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Historical Floods in New England

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Historical Floods in New England The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Maine History Documents Special Collections 1964 Historical Floods in New England M. T. Thomson William B. Gannon M. P. Thomas G. S. Hayes Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistory Part of the History Commons, and the Other Earth Sciences Commons This Report is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine History Documents by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. APR 2U 1364 Historical Floods in New England GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-M Historical Floods in New England By M. T. THOMSON, W. B. CANNON, M. P. THOMAS, G. S. HAYES, and others CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-M UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.G. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract__ _ ___-_-___---_--_________-___._-_.______-___-________ Ml Introduction._____________________________________________________ 1 Flood chronology.___________________________________________________ 7 Floods prior to 1620---___-_-_________________-___-----____ 7 Floods after 1620__-_._.__.....___-________...______ 8 1635._________________________________________________ & 1639.______________________________________...._-_.._._ 8 -_--------_--_--___-----_---__------ -___-----_-_- 8 __.___ --_______ __________-_-__ _ _- - __ 8 _-_______________________________________________ 8 -_--________________________-----______________ 8 1729_________________.___________________________________ 9 1740____________________________________________________. 9 1757.__-_-___-__-_-_._..._-__________--____-___,_-_--__._ 9 -_-----_-___-__.___________________________________ 9 ____-______________________________________________ 9 1771_____________________________________________________ 10 1772._.._________________________________________________ 10 1775__------.----_-__________--__._______-___-._---_._.__ 10 1784__..__...--_____._.____.__._._._-______.__..-.._. .__ 11 1785___-_____-_____-___________-_____ __________________ 11 1789 _ ______ _ ______________ __ _ _ __________ _ _______ 13 1797_____________________________________________________ 13 1801.____________________________________________________ 13 1804____.._....__.._.___-._.._..___.____._._.__._________ 14 1807_____________________________________________________ 14 1811__-______-_ _______ _ ____________ _ __ _ ______ _ __ 15 1814.---_--_---_--___..____...._______-_________-.-___.__ 16 1818_____________________________________________________ 16 1820 ________________ __________________________________ 17 1823.------_-_-----_--.____._____-_______--__-__--._-__-_ 17 1824._.__.__._..._._ ..___..__.____..___.._____.__._..___ 17 1826__._.____..--_.____.__..___._...____..____.____.__.__ 18 1827__-_--.___..____._________..._._________._.___._._.._ 19 1828. __ __ _----____-____________-_ ______-_______ 20 1880__ ______ _ __________________________ _ _ _ ______ 21 ___-_. .___._.__.._...___.___...__..___._..___._____ 22 ----.____-______._.___..__.__..-______-___-_-___.._ 22 1839.____________________________________________________ 22 1841_____________________________________________________ 23 1843____._--_.____ -_..._-.____._______.._-_______._..___ 24 1846---..__.-_--__-____...-_________._.__________________ 24 1850.--_-_--__-_--______________.-__________________.____ 25 1852.._____._________.__.____.______.._____..____....____ 25 .-__-_________.____________________________________ 27 m IV CONTENTS Flood chronology Continued Floods after 1620 Continued Pag* 1854_______---_____-___________________________ M29 1855_______________________________________________ 31 1857__________________________________________________ 32 1859__________________________________________________ 32 1861____________________________________________.__ 33 1862_______________________________________________ 33 1865_________.___________________________________________ 34 1866___________________________________________________ 34 1867___________________________________________________ 35 1868___________________________________________________ 36 1869______-___-.-___.____________________________________ 36 1870___________________________________________________ 45 1874___________________________________________________ 46 1875____________-_____-_____-___-________________________ 47 1876__________________________________________________ 47 1877.___-___-_______-___-_______-_-_--_-__-___.________ 49 1878_____________________________________________________ 49 1882______._._.__.____._...._______..__.__.__..____ 51 1886___________________________________________________ 52 1887___________________________________________________ 55 1891________________________-___-_____-_-________________ 55 1895__________ ______________________________________ 56 1896________________________________________________ __ 58 1897_____________________________________________________ 61 1900___________________________________________________ 62 1901______________________________________ 63 1905__________________________________________________ 64 1909___________________________________________________ 64 1913__________________________.___________ 64 1923_________________________________________ 65 1924______________________-________-_-.________ 66 1927_________________________________________________ 67 1928___________________,_________________________________ 74 1933_______________________________________________ 74 1936___________________________________________________ 75 1938___________________________________________________ 86 1953_____________________________________________________ 91 1955_______________________________________________ 91 Dates of floods, by streams_____________-__-._-_________ 98 References_______________________________________ 102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES HISTORICAL FLOODS IN NEW ENGLAND By M. T. THOMSON, W. B. GANNON, M. P. THOMAS, G. S. HAYES, and others ABSTRACT One or more of the great recent New England floods of 1927, 1936, 1938, and 1955 exceeded the greatest known historical floods on most of the major rivers. Locally, on tributary streams, the great floods of recent years probably exceeded historical floods, but the certainty diminishes for the floods that occurred prior to the observance of living witnesses. This report presents, by year, a condensation of the data on unusual historical floods (floods that occurred before establishment of gaging stations) and the sources of this evidence. This information will be helpful in the determination of the frequency of the highest flood or floods of record. Such determinations are necessary for studies of flood frequencies and magnitudes, which in turn are necessary for studies of relative costs and benefits of flood-control measures and of bridges, and for the evaluation of flood-plain insurance and zoning measures. INTRODUCTION Information on historical floods (those that occurred before estab­ lishment of gaging stations) differs from that on more recent floods in that the earlier information does not include explicit physical dimen­ sions which gaging-station records supply for the recorded floods. The gaging-station record provides, at the specific site, the date and time of the flood, the height of the flood, its maximum discharge, the volume of water, the speed with which the flood waters collect and move downstream, and the rates of rise and fall of the water level. It also shows the effects of the channel configuration both natural and manmade influences such as ice jams, log jams, dams, levees, and detention reservoirs. Of these many physical dimensions of a flood, only two can be ex­ pected to be available for historical floods the date of occurrence and height of the water surface. The approximate date of the histori­ cal flood can usually be determined. Less often, the height of the flood may have been described. Only at a few localities are the heights of historical floods referred to fixed landmarks, such as the crest of a dam or to a gage. When this does occur, it is possible to compare these heights with the heights of other floods. Ml M2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES The comparison of the magnitudes of historical floods with those of recorded floods depends mostly on two assumptions, both of which are akin to circumstantial evidence: First, that information concern­ ing a given locality has comparative transfer value to another locality; and second, that witnesses of local floods made reliable observations of the relative magnitudes of the floods. The first assumption rests on the dimensional information at dams, gages, and other permanent landmarks. If the landmark is perma­ nent and the channel conditions are unchanged, the heights of histori­ cal floods may be compared to the heights of recorded floods, at that site. Flood heights alone, however, have limited transfer value when used to determine relative flood heights at other localities. If the flood height can be converted to flood discharge by means of flow determinations over dams or from current-meter measurements during the recent floods, the information has
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