HITAHR COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE & HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION TEXT SERIES 033

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESEARCH IN HAWAII

Kevan L. Main and Robert H. Deupree, Jr. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Ellen Antill, Paul Bienfang, Robert Brick, John Corbin, Ken Leber, and Jim Wyban for providing helpful comments and carefully reviewing this bibliography. Special thanks to Carolyn Rahman for typing the many drafts of this manuscript. This project was supported by USDA Cooperative State Research Service grant #86-CRSR-2-2793.

THE AUTHORS Kevan L. Main is a Research Associate at the Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point, Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795.

Robert H. Deupree, Jr., is a Biological Technician at the Oceanic Institute.

CONTENTS Page Introduction ...1 Bibliography.. ... 1 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AQUACULTURE RESEARCH IN HAWAII

Kevan L. Main and Robert H. Deupree, Jr.

INTRODUCTION In 1986, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Hawaii AND aquaculture OR fish farm OR fish funded a special grant to describe the current culture OR fish cultivation OR OR status of aquaculture in the state of Hawaii and shrimp farm OR prawn culture OR the American insular areas of the Pacific. One of Macrobrachium culture OR tilapia OR oyster OR the objectives of the project was to prepare a shellfish OR clam OR pisiculture. comprehensive bibliography of aquaculture research efforts conducted in Hawaii during the last decade. The aquaculture research community in Hawaii is extremely diverse and consists of more than 40 distinct research groups. The species that have been examined by research groups include marine shrimp, freshwater BIBLIOGRAPHY prawns, tilapia, channel catfish, Chinese carp Akita, Geoffrey Yoshito. 1983. An epizootiologic and catfish, mahimahi, rainbow trout, salmon, study of mid-cycle disease of larval mullet, milkfish, abalone, opihi, oysters, clams, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. M.S. Thesis. and macro- and microalgae. Our bibliography University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 64 pp. provides references for articles that have been Akita, Geoffrey Yoshito, R. Nakamura, J. Brock, published in reviewed journals, books, popular G. Miyamoto, M. Fujimoto, F. D. Onizuka, magazines, technical reports, and government and D. Sumikawa Oishi. 1981. Epizootio­ reports on this diverse species group. The logic study of mid-cycle disease of larval majority o f0the literature included in the Macrobrachium rosenbergii. J. World bibliography is available from the library of the Mariculture Society 12:223-230. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aqua­ Akiyama, Dean Mikio. 1982. Epizootiological culture at the Oceanic Institute. studies of a granulomatous disease of the The bibliography was compiled from several topminnow Poecilia mexicana. M.S. Thesis. different sources. The Aquaculture Development University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 90 pp. Program provided a list of aquaculture Akiyama, Dean Mikio, James A. Brock, and researchers who were contacted for reports and Samuel R. Haley. 1982. Idiopathic muscle reprints. Follow-up phone calls were made to necrosis in the cultured freshwater prawn researchers who did not respond to written (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Veterinary requests. Many of the bibliographic entries were Medicine/Small Animal Clinician. Pp. taken from A Bibliography of Aquaculture 1119-1121. Activities in the State of Hawaii, published by Anderson, Bruce Statham. 1981. A study of the the Pacific Islands Development Program epidemiology of leptospirosis on aqua­ (Dwyer et al., 1984). culture farms in Hawaii. Ph.D. Dissertation. Library searches of journals, citation University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 152 pp. indices, and abstracts were used to supplement Anderson, Donald W., and Noel Smith. 1983. the information provided by researchers. The The culture of larval foods at the Oceanic and Aquatic Resources Abstracts were Institute, Waimanalo, Hawaii. In J. P. used to search by species, subject matter, and McVey, ed. CRC handbook of mariculture. geographical region. MasteUs and doctoral Vol. 1, Crustacean aquaculture. CRC Press, theses on aquaculture-related topics from the Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 97-101. University of Hawaii were collected. Bibliog­ Anonymous. 1979. The culture and sea-testing of raphies from the papers compiled up to this topminnows (Poecilia vittata). Maui County point were also searched for references. Baitfish Project. Department of Economic A Dialog computer search was also Development, Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii. completed. The following keywords were used: Unpubl. rep. 28 pp. 1 Anonymous. 1982. Aquaculture in the long-term survival, and availability. U.S. Department looks good. Makai 4(7):3-4. of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. Anuenue Fisheries Research Center. 1979[?]. 408. Pp. 7-35. Specifications of some aspects of M a cro­ Baldwin, Wayne J. 1975b. Development of brachium rosenbergii culture at the Anuenue skipjack tuna fisheries in the tropical Fisheries Research Center (AFRC) in Hawaii. Pacific with cultured baitfishes. South Anuenue Fisheries Research Center. 3 pp. Pacific Commission, Eighth Regional Arndt, Gerald D., Loren D. Gautz, and Jaw-Kai Technical Meeting on Fisheries. 8 pp. Wang. 1984. Mechanical size grading of Baldwin, Wayne J. 1977. Suitability of cultured postharvest prawns. J. World Mariculture topminnow Poecilia vittata, family Poecili- Society 15:61-72. idae, as a live baitfish for skipjack tuna, Ashmore, S. B., R. W. Stanley, Lori Barck Moore, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the tropical Pacific. and Spencer R. Malecha. 1985. Effect on U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. growth and apparent digestibility of diets Rep. NMFS Circ. 408. Pp. 149-155. varying in grain source and portion level in Baldwin, Wayne J. 1980. Cannibalism by Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Proc. J. World cultured topminnows (family Poeciliidae). Mariculture Society 16:209-216. Proc. World Mariculture Society 11:311-316. Atkinson, Shannon K. C. 1981. The effects of Baldwin, Wayne J. 1983. The design and water temperature on the growth rate of the operation of an automatic feed dispenser. freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosen­ Aquaculture 34:151-155. bergii. M.S. Thesis. University of Hawaii, Baldwin, Wayne J., and Michael J. McGrenra. Honolulu. 56 pp. 1979. Problems with the culture of Ayers, Gilbert A. 1982. Hawaii production credit topminnows (family Poeciliidae) and their association aquaculture loans. Proc. Third use as live baitfishes. Proc. World Annual Big Island Aquaculture Conference. Mariculture Society 10:249-259. P. 30. Baranowski, E. S., W. K. Nip, and J. H. Moy. 1984. Partial characterization of a crude enzyme extract from the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii J. Food Science 49(6): 1494-1495, 1505. Baranowski, John D., Carlos A. Dominguez, and Paul C. Magarelli. 1984. Effects of diying on selected qualities of Spirulina platensis Bailey-Brock, Julie H., and Peter J. Hayward. protein. J. Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1984. A freshwater bryozoan, H yalinella 32(6):1385-1387. vaihiriae Hastings (1929), from Hawaiian Bardach, John E. 1972. Potential for prawn . Pacific Science 38(3): 199-204. aquaculture development in Hawaii. Proc. Bailey-Brock, Julie H., and Amy Ringwood. Kauai Aquaculture Conference. Pp. 32-37. 1982. Methods for control of the mud blister Bardach, John E. 1986. Constraints to worm, Polydora websteri, in Hawaiian polyculture. Aquacultural 5(2— oyster culture. U.H. Sea Grant Quarterly 4):287-300. 4(3): 6. Bartholomew, Edwin F. 1982. Starting a Balazs, George H., and Ernest Ross. 1976. Effect backyard fish farm. Makai 4(7): 1-3. of protein source and level on growth and Bartholomew, Edwin F. 1986a. Cage culture in performance of the captive freshwater Hawaiian fishponds. Hawaii 4-H Cage prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aqua­ Aquaculture Project. 23 pp. culture 7:299-313. Bartholomew, Edwin F. 1986b. Cage culture in Balazs, George H., S. E. Olbrich, and M. E. Hawaiian fishponds. Makai 8(4): 1-3. Tumbleson. 1974. Serum constituents of the Bartholomew, Edwin F., and Robert Agres. 1985. Malaysian prawn (Macrobrachium rosen­ Production of topminnows (Poecilia mexi- bergii) and pink shrimp (Penaeus margin- cana) in an intensely manured polyculture atus). Aquaculture 3:147-157. system. Proc. Second International Confer­ Baldwin, W. J. 1973. Culture of baitfish. FAO ence on Warm Water Aquaculture Finfish. Aquaculture Bull. 5(2):6-7. Pp. 675-696. Baldwin, Wayne J. 1975a. A review on the use of Bell, Thomas A., and D. V. Lightner. 1984. IHHN live baitfishes to capture skipjack tuna, virus: infectivity and pathogenicity studies Katsuwonus pelamis, in the tropical Pacific in Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus vanna- Ocean with emphasis on their behavior, mei. Aquaculture 38:185-194. 2 Bell, Thomas A., Carl S. Arume, and Donald V. (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) with two Lightner. [Submitted.] Efficacy of formalin combinations of carps in manured ponds. J. in reducing the levels of peritrichous ciliates World Mariculture Society 12(2):203-213. on cultured marine shrimp. J. Aquaculture and . Brewer, William A. 1979. Summary of environ­ mental permit/review requirements for aquaculture/mariculture developments in Choy, Shelley, Dwight H. Kondo, Michael H. Hawaii. Department of Planning and Eco­ Maruyama, Norman K. Nakamura, and nomic Development Rep. 3 pp. Sherwood D. Maynard. 1981. The Mokauea Brewer, William A., and Richard C. Fassler. fishpond project: a beginning—the history, 1980. Permit requirements for aquaculture the accomplishments from September 1980 in Hawaii. U.H. Sea Grant College Marine through March 1981. University of Hawaii Advisory Program, UNIHI-SEAGRANT-AB- Marine Option Program Rep. 154 pp. 81-02. 4 pp. Coleman, D. E. 1976. Phototactic responses of Brewer, William A., Jack P. Huizingh, and Jane larval Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). E. Sexton. 1985. Hawaii’s OTEC park triggers U.H. Sea Grant College Program, Working high-tech aquaculture development. Infofish Paper No. 23. 13 pp. Marketing Digest 1:18-21. Conte, Fred S. 1982. Aquaculture: an Brick, Robert W. 1970. Some aspects of raft international prospective and opportunities culture of oysters in Hawaii. Hawaii Institute for growth in Pacific states. Proc. Third of Marine Biology Tech. Rep. No. 24. 47 pp. Annual Big Island Aquaculture Conference. Brick, Robert W. 1974. Effects of water quality, Pp. 4-10. antibiotics, phytoplankton and food on Corbin, John S. 1982. Aquaculture in Hawaii: an survival and development of larvae of Scylla overview. Proc. Third Annual Big Island serrata (Crustacea: Portunidae). Aquaculture Aquaculture Conference. Pp. 11-15. 3:231-244. Corbin, John S. 1986. Improving world Brock, James A. 1983a. Diseases (infectious and aquaculture research and development: the non-infectious), metazoan parasites, preda­ east-west family plan. In G. L. Rogers, R. Day, tors and public health considerations in and A. Lim, eds. Proc. First International Macrobrachium culture and fisheries. In J. Conference on Warm Water Aquaculture P. McVey, ed. CRC handbook of mariculture, Crustacea, February 9-11, 1983. Brigham Vol. 1, Crustacean aquaculture. CRC Press, Young University, Laie, Hawaii. Pp. 1-6. Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 329-370. Corbin, John S., and William A. Brewer. 1981. Brock, James A. 1983b. Diseases of tilapia. Mariculture and ocean thermal energy Aquaculture Development Program Rep., conversion— state-of-the-art assessments. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Aquaculture Development Program Rep., Hawaii. 64 pp. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Brock, James A., Vernon T. Sato, Ron T. Hawaii. 84 pp. Shimojo, and Priscilla Banis. 1986. Corbin, John S., and Richard T. Gibson. 1979. Observations and comments concerning Planning aquaculture development: the first terminal growth in the freshwater prawn time is always the hardest. Proc. World Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). In G. Mariculture Society 10:21-27. L. Rogers, R. Day, and A. Lim, eds. Proc. First Corbin, John S., Michael M. Fujimoto, and International Conference on Warm Water Thomas Y. Iwai, Jr. 1982. Feeding practices Aquaculture Crustacea, February 9-11, 1983. and nutritional considerations for Brigham Young University, Laie, Hawaii. Pp. Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture in 162-178. Hawaii. In J. P. McVey, ed. CRC handbook of Brock, James A., Lauren K. Nakagawa, T. mariculture, Vol. 1, Crustacean aquaculture. Hayashi, Stephanie Teruya, and Hana Van CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 391-412. Campen. 1986. Hepatopancreatic rickettsial Corpuz, Gladys C. 1981. Laboratory culture of infection of the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus Cellana exarata Reeve (Gastropoda: Proso- marginatus (Randall), from Hawaii. J. Fish branchia, Patellidae). Aquaculture 24:219- Diseases 9:73-77. 231. Brooks, Mark. 1983. Crusty critters take center- Costa-Pierce, Barry A. 1984. Ecological studies stage at BYU conference. Makai 5(5): 1-2. of semi-intensive prawn aquaculture ponds. Buck, Homer, S. R. Malecha, and R. J. Baur. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Hawaii, 1981. Polyculture of the freshwater prawn Honolulu. 213 pp. 3 Costa-Pierce, Barry A. 1985. Combined energy- hardness. Proc. World Mariculture Society aquaculture-agriculture systems. Salmon 10:575-580. Farming Conference, Reykjavik. P. 8. Critchlow, Leigh. 1982. OTEC aquaculture Costa-Pierce, Barry A., and Edward A. Laws. projects underway at Keahole. Makai 4(7):3, 1985a. Chemotactically-active feed additive 5. for prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Culley, Dudley D., Jr., Wayne J. Baldwin, and Progressive Fish-Culture 47(1): 59-61. Kenneth J. Roberts. 1982. The feasibility of Costa-Pierce, Barry A., and Edward A. Laws. mass culture of the bullfrog in Hawaii— a 1985b. Effects of destratification on auto- preliminary evaluation. U.H. Sea Grant trophic and heterotrophic microplankton Cooperative Rep. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-CR-82- productivity in eutrophic aquaculture ponds. 02. 26 pp. Aquaculture 50:141-151. Costa-Pierce, Barry A., D. B. Craven, and Edward A. Laws. 1982. Water quality effects of water hyacinths and fish polycultures in Hawaiian Davidson, Jack R. 1982. Public investment in prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) aquaculture. Proc. Third Annual Big Island aquaculture ponds. Proc. Third Annual Big Aquaculture Conference. Pp. 2-4. Island Aquaculture Conference. Pp. 36-53. Department of Education, State of Hawaii. 1983. Costa-Pierce, Barry A., Spencer R. Malecha, and Aquaculture resource guide. Department of Edward A. Laws. 1985. Effects of polyculture Education, Hawaii. 55 pp. and manure fertilization on water quality Divakaran, S., and Eirik O. Duerr. 1986. and heterotrophic productivity in M acro­ Characteristics of a blue-green alga brachium rosenbergii ponds. Trans. Ameri­ (Spirulina platensis) preserved by can Fisheries Society 114:826-836. acidulation with sulfuric acid. Oceanic Costa-Pierce, Barry A., Laurel Clay, Spencer R. Institute. Unpubl. manuscript. 10 pp. Malecha, and Edward A. Laws. 1984. Poly­ Dollar, Alexander M. 1972. Aquaculture culture of Chinese carps and prawns at development. Proc. Kauai Aquaculture commercial densities and reduced feeding Conference. Pp. 29-31. rates. I. Water and sediment microbial Dollnig, Richard. 1982. Rainbow trout. Proc. ecology. J. World Mariculture Society 15: Third Annual Big Island Aquaculture 367-390. Conference. Pp. 67-68. Costa-Pierce, Barry A., D. B. Craven, D. M. Karl, Dominy, Warren G., and H. Ako. [In press.] The and Edward A. Laws. 1984. Correlation of in utilization of blood meal as a protein situ respiration rates and microbial biomass ingredient in the diet of the marine shrimp in prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Penaeus vannamet Aquaculture. ponds. Aquaculture 37:157-168. Doty, M. S., G. A Santos, and Ong Kah Sin. 1983. Costa-Pierce, Barry A., Spencer R. Malecha, Agar from Gracilaria cylindrica. Aquatic Laurel Clay, and Edward A. Laws. 1986. Botany 15:299-306. Benthic microbial biomass, organic matter, Dwyer, Megan, Charles Tanekanai, and K. Roger and respiration changes in prawn Uwate. 1984. A bibliography of aquaculture (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ponds with activities in the state of Hawaii. Pacific and without fish polycultures. In G. L. Islands Development Program. Pp. 1-25. Rogers, R. Day, and A. Lim, eds. Proc. First International Conference on Warm Water Aquaculture Crustacea, February 9-11, 1983. Brigham Young University, Laie, Hawaii. Pp. 420-428. Fassler, Richard C. 1979. Aquaculture in Crear, David. 1972. Wastewater aquaculture. Hawaii: past and present. U.H. Sea Grant M.S. Thesis. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. College Marine Advisory Program, UNIHI- 63 pp. SEAGRANT-AB-80-05. 2 pp. Crear, David. 1980. Observations on the Fassler, Richard C. 1982a. An overview of reproductive state of milkfish populations marine shrimp and frog culture in Hawaii. (Chanos chanos) from hypersaline ponds on Proc. Third Annual Big Island Aquaculture Christmas Island (Pacific Ocean). Proc. Conference. Pp. 75-77. World Mariculture Society 11:548-556. Fassler, Richard C. 1982b. Development Cripps, M. C., and R. M. Nakamura. 1979. program offers guide to locating aquaculture Inhibition of growth of Macrobrachium land in Hawaii. Aquaculture Magazine rosenbergii by calcium carbonate water (July-August). Pp. 16-20. 4 Fassler, Richard C. 1982c. Locating land for Goldstein, Barry B. 1984. The commercial aquaculture in Hawaii. Proc. Third Annual cultivation of Crassostrea gigas in a land- Big Island Aquaculture Conference. Pp. 16- based, tropical, managed food chain. Aqua­ 20. culture 39:393^402. Fast, Arlo W. 1986a. Low-cost, low-energy Gopalakrishnan, K. 1976. Larval rearing of red floating fish rearing enclosure for Hawaiian shrimp Penaeus marginatus (Crustacea). waters. Aquaculture Development Program, Aquaculture 9:145-154. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Grau, E. Gordon, J. L. Specker, R. S. Nishioka, Hawaii. Final rep. 17 pp. and H. A. Berm. 1982. Factors determining Fast, Arlo W. 1986b. production systems: the occurrence of the surge in thyroid water quality management practices. In J. E. activity in salmon during smoltification. Lannan, R. O. Smitherman, and G. Tcho- Aquaculture 28(l-2):49-57. banoglous, eds. Principles and practices of Grau, E. Gordon, R. S. Nishioka, J. L. Specker, pond aquaculture. Oregon State University and H. A. Berm. 1985. Endocrine involve­ Press, Oregon. Pp. 141-168. ment in the smoltification of salmon. In B. Fast, Arlo W., and Diane Mazarakis. 1985. A new Lofts and W. N. Holmes, eds. Current trends floating fish pen for Hawaiian waters. Proc. in comparative endocrinology. Hong Kong Second International Conference on Warm University Press. Pp. 491-493. Water Aquaculture Finfish. Pp. 189-210. Grau, E. Gordon, Arlo W. Fast, Richard S. Fast, Arlo W., David K. Barclay, and G. Akiyama. Nishioka, Howard A. Bern, David K. Barclay, 1983. Artificial circulation of Hawaiian and Steven A. Katase. 1985. Variations in prawn ponds. U.H. Sea Grant Cooperative thyroid hormone levels and in performance Rep. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-CR-84-01. 83 pp. in the seawater challenge test accompanying Fujimura, T. 1974. Development of a prawn development in coho salmon raised in culture industry in Hawaii. Commercial Hawaii. Aquaculture 45:121-132. Fisheries Research and Development Act Job Completion Rep. 26 pp. Fujimura, T., and H. Okamoto. 1970. Notes on progress made in developing a mass cultur­ Hadfield, Michael G. 1984. Settlement require­ ing technique for Macrobrachium rosen­ ments of molluscan larvae: new data on b ergii in Hawaii. Indo-Pacific Fisheries chemical and genetic roles. Aquaculture Council, 14th Session. 17 pp. 39:283-298. Hagood, R. W., G. N. Roth well, M. Swafford, and M. Tosaki. 1981. Preliminary report on the aquacultural development of the dolphin fish, Coryphaena hippurus (Linnaeus). J. World Mariculture Society 12(1): 135-139. Garcia, David C. 1982. Marketing aquaculture Hamane, Tadayuki, 1982. Marketing approach­ products. Proc. Third Annual Big Island es. Proc. Third Annual Big Island Aqua­ Aquaculture Conference. Pp. 95-96. culture Conference. P. 102. Gautz, Loren D., and Jaw-Kai Wang. 1981. Hawaii Aquaculture Development Program. Mechanical sizing of fresh water prawn 1980-1983. Aquaculture in Hawaii News­ (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). American letter 1(1-5). Society of Aquacultural Engineers, Paper Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology. 1973. Proc. No. 81-6523. 21 pp. Pacific Islands Mariculture Conference, Gibson, Richard Thomas. 1976. A strategy for University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 88 pp. earthen pond prawn production manage­ Helfrich, Philip. 1979. Aquaculture in Hawaii. ment (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). M.S. Proc. Seminar/Workshop on Utilization and Thesis. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 58 Management of Inshore Marine Ecosystems pp. of the Tropical Islands. Pp. 100-101. Gibson, Richard Thomas, and Jaw-Kai Wang. Herrick, S. F., Jr. 1977. Some economic and 1977. An alternative prawn production technological aspects related to commercial system in Hawaii. U.H. Sea Grant Tech. Rep. production of the topminnow P o ecilia UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-77-05. 36 pp. vittata. R. S. Shomura, compiler. Unpubl. Gibson, Richard Thomas, and Jaw-Kai Wang. collection of baitfish papers. Pp. 156-159. 1979. A prawn population management Herrick, Samuel F., Jr., and Wayne J. Baldwin. model. Trans. American Society of Agricul­ 1975. The commercial production of tural Engineers 22(1):207-210, 214. topminnows: a preliminary economic 5 analysis. U.H. Sea Grant Advisory Rep. biota, shrimp ingesta, and relative growth of UNIHI-SEAGRANT-AR-75-02. 23 pp. Penaeus vannamei in earthen ponds. J. Higa, Harry H., Thomas R. Sawa, Vernon T. Sato, World Aquaculture Society 18:162-174. James A. Brock, Sam F. Perri, and Nicholas E. Palumbo. 1982. Aeromonas hydrophilia encountered during survey of leptospirae in prawn farm pond water. J. Environmental Health 45(l):20-23. Holland, Kim. 1978. Chemosensory orientation to food by a Hawaiian goatfish (Parupeneus Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1976a. A practical porphyreus, Mullidae). J. Chemical Ecology volumetric method for estimating post­ 4(2): 173-186. larvae. Anuenue Fisheries Research Center, Holland, Kim. 1985. Detection and food search Honolulu. 6 pp. thresholds of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1976b. Energy trans­ Chemi. Senses 10(3):461. formation and nutrient assimilation by the Horiuchi, Richard H., Steven S. Ogata, and freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosen­ Clayward K. M. Tam. 1981. An assessment of b e r g ii under controlled laboratory molting methods for culturing soft-shell conditions. M.S. Thesis. University of crabs in Hawaii. U.H. Sea Grant Program Hawaii, Honolulu. 119 pp. Working Paper No. 47. 24 pp. Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1976c. Seven monthly Huang, Wen-Yuan, Jaw-Kai Wang, and T. diel measurements of selected water quality Fujimura. 1976. A model for estimating parameters of a prawn (Macrobrachium prawn populations in ponds. Aquaculture rosenbergii) rearing pond, Oahu, Hawaii: 8:57-70. September 1974-March 1975. Anuenue Hugh, Williams I., and Warren Dominy. 1985. Fisheries Research Center, Honolulu. 6 pp. Evaluation of physical form of feed: com­ Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1977. Preliminary parison of swine diets in meal, crumbled, investigation of the effect of ammonia on the pelleted, and extruded form. Hawaii Institute growth and development of newly hatched of Tropical Agriculture and Human Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae. Anue­ Resources Research Series 041, University of nue Fisheries Research Center, Honolulu. 17 Hawaii. 10 pp. pp. Hugh, Williams I., Warren Dominy, and Eirik Duerr. 1985. Evaluation of dehydrated Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1978a. A preliminary spirulina (Spirulina platensis) as a protein investigation on oxygen consumption of replacement in swine starter diets. Hawaii Macrobrachium rosenbergii. U.H. Sea Grant Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human College Program Working Paper No. 31. 14 Resources Research Extension Series 056, pp. University of Hawaii. 12 pp. Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1978b. Natural pond Huguenin, John Edward, and Guy N. Rothwell. productivity of selected freshwater prawn 1979. The problems, economic potentials (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ponds. I. A and system design of large future tropical simple and effective method for the marine fish cage systems. Proc. World separation of annelids from prawn pond Mariculture Society 10:162-181. mud and detrital samples. Anuenue Hunt, Jeffrey W. 1982. Getting started in back­ Fisheries Research Center, Honolulu. 6 pp. yard aquaculture. Proc. Third Annual Big Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1978c. Natural pond Island Aquaculture Conference. Pp. 58-66. productivity of selected freshwater prawn Hunt, Jeffrey W., R. Y. Ito, A. Zirker, E. A. Birch, (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ponds. II. The D. L. Norton, S. F. Gemler, A. A. Fegley, S. K. composition and vertical distribution of Warlop, and E. Emce Gemler. 1979. Coopera­ benthic macrofauna from pond berm mud tive G ra cila ria project—environmental samples. Anuenue Fisheries Research factors affecting the growth rate of Graci­ Center, Honolulu. 8 pp. laria bursapastoris (ogo) and G racilaria Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1978d. Natural pond coronopifolia (limu manauea). Marine Skill productivity of selected freshwater prawn Rep., Marine Option Program, Windward (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ponds. III. Community College, Working Paper No. 49. Distribution of benthic organisms from 171 pp. detrital “ooze,” surface, and bottom mud Hunter, Brian, Gary Pruder, and James Wyban. samples. Anuenue Fisheries Research 1987. Biochemical composition of pond Center, Honolulu. 10 pp.

6 Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1978e. Natural pond Kato, Kenneth N. 1972. Problems associated productivity of selected freshwater prawn with the commercial production of aqua­ (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ponds. IV. A culture products. Proc. Kauai Aquaculture simple technique in acquiring benthic and Conference. Pp. 17-21. berm mud samples in assessing prawn pond Kay, E. Alison, Gladys C. Corpuz, and William H. productivity. Anuenue Fisheries Research Magruder. 1982. Opihi: their biology and Center, Honolulu. 7 pp. culture. Aquaculture Development Program Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1979. A limnological Rep., Department of Land and Natural investigation of selected water quality Resources, Hawaii. 98 pp. parameters from a freshwater prawn Kikuchi, William Kenji. 1973. Hawaiian (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) rearing pond, aquacultural system. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oahu, Hawaii. Anuenue Fisheries Research University of Arizona. 299 pp. Center, Honolulu. 38 pp. Klemm, Rick. 1981. Study shows frozen prawns Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1983. Disinfection to be nearly “fresh” in taste. Makai 3(8): 1-3. procedure of the Anuenue Fisheries Research Kneale, Douglas C. 1979. Factors affecting the Center’s prawn hatchery, seawater tower, survival and growth of nursery reared and seawater well. Anuenue Fisheries Macrobrachium rosenbergii. M.S. Thesis. Research Center, Honolulu. 15 pp. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 64 pp. Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr. 1986. Phytoplankton Kneale, Douglas C., and Jaw-Kai Wang. 1979. A observed in Macrobrachium rosenbergii laboratory investigation of Macrobrachium prawn ponds receiving either artesian, rosenbergii nursery production. Proc. World stream, or reservoir source water. In G. L. Mariculture Society 10:359-368. Rogers, R. Day, and A. Lim, eds. Proc. First Kraul, Syd. 1983. Results and hypotheses for the International Conference on Warm Water propagation of the grey mullet, M u g il Aquaculture Crustacea, February 9-11, 1983. cephalus L. Aquaculture 30:273-284. Brigham Young University, Laie, Hawaii. 26 Kraul, Syd. 1984. Progress in the culture of pp. larval marine fishes at the Waikiki Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr., and Jodi Nakamura. Aquarium. Aquaculture Planning Commit­ 1983. Observations made on the effects of tee Rep. 8 pp. rotenone to the freshwater prawn, M acro­ Kraul, Syd. 1985. Comparative hatchery charac­ brachium rosenbergii, and fish Tilapia spp. teristics of yellowtail jack, Seriola lalandei, Anuenue Fisheries Research Center, Hono­ and mahimahi. Proc. Second International lulu. 27 pp. Conference on Warm Water Aquaculture Iwai, Thomas Yoshio, Jr., Francis G. Oishi, and Finfish. Pp. 99-108. Ronnie Y. Shimojo. 1985. Preliminary Kraul, Syd, Alan Nelson, and Diana Wenzel. investigation of hatchery water quality 1985. Feeding requirements of larval parameters from selected prawn (M acro­ Coryphaena hippurus. Larval Research brachium rosenbergii) larvae production Department, Waikiki Aquarium. Unpubl. and phytoplankton tanks. Anuenue Fish­ manuscript. 20 pp. eries Research Center, Honolulu. 46 pp. Kuamoo, Diane Mazarakis. 1986. A least cost trout feed trial: Lokowaka Pond, Hilo. Marine Options Program, University of Hawaii, Hilo. Final rep. 5 pp. Kaneko, Jiro John. 1983. An investigation of a Kuo, Ching-Ming, and Colin E. Nash. 1975. monogentic trematode infestation of tilapia Recent progress on the control of ovarian (Oreochromis mossambicus) in seawater. development and induced spawning of the M.S. Thesis. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.). Aquaculture 75 pp. 5:19-29. Katase, Steve. 1982. The American eel: a good Kuo, Ching-Ming, and Colin E. Nash. 1979. candidate for commercial aquaculture in Annual reproductive cycle of milkfish, Hawaii. Proc. Third Annual Big Island Chanos chanos Forskal, in Hawaiian Aquaculture Conference. Pp. 72-74. waters. Aquaculture 16:247-251. Katase, Steven A., Arlo W. Fast, and David Kuo, Ching-Ming, and W. O. Watanabe. 1978. Barclay. 1985. Induced maturation and Circadian responses of teleostean oocytes to ovulation of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, gonadotropins and prostaglandins in seawater using photoperiod control. Proc. determined by cyclic AMP concentration. Second International Conference on Warm Annales De Biologie Animale Biochimie Water Aquaculture Finfish. Pp. 481^192. Biophysique 18(4):949-956. 7 Kuo, Ching-Ming, Ziad H. Shehadeh, and Colin Laws, Edward A., and Spencer R. Malecha. 1981. E. Nash. 1973. Induced spawning of captive Application of a nutrient-saturated growth grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) females by model to phytoplankton management in injection of human chorionic gonadotropin freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosen­ (HCG). Aquaculture 1:429-432. bergii) ponds in Hawaii. Aquaculture 24:91- Kuo, Ching-Ming, Colin E. Nash, and Ziad H. 101 . Shehadeh. 1974a. A procedural guide to Laws, Edward A., K. L. Terry, J. Wickman, and M. induce spawning in grey mullet [M u gil S. Chulup. 1983. A simple algal production cephalus L.). Aquaculture 3:1-14. system designed to utilize the flashing light Kuo, Ching-Ming, Colin E. Nash, and Ziad H. effect. J. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Shehadeh. 1974b. The effects of temperature 25:2319-2335. and photoperiod on ovarian development in Laws, Edward A., S. Taguchi, J. Hirata, and L. captive grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L). Pang. 1986. High algal production rates Aquaculture 3:25-43. achieved in a shallow outdoor flume. J. Kuo, Ching-Ming, Colin E. Nash, and W. O. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28(2): Watanabe. 1979. Induced breeding experi­ 191-197. ments with milkfish, Chanos chanos Leary, D., and Thomas Yoshio Iwai, Jr. 1974. A Forskal, in Hawaii. Aquaculture 18:95-105. five-month study of selected water quality Kurisu, Derek. 1982. Marketing approaches. parameters in a freshwater prawn (Macro­ Proc. Third Annual Big Island Aquaculture brachium rosenbergii) rearing pond. Hawaii Conference. Pp. 103-104. Institute of Marine Biology. Unpubl. manu­ Kuwabara, James S. 1975. The application of a script. 58 pp. statistical optimization technique for the Leber, Kenneth M. [Submitted.] Feeding ecology culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii of Penaeus vannamei in growout ponds: larvae (giant Malaysian, prawn). U.H. Sea natural foods versus pelletized feed. Aqua­ Grant College Program Working Paper No. 9. culture. 37 pp. 43 pp. Lee, Cheng-Sheng. 1985. Environmental factors in the reproduction of milkfish. In Cheng- Sheng Lee and I-Chiu Liao, eds. Reproduction and culture of milkfish. Oceanic Institute and Tungkang Marine Laboratory, Waima- nalo, Hawaii. Pp. 99-114. Lam, Chee Y., and Jaw-Kai Wang. 1985. Lee, Cheng-Sheng, and Bruno Menu. 1981. Estimating harvest efficiency of freshwater Effects of salinity on egg development and prawns. American Society of Agricultural hatching in grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. J. Engineers, 1985 Summer Meeting. Paper No. Fish Biology 19:179-188. 85-5010. 17 pp. Lee, Cheng-Sheng, and F. Hu. 1983. Influences of Lam, Chee Y., and Jaw-Kai Wang. 1986. Ca and Mg ions on the egg survival of grey Engineering research for improvement of mullet, Mugil cephalus L. J. Fish Biology freshwater prawn harvest yield in Hawaii. 22:13-20. Agricultural Engineering 5(2-4) :313-323. Lee, Cheng-Sheng, and Robert A. Shleser. 1984. Landau, Matthew. [In press.] Nutritional Production of Penaeus vannamei in cattle composition of the Great Salt Lake strain of manure-enriched ecosystems in Hawaii. J. brine shrimp reared in a manure/aqua­ World Mariculture Society 15:52-60. culture system. Southwest Naturalist. Lee, Cheng-Sheng, and James N. Sweeney. 1985. Landau, Matthew, Garret Miyamoto, and Morphometric studies on three penaeid Christine Bolis. 1985. Growth and amino shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, P. vannamei, acid composition of Artemia salina (L., 1758) and P. marginatus in Hawaii. Proc. First fed grown in different media International Conference on the Culture of (anostraca). Crustaceana 49(3):318-321. Penaeid Prawns/Shrimp. Philippines. P. Landau, Matthew, Christine Bolis, and Garret 176. Miyamoto. 1986. A method for the Lee, Cheng-Sheng, and Clyde S. Tamaru. 1986. production of the brine shrimp, A rtem ia Application of LHRH-a cholesterol pellets to salina Leach, in a manure-based system. maturation of milkfish. Proc. UJNR Panel Agricultural Wastes 15:79-83. on Aquaculture. Kyoto, Japan. Laws, Edward A. 1986. Unstructured food webs: a Lee, Cheng-Sheng, and G. M. Weber. 1986. Effects model for aquaculture. Aquacultural Engin­ of salinity and photoperiod on 17 a-methyl- eering 5(2-4): 161-170. testosterone induced spennatogenesis in the

8 grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L. Aquaculture single application of LHRH-analogue. 56:53-62. Aquaculture 58:87-98. Lee, Cheng-Sheng, Clyde S. Tamaru, and G. M. Lee, Cheng-Sheng, Clyde S. Tamaru, J. E. Banno, Weber. [In press.] Studies on the maturation C. D. Kelley, A. Bocek, and Jim A. Wyban. and spawning of milkfish Chanos chanos 1986. Induced maturation and spawning of Forskal in a photoperiod controlled room. J. milkfish, Chanos chanos Forskal, by hor­ World Aquaculture Society. mone implantation. Aquaculture 52:199- Lee, Cheng-Sheng, James N. Sweeney, and 205. William K. Richards, Jr. 1985. The effects of Lee, Kendrick K. F. 1984. Promotion of a new stocking densities on growth and survival of aquaculture product—“Hawaiian prawns.” J. Penaeus vannamei in cow manure-enriched World Mariculture Society 15:339-340. ponds. Proc. First International Conference Lee, Kendrick K. F., John S. Corbin, and William on the Culture of Penaeid Prawns/Shrimp. A. Brewer. 1983. Overview of oyster culture Philippines. P. 170. in Hawaii and various United States Pacific Lee, Cheng-Sheng, Clyde S. Tamaru, and L. W. island territories. Proc. North American Crim. 1985. Preparation of a luteinizing Oyster Workshop, March 1981. World hormone-releasing hormone cholesterol Mariculture Society, Special Publication No. pellet and its implantation in the milkfish 1. Pp. 70-85. (Chanos chanos Forskal). In Cheng-Sheng Leung, PingSun. 1986. Applications of systems Lee and I-Chiu Liao, eds. Reproduction and modeling in aquaculture. Aquacultural culture of milkfish. Oceanic Institute and Engineering 5(2-4): 171-182. Tungkang Marine Laboratory, Waimanalo, Leung, PingSun, and Yung C. Shang. 1982. Hawaii. Pp. 215-226. Economics of polyculture: implications Lee, Cheng-Sheng, Malcolm S. Gordon, and Wade from ecological principles. J. International O. Watanabe, eds. 1986. Aquaculture of Society of Ecological Modeling 4(3—4): 151— milkfish ( Chanos chanos): state of the art. 161. Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, Hawaii. 284 Leung, PingSun, Lou A. Fallon, and Yung C. pp. Shang. 1984. Bioeconomic modeling of Lee, Cheng-Sheng, James N. Sweeney, and freshwater prawn production: the Hawaiian William K. Richards, Jr. 1986. Marine experience. J. International Society of shrimp aquaculture: a novel waste treatment Ecological Modeling 6(l-2):25-37. system. Aquacultural Engineering 5(2— Lightner, D. V., R. M. Redman, and T. A. Bell. 4): 147-160. 1983a. Infectious hypodermal and hemato­ Lee, Cheng-Sheng, Clyde S. Tamaru, and Chris poietic necrosis, a newly recognized virus D. Kelley. 1986. Technique for making disease of penaeid shrimp. J. Invertebrate chronic-release LHRH-a and 17 a-methyl- Pathology 42:62-70. testosterone pellets for intramuscular Lightner, D. V., R. M. Redman, and T. A. Bell. implantation in fishes. Aquaculture 59:161- 1983b. Observations on the geographic 168. distribution, pathogenesis and morphology Lee, Cheng-Sheng, G. M. Weber, and Clyde of the baculovirus from Penaeus monodon Tamaru. 1986. Effect of orally administered Fabricius. Aquaculture 32:209-233. 17 a-methyl-testosterone on spermato­ Lightner, D. V., R. M. Redman, and T. A. Bell. genesis in immature milkfish, C hanos 1986. Histopathology and diagnostic chanos Forskal. J. Fish Biology 29:567-572. methods for IHHN and MBV diseases in Lee, Cheng-Sheng, Clyde S. Tamaru, Garret T. cultured penaeid shrimp. In G. L. Rogers, R. Miyamoto, and Chris D. Kelley. 1987. Day, and A. Lim, eds. Proc. First Induced spawning of grey mullet (M ugil International Conference on Warm Water cephalus) by LHRH-a. Aquaculture 62:327- Aquaculture Crustacea, February 9-11, 1983. 336.. Brigham Young University, Laie, Hawaii. Pp. Lee, Cheng-Sheng, Clyde S. Tamaru, Jessie E. 291-303. Banno, and Chris D. Kelley. 1986. Influence Lightner, D. V., R. M. Redman, T. A. Bell, and J. of chronic administration of LHRH- A. Brock. 1983. Detection of IHHN virus in analogue and/or 17 a-methyl-testosterone Penaeus stylirostris and P. vannamei on maturation in milkfish, Chanos chanos. imported into Hawaii. J. World Mariculture Aquaculture 59:147-159. Society 14:212-225. Lee, Cheng-Sheng, Clyde S. Tamaru, Chris D. Lightner, D. V., R. M. Redman, T. A. Bell, and J. Kelley, and Jessie E. Banno. 1986. Induced A. Brock. 1984. An idiopathic proliferative spawning of milkfish, Chanos chanos, by a disease syndrome of the midgut and ventral

9 nerve in the kuruma prawn, P en a eu s Hemisphere (state-of-the-art reviews and japonicus Bate, cultured in Hawaii. J. Fish status assessments). Dowden, Hutchinson & Diseases 7:183-191. Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Pp. Losordo, Thomas M. 1980. An investigation of 328-355. the oxygen demand materials of the water Malecha, Spencer R. 1978. Development of column in prawn grow-out ponds. M.S. prawn aquaculture in Hawaii. The Thesis. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 102 Commercial Fish Farmer and Aquaculture pp. News 4(3): 14-18. Losordo, Thomas M., Jaw-Kai Wang, Mark J. Malecha, Spencer R. 1980. Development and Brooks, and Chee Y. Lam. 1986. A mech­ general characterization of genetic stocks as anized seine harvest system for freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergii and their prawns. Aquacultural Engineering 5(1): 1-15. hybrids for domestication. U.H. Sea Grant Quarterly 2(4): 1-6. Malecha, Spencer R. 1983a. Commercial seed production of the freshwater prawn, Macro­ brachium rosenbergii, in Hawaii. In J. P. McVey, ed. CRC handbook of mariculture, Vol. 1, Crustacean aquaculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 205-230. Malecha, Spencer R. 1983b. Commercial pond production of the freshwater prawn Macro­( Macaulay, Patrick J., Karl C. Samples, and Yung brachium rosenbergii) in Hawaii. In J. P. C. Shang. 1986. Assessing the performance McVey, ed. CRC handbook of mariculture. of market distribution channels for Vol. 1, Crustacean aquaculture. CRC Press, aquacultured products: the case of Hawaii Boca Raton, Florida. Pp. 231-259. produced marine shrimp. In G. L. Rogers, R. Malecha, Spencer R. 1983c. Crustacean genetics Day, and A. Lim, eds. Proc. First Inter­ and breeding: an overview. Aquaculture national Conference on Warm Water 33:395-413. Aquaculture Crustacea, February 9-11, 1983. Malecha, Spencer R. 1986. New techniques for Brigham Young University, Laie, Hawaii. Pp. the assessment and optimal management of 34-42. growth and standing crop variation in the Madden, William D., and Craig L. Paulsen. 1977. cultured freshwater prawn. Aquacultural The potential for mullet and milkfish Engineering 5(2-4): 183-197. culture in Hawaiian fishponds. Oceanic Malecha, Spencer R., D. Sarver, and David R. Institute Rep. for the State of Hawaii, Onizuka. 1980. Approaches to the study of Department of Planning and Economic domestication in the freshwater prawn, Development. 54 pp. Macrobrachium rosenbergii, with special Madenjian, Charles P., Gary L. Rogers, and Arlo emphasis on the Anuenue and Malaysian W. Fast. 1985. Microcomputer modeling of stocks. Proc. World Mariculture Society night time dissolved oxygen dynamics in 11:500-528. Hawaiian prawn ponds. Proc. Second Malecha, Spencer R., J. Polovina, and R. Moav. International Conference on Warm Water 1981. Multi-stage rotational stocking and Aquaculture Finfish. Pp. 211-221. harvesting system for year-round culture of Madenjian, Charles P., Gaiy L. Rogers, and Arlo the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium W. Fast. 1987. Predicting night time rosenbergii. U.H. Sea Grant Tech. Rep. dissolved oxygen loss in prawn ponds of UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-81-01. 26 pp. Hawaii: Part I. Evaluation of traditional Malecha, Spencer R., Scott Masuno, and David methods. Aquacultural Engineering 6:191- R. Onizuka. 1984. The feasibility of 208. measuring the heritability of growth pattern Madenjian, Charles P., Gary L. Rogers, and Arlo variation in juvenile freshwater prawns, W. Fast. 1987. Predicting night time Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). dissolved oxygen loss in prawn ponds of Aquaculture 38:347-363. Hawaii: Part II. A new method. Aquacultural Malecha, Spencer R., D. H. Buck, R. J. Baur, and Engineering 6:209-225. David R. Onizuka. 1981. Polyculture of the Malecha, Spencer R. 1977. 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