugarbird • Familiar Chat • Cape Sugarbird • Ant-eating Chat • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Arnot’s Chat • Scaly-feathered Finch • Mocking Cliff-Chat • White-browed Sparrow- • Boulder Chat Weaver • Pale-winged Starling • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Red-winged Starling • Spectacled Weaver • Black-bellied Starling • Cape Weaver • Cape Glossy Starling • Yellow Weaver • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Golden Weaver • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Chestnut Weaver • Sharp-tailed Starling • Dark-backed Weaver • Burchell’s Starling • Olive-headed Weaver • Meves’s Starling • Red-headed Weaver • Violet-backed Starling • Red-headed Quelea • Wattled Starling • Yellow-crowned Bishop • Common Myna • Fan-tailed Widowbird • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Red-billed Oxpecker • White-winged Widowbird • Plain-backed Sunbird • Thick-billed Weaver • Western Violet-backed • Locustfinch Sunbird • Orange-breasted Waxbill • Olive Sunbird • African Quailfinch • Grey Sunbird • Red-headed Finch • Amethyst Sunbird • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Swee Waxbill • Bronzy Sunbird • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Malachite Sunbird • Black-faced Waxbill • Collared Sunbird • Grey Waxbill • Cinderella Waxbill • Mountain Pipit • Lesser Seedcracker • Plain-backed Pipit • Red-throated Twinspot • Buffy Pipit • Pink-throated Twinspot • Long-tailed Pipit • Green-winged Pytilia • Long-billed Pipit • Orange-winged Pytilia • Kimberley Pipit • Brown Firefinch • Wood Pipit • African Firefinch • Short-tailed Pipit • Jameson’s Firefinch • Bushveld Pipit • Red-backed Mannikin • Cape Canary • Shaft-tailed Whydah • Black-headed Canary • Dusky Indigobird • Yellow-fronted Canary • Purple Indigobird • Black-throated Canary • Twinspot Indigobird • Lemon-breasted Canary • Cuckoo Finch • Forest Canary • Great Sparrow • Yellow Canary • Cape Sparrow • Brimstone Canary • Southern Grey-headed • White-throated Canary Sparrow • Protea Seedeater • Northern Grey-headed • Streaky-headed Seedeater Sparrow • Black-eared Seedeater • Yellow-throated Petronia • Cape Siskin • African Pied Wagtail • Drakensberg Siskin • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Lark-like Bunting • Cape Longclaw • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Cape Bunting • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Golden-breasted Bunting • Striped Pipit • Cabanis’s Bunting • African Rock Pipit • African Pipit

Survivorship • Common Ostrich • Natal Spurfowl • Chukar Partridge • Red-necked Spurfowl • Coqui Francolin • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Crested Francolin • Common Quail • Grey-winged Francolin • Harlequin Quail • Red-winged Francolin • Blue Quail • Shelley’s Francolin • Common Peacock • Orange River Francolin • Crested Guineafowl • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Helmeted Guineafowl • Red-billed Spurfowl • Fulvous Duck • Cape Spurfowl • White-faced Duck • White-backed Duck • Crowned Hornbill • Maccoa Duck • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Egyptian Goose • African Grey Hornbill • Spur-winged Goose • Trumpeter Hornbill • Comb Duck • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Cape Teal • Southern Ground-Hornbill • African Black Duck • African Hoopoe • Mallard • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Red-billed Teal • Common Scimitarbill • Hottentot Teal • Narina Trogon • Southern Pochard • European Roller • Kurrichane Buttonquail • Lilac-breasted Roller • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Racket-tailed Roller • Hottentot Buttonquail • Purple Roller • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Broad-billed Roller • Greater Honeyguide • Half-collared Kingfisher • Lesser Honeyguide • Malachite Kingfisher • Pallid Honeyguide • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Green-backed Honeybird • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Brown-backed Honeybird • Woodland Kingfisher • Red-throated Wryneck • Mangrove Kingfisher • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Striped Kingfisher • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Giant Kingfisher • Knysna Woodpecker • Pied Kingfisher • Green-backed Woodpecker • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Ground Woodpecker • Blue-cheeked Bee-eater • Cardinal Woodpecker • Madagascar Bee-eater • Bearded Woodpecker • European Bee-eater • Olive Woodpecker • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • White-eared Barbet • White-backed Mousebird • Whyte’s Barbet • Red-faced Mousebird • Green Barbet • Jacobin Cuckoo • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Great Spotted Cuckoo • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Thick-billed Cuckoo • Acacia Pied Barbet • Red-chested Cuckoo • Black-collared Barbet • Black Cuckoo • Crested Barbet • Common Cuckoo • Monteiro’s Hornbill • African Cuckoo • Red-billed Hornbill • Madagascar Cuckoo • Damara Hornbill • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Southern Yellow-billed • Klaas’s Cuckoo Hornbill • African Emerald Cuckoo • Green Malkoha • Freckled Nightjar • Black Coucal • Swamp Nightjar • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Square-tailed Nightjar • Senegal Coucal • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • White-browed Coucal • European Nightjar • Burchell’s Coucal • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Cape Parrot • Rock Dove • Grey-headed Parrot • Speckled Pigeon • Meyer’s Parrot • African Olive-Pigeon • Brown-headed Parrot • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Rüppell’s Parrot • Lemon Dove • Rosy-faced Lovebird • African Mourning Dove • Lilian’s Lovebird • Red-eyed Dove • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Scarce Swift • Tambourine Dove • Mottled Spinetail • Namaqua Dove • Böhm’s Spinetail • African Green-Pigeon • African Palm-Swift • Denham’s Bustard • Mottled Swift • Ludwig’s Bustard • African Black Swift • Kori Bustard • Bradfield’s Swift • Red-crested Korhaan • Little Swift • Southern Black Korhaan • Horus Swift • Northern Black Korhaan • White-rumped Swift • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Schalow’s Turaco • Karoo Korhaan • Livingstone’s Turaco • White-bellied Korhaan • Knysna Turaco • Black-bellied Bustard • Ross’s Turaco • Grey Crowned Crane • Purple-crested Turaco • Blue Crane • Grey Go-away-bird • Wattled Crane • Barn Owl • African Finfoot • African Grass-Owl • Red-chested Flufftail • African Scops-Owl • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Southern White-faced Scops- • Striped Flufftail Owl • White-winged Flufftail • Cape Eagle-Owl • African Rail • Spotted Eagle-Owl • African Crake • Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl • Corn Crake • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • Black Crake • African Wood-Owl • Baillon’s Crake • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Spotted Crake • African Barred Owlet • Striped Crake • Marsh Owl • African Purple Swamphen • Fiery-necked Nightjar • Allen’s Gallinule • Common Moorhen • Black-winged Lapwing • Lesser Moorhen • Crowned Lapwing • Red-knobbed Coot • Crab Plover • Namaqua Sandgrouse • Double-banded Courser • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Bronze-winged Courser • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Three-banded Courser • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Burchell’s Courser • Great Snipe • Temminck’s Courser • African Snipe • Collared Pratincole • Black-tailed Godwit • Black-winged Pratincole • Bar-tailed Godwit • Rock Pratincole • Common Whimbrel • Pomarine Jaeger • Eurasian Curlew • African Skimmer • Common Redshank • Lesser Black-backed Gull • Marsh Sandpiper • Grey-headed Gull • Green Sandpiper • Sabine’s Gull • Wood Sandpiper • Lesser Crested Tern • Terek Sandpiper • Antarctic Tern • Common Sandpiper • Little Tern • Little Stint • Damara Tern • Broad-billed Sandpiper • Sooty Tern • Red-necked Phalarope • Whiskered Tern • Red Phalarope • White-winged Tern • Greater Painted-snipe • Black Tern • African Jacana • Osprey • Lesser Jacana • African Cuckoo Hawk • Water Thick-knee • European Honey-Buzzard • Spotted Thick-knee • Bat Hawk • Black-winged Stilt • Black-shouldered Kite • Pied Avocet • Black Kite • Grey Plover • Palm-nut Vulture • Common Ringed Plover • Egyptian Vulture • Kittlitz’s Plover • Hooded Vulture • Three-banded Plover • White-backed Vulture • Chestnut-banded Plover • Lappet-faced Vulture • White-fronted Plover • White-headed Vulture • Lesser Sand Plover • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Greater Sand Plover • Brown Snake-Eagle • Caspian Plover • Southern Banded Snake- • Long-toed Lapwing Eagle • Blacksmith Lapwing • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • White-crowned Lapwing • Western Marsh-Harrier • African Wattled Lapwing • Black Harrier • Senegal Lapwing • Pallid Harrier • Montagu’s Harrier • Crowned Cormorant • African Harrier-Hawk • Slaty Egret • Lizard Buzzard • Black Heron • Dark Chanting Goshawk • Little Egret • Southern Pale Chanting • Yellow-billed Egret Goshawk • Great Egret • Gabar Goshawk • Grey Heron • African Goshawk • Black-headed Heron • Shikra • Goliath Heron • Little Sparrowhawk • Purple Heron • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • Squacco Heron • Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk • Rufous-bellied Heron • Black Sparrowhawk • Green-backed Heron • Steppe Buzzard • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Forest Buzzard • White-backed Night-Heron • Augur Buzzard • Little Bittern • Steppe Eagle • Dwarf Bittern • Tawny Eagle • Eurasian Bittern • Lesser Spotted Eagle • Hamerkop • Verreauxs’ Eagle • Lesser Flamingo • African Hawk-Eagle • Glossy Ibis • Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle • Hadeda Ibis • Booted Eagle • Southern Bald Ibis • Long-crested Eagle • African Sacred Ibis • African Crowned Eagle • African Spoonbill • Secretarybird • Great White Pelican • Pygmy Falcon • Pink-backed Pelican • Lesser Kestrel • Yellow-billed Stork • Rock Kestrel • African Openbill • Grey Kestrel • Black Stork • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Abdim’s Stork • Red-necked Falcon • Woolly-necked Stork • Red-footed Falcon • Saddle-billed Stork • Amur Falcon • Greater Frigatebird • Eurasian Hobby • Black-bellied Storm-Petrel • African Hobby • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Lanner Falcon • Shy Albatross • Taita Falcon • Soft-plumaged Petrel • Little Grebe • Antarctic Prion • Great Crested Grebe • White-chinned Petrel • Black-necked Grebe • Spectacled Petrel • Red-tailed Tropicbird • Great Shearwater • African Darter • Flesh-footed Shearwater • Reed Cormorant • Wedge-tailed Shearwater • African Pitta • Southern White-crowned • African Broadbill Shrike • Eurasian Golden Oriole • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • African Golden Oriole • Grey Cuckooshrike • Green-headed Oriole • Black Cuckooshrike • Black-headed Oriole • Cape Rock-jumper • Square-tailed Drongo • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Fork-tailed Drongo • Cape Penduline-Tit • Blue-mantled Crested- • Grey Penduline-Tit Flycatcher • Southern Black Tit • African Paradise-Flycatcher • Carp’s Tit • Brubru • Rufous-bellied Tit • Black-backed Puffback • Miombo Tit • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Ashy Tit • Black-crowned Tchagra • Grey Tit • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Brown-throated Martin • Southern Tchagra • Banded Martin • Tropical Boubou • Mascarene Martin • Swamp Boubou • Grey-rumped Swallow • Southern Boubou • White-throated Swallow • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Blue Swallow • Bokmakierie • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Greater Striped Swallow • Olive Bush-Shrike • Lesser Striped Swallow • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Red-breasted Swallow • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • Mosque Swallow • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Rock Martin • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Common House-Martin Shrike • Black Saw-wing • Black-and-white Flycatcher • Eastern Saw-wing • Cape Batis • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Woodwards’ Batis • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Chinspot Batis • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Pale Batis • Tiny Greenbul • Pririt Batis • Eastern Nicator • Black-throated Wattle-eye • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • House Crow • Fairy Flycatcher • Cape Crow • Rockrunner • Pied Crow • Cape Grassbird • White-necked Raven • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Lesser Grey Shrike • Victorin’s Warbler • Common Fiscal • Red-faced Crombec • Magpie Shrike • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Green-capped Eremomela • Karoo Eremomela • Black-chested Prinia • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Karoo Prinia • Broad-tailed Warbler • Drakensberg Prinia • Little Rush-Warbler • Namaqua Warbler • Knysna Warbler • Roberts’s Warbler • Barratt’s Warbler • Red-winged Warbler • Great Reed-Warbler • Rufous-eared Warbler • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Bar-throated Apalis • Olive-tree Warbler • Rudd’s Apalis • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Black-headed Apalis • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Chirinda Apalis Warbler • Green-backed Camaroptera • Willow Warbler • Barred Wren-Warbler • Southern Hyliota • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Black-faced Babbler • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Monotonous Lark • Southern Pied Babbler • Melodious Lark • Arrow-marked Babbler • Rufous-naped Lark • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Flappet Lark • Bush Blackcap • Cape Clapper Lark • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Eastern Clapper Lark • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Rudd’s Lark • Garden Warbler • Sabota Lark • Common Whitethroat • Fawn-coloured Lark • African Yellow White-eye • Red Lark • Orange River White-eye • Karoo Lark • Singing Cisticola • Barlow’s Lark • Lazy Cisticola • Dune Lark • Rattling Cisticola • Dusky Lark • Tinkling Cisticola • Gray’s Lark • Grey-backed Cisticola • Spike-heeled Lark • Wailing Cisticola • Cape Long-billed Lark • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Luapula Cisticola • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Chirping Cisticola • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Croaking Cisticola • Short-clawed Lark • Neddicky • Black-eared Sparrowlark • Short-winged Cisticola • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Zitting Cisticola • Grey-backed Sparrowlark • Desert Cisticola • Red-capped Lark • Cloud Cisticola • Stark’s Lark • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Pink-billed Lark • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Botha’s Lark • Sclater’s Lark • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Large-billed Lark • Boulder Chat • Spotted Creeper • Pale-winged Starling • Cape Rock-Thrush • Red-winged Starling • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Black-bellied Starling • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Cape Glossy Starling • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Groundscraper Thrush • Sharp-tailed Starling • Kurrichane Thrush • Burchell’s Starling • Olive Thrush • Meves’s Starling • Karoo Thrush • Violet-backed Starling • Pale Flycatcher • Pied Starling • Chat Flycatcher • Wattled Starling • Marico Flycatcher • Common Starling • Southern Black Flycatcher • Common Myna • Fiscal Flycatcher • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • African Dusky Flycatcher • Red-billed Oxpecker • Ashy Flycatcher • Plain-backed Sunbird • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Western Violet-backed • Swynnerton’s Robin Sunbird • Thrush Nightingale • Orange-breasted Sunbird • White-throated Robin-Chat • Olive Sunbird • White-browed Robin-Chat • Grey Sunbird • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Amethyst Sunbird • Collared Palm-Thrush • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Bronzy Sunbird • Bearded Scrub-Robin • Malachite Sunbird • Brown Scrub-Robin • Collared Sunbird • White-browed Scrub-Robin • Miombo Double-collared • Kalahari Scrub-Robin Sunbird • Karoo Scrub-Robin • Southern Double-collared • Herero Chat Sunbird • Whinchat • Greater Double-collared • African Stonechat Sunbird • Buff-streaked Chat • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Mountain Wheatear • Variable Sunbird • Capped Wheatear • White-bellied Sunbird • Sickle-winged Chat • Copper Sunbird • Karoo Chat • Dusky Sunbird • Tractrac Chat • Shelley’s Sunbird • Familiar Chat • Marico Sunbird • Ant-eating Chat • Purple-banded Sunbird • Arnot’s Chat • Gurney’s Sugarbird • Cape Sugarbird • Long-tailed Paradise-Whydah • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Shaft-tailed Whydah • Scaly-feathered Finch • Dusky Indigobird • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Purple Indigobird • Spectacled Weaver • Twinspot Indigobird • Yellow Weaver • Cuckoo Finch • Golden Weaver • Great Sparrow • Chestnut Weaver • Southern Grey-headed • Dark-backed Weaver Sparrow • Olive-headed Weaver • Northern Grey-headed • Red-headed Weaver Sparrow • Red-headed Quelea • Yellow-throated Petronia • Yellow-crowned Bishop • African Pied Wagtail • Black-winged Bishop • Cape Wagtail • Fan-tailed Widowbird • Yellow Wagtail • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Yellow-throated Longclaw • White-winged Widowbird • Cape Longclaw • Long-tailed Widowbird • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Thick-billed Weaver • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Locustfinch • Striped Pipit • Orange-breasted Waxbill • African Rock Pipit • African Quailfinch • African Pipit • Red-headed Finch • Mountain Pipit • Cut-throat Finch • Plain-backed Pipit • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Buffy Pipit • Swee Waxbill • Long-tailed Pipit • Green Twinspot • Long-billed Pipit • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Kimberley Pipit • Black-faced Waxbill • Wood Pipit • Grey Waxbill • Short-tailed Pipit • Cinderella Waxbill • Bushveld Pipit • Lesser Seedcracker • Tree Pipit • Violet-eared Waxbill • Common Chaffinch • Blue Waxbill • Cape Canary • Red-throated Twinspot • Black-headed Canary • Pink-throated Twinspot • Black-throated Canary • Orange-winged Pytilia • Lemon-breasted Canary • Brown Firefinch • Forest Canary • African Firefinch • Yellow Canary • Magpie Mannikin • White-throated Canary • Red-backed Mannikin • Protea Seedeater • Pin-tailed Whydah • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Broad-tailed Paradise- • Black-eared Seedeater Whydah • Cape Siskin • Drakensberg Siskin • Cape Bunting • Lark-like Bunting • Golden-breasted Bunting • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Cabanis’s Bunting

Longevity • Common Ostrich • Bearded Woodpecker • Chukar Partridge • Olive Woodpecker • Coqui Francolin • White-eared Barbet • Crested Francolin • Whyte’s Barbet • Grey-winged Francolin • Green Barbet • Red-winged Francolin • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Shelley’s Francolin • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Orange River Francolin • Black-collared Barbet • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Red-billed Hornbill • Red-billed Spurfowl • Damara Hornbill • Cape Spurfowl • Southern Yellow-billed • Natal Spurfowl Hornbill • Red-necked Spurfowl • Crowned Hornbill • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Harlequin Quail • African Grey Hornbill • Blue Quail • Trumpeter Hornbill • Common Peacock • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Crested Guineafowl • African Hoopoe • Fulvous Duck • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • White-backed Duck • Common Scimitarbill • Maccoa Duck • Narina Trogon • Mallard • European Roller • Kurrichane Buttonquail • Lilac-breasted Roller • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Racket-tailed Roller • Hottentot Buttonquail • Purple Roller • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Broad-billed Roller • Greater Honeyguide • Half-collared Kingfisher • Pallid Honeyguide • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Green-backed Honeybird • Woodland Kingfisher • Brown-backed Honeybird • Mangrove Kingfisher • Red-throated Wryneck • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Striped Kingfisher • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Giant Kingfisher • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Knysna Woodpecker • Blue-cheeked Bee-eater • Green-backed Woodpecker • Madagascar Bee-eater • Ground Woodpecker • European Bee-eater • Cardinal Woodpecker • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • White-backed Mousebird • Cape Eagle-Owl • Red-faced Mousebird • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Jacobin Cuckoo • Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • Great Spotted Cuckoo • African Wood-Owl • Thick-billed Cuckoo • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Red-chested Cuckoo • African Barred Owlet • Common Cuckoo • Marsh Owl • African Cuckoo • Freckled Nightjar • Madagascar Cuckoo • Swamp Nightjar • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Klaas’s Cuckoo • Pennant-winged Nightjar • African Emerald Cuckoo • Rock Dove • Green Malkoha • African Olive-Pigeon • Black Coucal • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Lemon Dove • Senegal Coucal • African Mourning Dove • White-browed Coucal • Namaqua Dove • Burchell’s Coucal • African Green-Pigeon • Meyer’s Parrot • Denham’s Bustard • Brown-headed Parrot • Ludwig’s Bustard • Rüppell’s Parrot • Red-crested Korhaan • Rosy-faced Lovebird • Southern Black Korhaan • Lilian’s Lovebird • Northern Black Korhaan • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Scarce Swift • Karoo Korhaan • Mottled Spinetail • Blue Korhaan • Böhm’s Spinetail • White-bellied Korhaan • Mottled Swift • Black-bellied Bustard • African Black Swift • African Finfoot • Bradfield’s Swift • Buff-spotted Flufftail • Little Swift • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Horus Swift • Striped Flufftail • White-rumped Swift • White-winged Flufftail • Schalow’s Turaco • African Crake • Livingstone’s Turaco • Corn Crake • Knysna Turaco • Baillon’s Crake • Ross’s Turaco • Spotted Crake • Purple-crested Turaco • Allen’s Gallinule • Barn Owl • Lesser Moorhen • African Grass-Owl • Namaqua Sandgrouse • African Scops-Owl • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Southern White-faced Scops- • Double-banded Sandgrouse Owl • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Great Snipe • Black Harrier • African Snipe • Pallid Harrier • Eurasian Curlew • Montagu’s Harrier • Red Knot • African Harrier-Hawk • Red-necked Phalarope • Lizard Buzzard • Red Phalarope • Dark Chanting Goshawk • Greater Painted-snipe • Gabar Goshawk • Lesser Jacana • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • Water Thick-knee • Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk • Lesser Sand Plover • Steppe Eagle • Greater Sand Plover • Tawny Eagle • Caspian Plover • Lesser Spotted Eagle • White-crowned Lapwing • Verreauxs’ Eagle • Senegal Lapwing • Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle • Black-winged Lapwing • Booted Eagle • Double-banded Courser • African Crowned Eagle • Bronze-winged Courser • Pygmy Falcon • Three-banded Courser • Lesser Kestrel • Burchell’s Courser • Grey Kestrel • Temminck’s Courser • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Collared Pratincole • Red-footed Falcon • Black-winged Pratincole • Amur Falcon • Rock Pratincole • Eurasian Hobby • Subantarctic Skua • African Hobby • South Polar Skua • Taita Falcon • Pomarine Jaeger • Little Grebe • Long-tailed Jaeger • Great Crested Grebe • African Skimmer • Black-necked Grebe • Sabine’s Gull • Slaty Egret • Lesser Crested Tern • Black Heron • Antarctic Tern • Great Egret • Whiskered Tern • Grey Heron • White-winged Tern • Black-headed Heron • African Cuckoo Hawk • Goliath Heron • European Honey-Buzzard • Squacco Heron • Bat Hawk • Rufous-bellied Heron • Black-shouldered Kite • Green-backed Heron • Palm-nut Vulture • White-backed Night-Heron • White-headed Vulture • Dwarf Bittern • Southern Banded Snake- • Eurasian Bittern Eagle • Hadeda Ibis • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Pink-backed Pelican • Western Marsh-Harrier • Yellow-billed Stork • African Marsh-Harrier • African Openbill • Black Stork • Cape Penduline-Tit • Abdim’s Stork • Grey Penduline-Tit • Woolly-necked Stork • Southern Black Tit • Saddle-billed Stork • Carp’s Tit • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Rufous-bellied Tit • Black-bellied Storm-Petrel • Miombo Tit • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Ashy Tit • Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross • Grey Tit • Sooty Albatross • Mascarene Martin • Soft-plumaged Petrel • Grey-rumped Swallow • Antarctic Prion • Blue Swallow • Slender-billed Prion • Pearl-breasted Swallow • White-chinned Petrel • Mosque Swallow • Spectacled Petrel • Common House-Martin • Great Shearwater • Eastern Saw-wing • African Pitta • Tiny Greenbul • African Golden Oriole • Eastern Nicator • Green-headed Oriole • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Square-tailed Drongo • Fairy Flycatcher • Black-backed Puffback • Rockrunner • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Southern Tchagra • Victorin’s Warbler • Swamp Boubou • Red-faced Crombec • Southern Boubou • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Green-capped Eremomela • Retz’s Helmet-Shrike • Karoo Eremomela • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Burnt-necked Eremomela Shrike • Broad-tailed Warbler • Black-and-white Flycatcher • River Warbler • White-tailed Shrike • Knysna Warbler • Woodwards’ Batis • Barratt’s Warbler • Chinspot Batis • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Pale Batis • Olive-tree Warbler • House Crow • Southern Hyliota • Cape Crow • Black-faced Babbler • Pied Crow • Hartlaub’s Babbler • White-necked Raven • Southern Pied Babbler • Red-backed Shrike • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Lesser Grey Shrike • Bush Blackcap • Magpie Shrike • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Orange River White-eye • Grey Cuckooshrike • Singing Cisticola • Cape Rock-jumper • Lazy Cisticola • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Tinkling Cisticola • Grey-backed Cisticola • Stark’s Lark • Wailing Cisticola • Pink-billed Lark • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Botha’s Lark • Luapula Cisticola • Sclater’s Lark • Chirping Cisticola • Large-billed Lark • Croaking Cisticola • Spotted Creeper • Neddicky • Cape Rock-Thrush • Zitting Cisticola • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Desert Cisticola • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Cloud Cisticola • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Orange Ground-Thrush • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Groundscraper Thrush • Drakensberg Prinia • Pale Flycatcher • Red-winged Warbler • Chat Flycatcher • Rufous-eared Warbler • Marico Flycatcher • Black-headed Apalis • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Barred Wren-Warbler • Collared Palm-Thrush • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Brown Scrub-Robin • Monotonous Lark • White-browed Scrub-Robin • Melodious Lark • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Rufous-naped Lark • Herero Chat • Flappet Lark • Whinchat • Cape Clapper Lark • Buff-streaked Chat • Eastern Clapper Lark • Mountain Wheatear • Rudd’s Lark • Capped Wheatear • Sabota Lark • Sickle-winged Chat • Fawn-coloured Lark • Karoo Chat • Red Lark • Tractrac Chat • Karoo Lark • Ant-eating Chat • Barlow’s Lark • Arnot’s Chat • Dusky Lark • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Gray’s Lark • Boulder Chat • Spike-heeled Lark • Pale-winged Starling • Cape Long-billed Lark • Black-bellied Starling • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Cape Glossy Starling • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Sharp-tailed Starling • Short-clawed Lark • Burchell’s Starling • Black-eared Sparrowlark • Meves’s Starling • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Violet-backed Starling • Grey-backed Sparrowlark • Wattled Starling • Red-capped Lark • Common Myna • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Cuckoo Finch • Red-billed Oxpecker • Great Sparrow • Plain-backed Sunbird • African Pied Wagtail • Western Violet-backed • Yellow Wagtail Sunbird • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Bronzy Sunbird • Cape Longclaw • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Dusky Sunbird • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Shelley’s Sunbird • Striped Pipit • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • African Rock Pipit • Chestnut Weaver • African Pipit • Olive-headed Weaver • Mountain Pipit • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Plain-backed Pipit • Locustfinch • Buffy Pipit • African Quailfinch • Long-tailed Pipit • Red-headed Finch • Long-billed Pipit • Cut-throat Finch • Kimberley Pipit • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Wood Pipit • Swee Waxbill • Short-tailed Pipit • Green Twinspot • Bushveld Pipit • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Common Chaffinch • Grey Waxbill • Black-headed Canary • Cinderella Waxbill • Lemon-breasted Canary • Lesser Seedcracker • White-throated Canary • Pink-throated Twinspot • Protea Seedeater • Orange-winged Pytilia • Black-eared Seedeater • Brown Firefinch • Cape Siskin • Magpie Mannikin • Drakensberg Siskin • Red-backed Mannikin • Lark-like Bunting • Broad-tailed Paradise- • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Whydah • Cape Bunting • Long-tailed Paradise-Whydah • Golden-breasted Bunting • Shaft-tailed Whydah • Cabanis’s Bunting • Purple Indigobird • Twinspot Indigobird

MOVEMENTS

General movements and/or migrations • Blue Quail • African Scops-Owl • Mallard • African Wood-Owl • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Red Phalarope • Little Swift • Lesser Jacana • Black-winged Stilt • Greater Flamingo • Three-banded Plover • Woolly-necked Stork • Caspian Plover • Greater Frigatebird • Senegal Lapwing • Sooty Albatross • Three-banded Courser • Slender-billed Prion • South Polar Skua • Spectacled Petrel • European Honey-Buzzard • Manx Shearwater • Egyptian Vulture • Little Shearwater • Lappet-faced Vulture • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Brown Snake-Eagle • Swamp Boubou • Forest Buzzard • Wire-tailed Swallow • African Darter • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Black Heron • Monotonous Lark • White-backed Night-Heron • White-chested Alethe • Eurasian Bittern

HABITAT

General habitat • Souza’s Shrike

GENERAL HABITS

General habits • Chukar Partridge • Lizard Buzzard • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • African Cuckoo • Rufous-bellied Tit • Madagascar Cuckoo • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Scarce Swift • Black-faced Babbler • Schalow’s Turaco • Drakensberg Prinia • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Sharp-tailed Starling • Striped Flufftail • Drakensberg Siskin

FORAGING AND FOOD

Diet • Chukar Partridge • Thick-billed Cuckoo • Blue Quail • Common Swift • Common Peacock • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Southern Pochard • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Hottentot Buttonquail • Grey Crowned Crane • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Kerguelen Petrel • Common Moorhen • Jouanin’s Petrel • Terek Sandpiper • Great Shearwater • Red Knot • Wedge-tailed Shearwater • Red-necked Phalarope • Little Shearwater • Chestnut-banded Plover • Blue-mantled Crested- • Crab Plover Flycatcher • Three-banded Courser • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Subantarctic Skua • Woodwards’ Batis • South Polar Skua • Pale Batis • Long-tailed Jaeger • Pririt Batis • European Honey-Buzzard • Rufous-bellied Tit • Dark Chanting Goshawk • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Steppe Buzzard • Green-capped Eremomela • Red-footed Booby • Burnt-necked Eremomela • White-backed Night-Heron • Little Rush-Warbler • Little Bittern • Barratt’s Warbler • Southern Bald Ibis • Sedge Warbler • Pink-backed Pelican • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Marsh Warbler • European Storm-Petrel • Icterine Warbler • Grey-headed Albatross • Willow Warbler • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Hartlaub’s Babbler Albatross • Luapula Cisticola • Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross • Cape Long-billed Lark • Sooty Albatross • Thrush Nightingale • Southern Giant-Petrel • Boulder Chat • Northern Giant-Petrel • Orange-winged Pytilia • Southern Fulmar • Soft-plumaged Petrel

General notes on foraging and food • Chukar Partridge • Green-headed Oriole • Blue Quail • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Broad-tailed Warbler • Hottentot Buttonquail • Bush Blackcap • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Orange River White-eye • Black Coucal • Tinkling Cisticola • Ross’s Turaco • Luapula Cisticola • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Chirping Cisticola • Black-necked Grebe • Pink-billed Lark • African Broadbill • Thrush Nightingale

BREEDING

General notes on mating system • Mallard • Green-headed Oriole • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Swamp Boubou • Green-backed Woodpecker • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Shrike • Senegal Coucal • Rufous-bellied Tit • Rüppell’s Parrot • Miombo Tit • Lilian’s Lovebird • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Broad-tailed Warbler • Scarce Swift • Orange River White-eye • African Black Swift • White-chested Alethe • African Barred Owlet • Karoo Chat • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Tractrac Chat • White-winged Flufftail • Sharp-tailed Starling • Egyptian Vulture • Cinderella Waxbill • Forest Buzzard • Pink-throated Twinspot • Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle • Twinspot Indigobird • Slaty Egret • Long-tailed Pipit • Pink-backed Pelican • Wood Pipit • White Stork • Lemon-breasted Canary

Type of nester • Mallard • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Speckle-throated Woodpecker Warbler • Green-backed Woodpecker • Karoo Chat • Scarce Swift • Tractrac Chat • African Barred Owlet • Sharp-tailed Starling • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Red-headed Finch • Black-bellied Bustard • Cinderella Waxbill • Green-headed Oriole • Pink-throated Twinspot • Rufous-bellied Tit • Miombo Tit

Degree of mate fidelity • Chukar Partridge • Orange River Francolin • Coqui Francolin • Red-billed Spurfowl • Grey-winged Francolin • Cape Spurfowl • Red-winged Francolin • Natal Spurfowl • Shelley’s Francolin • Red-necked Spurfowl • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Blue Quail • Woodland Kingfisher • Crested Guineafowl • Mangrove Kingfisher • Egyptian Goose • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Mallard • Striped Kingfisher • Southern Pochard • Giant Kingfisher • Kurrichane Buttonquail • Pied Kingfisher • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Hottentot Buttonquail • Madagascar Bee-eater • Red-throated Wryneck • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Bennett’s Woodpecker • White-backed Mousebird • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Red-faced Mousebird • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Green Malkoha • Knysna Woodpecker • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Green-backed Woodpecker • Senegal Coucal • Ground Woodpecker • White-browed Coucal • Cardinal Woodpecker • Burchell’s Coucal • Bearded Woodpecker • Cape Parrot • Olive Woodpecker • Rüppell’s Parrot • White-eared Barbet • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Whyte’s Barbet • Scarce Swift • Green Barbet • Mottled Spinetail • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Böhm’s Spinetail • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • African Palm-Swift • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Mottled Swift • Acacia Pied Barbet • African Black Swift • Black-collared Barbet • Bradfield’s Swift • Red-billed Hornbill • Little Swift • Southern Yellow-billed • Horus Swift Hornbill • Schalow’s Turaco • Crowned Hornbill • Livingstone’s Turaco • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Knysna Turaco • African Grey Hornbill • Ross’s Turaco • Trumpeter Hornbill • Purple-crested Turaco • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Grey Go-away-bird • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Barn Owl • Common Scimitarbill • African Grass-Owl • Lilac-breasted Roller • African Scops-Owl • Racket-tailed Roller • Southern White-faced Scops- • Purple Roller Owl • Broad-billed Roller • Cape Eagle-Owl • Half-collared Kingfisher • Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl • Malachite Kingfisher • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Pearl-spotted Owlet • African Barred Owlet • Temminck’s Courser • Marsh Owl • Rock Pratincole • Swamp Nightjar • African Skimmer • Square-tailed Nightjar • Grey-headed Gull • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Damara Tern • Speckled Pigeon • Whiskered Tern • African Olive-Pigeon • African Cuckoo Hawk • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • European Honey-Buzzard • Lemon Dove • Bat Hawk • African Mourning Dove • African Fish-Eagle • Tambourine Dove • Bearded Vulture • Namaqua Dove • Egyptian Vulture • African Green-Pigeon • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Grey Crowned Crane • Brown Snake-Eagle • Blue Crane • Southern Banded Snake- • Wattled Crane Eagle • African Finfoot • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Lizard Buzzard • African Rail • Dark Chanting Goshawk • African Crake • Gabar Goshawk • Black Crake • African Goshawk • African Purple Swamphen • Shikra • Allen’s Gallinule • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • Common Moorhen • Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk • Lesser Moorhen • Black Sparrowhawk • Red-knobbed Coot • Forest Buzzard • Namaqua Sandgrouse • Tawny Eagle • Double-banded Sandgrouse • African Hawk-Eagle • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Secretarybird • African Snipe • Rock Kestrel • Lesser Jacana • Grey Kestrel • Water Thick-knee • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Black-winged Stilt • African Hobby • Pied Avocet • Little Grebe • Three-banded Plover • Great Crested Grebe • White-fronted Plover • Black-necked Grebe • Long-toed Lapwing • Cape Gannet • Blacksmith Lapwing • African Darter • White-crowned Lapwing • Reed Cormorant • Senegal Lapwing • Crowned Cormorant • Black-winged Lapwing • White-breasted Cormorant • Double-banded Courser • Bank Cormorant • Three-banded Courser • Slaty Egret • Burchell’s Courser • Black Heron • Little Egret • Black-and-white Flycatcher • Yellow-billed Egret • Woodwards’ Batis • Great Egret • Chinspot Batis • Black-headed Heron • Pale Batis • Goliath Heron • Pririt Batis • Purple Heron • Black-throated Wattle-eye • Cattle Egret • House Crow • Squacco Heron • Cape Crow • Rufous-bellied Heron • Pied Crow • Green-backed Heron • White-necked Raven • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Magpie Shrike • White-backed Night-Heron • Southern White-crowned • Dwarf Bittern Shrike • Hamerkop • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Lesser Flamingo • Grey Cuckooshrike • Hadeda Ibis • Black Cuckooshrike • African Sacred Ibis • Southern Black Tit • African Spoonbill • Carp’s Tit • Yellow-billed Stork • Rufous-bellied Tit • African Openbill • Miombo Tit • Marabou Stork • Ashy Tit • African Pitta • Grey Tit • African Broadbill • Brown-throated Martin • African Golden Oriole • Banded Martin • Green-headed Oriole • Grey-rumped Swallow • Black-headed Oriole • White-throated Swallow • Square-tailed Drongo • Blue Swallow • Fork-tailed Drongo • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Blue-mantled Crested- • Lesser Striped Swallow Flycatcher • Mosque Swallow • Anchieta’s Tchagra • South African Cliff-Swallow • Black-crowned Tchagra • Rock Martin • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Black Saw-wing • Southern Tchagra • Eastern Saw-wing • Tropical Boubou • Dark-capped Bulbul • Swamp Boubou • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Sombre Greenbul • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Olive Bush-Shrike • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Terrestrial Brownbul • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Tiny Greenbul • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Eastern Nicator Shrike • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Fairy Flycatcher • Desert Cisticola • White-tailed Crested • Cloud Cisticola Flycatcher • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Rockrunner • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Cape Grassbird • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Black-chested Prinia • Victorin’s Warbler • Karoo Prinia • Red-faced Crombec • Drakensberg Prinia • Long-billed Crombec • Namaqua Warbler • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Roberts’s Warbler • Green-capped Eremomela • Red-winged Warbler • Karoo Eremomela • Rufous-eared Warbler • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Bar-throated Apalis • Broad-tailed Warbler • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Little Rush-Warbler • Rudd’s Apalis • Knysna Warbler • Black-headed Apalis • Barratt’s Warbler • Chirinda Apalis • African Reed-Warbler • Green-backed Camaroptera • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Grey-backed Camaroptera • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Barred Wren-Warbler • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler Warbler • Monotonous Lark • Southern Hyliota • Melodious Lark • Bush Blackcap • Rufous-naped Lark • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Flappet Lark • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Cape Clapper Lark • African Yellow White-eye • Eastern Clapper Lark • Cape White-eye • Rudd’s Lark • Orange River White-eye • Sabota Lark • Red-faced Cisticola • Fawn-coloured Lark • Singing Cisticola • Red Lark • Lazy Cisticola • Karoo Lark • Rattling Cisticola • Barlow’s Lark • Tinkling Cisticola • Dune Lark • Grey-backed Cisticola • Gray’s Lark • Wailing Cisticola • Spike-heeled Lark • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Cape Long-billed Lark • Luapula Cisticola • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Chirping Cisticola • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Croaking Cisticola • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Neddicky • Short-clawed Lark • Short-winged Cisticola • Black-eared Sparrowlark • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Grey-backed Sparrowlark • Sharp-tailed Starling • Red-capped Lark • Burchell’s Starling • Stark’s Lark • Meves’s Starling • Pink-billed Lark • Violet-backed Starling • Botha’s Lark • Wattled Starling • Sclater’s Lark • Common Starling • Spotted Creeper • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Cape Rock-Thrush • Red-billed Oxpecker • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Plain-backed Sunbird • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Olive Sunbird • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Grey Sunbird • Kurrichane Thrush • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Olive Thrush • Collared Sunbird • Karoo Thrush • Miombo Double-collared • White-chested Alethe Sunbird • Pale Flycatcher • Southern Double-collared • Chat Flycatcher Sunbird • Marico Flycatcher • Greater Double-collared • Southern Black Flycatcher Sunbird • Fiscal Flycatcher • Neergaard’s Sunbird • African Dusky Flycatcher • Variable Sunbird • Ashy Flycatcher • White-bellied Sunbird • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Copper Sunbird • East Coast Akalat • Dusky Sunbird • White-browed Robin-Chat • Shelley’s Sunbird • Collared Palm-Thrush • Marico Sunbird • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Purple-banded Sunbird • Bearded Scrub-Robin • Scaly-feathered Finch • Brown Scrub-Robin • Olive-headed Weaver • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Red-headed Quelea • Buff-streaked Chat • Locustfinch • Capped Wheatear • Orange-breasted Waxbill • Sickle-winged Chat • African Quailfinch • Karoo Chat • Red-headed Finch • Tractrac Chat • Cut-throat Finch • Familiar Chat • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Ant-eating Chat • Swee Waxbill • Arnot’s Chat • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Grey Waxbill • Boulder Chat • Cinderella Waxbill • Pale-winged Starling • Lesser Seedcracker • Black-bellied Starling • Blue Waxbill • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Red-throated Twinspot • Pink-throated Twinspot • Wood Pipit • Green-winged Pytilia • Short-tailed Pipit • Orange-winged Pytilia • Bushveld Pipit • Brown Firefinch • Common Chaffinch • African Firefinch • Cape Canary • Jameson’s Firefinch • Black-headed Canary • Bronze Mannikin • Yellow-fronted Canary • Magpie Mannikin • Black-throated Canary • Red-backed Mannikin • Lemon-breasted Canary • Southern Grey-headed • Forest Canary Sparrow • Yellow Canary • Northern Grey-headed • Brimstone Canary Sparrow • White-throated Canary • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Protea Seedeater • Cape Longclaw • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Black-eared Seedeater • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Cape Siskin • Striped Pipit • Drakensberg Siskin • African Rock Pipit • Lark-like Bunting • African Pipit • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Mountain Pipit • Cape Bunting • Plain-backed Pipit • Golden-breasted Bunting • Buffy Pipit • Cabanis’s Bunting • Long-billed Pipit • Kimberley Pipit

Description of displays and their context • Chukar Partridge • Green-backed Woodpecker • Coqui Francolin • Bearded Woodpecker • Grey-winged Francolin • Olive Woodpecker • Shelley’s Francolin • White-eared Barbet • Red-billed Spurfowl • Whyte’s Barbet • Natal Spurfowl • Green Barbet • Red-necked Spurfowl • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Mallard • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Acacia Pied Barbet • Hottentot Buttonquail • Black-collared Barbet • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Green-backed Honeybird • Common Scimitarbill • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Half-collared Kingfisher • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Giant Kingfisher • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Little Bee-eater • Knysna Woodpecker • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Great Spotted Cuckoo • Bat Hawk • Red-chested Cuckoo • Egyptian Vulture • Black Cuckoo • Lizard Buzzard • African Emerald Cuckoo • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • Green Malkoha • Grey Kestrel • Coppery-tailed Coucal • African Darter • Senegal Coucal • Slaty Egret • White-browed Coucal • Black Heron • Rüppell’s Parrot • Goliath Heron • Lilian’s Lovebird • Purple Heron • Scarce Swift • Squacco Heron • African Palm-Swift • Rufous-bellied Heron • Little Swift • White-backed Night-Heron • Schalow’s Turaco • Dwarf Bittern • Livingstone’s Turaco • Glossy Ibis • Knysna Turaco • Hadeda Ibis • African Grass-Owl • African Spoonbill • Cape Eagle-Owl • African Golden Oriole • African Wood-Owl • Green-headed Oriole • Fiery-necked Nightjar • Black-headed Oriole • Freckled Nightjar • Square-tailed Drongo • Square-tailed Nightjar • Fork-tailed Drongo • Lemon Dove • Blue-mantled Crested- • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove Flycatcher • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Tambourine Dove • Olive Bush-Shrike • African Green-Pigeon • Woodwards’ Batis • Karoo Korhaan • Chinspot Batis • Black Crake • Cape Crow • Allen’s Gallinule • Pied Crow • Common Moorhen • White-necked Raven • Lesser Moorhen • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Red-knobbed Coot • Grey Cuckooshrike • Namaqua Sandgrouse • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Cape Penduline-Tit • Water Thick-knee • Grey Penduline-Tit • Spotted Thick-knee • Rufous-bellied Tit • White-fronted Plover • Miombo Tit • Long-toed Lapwing • Ashy Tit • Bronze-winged Courser • Grey Tit • Three-banded Courser • Banded Martin • Burchell’s Courser • Grey-rumped Swallow • Whiskered Tern • White-throated Swallow • European Honey-Buzzard • Wire-tailed Swallow • Lesser Striped Swallow • Chirinda Apalis • Red-breasted Swallow • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Mosque Swallow • Sclater’s Lark • Rock Martin • Spotted Creeper • Eastern Saw-wing • Cape Rock-Thrush • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Terrestrial Brownbul • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Orange Ground-Thrush • Tiny Greenbul • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Eastern Nicator • Groundscraper Thrush • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Kurrichane Thrush • Fairy Flycatcher • Olive Thrush • White-tailed Crested • White-chested Alethe Flycatcher • Chat Flycatcher • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Marico Flycatcher • Victorin’s Warbler • Southern Black Flycatcher • Red-faced Crombec • African Dusky Flycatcher • Long-billed Crombec • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • East Coast Akalat • Karoo Eremomela • Chorister Robin-Chat • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Collared Palm-Thrush • African Reed-Warbler • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Bearded Scrub-Robin • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Brown Scrub-Robin • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Buff-streaked Chat Warbler • Mountain Wheatear • Southern Hyliota • Sickle-winged Chat • Black-faced Babbler • Karoo Chat • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Tractrac Chat • Arrow-marked Babbler • Familiar Chat • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Arnot’s Chat • Bush Blackcap • Boulder Chat • Cape White-eye • Black-bellied Starling • Orange River White-eye • Cape Glossy Starling • Lazy Cisticola • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Neddicky • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Sharp-tailed Starling • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Burchell’s Starling • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Meves’s Starling • Black-chested Prinia • Wattled Starling • Drakensberg Prinia • Grey Sunbird • Namaqua Warbler • Bronzy Sunbird • Roberts’s Warbler • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Red-winged Warbler • Shelley’s Sunbird • Marico Sunbird • Great Sparrow • Purple-banded Sunbird • Cape Wagtail • Olive-headed Weaver • Striped Pipit • Red-headed Quelea • African Rock Pipit • Locustfinch • Buffy Pipit • Red-headed Finch • Wood Pipit • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Black-headed Canary • Cinderella Waxbill • Cape Siskin • Lesser Seedcracker • Drakensberg Siskin • Violet-eared Waxbill • Lark-like Bunting • Pink-throated Twinspot • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Orange-winged Pytilia • Cape Bunting • Twinspot Indigobird • Cabanis’s Bunting

Host species • Pallid Honeyguide • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo

Interactions between hosts and adult brood parasites • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo

Nest building behaviour, male/female roles in nest building • Chukar Partridge • Speckled Mousebird • Coqui Francolin • Green Malkoha • Crested Francolin • White-browed Coucal • Grey-winged Francolin • Scarce Swift • Red-winged Francolin • Mottled Swift • Shelley’s Francolin • African Black Swift • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Bradfield’s Swift • Red-billed Spurfowl • White-rumped Swift • Cape Spurfowl • Schalow’s Turaco • Natal Spurfowl • Livingstone’s Turaco • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Grey Go-away-bird • Blue Quail • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Common Peacock • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Crested Guineafowl • Wattled Crane • Yellow-billed Duck • African Finfoot • Hottentot Buttonquail • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Striped Flufftail • Green-backed Woodpecker • African Rail • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • African Crake • White-backed Mousebird • Black Crake • Baillon’s Crake • Woodwards’ Batis • Striped Crake • Pale Batis • Allen’s Gallinule • White-necked Raven • Lesser Moorhen • Carp’s Tit • Namaqua Sandgrouse • Rufous-bellied Tit • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Miombo Tit • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Ashy Tit • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Banded Martin • African Snipe • Grey-rumped Swallow • Greater Painted-snipe • White-throated Swallow • Kittlitz’s Plover • Mosque Swallow • White-fronted Plover • South African Cliff-Swallow • Long-toed Lapwing • Eastern Saw-wing • White-crowned Lapwing • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Black-winged Lapwing • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Crowned Lapwing • Tiny Greenbul • Three-banded Courser • Eastern Nicator • Grey-headed Gull • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Hartlaub’s Gull • Rockrunner • Swift Tern • Moustached Grass-Warbler • European Honey-Buzzard • Red-faced Crombec • Egyptian Vulture • Long-billed Crombec • Hooded Vulture • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Forest Buzzard • Broad-tailed Warbler • Tawny Eagle • Little Rush-Warbler • Little Grebe • Barratt’s Warbler • Slaty Egret • African Reed-Warbler • Black Heron • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Rufous-bellied Heron • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • White-backed Night-Heron • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Eurasian Bittern Warbler • Lesser Flamingo • Southern Hyliota • Hadeda Ibis • Black-faced Babbler • African Pitta • Hartlaub’s Babbler • African Golden Oriole • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Green-headed Oriole • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Black-headed Oriole • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Square-tailed Drongo • African Yellow White-eye • Fork-tailed Drongo • Orange River White-eye • Blue-mantled Crested- • Singing Cisticola Flycatcher • Lazy Cisticola • Swamp Boubou • Rattling Cisticola • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • Tinkling Cisticola • Grey-backed Cisticola • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Wailing Cisticola • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Levaillant’s Cisticola • White-chested Alethe • Croaking Cisticola • Chat Flycatcher • Short-winged Cisticola • Swynnerton’s Robin • Cloud Cisticola • East Coast Akalat • Pale-crowned Cisticola • White-throated Robin-Chat • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Bearded Scrub-Robin • Drakensberg Prinia • Brown Scrub-Robin • Namaqua Warbler • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Roberts’s Warbler • Buff-streaked Chat • Rufous-eared Warbler • Capped Wheatear • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Sickle-winged Chat • Black-headed Apalis • Tractrac Chat • Chirinda Apalis • Familiar Chat • Grey-backed Camaroptera • Arnot’s Chat • Barred Wren-Warbler • Boulder Chat • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Sharp-tailed Starling • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Violet-backed Starling • Monotonous Lark • Wattled Starling • Rufous-naped Lark • Plain-backed Sunbird • Flappet Lark • Scaly-feathered Finch • Cape Clapper Lark • Locustfinch • Eastern Clapper Lark • Red-headed Finch • Sabota Lark • Cinderella Waxbill • Fawn-coloured Lark • Pink-throated Twinspot • Red Lark • Orange-winged Pytilia • Barlow’s Lark • Brown Firefinch • Gray’s Lark • Red-backed Mannikin • Cape Long-billed Lark • Striped Pipit • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • African Rock Pipit • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Plain-backed Pipit • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Buffy Pipit • Stark’s Lark • Kimberley Pipit • Pink-billed Lark • Wood Pipit • Botha’s Lark • Short-tailed Pipit • Sclater’s Lark • Protea Seedeater • Large-billed Lark • Black-eared Seedeater • Spotted Creeper • Drakensberg Siskin • Cape Rock-Thrush

Nest description • Chukar Partridge • Scarce Swift • Schalow’s Turaco • Cinderella Waxbill • Livingstone’s Turaco

Laying dates • Mallard • Ross’s Turaco • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Green-headed Oriole • Greater Honeyguide • Chirinda Apalis • Lesser Honeyguide • Karoo Thrush • Pallid Honeyguide • Broad-tailed Paradise- • Brown-backed Honeybird Whydah • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Twinspot Indigobird • Klaas’s Cuckoo • Schalow’s Turaco

Details on clutch size • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Osprey • Pallid Honeyguide • Green-headed Oriole • Brown-backed Honeybird • Chirinda Apalis • African Cuckoo • Sharp-tailed Starling • Scarce Swift

Description of egg shape • Chukar Partridge • Karoo Eremomela • Hottentot Buttonquail • Chirinda Apalis • Southern Pale Chanting • Agulhas Long-billed Lark Goshawk • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Black Heron • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Little Egret • East Coast Akalat • Yellow-billed Egret • Sharp-tailed Starling • Green-headed Oriole • Cinderella Waxbill • Anchieta’s Tchagra

Description of egg colouration • Chukar Partridge • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Green-headed Oriole • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Karoo Eremomela • Sharp-tailed Starling • Chirinda Apalis

Egg width • Chukar Partridge • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Green-headed Oriole • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Brubru • Cinderella Waxbill • Chirinda Apalis • Twinspot Indigobird • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Kimberley Pipit • Sharp-tailed Starling

Egg length • Chukar Partridge • Sharp-tailed Starling • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Green-headed Oriole • Cinderella Waxbill • Brubru • Twinspot Indigobird • Chirinda Apalis • Kimberley Pipit • Benguela Long-billed Lark

Fresh egg mass • Chukar Partridge • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Crested Francolin • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Grey-winged Francolin • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Red-winged Francolin • Acacia Pied Barbet • Shelley’s Francolin • Black-collared Barbet • Orange River Francolin • Crested Barbet • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Red-billed Hornbill • Red-billed Spurfowl • Southern Yellow-billed • Cape Spurfowl Hornbill • Natal Spurfowl • Crowned Hornbill • Red-necked Spurfowl • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Swainson’s Spurfowl • African Grey Hornbill • Harlequin Quail • Trumpeter Hornbill • Common Peacock • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Crested Guineafowl • Southern Ground-Hornbill • Hottentot Teal • African Hoopoe • Kurrichane Buttonquail • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Common Scimitarbill • Hottentot Buttonquail • Narina Trogon • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Lilac-breasted Roller • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Racket-tailed Roller • Green-backed Woodpecker • Purple Roller • Ground Woodpecker • Broad-billed Roller • Cardinal Woodpecker • Half-collared Kingfisher • White-eared Barbet • Malachite Kingfisher • Whyte’s Barbet • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Green Barbet • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Woodland Kingfisher • Southern White-faced Scops- • Mangrove Kingfisher Owl • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Cape Eagle-Owl • Striped Kingfisher • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Pied Kingfisher • African Wood-Owl • White-fronted Bee-eater • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Little Bee-eater • African Barred Owlet • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Marsh Owl • Madagascar Bee-eater • African Olive-Pigeon • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Lemon Dove • Thick-billed Cuckoo • Laughing Dove • Red-chested Cuckoo • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Black Cuckoo • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • African Cuckoo • Tambourine Dove • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • African Green-Pigeon • Klaas’s Cuckoo • African Finfoot • African Emerald Cuckoo • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Diderick Cuckoo • Striped Flufftail • Green Malkoha • African Rail • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Black Crake • Burchell’s Coucal • Striped Crake • Cape Parrot • Allen’s Gallinule • Grey-headed Parrot • Lesser Moorhen • Meyer’s Parrot • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Rosy-faced Lovebird • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Lilian’s Lovebird • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Greater Painted-snipe • Mottled Spinetail • Water Thick-knee • Böhm’s Spinetail • Spotted Thick-knee • African Palm-Swift • Long-toed Lapwing • Alpine Swift • Double-banded Courser • Mottled Swift • Collared Pratincole • African Black Swift • Rock Pratincole • Bradfield’s Swift • Osprey • Little Swift • Palm-nut Vulture • Horus Swift • Bearded Vulture • White-rumped Swift • Egyptian Vulture • Schalow’s Turaco • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Livingstone’s Turaco • Southern Banded Snake- • Grey Go-away-bird Eagle • African Grass-Owl • Bateleur • African Scops-Owl • Tawny Eagle • Verreauxs’ Eagle • Wahlberg’s Eagle • Cape Batis • Martial Eagle • Chinspot Batis • Pygmy Falcon • Pale Batis • Grey Kestrel • Pririt Batis • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Black-throated Wattle-eye • African Hobby • White-necked Raven • Little Grebe • Common Fiscal • Black-necked Grebe • Magpie Shrike • Squacco Heron • Southern White-crowned • Rufous-bellied Heron Shrike • Little Bittern • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Greater Flamingo • Grey Cuckooshrike • Lesser Flamingo • Black Cuckooshrike • Pink-backed Pelican • Cape Rock-jumper • African Golden Oriole • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Green-headed Oriole • Cape Penduline-Tit • Black-headed Oriole • Grey Penduline-Tit • Square-tailed Drongo • Southern Black Tit • Fork-tailed Drongo • Carp’s Tit • Blue-mantled Crested- • Rufous-bellied Tit Flycatcher • Miombo Tit • African Paradise-Flycatcher • Grey Tit • Brubru • Banded Martin • Black-backed Puffback • White-throated Swallow • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Wire-tailed Swallow • Black-crowned Tchagra • Blue Swallow • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Southern Tchagra • Greater Striped Swallow • Tropical Boubou • Lesser Striped Swallow • Swamp Boubou • Mosque Swallow • Southern Boubou • Black Saw-wing • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Eastern Saw-wing • Bokmakierie • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Cape Bulbul • Olive Bush-Shrike • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • Terrestrial Brownbul • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Tiny Greenbul • White-crested Helmet-Shrike • Eastern Nicator • Retz’s Helmet-Shrike • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Fairy Flycatcher Shrike • White-tailed Crested • Black-and-white Flycatcher Flycatcher • White-tailed Shrike • Rockrunner • Cape Grassbird • Desert Cisticola • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Cloud Cisticola • Victorin’s Warbler • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Red-faced Crombec • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Long-billed Crombec • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Black-chested Prinia • Green-capped Eremomela • Karoo Prinia • Karoo Eremomela • Drakensberg Prinia • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Namaqua Warbler • Broad-tailed Warbler • Roberts’s Warbler • Little Rush-Warbler • Red-winged Warbler • Knysna Warbler • Rufous-eared Warbler • Barratt’s Warbler • Bar-throated Apalis • African Reed-Warbler • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Rudd’s Apalis • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Black-headed Apalis • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Chirinda Apalis • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Green-backed Camaroptera Warbler • Grey-backed Camaroptera • Southern Hyliota • Barred Wren-Warbler • Black-faced Babbler • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Southern Pied Babbler • Monotonous Lark • Arrow-marked Babbler • Melodious Lark • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Rufous-naped Lark • Bush Blackcap • Flappet Lark • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Cape Clapper Lark • African Yellow White-eye • Eastern Clapper Lark • Cape White-eye • Sabota Lark • Orange River White-eye • Fawn-coloured Lark • Red-faced Cisticola • Red Lark • Singing Cisticola • Karoo Lark • Lazy Cisticola • Barlow’s Lark • Rattling Cisticola • Dune Lark • Tinkling Cisticola • Gray’s Lark • Grey-backed Cisticola • Cape Long-billed Lark • Wailing Cisticola • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Luapula Cisticola • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Chirping Cisticola • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Black-eared Sparrowlark • Croaking Cisticola • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Neddicky • Grey-backed Sparrowlark • Short-winged Cisticola • Red-capped Lark • Stark’s Lark • Red-winged Starling • Pink-billed Lark • Black-bellied Starling • Large-billed Lark • Cape Glossy Starling • Spotted Creeper • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Cape Rock-Thrush • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Sharp-tailed Starling • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Burchell’s Starling • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Meves’s Starling • Orange Ground-Thrush • Violet-backed Starling • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Wattled Starling • Groundscraper Thrush • Common Myna • Olive Thrush • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Karoo Thrush • Red-billed Oxpecker • White-chested Alethe • Plain-backed Sunbird • Pale Flycatcher • Western Violet-backed • Chat Flycatcher Sunbird • Marico Flycatcher • Orange-breasted Sunbird • Southern Black Flycatcher • Olive Sunbird • Fiscal Flycatcher • Grey Sunbird • African Dusky Flycatcher • Amethyst Sunbird • Ashy Flycatcher • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Bronzy Sunbird • Swynnerton’s Robin • Malachite Sunbird • East Coast Akalat • Collared Sunbird • White-throated Robin-Chat • Miombo Double-collared • White-browed Robin-Chat Sunbird • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Southern Double-collared • Collared Palm-Thrush Sunbird • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Greater Double-collared • Bearded Scrub-Robin Sunbird • Brown Scrub-Robin • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Variable Sunbird • Herero Chat • White-bellied Sunbird • African Stonechat • Copper Sunbird • Buff-streaked Chat • Dusky Sunbird • Mountain Wheatear • Marico Sunbird • Capped Wheatear • Purple-banded Sunbird • Sickle-winged Chat • Cape Sugarbird • Karoo Chat • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Tractrac Chat • Scaly-feathered Finch • Familiar Chat • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Arnot’s Chat • Yellow Weaver • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Golden Weaver • Pale-winged Starling • Southern Brown-throated • Great Sparrow Weaver • Cape Sparrow • Dark-backed Weaver • Southern Grey-headed • Olive-headed Weaver Sparrow • Red-headed Weaver • Northern Grey-headed • Red-headed Quelea Sparrow • Red-billed Quelea • Yellow-throated Petronia • Black-winged Bishop • African Pied Wagtail • Yellow Bishop • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Fan-tailed Widowbird • Cape Longclaw • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Rosy-throated Longclaw • White-winged Widowbird • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Red-collared Widowbird • Striped Pipit • Long-tailed Widowbird • African Rock Pipit • Locustfinch • African Pipit • Red-headed Finch • Mountain Pipit • Cut-throat Finch • Buffy Pipit • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Long-billed Pipit • Swee Waxbill • Kimberley Pipit • Green Twinspot • Wood Pipit • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Short-tailed Pipit • Black-faced Waxbill • Bushveld Pipit • Grey Waxbill • Cape Canary • Cinderella Waxbill • Black-headed Canary • Lesser Seedcracker • Black-throated Canary • Blue Waxbill • Lemon-breasted Canary • Red-throated Twinspot • Forest Canary • Pink-throated Twinspot • Yellow Canary • Green-winged Pytilia • Brimstone Canary • Orange-winged Pytilia • White-throated Canary • Brown Firefinch • Protea Seedeater • Magpie Mannikin • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Red-backed Mannikin • Black-eared Seedeater • Broad-tailed Paradise- • Cape Siskin Whydah • Drakensberg Siskin • Long-tailed Paradise-Whydah • Lark-like Bunting • Village Indigobird • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Dusky Indigobird • Cape Bunting • Purple Indigobird • Golden-breasted Bunting • Twinspot Indigobird • Cabanis’s Bunting • House Sparrow

Timing of the start of incubation • Chukar Partridge • Brown-headed Parrot • Red-winged Francolin • Rüppell’s Parrot • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Scarce Swift • Harlequin Quail • Mottled Spinetail • Blue Quail • Böhm’s Spinetail • Crested Guineafowl • Alpine Swift • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Mottled Swift • Hottentot Buttonquail • African Black Swift • Red-throated Wryneck • Bradfield’s Swift • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Horus Swift • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Livingstone’s Turaco • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Ross’s Turaco • Knysna Woodpecker • Purple-crested Turaco • Green-backed Woodpecker • Grey Go-away-bird • Ground Woodpecker • African Scops-Owl • Bearded Woodpecker • Southern White-faced Scops- • Olive Woodpecker Owl • White-eared Barbet • Cape Eagle-Owl • Whyte’s Barbet • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Green Barbet • African Barred Owlet • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Swamp Nightjar • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Square-tailed Nightjar • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • African Olive-Pigeon • Acacia Pied Barbet • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Lemon Dove • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • African Mourning Dove • Racket-tailed Roller • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Purple Roller • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Broad-billed Roller • Tambourine Dove • Half-collared Kingfisher • African Green-Pigeon • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Denham’s Bustard • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Ludwig’s Bustard • Woodland Kingfisher • Southern Black Korhaan • Mangrove Kingfisher • Northern Black Korhaan • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Striped Kingfisher • Karoo Korhaan • Giant Kingfisher • Blue Korhaan • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • White-bellied Korhaan • Madagascar Bee-eater • Black-bellied Bustard • European Bee-eater • African Finfoot • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Red-faced Mousebird • African Rail • Green Malkoha • Striped Crake • Cape Parrot • Common Moorhen • Red-knobbed Coot • Swamp Boubou • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Southern Boubou • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • African Snipe • Olive Bush-Shrike • Pied Avocet • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Long-toed Lapwing • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • White-crowned Lapwing • Woodwards’ Batis • Burchell’s Courser • Pale Batis • Temminck’s Courser • Black-throated Wattle-eye • Osprey • House Crow • Egyptian Vulture • White-necked Raven • Southern Pale Chanting • Southern White-crowned Goshawk Shrike • African Goshawk • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk • Grey Cuckooshrike • Forest Buzzard • Black Cuckooshrike • Jackal Buzzard • Cape Rock-jumper • Secretarybird • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • African Hobby • Cape Penduline-Tit • Great Crested Grebe • Grey Penduline-Tit • Black-necked Grebe • Carp’s Tit • Black Heron • Rufous-bellied Tit • Yellow-billed Egret • Miombo Tit • Squacco Heron • Grey Tit • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Brown-throated Martin • Southern Bald Ibis • Banded Martin • Pink-backed Pelican • Grey-rumped Swallow • Yellow-billed Stork • White-throated Swallow • White Stork • Blue Swallow • Saddle-billed Stork • Lesser Striped Swallow • African Pitta • Mosque Swallow • African Broadbill • Rock Martin • African Golden Oriole • Black Saw-wing • Green-headed Oriole • Eastern Saw-wing • Black-headed Oriole • Sombre Greenbul • Square-tailed Drongo • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Fork-tailed Drongo • Terrestrial Brownbul • Blue-mantled Crested- • Yellow-streaked Greenbul Flycatcher • Tiny Greenbul • Black-backed Puffback • Eastern Nicator • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Black-crowned Tchagra • Fairy Flycatcher • Southern Tchagra • White-tailed Crested • Tropical Boubou Flycatcher • Rockrunner • Namaqua Warbler • Cape Grassbird • Roberts’s Warbler • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Red-winged Warbler • Red-faced Crombec • Rufous-eared Warbler • Green-capped Eremomela • Bar-throated Apalis • Karoo Eremomela • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Rudd’s Apalis • Broad-tailed Warbler • Black-headed Apalis • Little Rush-Warbler • Chirinda Apalis • Barratt’s Warbler • Grey-backed Camaroptera • African Reed-Warbler • Barred Wren-Warbler • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Monotonous Lark • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Melodious Lark Warbler • Rufous-naped Lark • Southern Hyliota • Flappet Lark • Black-faced Babbler • Cape Clapper Lark • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Eastern Clapper Lark • Southern Pied Babbler • Sabota Lark • Arrow-marked Babbler • Red Lark • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Karoo Lark • Bush Blackcap • Barlow’s Lark • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Gray’s Lark • Orange River White-eye • Cape Long-billed Lark • Red-faced Cisticola • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Rattling Cisticola • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Tinkling Cisticola • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Grey-backed Cisticola • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Wailing Cisticola • Stark’s Lark • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Large-billed Lark • Luapula Cisticola • Spotted Creeper • Chirping Cisticola • Cape Rock-Thrush • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Croaking Cisticola • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Neddicky • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Short-winged Cisticola • White-chested Alethe • Desert Cisticola • Chat Flycatcher • Cloud Cisticola • Marico Flycatcher • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Ashy Flycatcher • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Tawny-flanked Prinia • East Coast Akalat • Black-chested Prinia • Collared Palm-Thrush • Drakensberg Prinia • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • African Stonechat • Golden Weaver • Buff-streaked Chat • Southern Brown-throated • Mountain Wheatear Weaver • Capped Wheatear • Village Weaver • Sickle-winged Chat • Dark-backed Weaver • Karoo Chat • Olive-headed Weaver • Tractrac Chat • Red-headed Weaver • Arnot’s Chat • Red-headed Quelea • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Red-billed Quelea • Pale-winged Starling • Yellow-crowned Bishop • Black-bellied Starling • Black-winged Bishop • Cape Glossy Starling • Yellow Bishop • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Fan-tailed Widowbird • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Sharp-tailed Starling • White-winged Widowbird • Burchell’s Starling • Red-collared Widowbird • Meves’s Starling • Long-tailed Widowbird • Violet-backed Starling • Red-headed Finch • Pied Starling • Cut-throat Finch • Wattled Starling • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Swee Waxbill • Plain-backed Sunbird • Green Twinspot • Western Violet-backed • Red-faced Crimsonwing Sunbird • Black-faced Waxbill • Olive Sunbird • Grey Waxbill • Grey Sunbird • Cinderella Waxbill • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Common Waxbill • Bronzy Sunbird • Lesser Seedcracker • Malachite Sunbird • Violet-eared Waxbill • Collared Sunbird • Red-throated Twinspot • Southern Double-collared • Pink-throated Twinspot Sunbird • Green-winged Pytilia • Greater Double-collared • Orange-winged Pytilia Sunbird • African Firefinch • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Magpie Mannikin • Variable Sunbird • Red-backed Mannikin • Shelley’s Sunbird • Great Sparrow • Purple-banded Sunbird • Southern Grey-headed • Scaly-feathered Finch Sparrow • White-browed Sparrow- • Northern Grey-headed Weaver Sparrow • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Yellow-throated Petronia • Cape Weaver • African Pied Wagtail • Yellow Weaver • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Cape Longclaw • Yellow-fronted Canary • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Black-throated Canary • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Lemon-breasted Canary • Striped Pipit • Forest Canary • African Rock Pipit • Yellow Canary • African Pipit • Brimstone Canary • Mountain Pipit • White-throated Canary • Buffy Pipit • Protea Seedeater • Long-billed Pipit • Black-eared Seedeater • Kimberley Pipit • Cape Siskin • Wood Pipit • Drakensberg Siskin • Short-tailed Pipit • Lark-like Bunting • Bushveld Pipit • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Common Chaffinch • Cape Bunting • Cape Canary • Golden-breasted Bunting • Black-headed Canary • Cabanis’s Bunting

Incubation period • Chukar Partridge • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Coqui Francolin • Green Malkoha • Hottentot Buttonquail • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Scarce Swift • Greater Honeyguide • Mottled Spinetail • Pallid Honeyguide • Alpine Swift • Brown-backed Honeybird • African Black Swift • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Bradfield’s Swift • Knysna Woodpecker • Livingstone’s Turaco • Green-backed Woodpecker • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Ground Woodpecker • Ludwig’s Bustard • White-eared Barbet • Southern Black Korhaan • Whyte’s Barbet • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Karoo Korhaan • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • African Finfoot • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Chestnut-banded Plover • Racket-tailed Roller • Burchell’s Courser • Purple Roller • Temminck’s Courser • Broad-billed Roller • Grey-headed Gull • Mangrove Kingfisher • Osprey • Striped Kingfisher • Egyptian Vulture • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Dark Chanting Goshawk • Madagascar Bee-eater • Forest Buzzard • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Grey Kestrel • Black Heron • Wailing Cisticola • Pink-backed Pelican • Rufous-winged Cisticola • African Pitta • Luapula Cisticola • Green-headed Oriole • Croaking Cisticola • Square-tailed Drongo • Roberts’s Warbler • Blue-mantled Crested- • Red-winged Warbler Flycatcher • Rudd’s Apalis • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Black-headed Apalis • Swamp Boubou • Chirinda Apalis • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Barred Wren-Warbler • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Monotonous Lark Shrike • Melodious Lark • Woodwards’ Batis • Flappet Lark • Pale Batis • Cape Clapper Lark • Grey Cuckooshrike • Eastern Clapper Lark • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Sabota Lark • Rufous-bellied Tit • Red Lark • Miombo Tit • Karoo Lark • Banded Martin • Barlow’s Lark • Grey-rumped Swallow • Cape Long-billed Lark • Mosque Swallow • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Eastern Saw-wing • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Tiny Greenbul • Spotted Creeper • Eastern Nicator • White-chested Alethe • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Marico Flycatcher • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Green-capped Eremomela • East Coast Akalat • Karoo Eremomela • Chorister Robin-Chat • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Broad-tailed Warbler • White-browed Scrub-Robin • Barratt’s Warbler • Buff-streaked Chat • Southern Hyliota • Capped Wheatear • Black-faced Babbler • Sickle-winged Chat • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Karoo Chat • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Tractrac Chat • Bush Blackcap • Black-bellied Starling • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Cape Glossy Starling • Orange River White-eye • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Rattling Cisticola • Sharp-tailed Starling • Tinkling Cisticola • Plain-backed Sunbird • Western Violet-backed • Dusky Indigobird Sunbird • Purple Indigobird • Grey Sunbird • Twinspot Indigobird • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Striped Pipit • Shelley’s Sunbird • Mountain Pipit • Purple-banded Sunbird • Long-billed Pipit • Yellow Weaver • Kimberley Pipit • Olive-headed Weaver • Wood Pipit • Locustfinch • Short-tailed Pipit • Red-faced Crimsonwing

Male/female roles in incubation • Chukar Partridge • Slaty Egret • Red-billed Spurfowl • Black Heron • Hottentot Buttonquail • Pink-backed Pelican • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • African Pitta • Knysna Woodpecker • African Golden Oriole • White-eared Barbet • Green-headed Oriole • Whyte’s Barbet • Black-headed Oriole • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Square-tailed Drongo • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Fork-tailed Drongo • Racket-tailed Roller • Southern Tchagra • Purple Roller • White-necked Raven • Broad-billed Roller • Grey Penduline-Tit • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Miombo Tit • Green Malkoha • Banded Martin • Scarce Swift • Grey-rumped Swallow • Mottled Spinetail • White-throated Swallow • Alpine Swift • Mosque Swallow • African Black Swift • Black Saw-wing • Bradfield’s Swift • Eastern Saw-wing • Horus Swift • Tiny Greenbul • Livingstone’s Turaco • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Rockrunner • African Mourning Dove • Broad-tailed Warbler • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Little Rush-Warbler • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Barratt’s Warbler • Osprey • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Egyptian Vulture Warbler • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Southern Hyliota • Dark Chanting Goshawk • Black-faced Babbler • Gabar Goshawk • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Forest Buzzard • Southern Pied Babbler • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Bush Blackcap • Pink-billed Lark • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Large-billed Lark • Orange River White-eye • Ashy Flycatcher • Lazy Cisticola • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Grey-backed Cisticola • East Coast Akalat • Wailing Cisticola • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Capped Wheatear • Cloud Cisticola • Sickle-winged Chat • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Karoo Chat • Black-chested Prinia • Tractrac Chat • Drakensberg Prinia • Familiar Chat • Namaqua Warbler • Boulder Chat • Roberts’s Warbler • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Red-winged Warbler • Sharp-tailed Starling • Rufous-eared Warbler • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Rudd’s Apalis • Plain-backed Sunbird • Black-headed Apalis • Western Violet-backed • Chirinda Apalis Sunbird • Grey-backed Camaroptera • Grey Sunbird • Barred Wren-Warbler • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Shelley’s Sunbird • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Scaly-feathered Finch • Monotonous Lark • Dark-backed Weaver • Melodious Lark • Cinderella Waxbill • Rufous-naped Lark • Magpie Mannikin • Flappet Lark • Striped Pipit • Cape Clapper Lark • African Rock Pipit • Eastern Clapper Lark • Mountain Pipit • Sabota Lark • Plain-backed Pipit • Fawn-coloured Lark • Buffy Pipit • Red Lark • Long-billed Pipit • Karoo Lark • Kimberley Pipit • Barlow’s Lark • Wood Pipit • Gray’s Lark • Short-tailed Pipit • Cape Long-billed Lark • Drakensberg Siskin • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Lark-like Bunting • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Cape Bunting • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Cabanis’s Bunting

Incubation shift lengths • Chukar Partridge • Crested Francolin • Coqui Francolin • Grey-winged Francolin • Red-winged Francolin • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Orange River Francolin • Senegal Coucal • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • White-browed Coucal • Red-billed Spurfowl • Burchell’s Coucal • Natal Spurfowl • Cape Parrot • Red-necked Spurfowl • Meyer’s Parrot • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Rüppell’s Parrot • Blue Quail • Rosy-faced Lovebird • Crested Guineafowl • Lilian’s Lovebird • South African Shelduck • Rose-ringed Parakeet • African Pygmy-Goose • Scarce Swift • Southern Pochard • Mottled Spinetail • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Böhm’s Spinetail • Hottentot Buttonquail • Mottled Swift • Red-throated Wryneck • African Black Swift • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Bradfield’s Swift • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Horus Swift • Knysna Woodpecker • Livingstone’s Turaco • Green-backed Woodpecker • Barn Owl • Cardinal Woodpecker • African Grass-Owl • Bearded Woodpecker • African Scops-Owl • White-eared Barbet • Southern White-faced Scops- • Whyte’s Barbet Owl • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Cape Eagle-Owl • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • Acacia Pied Barbet • African Wood-Owl • Black-collared Barbet • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Green Wood-Hoopoe • African Barred Owlet • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Marsh Owl • Common Scimitarbill • Square-tailed Nightjar • Racket-tailed Roller • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Purple Roller • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Broad-billed Roller • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Malachite Kingfisher • Lemon Dove • Grey-headed Kingfisher • African Mourning Dove • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Red-eyed Dove • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Madagascar Bee-eater • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Tambourine Dove • White-backed Mousebird • African Green-Pigeon • Red-faced Mousebird • Ludwig’s Bustard • Green Malkoha • Southern Black Korhaan • Black Coucal • Northern Black Korhaan • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Great Crested Grebe • Karoo Korhaan • Black-necked Grebe • White-bellied Korhaan • Crowned Cormorant • Black-bellied Bustard • Slaty Egret • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Black Heron • African Rail • Little Egret • African Crake • Black-headed Heron • Black Crake • Goliath Heron • Baillon’s Crake • Squacco Heron • Striped Crake • Rufous-bellied Heron • African Purple Swamphen • White-backed Night-Heron • Allen’s Gallinule • Dwarf Bittern • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Eurasian Bittern • African Snipe • Southern Bald Ibis • Water Thick-knee • Pink-backed Pelican • Long-toed Lapwing • Black Stork • Burchell’s Courser • White Stork • Collared Pratincole • African Pitta • Grey-headed Gull • African Broadbill • Hartlaub’s Gull • African Golden Oriole • Caspian Tern • Green-headed Oriole • Roseate Tern • Black-headed Oriole • Osprey • Square-tailed Drongo • European Honey-Buzzard • Fork-tailed Drongo • Palm-nut Vulture • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Egyptian Vulture • Black-crowned Tchagra • Hooded Vulture • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Lappet-faced Vulture • Southern Tchagra • Southern Banded Snake- • Tropical Boubou Eagle • Swamp Boubou • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Southern Boubou • Bateleur • Crimson-breasted Shrike • African Marsh-Harrier • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Lizard Buzzard • Olive Bush-Shrike • Dark Chanting Goshawk • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Southern Pale Chanting • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike Goshawk • White-tailed Shrike • Gabar Goshawk • Woodwards’ Batis • Forest Buzzard • Pale Batis • Jackal Buzzard • Pririt Batis • Martial Eagle • Black-throated Wattle-eye • Pygmy Falcon • Cape Crow • Rock Kestrel • White-necked Raven • African Hobby • Common Fiscal • Southern White-crowned • Greater Swamp-Warbler Shrike • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Grey Cuckooshrike • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Black Cuckooshrike Warbler • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Southern Hyliota • Cape Penduline-Tit • Black-faced Babbler • Grey Penduline-Tit • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Rufous-bellied Tit • Southern Pied Babbler • Miombo Tit • Arrow-marked Babbler • Grey Tit • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Brown-throated Martin • Bush Blackcap • Banded Martin • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Grey-rumped Swallow • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • White-throated Swallow • African Yellow White-eye • Blue Swallow • Cape White-eye • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Orange River White-eye • Lesser Striped Swallow • Red-faced Cisticola • Mosque Swallow • Lazy Cisticola • Black Saw-wing • Rattling Cisticola • Eastern Saw-wing • Tinkling Cisticola • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Grey-backed Cisticola • Sombre Greenbul • Wailing Cisticola • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Terrestrial Brownbul • Luapula Cisticola • Tiny Greenbul • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Croaking Cisticola • Fairy Flycatcher • Neddicky • White-tailed Crested • Short-winged Cisticola Flycatcher • Zitting Cisticola • Rockrunner • Desert Cisticola • Cape Grassbird • Cloud Cisticola • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Victorin’s Warbler • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Red-faced Crombec • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Long-billed Crombec • Black-chested Prinia • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Drakensberg Prinia • Green-capped Eremomela • Namaqua Warbler • Karoo Eremomela • Roberts’s Warbler • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Red-winged Warbler • Broad-tailed Warbler • Rufous-eared Warbler • Little Rush-Warbler • Bar-throated Apalis • Barratt’s Warbler • Yellow-breasted Apalis • African Reed-Warbler • Rudd’s Apalis • Black-headed Apalis • Ashy Flycatcher • Chirinda Apalis • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Green-backed Camaroptera • White-starred Robin • Grey-backed Camaroptera • East Coast Akalat • Barred Wren-Warbler • White-throated Robin-Chat • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • White-browed Robin-Chat • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Chorister Robin-Chat • Monotonous Lark • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Melodious Lark • Bearded Scrub-Robin • Rufous-naped Lark • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Flappet Lark • Karoo Scrub-Robin • Cape Clapper Lark • Herero Chat • Eastern Clapper Lark • African Stonechat • Sabota Lark • Mountain Wheatear • Fawn-coloured Lark • Capped Wheatear • Red Lark • Sickle-winged Chat • Karoo Lark • Karoo Chat • Barlow’s Lark • Tractrac Chat • Dune Lark • Familiar Chat • Gray’s Lark • Ant-eating Chat • Spike-heeled Lark • Arnot’s Chat • Cape Long-billed Lark • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Boulder Chat • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Pale-winged Starling • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Black-bellied Starling • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Cape Glossy Starling • Red-capped Lark • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Stark’s Lark • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Pink-billed Lark • Sharp-tailed Starling • Large-billed Lark • Burchell’s Starling • Spotted Creeper • Meves’s Starling • Cape Rock-Thrush • Violet-backed Starling • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Pied Starling • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Wattled Starling • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Orange Ground-Thrush • Red-billed Oxpecker • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Plain-backed Sunbird • Groundscraper Thrush • Western Violet-backed • Kurrichane Thrush Sunbird • Karoo Thrush • Olive Sunbird • White-chested Alethe • Grey Sunbird • Chat Flycatcher • Amethyst Sunbird • Marico Flycatcher • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Southern Black Flycatcher • Miombo Double-collared • Green-winged Pytilia Sunbird • Orange-winged Pytilia • Southern Double-collared • Red-billed Firefinch Sunbird • Brown Firefinch • Greater Double-collared • Magpie Mannikin Sunbird • House Sparrow • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Great Sparrow • Copper Sunbird • Cape Sparrow • Dusky Sunbird • Northern Grey-headed • Shelley’s Sunbird Sparrow • Marico Sunbird • Yellow-throated Petronia • Purple-banded Sunbird • African Pied Wagtail • Gurney’s Sugarbird • Cape Longclaw • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Scaly-feathered Finch • Striped Pipit • White-browed Sparrow- • African Rock Pipit Weaver • Mountain Pipit • Yellow Weaver • Plain-backed Pipit • Golden Weaver • Buffy Pipit • Southern Brown-throated • Long-billed Pipit Weaver • Kimberley Pipit • Chestnut Weaver • Wood Pipit • Dark-backed Weaver • Short-tailed Pipit • Red-headed Quelea • Bushveld Pipit • Yellow-crowned Bishop • Common Chaffinch • Black-winged Bishop • Cape Canary • Yellow Bishop • Black-headed Canary • Fan-tailed Widowbird • Yellow-fronted Canary • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Black-throated Canary • White-winged Widowbird • Lemon-breasted Canary • Red-collared Widowbird • Forest Canary • Long-tailed Widowbird • Yellow Canary • Locustfinch • Brimstone Canary • African Quailfinch • White-throated Canary • Red-headed Finch • Protea Seedeater • Cut-throat Finch • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Black-eared Seedeater • Swee Waxbill • Cape Siskin • Green Twinspot • Drakensberg Siskin • Grey Waxbill • Lark-like Bunting • Cinderella Waxbill • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Common Waxbill • Cape Bunting • Lesser Seedcracker • Golden-breasted Bunting • Pink-throated Twinspot • Cabanis’s Bunting

Description of the newly-hatched young • Chukar Partridge • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Blue Quail • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Crested Guineafowl • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Hottentot Buttonquail • Water Thick-knee • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Osprey • Pallid Honeyguide • Egyptian Vulture • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Forest Buzzard • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Black Heron • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Pink-backed Pelican • Knysna Woodpecker • African Pitta • Green-backed Woodpecker • African Broadbill • Ground Woodpecker • Green-headed Oriole • Bearded Woodpecker • Square-tailed Drongo • Olive Woodpecker • Blue-mantled Crested- • Whyte’s Barbet Flycatcher • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Swamp Boubou • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Olive Bush-Shrike • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Acacia Pied Barbet • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Crested Barbet Shrike • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Woodwards’ Batis • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Pale Batis • Racket-tailed Roller • White-necked Raven • Purple Roller • Rufous-bellied Tit • Broad-billed Roller • Miombo Tit • Half-collared Kingfisher • Grey Tit • Malachite Kingfisher • Brown-throated Martin • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Banded Martin • Mangrove Kingfisher • White-throated Swallow • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Blue Swallow • Striped Kingfisher • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Mosque Swallow • Madagascar Bee-eater • Black Saw-wing • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Eastern Saw-wing • Green Malkoha • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Scarce Swift • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Mottled Spinetail • Tiny Greenbul • African Black Swift • Eastern Nicator • Livingstone’s Turaco • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Square-tailed Nightjar • Cape Grassbird • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Cape Rock-Thrush • Red-faced Crombec • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Green-capped Eremomela • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Karoo Eremomela • Kurrichane Thrush • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Karoo Thrush • Broad-tailed Warbler • Pale Flycatcher • Barratt’s Warbler • Chat Flycatcher • African Reed-Warbler • Marico Flycatcher • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Southern Black Flycatcher • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Ashy Flycatcher • Southern Hyliota • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Black-faced Babbler • Collared Palm-Thrush • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Arrow-marked Babbler • Brown Scrub-Robin • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Buff-streaked Chat • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Capped Wheatear • Orange River White-eye • Pale-winged Starling • Singing Cisticola • Black-bellied Starling • Lazy Cisticola • Cape Glossy Starling • Rattling Cisticola • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Grey-backed Cisticola • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Wailing Cisticola • Sharp-tailed Starling • Luapula Cisticola • Burchell’s Starling • Croaking Cisticola • Meves’s Starling • Short-winged Cisticola • Violet-backed Starling • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Wattled Starling • Black-chested Prinia • Common Myna • Drakensberg Prinia • Plain-backed Sunbird • Roberts’s Warbler • Western Violet-backed • Black-headed Apalis Sunbird • Chirinda Apalis • Olive Sunbird • Barred Wren-Warbler • Grey Sunbird • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Bronzy Sunbird • Monotonous Lark • Malachite Sunbird • Flappet Lark • Miombo Double-collared • Cape Clapper Lark Sunbird • Eastern Clapper Lark • Greater Double-collared • Sabota Lark Sunbird • Barlow’s Lark • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Cape Long-billed Lark • Variable Sunbird • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Shelley’s Sunbird • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Marico Sunbird • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Purple-banded Sunbird • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Cape Weaver • Cape Longclaw • Yellow Weaver • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Golden Weaver • Striped Pipit • Southern Brown-throated • Mountain Pipit Weaver • Buffy Pipit • Dark-backed Weaver • Long-billed Pipit • Olive-headed Weaver • Kimberley Pipit • Red-headed Weaver • Bushveld Pipit • Red-headed Quelea • Common Chaffinch • Yellow-crowned Bishop • Forest Canary • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Cape Siskin • Long-tailed Widowbird • Lark-like Bunting • Locustfinch • Cape Bunting • Cinderella Waxbill • Cabanis’s Bunting • Lesser Seedcracker • Twinspot Indigobird

Plumage and morphological development of chicks • Chukar Partridge • Olive Woodpecker • Crested Francolin • White-eared Barbet • Red-winged Francolin • Whyte’s Barbet • Shelley’s Francolin • Green Barbet • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Red-billed Spurfowl • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Natal Spurfowl • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Red-necked Spurfowl • Acacia Pied Barbet • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Black-collared Barbet • Blue Quail • Crested Barbet • Crested Guineafowl • Crowned Hornbill • Comb Duck • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Southern Pochard • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Hottentot Buttonquail • Narina Trogon • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Racket-tailed Roller • Pallid Honeyguide • Purple Roller • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Broad-billed Roller • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Half-collared Kingfisher • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Knysna Woodpecker • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Green-backed Woodpecker • Mangrove Kingfisher • Ground Woodpecker • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Bearded Woodpecker • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Madagascar Bee-eater • Greater Painted-snipe • White-backed Mousebird • Water Thick-knee • Speckled Mousebird • White-fronted Plover • Red-faced Mousebird • Long-toed Lapwing • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • White-crowned Lapwing • Green Malkoha • Senegal Lapwing • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Black-winged Lapwing • White-browed Coucal • Bronze-winged Courser • Burchell’s Coucal • Three-banded Courser • Rüppell’s Parrot • Burchell’s Courser • Lilian’s Lovebird • Temminck’s Courser • Scarce Swift • Collared Pratincole • Mottled Spinetail • Rock Pratincole • African Black Swift • Whiskered Tern • Bradfield’s Swift • Osprey • Horus Swift • Egyptian Vulture • Livingstone’s Turaco • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Square-tailed Nightjar • Great Crested Grebe • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Black-necked Grebe • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Yellow-billed Egret • Rock Dove • Black-headed Heron • African Olive-Pigeon • Goliath Heron • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Squacco Heron • Lemon Dove • White-backed Night-Heron • African Mourning Dove • Eurasian Bittern • Red-eyed Dove • Southern Bald Ibis • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Pink-backed Pelican • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • African Broadbill • Tambourine Dove • African Golden Oriole • Red-crested Korhaan • Green-headed Oriole • Southern Black Korhaan • Black-headed Oriole • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Square-tailed Drongo • Karoo Korhaan • Blue-mantled Crested- • Black-bellied Bustard Flycatcher • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Brubru • Striped Flufftail • Black-backed Puffback • African Purple Swamphen • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Allen’s Gallinule • Black-crowned Tchagra • Common Moorhen • Tropical Boubou • Lesser Moorhen • Swamp Boubou • Red-knobbed Coot • Southern Boubou • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Olive Bush-Shrike • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • African Snipe • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Barratt’s Warbler Shrike • African Reed-Warbler • Black-and-white Flycatcher • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Woodwards’ Batis • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Chinspot Batis Warbler • Pale Batis • Southern Hyliota • House Crow • Black-faced Babbler • Magpie Shrike • Hartlaub’s Babbler • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Arrow-marked Babbler • Grey Cuckooshrike • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Bush Blackcap • Cape Penduline-Tit • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Grey Penduline-Tit • African Yellow White-eye • Rufous-bellied Tit • Orange River White-eye • Miombo Tit • Red-faced Cisticola • Grey Tit • Singing Cisticola • Brown-throated Martin • Lazy Cisticola • Banded Martin • Rattling Cisticola • Grey-rumped Swallow • Tinkling Cisticola • White-throated Swallow • Grey-backed Cisticola • Lesser Striped Swallow • Wailing Cisticola • Mosque Swallow • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Rock Martin • Luapula Cisticola • Black Saw-wing • Croaking Cisticola • Eastern Saw-wing • Short-winged Cisticola • Sombre Greenbul • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Black-chested Prinia • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Drakensberg Prinia • Tiny Greenbul • Roberts’s Warbler • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Red-winged Warbler • Fairy Flycatcher • Yellow-breasted Apalis • White-tailed Crested • Rudd’s Apalis Flycatcher • Black-headed Apalis • Rockrunner • Chirinda Apalis • Cape Grassbird • Green-backed Camaroptera • Red-faced Crombec • Barred Wren-Warbler • Long-billed Crombec • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Green-capped Eremomela • Monotonous Lark • Karoo Eremomela • Melodious Lark • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Flappet Lark • Little Rush-Warbler • Cape Clapper Lark • Knysna Warbler • Eastern Clapper Lark • Sabota Lark • Cape Glossy Starling • Fawn-coloured Lark • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Red Lark • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Karoo Lark • Sharp-tailed Starling • Barlow’s Lark • Burchell’s Starling • Gray’s Lark • Meves’s Starling • Spike-heeled Lark • Violet-backed Starling • Cape Long-billed Lark • Wattled Starling • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Common Myna • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Plain-backed Sunbird • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Western Violet-backed • Red-capped Lark Sunbird • Stark’s Lark • Grey Sunbird • Pink-billed Lark • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Botha’s Lark • Bronzy Sunbird • Large-billed Lark • Malachite Sunbird • Spotted Creeper • Miombo Double-collared • Cape Rock-Thrush Sunbird • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Greater Double-collared • Miombo Rock-Thrush Sunbird • Orange Ground-Thrush • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Kurrichane Thrush • Variable Sunbird • Karoo Thrush • Copper Sunbird • White-chested Alethe • Shelley’s Sunbird • Pale Flycatcher • Marico Sunbird • Marico Flycatcher • Purple-banded Sunbird • Southern Black Flycatcher • Scaly-feathered Finch • Ashy Flycatcher • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Spectacled Weaver • East Coast Akalat • Cape Weaver • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Yellow Weaver • Brown Scrub-Robin • Golden Weaver • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Southern Brown-throated • African Stonechat Weaver • Capped Wheatear • Dark-backed Weaver • Sickle-winged Chat • Olive-headed Weaver • Karoo Chat • Red-headed Weaver • Tractrac Chat • Red-headed Quelea • Ant-eating Chat • Yellow-crowned Bishop • Arnot’s Chat • Black-winged Bishop • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Yellow Bishop • Pale-winged Starling • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Black-bellied Starling • White-winged Widowbird • Red-collared Widowbird • Cape Longclaw • Red-headed Finch • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Striped Pipit • Swee Waxbill • Mountain Pipit • Green Twinspot • Buffy Pipit • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Kimberley Pipit • Black-faced Waxbill • Wood Pipit • Grey Waxbill • Bushveld Pipit • Cinderella Waxbill • Common Chaffinch • Lesser Seedcracker • Black-headed Canary • Blue Waxbill • Black-throated Canary • Pink-throated Twinspot • Lemon-breasted Canary • Green-winged Pytilia • Forest Canary • Orange-winged Pytilia • Yellow Canary • Red-billed Firefinch • Brimstone Canary • Brown Firefinch • White-throated Canary • African Firefinch • Black-eared Seedeater • Red-backed Mannikin • Cape Siskin • House Sparrow • Drakensberg Siskin • Great Sparrow • Lark-like Bunting • Southern Grey-headed • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Sparrow • Cape Bunting • Northern Grey-headed • Golden-breasted Bunting Sparrow • Cabanis’s Bunting • African Pied Wagtail • Yellow-throated Longclaw

Chick weights • Common Ostrich • Red-billed Teal • Chukar Partridge • Southern Pochard • Coqui Francolin • Kurrichane Buttonquail • Crested Francolin • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Red-winged Francolin • Hottentot Buttonquail • Shelley’s Francolin • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Greater Honeyguide • Red-billed Spurfowl • Lesser Honeyguide • Natal Spurfowl • Pallid Honeyguide • Red-necked Spurfowl • Green-backed Honeybird • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Brown-backed Honeybird • Blue Quail • Red-throated Wryneck • Common Peacock • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Crested Guineafowl • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Mallard • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Knysna Woodpecker • African Emerald Cuckoo • Green-backed Woodpecker • Green Malkoha • Ground Woodpecker • Black Coucal • Cardinal Woodpecker • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Bearded Woodpecker • White-browed Coucal • Olive Woodpecker • Burchell’s Coucal • White-eared Barbet • Cape Parrot • Whyte’s Barbet • Meyer’s Parrot • Green Barbet • Rüppell’s Parrot • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Rosy-faced Lovebird • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Lilian’s Lovebird • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Acacia Pied Barbet • Scarce Swift • Black-collared Barbet • Mottled Spinetail • Crested Barbet • Böhm’s Spinetail • Crowned Hornbill • African Palm-Swift • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Alpine Swift • Trumpeter Hornbill • Mottled Swift • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • African Black Swift • Southern Ground-Hornbill • Bradfield’s Swift • African Hoopoe • Little Swift • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Horus Swift • Narina Trogon • White-rumped Swift • Lilac-breasted Roller • Livingstone’s Turaco • Racket-tailed Roller • Purple-crested Turaco • Purple Roller • Grey Go-away-bird • Broad-billed Roller • African Scops-Owl • Half-collared Kingfisher • Southern White-faced Scops- • Malachite Kingfisher Owl • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Cape Eagle-Owl • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Woodland Kingfisher • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • Mangrove Kingfisher • African Barred Owlet • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Freckled Nightjar • Striped Kingfisher • Swamp Nightjar • White-fronted Bee-eater • Square-tailed Nightjar • Little Bee-eater • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Madagascar Bee-eater • Rock Dove • European Bee-eater • African Olive-Pigeon • White-backed Mousebird • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Speckled Mousebird • Lemon Dove • Red-faced Mousebird • African Mourning Dove • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Cape Turtle-Dove • Red-eyed Dove • Burchell’s Courser • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Temminck’s Courser • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Rock Pratincole • Tambourine Dove • Grey-headed Gull • Namaqua Dove • Whiskered Tern • African Green-Pigeon • Osprey • Denham’s Bustard • European Honey-Buzzard • Ludwig’s Bustard • Black-shouldered Kite • Red-crested Korhaan • Palm-nut Vulture • Southern Black Korhaan • Egyptian Vulture • Northern Black Korhaan • White-backed Vulture • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Karoo Korhaan • Bateleur • Blue Korhaan • Lizard Buzzard • Black-bellied Bustard • Dark Chanting Goshawk • African Finfoot • Southern Pale Chanting • Buff-spotted Flufftail Goshawk • Red-chested Flufftail • African Goshawk • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Shikra • Striped Flufftail • Little Sparrowhawk • African Crake • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • Black Crake • Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk • Baillon’s Crake • Black Sparrowhawk • Striped Crake • Jackal Buzzard • African Purple Swamphen • Tawny Eagle • Allen’s Gallinule • Booted Eagle • Common Moorhen • Wahlberg’s Eagle • Lesser Moorhen • Martial Eagle • Red-knobbed Coot • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • African Hobby • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Little Grebe • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Great Crested Grebe • Greater Painted-snipe • Black-necked Grebe • African Jacana • African Darter • Lesser Jacana • Slaty Egret • Water Thick-knee • Black Heron • Chestnut-banded Plover • Little Egret • White-fronted Plover • Yellow-billed Egret • Long-toed Lapwing • Great Egret • White-crowned Lapwing • Black-headed Heron • Senegal Lapwing • Goliath Heron • Double-banded Courser • Cattle Egret • Bronze-winged Courser • Squacco Heron • Three-banded Courser • Green-backed Heron • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Black-and-white Flycatcher • White-backed Night-Heron • White-tailed Shrike • Dwarf Bittern • Cape Batis • Eurasian Bittern • Woodwards’ Batis • Greater Flamingo • Chinspot Batis • Glossy Ibis • Pale Batis • Southern Bald Ibis • Pririt Batis • African Sacred Ibis • Black-throated Wattle-eye • African Spoonbill • House Crow • Great White Pelican • Pied Crow • Pink-backed Pelican • White-necked Raven • Yellow-billed Stork • Magpie Shrike • Black Stork • Southern White-crowned • Woolly-necked Stork Shrike • Saddle-billed Stork • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • African Pitta • Grey Cuckooshrike • African Broadbill • Black Cuckooshrike • African Golden Oriole • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Green-headed Oriole • Cape Penduline-Tit • Black-headed Oriole • Grey Penduline-Tit • Square-tailed Drongo • Southern Black Tit • Fork-tailed Drongo • Rufous-bellied Tit • Blue-mantled Crested- • Miombo Tit Flycatcher • Grey Tit • Brubru • Brown-throated Martin • Black-backed Puffback • Banded Martin • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Grey-rumped Swallow • Black-crowned Tchagra • White-throated Swallow • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Wire-tailed Swallow • Southern Tchagra • Blue Swallow • Tropical Boubou • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Swamp Boubou • Greater Striped Swallow • Southern Boubou • Lesser Striped Swallow • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Mosque Swallow • Bokmakierie • Rock Martin • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Black Saw-wing • Olive Bush-Shrike • Eastern Saw-wing • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Dark-capped Bulbul • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Sombre Greenbul • White-crested Helmet-Shrike • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Retz’s Helmet-Shrike • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Terrestrial Brownbul Shrike • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Tiny Greenbul • Luapula Cisticola • Eastern Nicator • Chirping Cisticola • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Fairy Flycatcher • Croaking Cisticola • White-tailed Crested • Neddicky Flycatcher • Short-winged Cisticola • Rockrunner • Zitting Cisticola • Cape Grassbird • Cloud Cisticola • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Victorin’s Warbler • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Red-faced Crombec • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Long-billed Crombec • Black-chested Prinia • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Karoo Prinia • Green-capped Eremomela • Drakensberg Prinia • Karoo Eremomela • Namaqua Warbler • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Roberts’s Warbler • Broad-tailed Warbler • Red-winged Warbler • Little Rush-Warbler • Rufous-eared Warbler • Knysna Warbler • Bar-throated Apalis • Barratt’s Warbler • Yellow-breasted Apalis • African Reed-Warbler • Rudd’s Apalis • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Black-headed Apalis • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Chirinda Apalis • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Green-backed Camaroptera • Southern Hyliota • Grey-backed Camaroptera • Black-faced Babbler • Barred Wren-Warbler • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Southern Pied Babbler • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Arrow-marked Babbler • Monotonous Lark • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Melodious Lark • Bush Blackcap • Flappet Lark • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Cape Clapper Lark • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Eastern Clapper Lark • African Yellow White-eye • Rudd’s Lark • Cape White-eye • Sabota Lark • Orange River White-eye • Fawn-coloured Lark • Red-faced Cisticola • Red Lark • Singing Cisticola • Karoo Lark • Lazy Cisticola • Barlow’s Lark • Rattling Cisticola • Dune Lark • Tinkling Cisticola • Gray’s Lark • Grey-backed Cisticola • Spike-heeled Lark • Wailing Cisticola • Cape Long-billed Lark • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Pale-winged Starling • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Red-winged Starling • Black-eared Sparrowlark • Black-bellied Starling • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Cape Glossy Starling • Red-capped Lark • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Stark’s Lark • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Pink-billed Lark • Sharp-tailed Starling • Botha’s Lark • Burchell’s Starling • Sclater’s Lark • Meves’s Starling • Large-billed Lark • Violet-backed Starling • Spotted Creeper • Wattled Starling • Cape Rock-Thrush • Common Myna • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Plain-backed Sunbird • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Western Violet-backed • Groundscraper Thrush Sunbird • Olive Thrush • Olive Sunbird • Karoo Thrush • Grey Sunbird • White-chested Alethe • Amethyst Sunbird • Pale Flycatcher • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Chat Flycatcher • Bronzy Sunbird • Marico Flycatcher • Malachite Sunbird • Southern Black Flycatcher • Collared Sunbird • African Dusky Flycatcher • Miombo Double-collared • Ashy Flycatcher Sunbird • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Southern Double-collared • Swynnerton’s Robin Sunbird • East Coast Akalat • Greater Double-collared • White-throated Robin-Chat Sunbird • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Collared Palm-Thrush • Variable Sunbird • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Copper Sunbird • Bearded Scrub-Robin • Dusky Sunbird • Brown Scrub-Robin • Shelley’s Sunbird • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Marico Sunbird • African Stonechat • Purple-banded Sunbird • Mountain Wheatear • Gurney’s Sugarbird • Capped Wheatear • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Sickle-winged Chat • Scaly-feathered Finch • Karoo Chat • Sociable Weaver • Tractrac Chat • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Ant-eating Chat • Spectacled Weaver • Arnot’s Chat • Cape Weaver • Yellow Weaver • Broad-tailed Paradise- • Golden Weaver Whydah • Southern Brown-throated • Long-tailed Paradise-Whydah Weaver • Shaft-tailed Whydah • Chestnut Weaver • Village Indigobird • Dark-backed Weaver • Dusky Indigobird • Olive-headed Weaver • Purple Indigobird • Red-headed Weaver • Twinspot Indigobird • Red-headed Quelea • Cuckoo Finch • Red-billed Quelea • House Sparrow • Yellow-crowned Bishop • Great Sparrow • Black-winged Bishop • Cape Sparrow • Yellow Bishop • Southern Grey-headed • Fan-tailed Widowbird Sparrow • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Northern Grey-headed • White-winged Widowbird Sparrow • Red-collared Widowbird • Yellow-throated Petronia • Long-tailed Widowbird • African Pied Wagtail • Thick-billed Weaver • Cape Wagtail • Locustfinch • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Orange-breasted Waxbill • Cape Longclaw • Red-headed Finch • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Swee Waxbill • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Green Twinspot • Striped Pipit • Red-faced Crimsonwing • African Rock Pipit • Black-faced Waxbill • African Pipit • Grey Waxbill • Mountain Pipit • Cinderella Waxbill • Plain-backed Pipit • Common Waxbill • Buffy Pipit • Lesser Seedcracker • Long-billed Pipit • Violet-eared Waxbill • Kimberley Pipit • Blue Waxbill • Wood Pipit • Red-throated Twinspot • Bushveld Pipit • Pink-throated Twinspot • Common Chaffinch • Green-winged Pytilia • Cape Canary • Orange-winged Pytilia • Black-headed Canary • Red-billed Firefinch • Yellow-fronted Canary • Brown Firefinch • Black-throated Canary • African Firefinch • Lemon-breasted Canary • Jameson’s Firefinch • Forest Canary • Magpie Mannikin • Yellow Canary • Red-backed Mannikin • Brimstone Canary • Pin-tailed Whydah • White-throated Canary • Protea Seedeater • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Black-eared Seedeater • Cape Bunting • Cape Siskin • Golden-breasted Bunting • Drakensberg Siskin • Cabanis’s Bunting • Lark-like Bunting

Nestling/fledging period • Chukar Partridge • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Red-winged Francolin • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Red-billed Spurfowl • Namaqua Dove • Harlequin Quail • Ludwig’s Bustard • Blue Quail • Southern Black Korhaan • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Northern Black Korhaan • Hottentot Buttonquail • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Karoo Korhaan • Knysna Woodpecker • Blue Korhaan • Green-backed Woodpecker • White-bellied Korhaan • Ground Woodpecker • Black-bellied Bustard • Green Barbet • African Crake • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Racket-tailed Roller • African Snipe • Purple Roller • White-crowned Lapwing • Broad-billed Roller • Bronze-winged Courser • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Hartlaub’s Gull • Mangrove Kingfisher • Osprey • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Egyptian Vulture • Striped Kingfisher • Southern Banded Snake- • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Eagle • Madagascar Bee-eater • Pygmy Falcon • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • African Hobby • African Emerald Cuckoo • Black Heron • Green Malkoha • Pink-backed Pelican • Coppery-tailed Coucal • African Pitta • Scarce Swift • African Broadbill • Mottled Spinetail • Green-headed Oriole • Alpine Swift • Blue-mantled Crested- • Mottled Swift Flycatcher • African Black Swift • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Bradfield’s Swift • Tropical Boubou • Horus Swift • Swamp Boubou • Livingstone’s Turaco • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • Flappet Lark • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Cape Clapper Lark Shrike • Eastern Clapper Lark • Woodwards’ Batis • Sabota Lark • Pale Batis • Red Lark • Grey Cuckooshrike • Karoo Lark • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Barlow’s Lark • Rufous-bellied Tit • Cape Long-billed Lark • Miombo Tit • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Grey-rumped Swallow • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Mosque Swallow • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Terrestrial Brownbul • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Large-billed Lark • Tiny Greenbul • Spotted Creeper • Eastern Nicator • Karoo Thrush • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • White-chested Alethe • Fairy Flycatcher • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Rockrunner • East Coast Akalat • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Green-capped Eremomela • Buff-streaked Chat • Karoo Eremomela • Capped Wheatear • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Sickle-winged Chat • Broad-tailed Warbler • Karoo Chat • Knysna Warbler • Tractrac Chat • Barratt’s Warbler • Black-bellied Starling • Southern Hyliota • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Black-faced Babbler • Sharp-tailed Starling • Bush Blackcap • Plain-backed Sunbird • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Western Violet-backed • Orange River White-eye Sunbird • Tinkling Cisticola • Grey Sunbird • Wailing Cisticola • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Luapula Cisticola • Shelley’s Sunbird • Roberts’s Warbler • Marico Sunbird • Red-winged Warbler • Purple-banded Sunbird • Rudd’s Apalis • Olive-headed Weaver • Black-headed Apalis • Locustfinch • Chirinda Apalis • Broad-tailed Paradise- • Barred Wren-Warbler Whydah • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Dusky Indigobird • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Purple Indigobird • Monotonous Lark • Twinspot Indigobird • Melodious Lark • Striped Pipit • Mountain Pipit • Bushveld Pipit • Wood Pipit • Cabanis’s Bunting

Dependent post-fledging period • Chukar Partridge • Madagascar Bee-eater • Coqui Francolin • European Bee-eater • Crested Francolin • Speckled Mousebird • Red-winged Francolin • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Shelley’s Francolin • Green Malkoha • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Red-billed Spurfowl • Senegal Coucal • Cape Spurfowl • White-browed Coucal • Natal Spurfowl • Burchell’s Coucal • Red-necked Spurfowl • Cape Parrot • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Lilian’s Lovebird • Harlequin Quail • Scarce Swift • Comb Duck • Mottled Spinetail • Hottentot Teal • Böhm’s Spinetail • Black-rumped Buttonquail • African Palm-Swift • Hottentot Buttonquail • Alpine Swift • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Mottled Swift • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • African Black Swift • Knysna Woodpecker • Bradfield’s Swift • Green-backed Woodpecker • Horus Swift • White-eared Barbet • Livingstone’s Turaco • Whyte’s Barbet • Purple-crested Turaco • Green Barbet • African Scops-Owl • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Freckled Nightjar • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Swamp Nightjar • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Acacia Pied Barbet • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Black-collared Barbet • African Olive-Pigeon • Crested Barbet • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Lemon Dove • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • African Mourning Dove • Racket-tailed Roller • Red-eyed Dove • Purple Roller • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Broad-billed Roller • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Half-collared Kingfisher • Tambourine Dove • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Namaqua Dove • Mangrove Kingfisher • African Green-Pigeon • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Ludwig’s Bustard • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Red-crested Korhaan • Southern Black Korhaan • Black Heron • Northern Black Korhaan • Little Egret • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Yellow-billed Egret • Karoo Korhaan • Squacco Heron • Blue Korhaan • Rufous-bellied Heron • White-bellied Korhaan • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Black-bellied Bustard • Eurasian Bittern • African Finfoot • Greater Flamingo • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Lesser Flamingo • Striped Flufftail • Great White Pelican • African Crake • Pink-backed Pelican • Striped Crake • African Openbill • African Purple Swamphen • African Pitta • Allen’s Gallinule • African Broadbill • Red-knobbed Coot • African Golden Oriole • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Green-headed Oriole • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Black-headed Oriole • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Square-tailed Drongo • African Snipe • Fork-tailed Drongo • Water Thick-knee • Blue-mantled Crested- • Spotted Thick-knee Flycatcher • Chestnut-banded Plover • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Long-toed Lapwing • Southern Tchagra • White-crowned Lapwing • Swamp Boubou • Double-banded Courser • Bokmakierie • Bronze-winged Courser • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Burchell’s Courser • Olive Bush-Shrike • Collared Pratincole • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • African Skimmer • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Grey-headed Gull Shrike • Hartlaub’s Gull • Cape Batis • Whiskered Tern • Woodwards’ Batis • Osprey • Pale Batis • European Honey-Buzzard • Pied Crow • Egyptian Vulture • White-necked Raven • Southern Banded Snake- • Southern White-crowned Eagle Shrike • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Black Cuckooshrike • Wahlberg’s Eagle • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Grey Kestrel • Grey Penduline-Tit • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Rufous-bellied Tit • African Hobby • Miombo Tit • Black-necked Grebe • Ashy Tit • African Darter • Grey Tit • Brown-throated Martin • Orange River White-eye • Banded Martin • Red-faced Cisticola • Grey-rumped Swallow • Singing Cisticola • Blue Swallow • Rattling Cisticola • Mosque Swallow • Grey-backed Cisticola • Black Saw-wing • Wailing Cisticola • Eastern Saw-wing • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Sombre Greenbul • Luapula Cisticola • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Chirping Cisticola • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Croaking Cisticola • Tiny Greenbul • Neddicky • Eastern Nicator • Short-winged Cisticola • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Zitting Cisticola • Fairy Flycatcher • Desert Cisticola • White-tailed Crested • Cloud Cisticola Flycatcher • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Rockrunner • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Cape Grassbird • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Black-chested Prinia • Victorin’s Warbler • Karoo Prinia • Red-faced Crombec • Drakensberg Prinia • Green-capped Eremomela • Namaqua Warbler • Karoo Eremomela • Roberts’s Warbler • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Red-winged Warbler • Broad-tailed Warbler • Rufous-eared Warbler • Little Rush-Warbler • Bar-throated Apalis • Knysna Warbler • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Barratt’s Warbler • Rudd’s Apalis • African Reed-Warbler • Black-headed Apalis • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Chirinda Apalis • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Green-backed Camaroptera • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Barred Wren-Warbler Warbler • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Southern Hyliota • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Black-faced Babbler • Monotonous Lark • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Melodious Lark • Arrow-marked Babbler • Flappet Lark • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Cape Clapper Lark • Bush Blackcap • Eastern Clapper Lark • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Sabota Lark • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Red Lark • African Yellow White-eye • Karoo Lark • Cape White-eye • Barlow’s Lark • Cape Long-billed Lark • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Plain-backed Sunbird • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Western Violet-backed • Benguela Long-billed Lark Sunbird • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Olive Sunbird • Red-capped Lark • Grey Sunbird • Stark’s Lark • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Pink-billed Lark • Variable Sunbird • Botha’s Lark • Shelley’s Sunbird • Sclater’s Lark • Purple-banded Sunbird • Large-billed Lark • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Spotted Creeper • Scaly-feathered Finch • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Orange Ground-Thrush • Cape Weaver • Karoo Thrush • Yellow Weaver • Chat Flycatcher • Golden Weaver • Southern Black Flycatcher • Southern Brown-throated • Fiscal Flycatcher Weaver • Ashy Flycatcher • Southern Masked-Weaver • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Village Weaver • Swynnerton’s Robin • Chestnut Weaver • East Coast Akalat • Olive-headed Weaver • Collared Palm-Thrush • Red-headed Weaver • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Red-headed Quelea • Brown Scrub-Robin • Black-winged Bishop • White-browed Scrub-Robin • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Red-collared Widowbird • Buff-streaked Chat • Thick-billed Weaver • Capped Wheatear • Locustfinch • Sickle-winged Chat • Red-headed Finch • Karoo Chat • Cut-throat Finch • Tractrac Chat • Lesser Seedcracker • Familiar Chat • Violet-eared Waxbill • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Pink-throated Twinspot • Boulder Chat • Green-winged Pytilia • Pale-winged Starling • Orange-winged Pytilia • Black-bellied Starling • Brown Firefinch • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Magpie Mannikin • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Red-backed Mannikin • Sharp-tailed Starling • Great Sparrow • Burchell’s Starling • Northern Grey-headed • Meves’s Starling Sparrow • Violet-backed Starling • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Wattled Starling • Cape Longclaw • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Black-throated Canary • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Lemon-breasted Canary • Striped Pipit • Forest Canary • African Rock Pipit • Yellow Canary • African Pipit • Brimstone Canary • Mountain Pipit • White-throated Canary • Plain-backed Pipit • Protea Seedeater • Buffy Pipit • Black-eared Seedeater • Long-billed Pipit • Cape Siskin • Kimberley Pipit • Drakensberg Siskin • Wood Pipit • Lark-like Bunting • Short-tailed Pipit • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Bushveld Pipit • Cape Bunting • Cape Canary • Golden-breasted Bunting • Black-headed Canary • Cabanis’s Bunting

Distraction displays • Chukar Partridge • Green-backed Woodpecker • Coqui Francolin • Ground Woodpecker • Grey-winged Francolin • Cardinal Woodpecker • Red-winged Francolin • Bearded Woodpecker • Shelley’s Francolin • Olive Woodpecker • Orange River Francolin • White-eared Barbet • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Green Barbet • Red-billed Spurfowl • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Cape Spurfowl • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Red-necked Spurfowl • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Swainson’s Spurfowl • Acacia Pied Barbet • Blue Quail • Black-collared Barbet • Common Peacock • Crested Barbet • Crested Guineafowl • Monteiro’s Hornbill • Fulvous Duck • Red-billed Hornbill • Spur-winged Goose • Damara Hornbill • Mallard • Southern Yellow-billed • Yellow-billed Duck Hornbill • Southern Pochard • Crowned Hornbill • Kurrichane Buttonquail • Bradfield’s Hornbill • Black-rumped Buttonquail • African Grey Hornbill • Hottentot Buttonquail • Trumpeter Hornbill • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Southern Ground-Hornbill • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Knysna Woodpecker • Common Scimitarbill • Lilac-breasted Roller • Livingstone’s Turaco • Racket-tailed Roller • Knysna Turaco • Purple Roller • Ross’s Turaco • Broad-billed Roller • Purple-crested Turaco • Half-collared Kingfisher • Grey Go-away-bird • Malachite Kingfisher • African Scops-Owl • African Pygmy-Kingfisher • Southern White-faced Scops- • Grey-headed Kingfisher Owl • Woodland Kingfisher • Cape Eagle-Owl • Mangrove Kingfisher • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • African Barred Owlet • Striped Kingfisher • Square-tailed Nightjar • Giant Kingfisher • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Pied Kingfisher • Rock Dove • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Speckled Pigeon • Madagascar Bee-eater • African Olive-Pigeon • European Bee-eater • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Lemon Dove • Speckled Mousebird • African Mourning Dove • Red-faced Mousebird • Red-eyed Dove • Green Malkoha • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Black Coucal • Tambourine Dove • Coppery-tailed Coucal • African Green-Pigeon • Senegal Coucal • Red-crested Korhaan • White-browed Coucal • Southern Black Korhaan • Cape Parrot • Karoo Korhaan • Meyer’s Parrot • White-bellied Korhaan • Brown-headed Parrot • African Finfoot • Rüppell’s Parrot • Red-chested Flufftail • Rosy-faced Lovebird • Streaky-breasted Flufftail • Lilian’s Lovebird • Striped Flufftail • Rose-ringed Parakeet • African Rail • Scarce Swift • Black Crake • Mottled Spinetail • Baillon’s Crake • Böhm’s Spinetail • Striped Crake • African Palm-Swift • African Purple Swamphen • Alpine Swift • Allen’s Gallinule • Mottled Swift • Common Moorhen • African Black Swift • Lesser Moorhen • Bradfield’s Swift • Red-knobbed Coot • Little Swift • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Horus Swift • Double-banded Sandgrouse • White-rumped Swift • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Schalow’s Turaco • Water Thick-knee • Bronze-winged Courser • Black Heron • Three-banded Courser • Little Egret • Kelp Gull • Yellow-billed Egret • Damara Tern • Grey Heron • Osprey • Black-headed Heron • African Cuckoo Hawk • Goliath Heron • European Honey-Buzzard • Purple Heron • Bat Hawk • Cattle Egret • Palm-nut Vulture • Squacco Heron • Bearded Vulture • Green-backed Heron • Egyptian Vulture • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Hooded Vulture • Eurasian Bittern • White-backed Vulture • Hamerkop • Lappet-faced Vulture • Hadeda Ibis • White-headed Vulture • African Sacred Ibis • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Great White Pelican • Brown Snake-Eagle • Pink-backed Pelican • Southern Banded Snake- • Yellow-billed Stork Eagle • African Openbill • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • White Stork • African Harrier-Hawk • Saddle-billed Stork • Shikra • Marabou Stork • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • African Pitta • Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk • African Broadbill • Forest Buzzard • African Golden Oriole • Augur Buzzard • Green-headed Oriole • Verreauxs’ Eagle • Black-headed Oriole • African Hawk-Eagle • Square-tailed Drongo • Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle • Fork-tailed Drongo • Wahlberg’s Eagle • Blue-mantled Crested- • Martial Eagle Flycatcher • Long-crested Eagle • African Paradise-Flycatcher • African Crowned Eagle • Brubru • Pygmy Falcon • Black-backed Puffback • Rock Kestrel • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Grey Kestrel • Black-crowned Tchagra • Little Grebe • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Great Crested Grebe • Southern Tchagra • Black-necked Grebe • Tropical Boubou • African Darter • Swamp Boubou • Reed Cormorant • Southern Boubou • Crowned Cormorant • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Bank Cormorant • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Slaty Egret • Olive Bush-Shrike • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike • Sombre Greenbul • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Retz’s Helmet-Shrike • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Yellow-streaked Greenbul Shrike • Tiny Greenbul • Black-and-white Flycatcher • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • White-tailed Shrike • Cape Grassbird • Cape Batis • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Woodwards’ Batis • Victorin’s Warbler • Chinspot Batis • Red-faced Crombec • Pale Batis • Long-billed Crombec • House Crow • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Pied Crow • Green-capped Eremomela • White-necked Raven • Karoo Eremomela • Magpie Shrike • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Southern White-crowned • Broad-tailed Warbler Shrike • Little Rush-Warbler • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Barratt’s Warbler • Grey Cuckooshrike • African Reed-Warbler • Black Cuckooshrike • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Cape Rock-jumper • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Cape Penduline-Tit • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Grey Penduline-Tit Warbler • Southern Black Tit • Southern Hyliota • Carp’s Tit • Black-faced Babbler • Rufous-bellied Tit • Hartlaub’s Babbler • Miombo Tit • Southern Pied Babbler • Ashy Tit • Arrow-marked Babbler • Grey Tit • Bare-cheeked Babbler • Brown-throated Martin • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Banded Martin • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Grey-rumped Swallow • African Yellow White-eye • White-throated Swallow • Orange River White-eye • Blue Swallow • Singing Cisticola • Pearl-breasted Swallow • Lazy Cisticola • Greater Striped Swallow • Tinkling Cisticola • Lesser Striped Swallow • Grey-backed Cisticola • Red-breasted Swallow • Wailing Cisticola • Mosque Swallow • Rufous-winged Cisticola • South African Cliff-Swallow • Chirping Cisticola • Black Saw-wing • Levaillant’s Cisticola • Eastern Saw-wing • Croaking Cisticola • Neddicky • Botha’s Lark • Short-winged Cisticola • Sclater’s Lark • Zitting Cisticola • Cape Rock-Thrush • Desert Cisticola • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Cloud Cisticola • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Orange Ground-Thrush • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Black-chested Prinia • Kurrichane Thrush • Karoo Prinia • Olive Thrush • Drakensberg Prinia • Karoo Thrush • Namaqua Warbler • White-chested Alethe • Roberts’s Warbler • Pale Flycatcher • Red-winged Warbler • Chat Flycatcher • Rufous-eared Warbler • Marico Flycatcher • Bar-throated Apalis • Southern Black Flycatcher • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Fiscal Flycatcher • Rudd’s Apalis • African Dusky Flycatcher • Black-headed Apalis • Ashy Flycatcher • Chirinda Apalis • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Green-backed Camaroptera • Swynnerton’s Robin • Grey-backed Camaroptera • East Coast Akalat • Barred Wren-Warbler • White-browed Robin-Chat • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Chorister Robin-Chat • Monotonous Lark • Collared Palm-Thrush • Melodious Lark • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Rufous-naped Lark • Bearded Scrub-Robin • Flappet Lark • Brown Scrub-Robin • Cape Clapper Lark • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Rudd’s Lark • Karoo Scrub-Robin • Sabota Lark • African Stonechat • Fawn-coloured Lark • Buff-streaked Chat • Red Lark • Mountain Wheatear • Karoo Lark • Capped Wheatear • Barlow’s Lark • Sickle-winged Chat • Dune Lark • Tractrac Chat • Gray’s Lark • Ant-eating Chat • Spike-heeled Lark • Arnot’s Chat • Cape Long-billed Lark • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Boulder Chat • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Pale-winged Starling • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Black-bellied Starling • Pink-billed Lark • Cape Glossy Starling • Greater Blue-eared Starling • Cape Weaver • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Yellow Weaver • Sharp-tailed Starling • Golden Weaver • Burchell’s Starling • Southern Brown-throated • Meves’s Starling Weaver • Violet-backed Starling • Southern Masked-Weaver • Pied Starling • Village Weaver • Wattled Starling • Chestnut Weaver • Common Starling • Dark-backed Weaver • Common Myna • Olive-headed Weaver • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Red-headed Weaver • Red-billed Oxpecker • Red-headed Quelea • Plain-backed Sunbird • Red-billed Quelea • Western Violet-backed • Yellow-crowned Bishop Sunbird • Black-winged Bishop • Orange-breasted Sunbird • Southern Red Bishop • Grey Sunbird • Yellow Bishop • Scarlet-chested Sunbird • Fan-tailed Widowbird • Bronzy Sunbird • Yellow-mantled Widowbird • Malachite Sunbird • White-winged Widowbird • Collared Sunbird • Red-collared Widowbird • Miombo Double-collared • Long-tailed Widowbird Sunbird • Thick-billed Weaver • Southern Double-collared • Locustfinch Sunbird • Orange-breasted Waxbill • Greater Double-collared • African Quailfinch Sunbird • Red-headed Finch • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Cut-throat Finch • Variable Sunbird • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • White-bellied Sunbird • Swee Waxbill • Copper Sunbird • Green Twinspot • Dusky Sunbird • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Shelley’s Sunbird • Black-faced Waxbill • Marico Sunbird • Grey Waxbill • Purple-banded Sunbird • Cinderella Waxbill • Gurney’s Sugarbird • Common Waxbill • Cape Sugarbird • Lesser Seedcracker • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Violet-eared Waxbill • Scaly-feathered Finch • Red-throated Twinspot • White-browed Sparrow- • Pink-throated Twinspot Weaver • Green-winged Pytilia • Sociable Weaver • Orange-winged Pytilia • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Red-billed Firefinch • Spectacled Weaver • Brown Firefinch • African Firefinch • Kimberley Pipit • Jameson’s Firefinch • Short-tailed Pipit • Bronze Mannikin • Bushveld Pipit • Magpie Mannikin • Common Chaffinch • Red-backed Mannikin • Cape Canary • House Sparrow • Yellow-fronted Canary • Great Sparrow • Black-throated Canary • Cape Sparrow • Lemon-breasted Canary • Southern Grey-headed • Forest Canary Sparrow • Yellow Canary • Northern Grey-headed • Brimstone Canary Sparrow • White-throated Canary • Yellow-throated Petronia • Protea Seedeater • African Pied Wagtail • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Mountain Wagtail • Black-eared Seedeater • Cape Longclaw • Cape Siskin • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Drakensberg Siskin • Yellow-breasted Pipit • Lark-like Bunting • Striped Pipit • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • African Rock Pipit • Cape Bunting • Mountain Pipit • Golden-breasted Bunting • Plain-backed Pipit • Cabanis’s Bunting • Buffy Pipit

Breeding success • Common Ostrich • Hottentot Buttonquail • Chukar Partridge • Scaly-throated Honeyguide • Coqui Francolin • Greater Honeyguide • Crested Francolin • Lesser Honeyguide • Shelley’s Francolin • Pallid Honeyguide • Orange River Francolin • Brown-backed Honeybird • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Red-billed Spurfowl • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Natal Spurfowl • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Red-necked Spurfowl • Knysna Woodpecker • Common Peacock • Green-backed Woodpecker • Crested Guineafowl • Ground Woodpecker • Fulvous Duck • Cardinal Woodpecker • Comb Duck • Bearded Woodpecker • Hottentot Teal • White-eared Barbet • Southern Pochard • Whyte’s Barbet • Kurrichane Buttonquail • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Square-tailed Nightjar • Acacia Pied Barbet • Pennant-winged Nightjar • Crested Barbet • Rock Dove • Bradfield’s Hornbill • African Olive-Pigeon • Trumpeter Hornbill • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Silvery-cheeked Hornbill • Lemon Dove • African Hoopoe • African Mourning Dove • Violet Wood-Hoopoe • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Racket-tailed Roller • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Purple Roller • Tambourine Dove • Mangrove Kingfisher • Denham’s Bustard • Brown-hooded Kingfisher • Red-crested Korhaan • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Southern Black Korhaan • Madagascar Bee-eater • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Blue Korhaan • Great Spotted Cuckoo • White-bellied Korhaan • Red-chested Cuckoo • Black-bellied Bustard • Black Cuckoo • African Finfoot • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Striped Flufftail • Klaas’s Cuckoo • African Rail • African Emerald Cuckoo • Baillon’s Crake • Green Malkoha • African Purple Swamphen • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Allen’s Gallinule • Senegal Coucal • Double-banded Sandgrouse • Burchell’s Coucal • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • Meyer’s Parrot • African Snipe • Rosy-faced Lovebird • Lesser Jacana • Lilian’s Lovebird • Spotted Thick-knee • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Pied Avocet • Scarce Swift • Bronze-winged Courser • Mottled Spinetail • Three-banded Courser • Böhm’s Spinetail • Burchell’s Courser • Alpine Swift • Temminck’s Courser • African Black Swift • Collared Pratincole • Bradfield’s Swift • Osprey • Horus Swift • European Honey-Buzzard • Schalow’s Turaco • Palm-nut Vulture • Livingstone’s Turaco • Egyptian Vulture • Ross’s Turaco • Lizard Buzzard • Purple-crested Turaco • Grey Kestrel • Grey Go-away-bird • Dickinson’s Kestrel • African Scops-Owl • African Hobby • Spotted Eagle-Owl • African Darter • Swamp Nightjar • Yellow-billed Egret • Grey Heron • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Eurasian Bittern • African Yellow White-eye • Pink-backed Pelican • Orange River White-eye • African Pitta • Red-faced Cisticola • Green-headed Oriole • Singing Cisticola • Square-tailed Drongo • Lazy Cisticola • Blue-mantled Crested- • Rattling Cisticola Flycatcher • Tinkling Cisticola • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Grey-backed Cisticola • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Wailing Cisticola • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Levaillant’s Cisticola Shrike • Short-winged Cisticola • Woodwards’ Batis • Desert Cisticola • Pale Batis • Cloud Cisticola • House Crow • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Southern White-crowned • Wing-snapping Cisticola Shrike • Namaqua Warbler • Grey Cuckooshrike • Roberts’s Warbler • Black Cuckooshrike • Red-winged Warbler • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Grey Penduline-Tit • Rudd’s Apalis • Rufous-bellied Tit • Black-headed Apalis • Grey Tit • Chirinda Apalis • Grey-rumped Swallow • Barred Wren-Warbler • Black Saw-wing • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Eastern Saw-wing • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Monotonous Lark • Tiny Greenbul • Melodious Lark • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Flappet Lark • Fairy Flycatcher • Cape Clapper Lark • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Eastern Clapper Lark • Victorin’s Warbler • Red Lark • Long-billed Crombec • Karoo Lark • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Barlow’s Lark • Karoo Eremomela • Cape Long-billed Lark • Burnt-necked Eremomela • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Broad-tailed Warbler • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Little Rush-Warbler • Karoo Long-billed Lark • Barratt’s Warbler • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Large-billed Lark • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Spotted Creeper • Southern Hyliota • Cape Rock-Thrush • Bush Blackcap • Short-toed Rock-Thrush • Karoo Thrush • Red-headed Finch • White-chested Alethe • Cut-throat Finch • Pale Flycatcher • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Chat Flycatcher • Swee Waxbill • Marico Flycatcher • Green Twinspot • Southern Black Flycatcher • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Ashy Flycatcher • Black-faced Waxbill • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Grey Waxbill • East Coast Akalat • Cinderella Waxbill • Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush • Common Waxbill • Brown Scrub-Robin • Lesser Seedcracker • Kalahari Scrub-Robin • Pink-throated Twinspot • African Stonechat • Red-backed Mannikin • Capped Wheatear • Broad-tailed Paradise- • Sickle-winged Chat Whydah • Karoo Chat • Shaft-tailed Whydah • Tractrac Chat • Dusky Indigobird • Mocking Cliff-Chat • Purple Indigobird • Black-bellied Starling • Twinspot Indigobird • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Great Sparrow • Sharp-tailed Starling • Northern Grey-headed • Wattled Starling Sparrow • Common Myna • Yellow-throated Longclaw • Yellow-billed Oxpecker • Cape Longclaw • Plain-backed Sunbird • Rosy-throated Longclaw • Western Violet-backed • Striped Pipit Sunbird • African Rock Pipit • Grey Sunbird • Mountain Pipit • Miombo Double-collared • Plain-backed Pipit Sunbird • Buffy Pipit • Greater Double-collared • Long-billed Pipit Sunbird • Kimberley Pipit • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Wood Pipit • Variable Sunbird • Short-tailed Pipit • Shelley’s Sunbird • Bushveld Pipit • Purple-banded Sunbird • Common Chaffinch • Yellow Weaver • Black-headed Canary • Dark-backed Weaver • Lemon-breasted Canary • Olive-headed Weaver • Brimstone Canary • Red-headed Weaver • White-throated Canary • Yellow-crowned Bishop • Protea Seedeater • Black-winged Bishop • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Fan-tailed Widowbird • Black-eared Seedeater • Locustfinch • Drakensberg Siskin • Cape Bunting

CONSERVATION

Conservation and/or Red Data Book status • Hottentot Buttonquail • Swamp Boubou • Pallid Honeyguide • Sharp-tailed Starling • Whyte’s Barbet • Locustfinch • Black-winged Pratincole • Long-tailed Pipit • Black Kite • Kimberley Pipit • Green-headed Oriole

MOULT Moult: Timing and nature • Common Ostrich • Burchell’s Coucal • Coqui Francolin • Brown-headed Parrot • Crested Francolin • Rosy-faced Lovebird • Shelley’s Francolin • Lilian’s Lovebird • Orange River Francolin • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Hartlaub’s Spurfowl • Scarce Swift • Natal Spurfowl • Mottled Spinetail • Common Peacock • African Palm-Swift • Crested Guineafowl • Mottled Swift • Mallard • African Black Swift • Black-rumped Buttonquail • Bradfield’s Swift • Hottentot Buttonquail • Horus Swift • Green-backed Honeybird • Knysna Turaco • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Grey Go-away-bird • White-eared Barbet • Cape Eagle-Owl • Green Barbet • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Swamp Nightjar • African Hoopoe • Rock Dove • Common Scimitarbill • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Mangrove Kingfisher • Ludwig’s Bustard • Madagascar Bee-eater • Kori Bustard • Thick-billed Cuckoo • Red-crested Korhaan • Red-chested Cuckoo • Southern Black Korhaan • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Northern Black Korhaan • Green Malkoha • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Coppery-tailed Coucal • Karoo Korhaan • Senegal Coucal • Blue Korhaan • White-browed Coucal • Blue Crane • Striped Flufftail • Black Heron • White-winged Flufftail • Black-headed Heron • Baillon’s Crake • Purple Heron • Spotted Crake • Rufous-bellied Heron • Yellow-throated Sandgrouse • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Burchell’s Sandgrouse • White-backed Night-Heron • Common Whimbrel • Little Bittern • Eurasian Curlew • Dwarf Bittern • Red Knot • Eurasian Bittern • White-crowned Lapwing • Greater Flamingo • Senegal Lapwing • Glossy Ibis • Double-banded Courser • Hadeda Ibis • Bronze-winged Courser • Southern Bald Ibis • Three-banded Courser • African Spoonbill • Burchell’s Courser • Pink-backed Pelican • Rock Pratincole • African Openbill • Caspian Tern • Black Stork • Damara Tern • Abdim’s Stork • Osprey • Woolly-necked Stork • African Cuckoo Hawk • Greater Frigatebird • European Honey-Buzzard • Tristan Albatross • Bat Hawk • African Pitta • Bearded Vulture • Green-headed Oriole • Egyptian Vulture • Blue-mantled Crested- • Cape Vulture Flycatcher • Brown Snake-Eagle • Anchieta’s Tchagra • Southern Banded Snake- • Gorgeous Bush-Shrike Eagle • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Chestnut-fronted Helmet- • Bateleur Shrike • African Marsh-Harrier • Black-and-white Flycatcher • Black Harrier • Woodwards’ Batis • African Harrier-Hawk • Chinspot Batis • African Goshawk • Pale Batis • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • House Crow • Forest Buzzard • White-necked Raven • Augur Buzzard • Cape Rock-jumper • Martial Eagle • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • Pygmy Falcon • Ashy Tit • Grey Kestrel • Grey Tit • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Greater Striped Swallow • Amur Falcon • Black Saw-wing • African Hobby • Eastern Saw-wing • African Darter • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Tiny Greenbul • Rudd’s Lark • Eastern Nicator • Sabota Lark • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Fawn-coloured Lark • Rockrunner • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Cape Grassbird • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Red-faced Crombec • Red-capped Lark • Karoo Eremomela • Pink-billed Lark • Broad-tailed Warbler • Botha’s Lark • Knysna Warbler • Sclater’s Lark • Barratt’s Warbler • Large-billed Lark • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Icterine Warbler • Karoo Thrush • Southern Hyliota • Chat Flycatcher • Bare-cheeked Babbler • East Coast Akalat • Bush Blackcap • Herero Chat • African Yellow White-eye • Buff-streaked Chat • Orange River White-eye • Mountain Wheatear • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Sickle-winged Chat • Cloud Cisticola • Karoo Chat • Pale-crowned Cisticola • Tractrac Chat • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Boulder Chat • Drakensberg Prinia • Plain-backed Sunbird • Namaqua Warbler • Neergaard’s Sunbird • Red-winged Warbler • Shelley’s Sunbird • Rufous-eared Warbler • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Bar-throated Apalis • Olive-headed Weaver • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Red-headed Weaver • Black-headed Apalis • Swee Waxbill • Barred Wren-Warbler • Cinderella Waxbill • Stierling’s Wren-Warbler • Pink-throated Twinspot • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler • Mountain Pipit • Monotonous Lark • Kimberley Pipit • Melodious Lark • Common Chaffinch • Flappet Lark • Black-headed Canary • Cape Clapper Lark • Protea Seedeater • Eastern Clapper Lark • Cabanis’s Bunting

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION

Existing information adequate

MEASUREMENTS

Wing (male) unsexed measurements only • Common Ostrich • Black-naped Tern • White-backed Duck • Common Tern • Whyte’s Barbet • Antarctic Tern • Green Barbet • White-winged Tern • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Black Tern • Black-collared Barbet • African Cuckoo Hawk • Grey-headed Kingfisher • European Honey-Buzzard • Woodland Kingfisher • Palm-nut Vulture • Striped Kingfisher • Hooded Vulture • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • White-backed Vulture • White-backed Mousebird • Rüppell’s Vulture • Lesser Cuckoo • Cape Vulture • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Lappet-faced Vulture • Scarce Swift • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Böhm’s Spinetail • Southern Banded Snake- • Horus Swift Eagle • Ross’s Turaco • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • African Grass-Owl • Steppe Buzzard • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Grey Kestrel • African Wood-Owl • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Little Grebe • Marsh Owl • Great Crested Grebe • Common Whimbrel • Black-necked Grebe • Marsh Sandpiper • White-tailed Tropicbird • Common Greenshank • Yellow-billed Egret • Wood Sandpiper • Great Egret • Terek Sandpiper • Western Reef Heron • Sanderling • Black-headed Heron • Little Stint • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Grey Plover • Rufous-bellied Heron • Common Ringed Plover • Green-backed Heron • Kittlitz’s Plover • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Three-banded Plover • White-backed Night-Heron • White-fronted Plover • Dwarf Bittern • Caspian Plover • Eurasian Bittern • Double-banded Courser • Southern Bald Ibis • Caspian Tern • Yellow-billed Stork • Lesser Crested Tern • Saddle-billed Stork • Swift Tern • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Sandwich Tern • White-faced Storm-Petrel • Roseate Tern • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Miombo Tit • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Sand Martin Albatross • Brown-throated Martin • Great-winged Petrel • Greater Striped Swallow • White-headed Petrel • Victorin’s Warbler • Atlantic Petrel • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Soft-plumaged Petrel • River Warbler • Kerguelen Petrel • Little Rush-Warbler • Blue Petrel • Knysna Warbler • Salvin’s Prion • Barratt’s Warbler • Antarctic Prion • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • Slender-billed Prion • Basra Reed-Warbler • Fairy Prion • Willow Warbler • Jouanin’s Petrel • Bush Blackcap • Spectacled Petrel • Drakensberg Prinia • Balearic Shearwater • Karoo Thrush • Tropical Shearwater • Grey Sunbird • Little Shearwater • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • African Golden Oriole • Grey Waxbill • Black-crowned Tchagra • Cinderella Waxbill • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Bronze Mannikin • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Red-backed Mannikin • Pied Crow • Mountain Wagtail • White-necked Raven • Protea Seedeater • Common Fiscal • Cabanis’s Bunting • Southern White-crowned Shrike

Wing (male) no data • Red-rumped Swallow

Wing (female) unsexed measurements only • Common Ostrich • Lesser Cuckoo • Whyte’s Barbet • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Green Barbet • Scarce Swift • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Böhm’s Spinetail • Black-collared Barbet • Horus Swift • Grey-headed Kingfisher • Ross’s Turaco • Woodland Kingfisher • African Grass-Owl • Striped Kingfisher • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • African Wood-Owl • White-backed Mousebird • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Marsh Owl • Yellow-billed Egret • Common Whimbrel • Great Egret • Marsh Sandpiper • Western Reef Heron • Common Greenshank • Black-headed Heron • Wood Sandpiper • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Terek Sandpiper • Rufous-bellied Heron • Sanderling • Green-backed Heron • Little Stint • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Grey Plover • White-backed Night-Heron • Common Ringed Plover • Dwarf Bittern • Kittlitz’s Plover • Eurasian Bittern • Three-banded Plover • Southern Bald Ibis • White-fronted Plover • African Openbill • Caspian Plover • Saddle-billed Stork • Double-banded Courser • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Caspian Tern • White-faced Storm-Petrel • Lesser Crested Tern • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Swift Tern • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Sandwich Tern • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Roseate Tern Albatross • Black-naped Tern • Great-winged Petrel • Common Tern • White-headed Petrel • Antarctic Tern • Atlantic Petrel • White-winged Tern • Soft-plumaged Petrel • Black Tern • Kerguelen Petrel • African Cuckoo Hawk • Blue Petrel • European Honey-Buzzard • Salvin’s Prion • Palm-nut Vulture • Antarctic Prion • Hooded Vulture • Slender-billed Prion • White-backed Vulture • Fairy Prion • Rüppell’s Vulture • Jouanin’s Petrel • Cape Vulture • Spectacled Petrel • Lappet-faced Vulture • Balearic Shearwater • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Tropical Shearwater • Southern Banded Snake- • Little Shearwater Eagle • African Golden Oriole • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Black-crowned Tchagra • Steppe Buzzard • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Grey Kestrel • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Pied Crow • Little Grebe • White-necked Raven • Great Crested Grebe • Common Fiscal • Black-necked Grebe • Southern White-crowned • White-tailed Tropicbird Shrike • Miombo Tit • Drakensberg Prinia • Sand Martin • Karoo Thrush • Brown-throated Martin • Grey Sunbird • Greater Striped Swallow • Cut-throat Finch • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • River Warbler • Grey Waxbill • Little Rush-Warbler • Cinderella Waxbill • Knysna Warbler • Bronze Mannikin • Barratt’s Warbler • Red-backed Mannikin • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • Mountain Wagtail • Basra Reed-Warbler • Protea Seedeater • Willow Warbler • Cabanis’s Bunting • Bush Blackcap

Wing (female) no data • Red-rumped Swallow • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Greater Swamp-Warbler • White-chested Alethe • Orange River White-eye • Drakensberg Siskin

Tail (male) unsexed measurements only • Common Ostrich • Alpine Swift • Common Quail • Common Swift • White-faced Duck • African Black Swift • White-backed Duck • Bradfield’s Swift • African Pygmy-Goose • Little Swift • Cape Teal • Horus Swift • Hottentot Teal • Ross’s Turaco • Whyte’s Barbet • Purple-crested Turaco • Green Barbet • Grey Go-away-bird • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Barn Owl • Black-collared Barbet • African Grass-Owl • African Hoopoe • Southern White-faced Scops- • Striped Kingfisher Owl • Böhm’s Bee-eater • Spotted Eagle-Owl • White-backed Mousebird • African Wood-Owl • Speckled Mousebird • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Lesser Cuckoo • Marsh Owl • Green Malkoha • Speckled Pigeon • Burchell’s Coucal • African Olive-Pigeon • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Mottled Spinetail • Laughing Dove • African Palm-Swift • African Mourning Dove • Cape Turtle-Dove • Hooded Vulture • Red-eyed Dove • White-backed Vulture • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Rüppell’s Vulture • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Cape Vulture • Namaqua Dove • Lappet-faced Vulture • African Green-Pigeon • Southern Banded Snake- • White-bellied Korhaan Eagle • Common Whimbrel • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Marsh Sandpiper • African Harrier-Hawk • Common Greenshank • Grey Kestrel • Wood Sandpiper • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Red Knot • Black Heron • Sanderling • Yellow-billed Egret • Little Stint • Great Egret • Water Thick-knee • Western Reef Heron • Black-winged Stilt • Black-headed Heron • Grey Plover • Goliath Heron • Common Ringed Plover • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Kittlitz’s Plover • Rufous-bellied Heron • Three-banded Plover • Green-backed Heron • Chestnut-banded Plover • Black-crowned Night-Heron • White-fronted Plover • White-backed Night-Heron • Greater Sand Plover • Little Bittern • Caspian Plover • Dwarf Bittern • Long-toed Lapwing • Eurasian Bittern • Double-banded Courser • Hamerkop • Burchell’s Courser • Southern Bald Ibis • Pomarine Jaeger • Yellow-billed Stork • Parasitic Jaeger • African Openbill • Long-tailed Jaeger • Saddle-billed Stork • Lesser Crested Tern • White-faced Storm-Petrel • Swift Tern • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Sandwich Tern • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Roseate Tern • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Black-naped Tern Albatross • Common Tern • Southern Giant-Petrel • Arctic Tern • Great-winged Petrel • Antarctic Tern • White-headed Petrel • Black Tern • Atlantic Petrel • African Cuckoo Hawk • Soft-plumaged Petrel • European Honey-Buzzard • Kerguelen Petrel • Bat Hawk • Blue Petrel • Black Kite • Broad-billed Prion • Palm-nut Vulture • Salvin’s Prion • Antarctic Prion • Icterine Warbler • Slender-billed Prion • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Fairy Prion • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Jouanin’s Petrel Warbler • Spectacled Petrel • Willow Warbler • Balearic Shearwater • Bush Blackcap • Tropical Shearwater • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Little Shearwater • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • African Golden Oriole • African Yellow White-eye • Brubru • Orange River White-eye • Black-crowned Tchagra • Karoo Prinia • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Drakensberg Prinia • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Red-winged Warbler • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Spotted Creeper • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Karoo Thrush • Cape Crow • Ashy Flycatcher • Pied Crow • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • White-necked Raven • Sickle-winged Chat • Souza’s Shrike • Tractrac Chat • Common Fiscal • Familiar Chat • Southern White-crowned • Grey Sunbird Shrike • Lesser Masked-Weaver • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Red-headed Weaver • Black Cuckooshrike • Cut-throat Finch • Cape Penduline-Tit • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Miombo Tit • Grey Waxbill • Sand Martin • Cinderella Waxbill • Brown-throated Martin • Red-billed Firefinch • Mosque Swallow • Bronze Mannikin • Sombre Greenbul • Red-backed Mannikin • Victorin’s Warbler • Great Sparrow • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Cape Wagtail • Broad-tailed Warbler • Mountain Wagtail • River Warbler • Cape Longclaw • Little Rush-Warbler • Common Chaffinch • Knysna Warbler • Protea Seedeater • Barratt’s Warbler • Drakensberg Siskin • Sedge Warbler • Lark-like Bunting • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Marsh Warbler • Cape Bunting • Basra Reed-Warbler • Cabanis’s Bunting • Greater Swamp-Warbler

Tail (male) no data • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • African Penguin • Mottled Swift • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Eurasian Oystercatcher • Tristan Albatross • Caspian Tern • Northern Giant-Petrel • Bridled Tern • Red-rumped Swallow • Whiskered Tern • Blackcap • Little Grebe • Barlow’s Lark • Great Crested Grebe • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Black-necked Grebe • Northern Grey-headed • Slaty Egret Sparrow • Snowy Egret

Tail (female) unsexed measurements only • Common Ostrich • Purple-crested Turaco • Common Quail • Grey Go-away-bird • White-faced Duck • Barn Owl • White-backed Duck • African Grass-Owl • African Pygmy-Goose • Southern White-faced Scops- • Cape Teal Owl • Hottentot Teal • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Whyte’s Barbet • African Wood-Owl • Green Barbet • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Marsh Owl • Black-collared Barbet • Speckled Pigeon • African Hoopoe • African Olive-Pigeon • Striped Kingfisher • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Böhm’s Bee-eater • Laughing Dove • White-backed Mousebird • African Mourning Dove • Speckled Mousebird • Cape Turtle-Dove • Lesser Cuckoo • Red-eyed Dove • Green Malkoha • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Burchell’s Coucal • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Namaqua Dove • Mottled Spinetail • African Green-Pigeon • African Palm-Swift • White-bellied Korhaan • Alpine Swift • Common Whimbrel • Common Swift • Marsh Sandpiper • African Black Swift • Common Greenshank • Bradfield’s Swift • Wood Sandpiper • Little Swift • Red Knot • Horus Swift • Sanderling • Ross’s Turaco • Little Stint • Water Thick-knee • Black-headed Heron • Black-winged Stilt • Goliath Heron • Grey Plover • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Common Ringed Plover • Rufous-bellied Heron • Kittlitz’s Plover • Green-backed Heron • Three-banded Plover • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Chestnut-banded Plover • White-backed Night-Heron • White-fronted Plover • Little Bittern • Greater Sand Plover • Dwarf Bittern • Caspian Plover • Eurasian Bittern • Double-banded Courser • Hamerkop • Burchell’s Courser • Southern Bald Ibis • Pomarine Jaeger • African Openbill • Parasitic Jaeger • White-faced Storm-Petrel • Long-tailed Jaeger • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Lesser Crested Tern • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Swift Tern • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Sandwich Tern Albatross • Roseate Tern • Southern Giant-Petrel • Black-naped Tern • Great-winged Petrel • Common Tern • White-headed Petrel • Arctic Tern • Atlantic Petrel • Antarctic Tern • Soft-plumaged Petrel • Black Tern • Kerguelen Petrel • African Cuckoo Hawk • Blue Petrel • European Honey-Buzzard • Broad-billed Prion • Bat Hawk • Salvin’s Prion • Black Kite • Antarctic Prion • Palm-nut Vulture • Slender-billed Prion • Hooded Vulture • Fairy Prion • White-backed Vulture • Jouanin’s Petrel • Rüppell’s Vulture • Spectacled Petrel • Cape Vulture • Balearic Shearwater • Lappet-faced Vulture • Tropical Shearwater • Southern Banded Snake- • Little Shearwater Eagle • African Golden Oriole • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Brubru • African Harrier-Hawk • Black-crowned Tchagra • Grey Kestrel • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Black Heron • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Yellow-billed Egret • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Great Egret • Cape Crow • Western Reef Heron • Pied Crow • White-necked Raven • Orange River White-eye • Souza’s Shrike • Karoo Prinia • Common Fiscal • Drakensberg Prinia • Southern White-crowned • Red-winged Warbler Shrike • Spotted Creeper • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Karoo Thrush • Grey Cuckooshrike • Ashy Flycatcher • Black Cuckooshrike • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Cape Penduline-Tit • Sickle-winged Chat • Miombo Tit • Tractrac Chat • Sand Martin • Familiar Chat • Brown-throated Martin • Grey Sunbird • Mosque Swallow • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Sombre Greenbul • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Red-headed Weaver • Broad-tailed Warbler • Cut-throat Finch • River Warbler • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Little Rush-Warbler • Grey Waxbill • Knysna Warbler • Cinderella Waxbill • Barratt’s Warbler • Red-billed Firefinch • Sedge Warbler • Bronze Mannikin • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • Red-backed Mannikin • Marsh Warbler • Great Sparrow • Basra Reed-Warbler • Cape Wagtail • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Mountain Wagtail • Icterine Warbler • Cape Longclaw • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Common Chaffinch • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Protea Seedeater Warbler • Drakensberg Siskin • Willow Warbler • Lark-like Bunting • Bush Blackcap • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Cape Bunting • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Cabanis’s Bunting • African Yellow White-eye

Tail (female) no data • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Little Grebe • Böhm’s Spinetail • Great Crested Grebe • Mottled Swift • Black-necked Grebe • Eurasian Oystercatcher • White-tailed Tropicbird • Caspian Tern • Slaty Egret • Bridled Tern • Snowy Egret • Whiskered Tern • African Penguin • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Tristan Albatross • White-chested Alethe • Northern Giant-Petrel • Southern Masked-Weaver • Red-rumped Swallow • Northern Grey-headed • Blackcap Sparrow • Barlow’s Lark

Tarsus (male) unsexed measurements only • Common Quail • Black-cheeked Lovebird • White-backed Duck • Scarce Swift • African Pygmy-Goose • African Palm-Swift • Cape Teal • Alpine Swift • Hottentot Teal • Common Swift • Lesser Honeyguide • African Black Swift • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Bradfield’s Swift • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • Little Swift • Olive Woodpecker • Horus Swift • Whyte’s Barbet • Ross’s Turaco • Green Barbet • Purple-crested Turaco • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Grey Go-away-bird • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Barn Owl • Black-collared Barbet • African Grass-Owl • Crested Barbet • Southern White-faced Scops- • African Hoopoe Owl • Narina Trogon • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Grey-headed Kingfisher • African Wood-Owl • Mangrove Kingfisher • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Marsh Owl • Böhm’s Bee-eater • Freckled Nightjar • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Swamp Nightjar • White-backed Mousebird • Speckled Pigeon • Speckled Mousebird • African Olive-Pigeon • Jacobin Cuckoo • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Lemon Dove • Great Spotted Cuckoo • Laughing Dove • Thick-billed Cuckoo • African Mourning Dove • Common Cuckoo • Cape Turtle-Dove • Lesser Cuckoo • Red-eyed Dove • Klaas’s Cuckoo • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • African Emerald Cuckoo • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Green Malkoha • Tambourine Dove • Burchell’s Coucal • Namaqua Dove • African Green-Pigeon • Southern Banded Snake- • Common Whimbrel Eagle • Marsh Sandpiper • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Common Greenshank • African Harrier-Hawk • Green Sandpiper • Steppe Buzzard • Wood Sandpiper • Secretarybird • Terek Sandpiper • Grey Kestrel • Red Knot • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Sanderling • Little Grebe • Little Stint • Great Crested Grebe • Water Thick-knee • Black-necked Grebe • Grey Plover • White-tailed Tropicbird • Common Ringed Plover • Cape Gannet • Kittlitz’s Plover • Yellow-billed Egret • Three-banded Plover • Great Egret • Chestnut-banded Plover • Western Reef Heron • White-fronted Plover • Snowy Egret • Caspian Plover • Black-headed Heron • Long-toed Lapwing • Goliath Heron • Double-banded Courser • Rufous-bellied Heron • Collared Pratincole • Green-backed Heron • Caspian Tern • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Lesser Crested Tern • White-backed Night-Heron • Swift Tern • Little Bittern • Sandwich Tern • Dwarf Bittern • Roseate Tern • Eurasian Bittern • Black-naped Tern • Hamerkop • Common Tern • Southern Bald Ibis • Antarctic Tern • Yellow-billed Stork • Whiskered Tern • Saddle-billed Stork • White-winged Tern • African Penguin • Black Tern • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • African Cuckoo Hawk • White-faced Storm-Petrel • European Honey-Buzzard • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Bat Hawk • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Black-shouldered Kite • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Black Kite Albatross • Palm-nut Vulture • Great-winged Petrel • Bearded Vulture • White-headed Petrel • Hooded Vulture • Atlantic Petrel • White-backed Vulture • Soft-plumaged Petrel • Rüppell’s Vulture • Kerguelen Petrel • Cape Vulture • Blue Petrel • Lappet-faced Vulture • Broad-billed Prion • Salvin’s Prion • Brown-throated Martin • Antarctic Prion • Mascarene Martin • Slender-billed Prion • Rock Martin • Fairy Prion • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • Jouanin’s Petrel • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Spectacled Petrel • Tiny Greenbul • Balearic Shearwater • White-tailed Crested • Tropical Shearwater Flycatcher • Little Shearwater • Cape Grassbird • African Broadbill • Victorin’s Warbler • African Golden Oriole • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Black-headed Oriole • Broad-tailed Warbler • Square-tailed Drongo • River Warbler • Fork-tailed Drongo • Little Rush-Warbler • Blue-mantled Crested- • Knysna Warbler Flycatcher • Barratt’s Warbler • African Paradise-Flycatcher • Sedge Warbler • Brubru • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • Black-backed Puffback • Basra Reed-Warbler • Black-crowned Tchagra • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Tropical Boubou • Icterine Warbler • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Yellow-throated Woodland- • White-crested Helmet-Shrike Warbler • Cape Batis • Willow Warbler • Woodwards’ Batis • Southern Hyliota • Chinspot Batis • Bush Blackcap • Pale Batis • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Pririt Batis • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Cape Crow • African Yellow White-eye • Pied Crow • Orange River White-eye • White-necked Raven • Red-faced Cisticola • Souza’s Shrike • Zitting Cisticola • Common Fiscal • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Magpie Shrike • Black-chested Prinia • Southern White-crowned • Karoo Prinia Shrike • Red-winged Warbler • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Black Cuckooshrike • Rudd’s Apalis • Cape Penduline-Tit • Chirinda Apalis • Southern Black Tit • Barred Wren-Warbler • Miombo Tit • Spotted Creeper • Sand Martin • Cape Rock-Thrush • Olive Thrush • Cinderella Waxbill • Karoo Thrush • Red-billed Firefinch • Chat Flycatcher • African Firefinch • Marico Flycatcher • Jameson’s Firefinch • African Dusky Flycatcher • Bronze Mannikin • Ashy Flycatcher • Red-backed Mannikin • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Great Sparrow • Swynnerton’s Robin • Cape Sparrow • Cape Robin-Chat • Yellow-throated Petronia • African Stonechat • Cape Wagtail • Sickle-winged Chat • Mountain Wagtail • Karoo Chat • Cape Longclaw • Tractrac Chat • Common Chaffinch • Familiar Chat • Yellow-fronted Canary • Grey Sunbird • Protea Seedeater • Variable Sunbird • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Black-eared Seedeater • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Drakensberg Siskin • Red-headed Weaver • Lark-like Bunting • Cut-throat Finch • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Cape Bunting • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Golden-breasted Bunting • Grey Waxbill • Cabanis’s Bunting

Tarsus (male) no data • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Mosque Swallow • Striped Kingfisher • Red-rumped Swallow • White-throated Bee-eater • Black Saw-wing • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Eastern Saw-wing • Mottled Spinetail • Sombre Greenbul • Böhm’s Spinetail • Yellow-bellied Hyliota • Mottled Swift • Blackcap • Greater Kestrel • Drakensberg Prinia • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Carp’s Tit • Pale Flycatcher • Rufous-bellied Tit • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Greater Striped Swallow • Northern Grey-headed • Lesser Striped Swallow Sparrow

Tarsus (female) unsexed measurements only • Common Quail • African Pygmy-Goose • White-backed Duck • Cape Teal • Hottentot Teal • Southern White-faced Scops- • Lesser Honeyguide Owl • Bennett’s Woodpecker • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Golden-tailed Woodpecker • African Wood-Owl • Olive Woodpecker • Pearl-spotted Owlet • Whyte’s Barbet • Marsh Owl • Green Barbet • Freckled Nightjar • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Swamp Nightjar • Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird • Speckled Pigeon • Black-collared Barbet • African Olive-Pigeon • Crested Barbet • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • African Hoopoe • Lemon Dove • Narina Trogon • Laughing Dove • Grey-headed Kingfisher • African Mourning Dove • Mangrove Kingfisher • Cape Turtle-Dove • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Red-eyed Dove • Böhm’s Bee-eater • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • White-backed Mousebird • Tambourine Dove • Speckled Mousebird • Namaqua Dove • Jacobin Cuckoo • African Green-Pigeon • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Common Whimbrel • Great Spotted Cuckoo • Marsh Sandpiper • Thick-billed Cuckoo • Common Greenshank • Common Cuckoo • Green Sandpiper • Lesser Cuckoo • Wood Sandpiper • Klaas’s Cuckoo • Terek Sandpiper • African Emerald Cuckoo • Red Knot • Green Malkoha • Sanderling • Burchell’s Coucal • Little Stint • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Water Thick-knee • Scarce Swift • Grey Plover • African Palm-Swift • Common Ringed Plover • Alpine Swift • Kittlitz’s Plover • Common Swift • Three-banded Plover • African Black Swift • Chestnut-banded Plover • Bradfield’s Swift • White-fronted Plover • Little Swift • Caspian Plover • Horus Swift • Double-banded Courser • Ross’s Turaco • Collared Pratincole • Purple-crested Turaco • Caspian Tern • Grey Go-away-bird • Lesser Crested Tern • Barn Owl • Swift Tern • African Grass-Owl • Sandwich Tern • Roseate Tern • Eurasian Bittern • Black-naped Tern • Hamerkop • Common Tern • Southern Bald Ibis • Antarctic Tern • African Openbill • Whiskered Tern • African Penguin • White-winged Tern • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Black Tern • White-faced Storm-Petrel • African Cuckoo Hawk • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • European Honey-Buzzard • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Bat Hawk • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Black-shouldered Kite Albatross • Black Kite • Great-winged Petrel • Palm-nut Vulture • White-headed Petrel • Bearded Vulture • Atlantic Petrel • Hooded Vulture • Soft-plumaged Petrel • White-backed Vulture • Kerguelen Petrel • Rüppell’s Vulture • Blue Petrel • Cape Vulture • Broad-billed Prion • Lappet-faced Vulture • Salvin’s Prion • Southern Banded Snake- • Antarctic Prion Eagle • Slender-billed Prion • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Fairy Prion • African Harrier-Hawk • Jouanin’s Petrel • Steppe Buzzard • Spectacled Petrel • Secretarybird • Balearic Shearwater • Grey Kestrel • Tropical Shearwater • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Little Shearwater • Little Grebe • African Broadbill • Great Crested Grebe • African Golden Oriole • Black-necked Grebe • Black-headed Oriole • White-tailed Tropicbird • Square-tailed Drongo • Cape Gannet • Fork-tailed Drongo • Yellow-billed Egret • Blue-mantled Crested- • Great Egret Flycatcher • Western Reef Heron • African Paradise-Flycatcher • Snowy Egret • Brubru • Black-headed Heron • Black-backed Puffback • Goliath Heron • Black-crowned Tchagra • Rufous-bellied Heron • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Green-backed Heron • Tropical Boubou • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Crimson-breasted Shrike • White-backed Night-Heron • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Little Bittern • White-crested Helmet-Shrike • Dwarf Bittern • Cape Batis • Woodwards’ Batis • Southern Hyliota • Chinspot Batis • Bush Blackcap • Pale Batis • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Pririt Batis • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Cape Crow • African Yellow White-eye • Pied Crow • Orange River White-eye • White-necked Raven • Red-faced Cisticola • Souza’s Shrike • Zitting Cisticola • Common Fiscal • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Magpie Shrike • Black-chested Prinia • Southern White-crowned • Karoo Prinia Shrike • Red-winged Warbler • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Yellow-breasted Apalis • Grey Cuckooshrike • Rudd’s Apalis • Black Cuckooshrike • Chirinda Apalis • Cape Penduline-Tit • Barred Wren-Warbler • Southern Black Tit • Spotted Creeper • Miombo Tit • Cape Rock-Thrush • Sand Martin • Olive Thrush • Brown-throated Martin • Karoo Thrush • Mascarene Martin • Chat Flycatcher • Rock Martin • Marico Flycatcher • Stripe-cheeked Greenbul • African Dusky Flycatcher • Yellow-streaked Greenbul • Ashy Flycatcher • Tiny Greenbul • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • White-tailed Crested • Swynnerton’s Robin Flycatcher • Cape Robin-Chat • Cape Grassbird • African Stonechat • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Sickle-winged Chat • Broad-tailed Warbler • Karoo Chat • River Warbler • Tractrac Chat • Little Rush-Warbler • Familiar Chat • Knysna Warbler • Grey Sunbird • Barratt’s Warbler • Variable Sunbird • Sedge Warbler • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Basra Reed-Warbler • Red-headed Weaver • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Cut-throat Finch • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Icterine Warbler • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Grey Waxbill • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Cinderella Waxbill Warbler • Red-billed Firefinch • Willow Warbler • African Firefinch • Jameson’s Firefinch • Yellow-fronted Canary • Bronze Mannikin • Protea Seedeater • Red-backed Mannikin • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Great Sparrow • Black-eared Seedeater • Cape Sparrow • Drakensberg Siskin • Yellow-throated Petronia • Lark-like Bunting • Cape Wagtail • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Mountain Wagtail • Cape Bunting • Cape Longclaw • Golden-breasted Bunting • Common Chaffinch • Cabanis’s Bunting

Tarsus (female) no data • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Red-rumped Swallow • Striped Kingfisher • Eastern Saw-wing • White-throated Bee-eater • Sombre Greenbul • Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo • Yellow-bellied Hyliota • Mottled Spinetail • Blackcap • Böhm’s Spinetail • Drakensberg Prinia • Mottled Swift • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Greater Kestrel • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Malagasy Pond-Heron • White-chested Alethe • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Pale Flycatcher • Carp’s Tit • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Rufous-bellied Tit • Olive Sunbird • Greater Striped Swallow • Southern Masked-Weaver • Lesser Striped Swallow • Northern Grey-headed • Mosque Swallow Sparrow

Culmen (male) unsexed measurements only • Common Ostrich • Woodland Kingfisher • Crested Guineafowl • Striped Kingfisher • Helmeted Guineafowl • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • White-backed Duck • White-backed Mousebird • Cape Teal • Speckled Mousebird • Hottentot Teal • Red-faced Mousebird • Whyte’s Barbet • Jacobin Cuckoo • Green Barbet • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Great Spotted Cuckoo • Black-collared Barbet • Lesser Cuckoo • Crested Barbet • Klaas’s Cuckoo • African Hoopoe • African Emerald Cuckoo • Malachite Kingfisher • Green Malkoha • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Kittlitz’s Plover • Scarce Swift • Three-banded Plover • African Palm-Swift • Chestnut-banded Plover • Alpine Swift • White-fronted Plover • Common Swift • Caspian Plover • African Black Swift • Long-toed Lapwing • Bradfield’s Swift • Double-banded Courser • Little Swift • Collared Pratincole • Horus Swift • Black-winged Pratincole • Purple-crested Turaco • Caspian Tern • Grey Go-away-bird • Lesser Crested Tern • Barn Owl • Swift Tern • African Grass-Owl • Sandwich Tern • Southern White-faced Scops- • Roseate Tern Owl • Black-naped Tern • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Common Tern • African Wood-Owl • Antarctic Tern • Pearl-spotted Owlet • White-winged Tern • Marsh Owl • Black Tern • Fiery-necked Nightjar • African Cuckoo Hawk • Swamp Nightjar • European Honey-Buzzard • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Bat Hawk • Speckled Pigeon • Black-shouldered Kite • African Olive-Pigeon • Palm-nut Vulture • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Bearded Vulture • Lemon Dove • Hooded Vulture • Laughing Dove • White-backed Vulture • African Mourning Dove • Cape Vulture • Cape Turtle-Dove • Lappet-faced Vulture • Red-eyed Dove • Southern Banded Snake- • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove Eagle • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Tambourine Dove • African Harrier-Hawk • African Green-Pigeon • Lizard Buzzard • Common Whimbrel • Steppe Buzzard • Marsh Sandpiper • Secretarybird • Common Greenshank • Rock Kestrel • Green Sandpiper • Grey Kestrel • Wood Sandpiper • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Terek Sandpiper • Little Grebe • Little Stint • Great Crested Grebe • Black-winged Stilt • Black-necked Grebe • Grey Plover • White-tailed Tropicbird • Common Ringed Plover • Yellow-billed Egret • Great Egret • Southern Boubou • Western Reef Heron • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Snowy Egret • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Black-headed Heron • White-crested Helmet-Shrike • Rufous-bellied Heron • Pale Batis • Green-backed Heron • Cape Crow • Black-crowned Night-Heron • White-necked Raven • White-backed Night-Heron • Souza’s Shrike • Little Bittern • Common Fiscal • Dwarf Bittern • Magpie Shrike • Eurasian Bittern • Southern White-crowned • Hamerkop Shrike • Southern Bald Ibis • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Yellow-billed Stork • Grey Cuckooshrike • Saddle-billed Stork • Black Cuckooshrike • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • White-faced Storm-Petrel • Cape Penduline-Tit • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Southern Black Tit • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Miombo Tit • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Brown-throated Martin Albatross • Mascarene Martin • Great-winged Petrel • Greater Striped Swallow • White-headed Petrel • Lesser Striped Swallow • Atlantic Petrel • Mosque Swallow • Soft-plumaged Petrel • Black Saw-wing • Kerguelen Petrel • Eastern Saw-wing • Blue Petrel • Sombre Greenbul • Salvin’s Prion • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Antarctic Prion • Cape Grassbird • Slender-billed Prion • Victorin’s Warbler • Fairy Prion • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • Jouanin’s Petrel • Broad-tailed Warbler • Spectacled Petrel • River Warbler • Balearic Shearwater • Little Rush-Warbler • Tropical Shearwater • Knysna Warbler • Little Shearwater • Barratt’s Warbler • African Golden Oriole • Sedge Warbler • Fork-tailed Drongo • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • African Paradise-Flycatcher • Marsh Warbler • Brubru • Great Reed-Warbler • Black-backed Puffback • Basra Reed-Warbler • Black-crowned Tchagra • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Brown-crowned Tchagra • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Tropical Boubou • Icterine Warbler • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Familiar Chat • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Grey Sunbird Warbler • Variable Sunbird • Willow Warbler • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Bush Blackcap • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Red-headed Weaver • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Cut-throat Finch • African Yellow White-eye • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Orange River White-eye • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Red-faced Cisticola • Grey Waxbill • Rattling Cisticola • Cinderella Waxbill • Zitting Cisticola • Red-billed Firefinch • Wing-snapping Cisticola • African Firefinch • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Jameson’s Firefinch • Black-chested Prinia • Bronze Mannikin • Karoo Prinia • Red-backed Mannikin • Drakensberg Prinia • Great Sparrow • Red-winged Warbler • Yellow-throated Petronia • Rudd’s Apalis • Cape Wagtail • Green-backed Camaroptera • Mountain Wagtail • Barred Wren-Warbler • Cape Longclaw • Spotted Creeper • Wood Pipit • Cape Rock-Thrush • Common Chaffinch • Olive Thrush • Yellow-fronted Canary • Karoo Thrush • Protea Seedeater • Ashy Flycatcher • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Black-eared Seedeater • Swynnerton’s Robin • Drakensberg Siskin • Cape Robin-Chat • Lark-like Bunting • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • African Stonechat • Cape Bunting • Sickle-winged Chat • Golden-breasted Bunting • Karoo Chat • Cabanis’s Bunting • Tractrac Chat

Culmen (male) no data • Rüppell’s Vulture • Greater Kestrel • Common Quail • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Mottled Spinetail • Red-rumped Swallow • Mottled Swift • Blackcap • Freckled Nightjar • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark

Culmen (female) unsexed measurements only • Common Ostrich • Marsh Owl • Crested Guineafowl • Fiery-necked Nightjar • Helmeted Guineafowl • Swamp Nightjar • Cape Teal • Rufous-cheeked Nightjar • Hottentot Teal • Speckled Pigeon • Whyte’s Barbet • African Olive-Pigeon • Green Barbet • Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Lemon Dove • Black-collared Barbet • Laughing Dove • Crested Barbet • African Mourning Dove • African Hoopoe • Cape Turtle-Dove • Malachite Kingfisher • Red-eyed Dove • Woodland Kingfisher • Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove • Striped Kingfisher • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Swallow-tailed Bee-eater • Tambourine Dove • White-backed Mousebird • African Green-Pigeon • Speckled Mousebird • Common Whimbrel • Red-faced Mousebird • Marsh Sandpiper • Jacobin Cuckoo • Common Greenshank • Levaillant’s Cuckoo • Green Sandpiper • Great Spotted Cuckoo • Wood Sandpiper • Lesser Cuckoo • Terek Sandpiper • Klaas’s Cuckoo • Little Stint • African Emerald Cuckoo • Black-winged Stilt • Green Malkoha • Grey Plover • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Common Ringed Plover • Scarce Swift • Kittlitz’s Plover • African Palm-Swift • Three-banded Plover • Alpine Swift • Chestnut-banded Plover • Common Swift • White-fronted Plover • African Black Swift • Caspian Plover • Bradfield’s Swift • Double-banded Courser • Little Swift • Collared Pratincole • Horus Swift • Black-winged Pratincole • Purple-crested Turaco • Caspian Tern • Grey Go-away-bird • Lesser Crested Tern • Barn Owl • Swift Tern • African Grass-Owl • Sandwich Tern • Southern White-faced Scops- • Roseate Tern Owl • Black-naped Tern • Spotted Eagle-Owl • Common Tern • African Wood-Owl • Antarctic Tern • Pearl-spotted Owlet • White-winged Tern • Black Tern • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • African Cuckoo Hawk Albatross • European Honey-Buzzard • Great-winged Petrel • Bat Hawk • White-headed Petrel • Black-shouldered Kite • Atlantic Petrel • Palm-nut Vulture • Soft-plumaged Petrel • Bearded Vulture • Kerguelen Petrel • Hooded Vulture • Blue Petrel • White-backed Vulture • Salvin’s Prion • Cape Vulture • Antarctic Prion • Lappet-faced Vulture • Slender-billed Prion • Southern Banded Snake- • Fairy Prion Eagle • Jouanin’s Petrel • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Spectacled Petrel • African Harrier-Hawk • Balearic Shearwater • Lizard Buzzard • Tropical Shearwater • Steppe Buzzard • Little Shearwater • Secretarybird • African Golden Oriole • Rock Kestrel • Fork-tailed Drongo • Grey Kestrel • African Paradise-Flycatcher • Dickinson’s Kestrel • Brubru • Little Grebe • Black-backed Puffback • Great Crested Grebe • Black-crowned Tchagra • Black-necked Grebe • Brown-crowned Tchagra • White-tailed Tropicbird • Tropical Boubou • Yellow-billed Egret • Southern Boubou • Great Egret • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Western Reef Heron • Grey-headed Bush-Shrike • Snowy Egret • White-crested Helmet-Shrike • Black-headed Heron • Pale Batis • Rufous-bellied Heron • Cape Crow • Green-backed Heron • White-necked Raven • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Souza’s Shrike • White-backed Night-Heron • Common Fiscal • Little Bittern • Magpie Shrike • Dwarf Bittern • Southern White-crowned • Eurasian Bittern Shrike • Hamerkop • White-breasted Cuckooshrike • Southern Bald Ibis • Grey Cuckooshrike • African Openbill • Black Cuckooshrike • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel • Drakensberg Rock-jumper • White-faced Storm-Petrel • Cape Penduline-Tit • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Southern Black Tit • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Miombo Tit • Brown-throated Martin • Barred Wren-Warbler • Mascarene Martin • Spotted Creeper • Greater Striped Swallow • Cape Rock-Thrush • Lesser Striped Swallow • Olive Thrush • Mosque Swallow • Karoo Thrush • Black Saw-wing • Ashy Flycatcher • Eastern Saw-wing • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Sombre Greenbul • Swynnerton’s Robin • Yellow-bellied Greenbul • Cape Robin-Chat • Cape Grassbird • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Yellow-bellied Eremomela • African Stonechat • Broad-tailed Warbler • Sickle-winged Chat • River Warbler • Karoo Chat • Little Rush-Warbler • Tractrac Chat • Knysna Warbler • Familiar Chat • Barratt’s Warbler • Grey Sunbird • Sedge Warbler • Variable Sunbird • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver • Marsh Warbler • Lesser Masked-Weaver • Great Reed-Warbler • Red-headed Weaver • Basra Reed-Warbler • Cut-throat Finch • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Yellow-bellied Waxbill • Lesser Swamp-Warbler • Red-faced Crimsonwing • Icterine Warbler • Grey Waxbill • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Cinderella Waxbill • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Red-billed Firefinch Warbler • African Firefinch • Willow Warbler • Jameson’s Firefinch • Bush Blackcap • Bronze Mannikin • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Red-backed Mannikin • Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler • Great Sparrow • African Yellow White-eye • Yellow-throated Petronia • Orange River White-eye • Cape Wagtail • Red-faced Cisticola • Mountain Wagtail • Rattling Cisticola • Cape Longclaw • Zitting Cisticola • Wood Pipit • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Common Chaffinch • Tawny-flanked Prinia • Yellow-fronted Canary • Black-chested Prinia • Protea Seedeater • Karoo Prinia • Streaky-headed Seedeater • Drakensberg Prinia • Black-eared Seedeater • Red-winged Warbler • Drakensberg Siskin • Rudd’s Apalis • Lark-like Bunting • Green-backed Camaroptera • Cinnamon-breasted Bunting • Cape Bunting • Cabanis’s Bunting • Golden-breasted Bunting

Culmen (female) no data • Common Quail • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Mottled Spinetail • Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike • Böhm’s Spinetail • Red-rumped Swallow • Mottled Swift • Blackcap • Freckled Nightjar • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Rüppell’s Vulture • Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark • Greater Kestrel • White-chested Alethe

Mass (male) unsexed measurements only • Common Ostrich • Common Whimbrel • Crested Guineafowl • Eurasian Curlew • Helmeted Guineafowl • Marsh Sandpiper • White-backed Duck • Common Greenshank • African Pygmy-Goose • Green Sandpiper • White-eared Barbet • Wood Sandpiper • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Terek Sandpiper • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Common Sandpiper • Black-collared Barbet • Red Knot • Woodland Kingfisher • Sanderling • Mangrove Kingfisher • Little Stint • White-throated Bee-eater • Temminck’s Stint • Böhm’s Bee-eater • Long-toed Stint • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • White-rumped Sandpiper • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Curlew Sandpiper • Alpine Swift • Broad-billed Sandpiper • Common Swift • Eurasian Oystercatcher • Pallid Swift • Pacific Golden Plover • African Black Swift • Grey Plover • Bradfield’s Swift • Common Ringed Plover • Knysna Turaco • Little Ringed Plover • African Grass-Owl • Kittlitz’s Plover • African Scops-Owl • Three-banded Plover • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • White-fronted Plover • Marsh Owl • Lesser Sand Plover • Fiery-necked Nightjar • Greater Sand Plover • European Turtle-Dove • Caspian Plover • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Long-toed Lapwing • African Crake • Three-banded Courser • Collared Pratincole • African Sacred Ibis • Rock Pratincole • White-faced Storm-Petrel • African Skimmer • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Grey-headed Gull • European Storm-Petrel • Hartlaub’s Gull • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Caspian Tern • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • Lesser Crested Tern Albatross • Swift Tern • Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross • Sandwich Tern • Great-winged Petrel • Roseate Tern • White-headed Petrel • Common Tern • Atlantic Petrel • Antarctic Tern • Soft-plumaged Petrel • Little Tern • Kerguelen Petrel • Black Tern • Blue Petrel • African Cuckoo Hawk • Broad-billed Prion • European Honey-Buzzard • Salvin’s Prion • Bat Hawk • Antarctic Prion • Bearded Vulture • Slender-billed Prion • Hooded Vulture • Fairy Prion • White-backed Vulture • Jouanin’s Petrel • Rüppell’s Vulture • Spectacled Petrel • Cape Vulture • Flesh-footed Shearwater • Lappet-faced Vulture • Sooty Shearwater • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Wedge-tailed Shearwater • Brown Snake-Eagle • Manx Shearwater • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Tropical Shearwater • Bateleur • Little Shearwater • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • Blue-mantled Crested- • Long-crested Eagle Flycatcher • Great Crested Grebe • Southern Tchagra • Black-necked Grebe • Tropical Boubou • Red-billed Tropicbird • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Red-tailed Tropicbird • Cape Crow • White-tailed Tropicbird • White-necked Raven • Australian Gannet • Cape Penduline-Tit • Slaty Egret • Rufous-bellied Tit • Black Heron • Miombo Tit • Little Egret • Grey Tit • Great Egret • Sand Martin • Snowy Egret • Brown-throated Martin • Squacco Heron • Banded Martin • Green-backed Heron • Greater Striped Swallow • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Rock Martin • White-backed Night-Heron • Common House-Martin • African Red-eyed Bulbul • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Cape Bulbul • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Sombre Greenbul • Orange Ground-Thrush • Livingstone’s Flycatcher • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Fairy Flycatcher • Groundscraper Thrush • Broad-tailed Warbler • Kurrichane Thrush • River Warbler • Marico Flycatcher • Knysna Warbler • Southern Black Flycatcher • Sedge Warbler • Spotted Flycatcher • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • African Dusky Flycatcher • African Reed-Warbler • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Marsh Warbler • Collared Flycatcher • Great Reed-Warbler • Cape Robin-Chat • Basra Reed-Warbler • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Brown Scrub-Robin • Olive-tree Warbler • Common Redstart • Icterine Warbler • Whinchat • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Isabelline Wheatear Warbler • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Bush Blackcap • Grey Sunbird • Blackcap • Cinderella Waxbill • Garden Warbler • Bronze Mannikin • Cape White-eye • Northern Grey-headed • Orange River White-eye Sparrow • Tinkling Cisticola • Cape Wagtail • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Red-throated Pipit • Luapula Cisticola • Common Chaffinch • Zitting Cisticola • White-throated Canary • Wing-snapping Cisticola • Protea Seedeater • Barred Wren-Warbler • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler

Mass (male) no data • Hottentot Buttonquail • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Rufous-bellied Heron • Knysna Woodpecker • Little Bittern • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Southern Bald Ibis • Spotted Crake • Yellow-billed Stork • Striped Crake • Abdim’s Stork • Common Redshank • Woolly-necked Stork • Lesser Jacana • Northern Royal Albatross • Sooty Falcon • Barau’s Petrel • Little Blue Heron • Green-headed Oriole • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Chat Flycatcher • Cape Grassbird • Shelley’s Sunbird • Victorin’s Warbler • Locustfinch • Rudd’s Apalis • Lesser Seedcracker • Melodious Lark • Drakensberg Siskin • Rudd’s Lark

Mass (female) unsexed measurements only • Common Ostrich • Green Sandpiper • Crested Guineafowl • Wood Sandpiper • Helmeted Guineafowl • Terek Sandpiper • Fulvous Duck • Common Sandpiper • White-backed Duck • Red Knot • African Pygmy-Goose • Sanderling • White-eared Barbet • Little Stint • Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird • Temminck’s Stint • Red-fronted Tinkerbird • Long-toed Stint • Black-collared Barbet • White-rumped Sandpiper • Racket-tailed Roller • Curlew Sandpiper • Malachite Kingfisher • Broad-billed Sandpiper • Woodland Kingfisher • Eurasian Oystercatcher • Mangrove Kingfisher • Pacific Golden Plover • White-throated Bee-eater • Grey Plover • Böhm’s Bee-eater • Common Ringed Plover • Southern Carmine Bee-eater • Little Ringed Plover • Black-cheeked Lovebird • Kittlitz’s Plover • Alpine Swift • Three-banded Plover • Common Swift • White-fronted Plover • Pallid Swift • Lesser Sand Plover • African Black Swift • Greater Sand Plover • Bradfield’s Swift • Caspian Plover • White-rumped Swift • Three-banded Courser • Knysna Turaco • Collared Pratincole • African Grass-Owl • Rock Pratincole • Pel’s Fishing-Owl • Grey-headed Gull • Fiery-necked Nightjar • Hartlaub’s Gull • European Turtle-Dove • Caspian Tern • Blue-spotted Wood-Dove • Lesser Crested Tern • African Crake • Swift Tern • Common Whimbrel • Sandwich Tern • Eurasian Curlew • Roseate Tern • Marsh Sandpiper • Common Tern • Common Greenshank • Antarctic Tern • Little Tern • White-headed Petrel • White-winged Tern • Atlantic Petrel • Black Tern • Soft-plumaged Petrel • African Cuckoo Hawk • Kerguelen Petrel • European Honey-Buzzard • Blue Petrel • Bat Hawk • Broad-billed Prion • Bearded Vulture • Salvin’s Prion • Hooded Vulture • Antarctic Prion • White-backed Vulture • Slender-billed Prion • Rüppell’s Vulture • Fairy Prion • Cape Vulture • Jouanin’s Petrel • Lappet-faced Vulture • Spectacled Petrel • Black-chested Snake-Eagle • Flesh-footed Shearwater • Brown Snake-Eagle • Sooty Shearwater • Western Banded Snake-Eagle • Wedge-tailed Shearwater • Bateleur • Manx Shearwater • Ovambo Sparrowhawk • Tropical Shearwater • Long-crested Eagle • Little Shearwater • Great Crested Grebe • Blue-mantled Crested- • Black-necked Grebe Flycatcher • Red-billed Tropicbird • Southern Tchagra • Red-tailed Tropicbird • Tropical Boubou • White-tailed Tropicbird • Crimson-breasted Shrike • Australian Gannet • Cape Crow • Slaty Egret • Rufous-bellied Tit • Black Heron • Miombo Tit • Little Egret • Grey Tit • Great Egret • Sand Martin • Snowy Egret • Brown-throated Martin • Squacco Heron • Banded Martin • Green-backed Heron • Greater Striped Swallow • Black-crowned Night-Heron • Lesser Striped Swallow • White-backed Night-Heron • Rock Martin • Dwarf Bittern • Common House-Martin • African Sacred Ibis • Eastern Saw-wing • Black Stork • African Red-eyed Bulbul • White-faced Storm-Petrel • Cape Bulbul • White-bellied Storm-Petrel • Sombre Greenbul • European Storm-Petrel • Fairy Flycatcher • Leach’s Storm-Petrel • Broad-tailed Warbler • Atlantic Yellow-nosed • River Warbler Albatross • Knysna Warbler • Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross • Sedge Warbler • Great-winged Petrel • Eurasian Reed-Warbler • African Reed-Warbler • Southern Black Flycatcher • Marsh Warbler • Spotted Flycatcher • Great Reed-Warbler • African Dusky Flycatcher • Basra Reed-Warbler • Grey Tit-Flycatcher • Greater Swamp-Warbler • Collared Flycatcher • Olive-tree Warbler • Cape Robin-Chat • Icterine Warbler • Red-capped Robin-Chat • Dark-capped Yellow Warbler • Brown Scrub-Robin • Yellow-throated Woodland- • Common Redstart Warbler • Whinchat • Bush Blackcap • Northern Wheatear • Blackcap • Isabelline Wheatear • Garden Warbler • Karoo Chat • Cape White-eye • Tractrac Chat • Orange River White-eye • Miombo Blue-eared Starling • Tinkling Cisticola • Grey Sunbird • Rufous-winged Cisticola • Cinderella Waxbill • Luapula Cisticola • Bronze Mannikin • Namaqua Warbler • Northern Grey-headed • Cinnamon-breasted Warbler Sparrow • Eastern Clapper Lark • Cape Wagtail • Benguela Long-billed Lark • Long-tailed Pipit • Sclater’s Lark • Tree Pipit • Spotted Creeper • Red-throated Pipit • Miombo Rock-Thrush • Common Chaffinch • Orange Ground-Thrush • White-throated Canary • Spotted Ground-Thrush • Protea Seedeater • Kurrichane Thrush

Mass (female) no data • Hottentot Buttonquail • Little Blue Heron • Speckle-throated Woodpecker • Western Reef Heron • Knysna Woodpecker • Goliath Heron • Madagascar Cuckoo • Malagasy Pond-Heron • Rüppell’s Parrot • Rufous-bellied Heron • Rose-ringed Parakeet • Southern Bald Ibis • Southern Black Korhaan • Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel • Rüppell’s Korhaan • Tristan Albatross • Striped Flufftail • Northern Royal Albatross • White-winged Flufftail • Barau’s Petrel • Common Redshank • Green-headed Oriole • Bridled Tern • Black-fronted Bush-Shrike • Sooty Falcon • Blue Swallow • Cape Grassbird • Agulhas Long-billed Lark • Moustached Grass-Warbler • Eastern Long-billed Lark • Black-faced Babbler • Sentinel Rock-Thrush • Hartlaub’s Babbler • White-chested Alethe • Layard’s Tit-Babbler • Chat Flycatcher • Croaking Cisticola • Locustfinch • Rudd’s Apalis • Lesser Seedcracker • Melodious Lark • Wood Pipit • Cape Long-billed Lark • Drakensberg Siskin