Example of Nature and Nurture Work Together
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Heritability in the Era of Molecular Genetics: Some Thoughts for Understanding Genetic Influences on Behavioural Traits
European Journal of Personality, Eur. J. Pers. 25: 254–266 (2011) Published online (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/per.836 Heritability in the Era of Molecular Genetics: Some Thoughts for Understanding Genetic Influences on Behavioural Traits WENDY JOHNSON1,2*, LARS PENKE1 and FRANK M. SPINATH3 1Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology and Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 2Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 3Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany Abstract: Genetic influences on behavioural traits are ubiquitous. When behaviourism was the dominant paradigm in psychology, demonstrations of heritability of behavioural and psychological constructs provided important evidence of its limitations. Now that genetic influences on behavioural traits are generally accepted, we need to recognise the limitations of heritability as an indicator of both the aetiology and likelihood of discovering molecular genetic associations with behavioural traits. We review those limitations and conclude that quantitative genetics and genetically informative research designs are still critical to understanding the roles of gene‐environment interplay in developmental processes, though not necessarily in the ways commonly discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: genetic influences; twin study; heritability Much is often made of new findings of the presence of environmental influences but emphasised that these genetic influences -
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B. M ü ller, G ü nter P. Wagner, and Werner Callebaut, editors The Evolution of Cognition , edited by Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber, 2000 Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Development and Evolutionary Biology , edited by Gerd B. M ü ller and Stuart A. Newman, 2003 Environment, Development, and Evolution: Toward a Synthesis , edited by Brian K. Hall, Roy D. Pearson, and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2004 Evolution of Communication Systems: A Comparative Approach , edited by D. Kimbrough Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2004 Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems , edited by Werner Callebaut and Diego Rasskin-Gutman, 2005 Compositional Evolution: The Impact of Sex, Symbiosis, and Modularity on the Gradualist Framework of Evolution , by Richard A. Watson, 2006 Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment , by Robert G. B. Reid, 2007 Modeling Biology: Structure, Behaviors, Evolution , edited by Manfred D. Laubichler and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2007 Evolution of Communicative Flexibility: Complexity, Creativity, and Adaptability in Human and Animal Communication , edited by Kimbrough D. Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2008 Functions in Biological and Artifi cial Worlds: Comparative Philosophical Perspectives , edited by Ulrich Krohs and Peter Kroes, 2009 Cognitive Biology: Evolutionary and Developmental Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior , edited by Luca Tommasi, Mary A. Peterson, and Lynn Nadel, 2009 Innovation in Cultural Systems: Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology , edited by Michael J. O ’ Brien and Stephen J. Shennan, 2010 The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited , edited by Brett Calcott and Kim Sterelny, 2011 Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology , edited by Snait B. -
High Heritability of Telomere Length, but Low Evolvability, and No Significant
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.16.423128; this version posted December 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 High heritability of telomere length, but low evolvability, and no significant 2 heritability of telomere shortening in wild jackdaws 3 4 Christina Bauch1*, Jelle J. Boonekamp1,2, Peter Korsten3, Ellis Mulder1, Simon Verhulst1 5 6 Affiliations: 7 1 Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 8 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands 9 2 present address: Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College 10 of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United 11 Kingdom 12 3 Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, 13 Germany 14 15 16 * Correspondence to: 17 [email protected] 18 19 Running head: High heritability of telomere length bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.16.423128; this version posted December 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 20 Abstract 21 Telomere length (TL) and shortening rate predict survival in many organisms. Evolutionary 22 dynamics of TL in response to survival selection depend on the presence of genetic variation 23 that selection can act upon. However, the amount of standing genetic variation is poorly known 24 for both TL and TL shortening rate, and has not been studied for both traits in combination in 25 a wild vertebrate. -
Effects of Current Nature Versus Nurture Based Treatments On
Rollins Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 2 Article 4 Issue 1 RURJ Spring 2010 4-1-2007 Effects of Current Nature Versus Nurture Based Treatments on Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With Conduct Disorder Rebecca Schneider Rollins College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.rollins.edu/rurj Recommended Citation Schneider, Rebecca (2010) "Effects of Current Nature Versus Nurture Based Treatments on Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With Conduct Disorder," Rollins Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://scholarship.rollins.edu/rurj/vol2/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Rollins Scholarship Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rollins Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized administrator of Rollins Scholarship Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Schneider: Treatments for Conduct Disorder Treatments for Conduct Disorder 1 Running head: CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR CONDUCT DISORDER Effects of Current Nature Versus Nurture Based Treatments on Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With Conduct Disorder Rebecca A. Schneider Rollins College, Hamilton Holt School Published by Rollins Scholarship Online, 2010 1 Rollins Undergraduate Research Journal, Vol. 2 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 4 Treatments for Conduct Disorder 2 Abstract A review of literature was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of nature versus nurture based therapies on children and adolescents diagnosed with conduct disorder. Physiological or nature based studies included research on the effects of 5-HT uptake in platelets, a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor called paroxetine, as well as the stimulants methylphenidate and clonidine. The 5-HT uptake study provided significant data correlating 5-HT uptake with reactive or retaliatory aggression. -
Environment-Sensitive Epigenetics and the Heritability of Complex Diseases
INVESTIGATION Environment-Sensitive Epigenetics and the Heritability of Complex Diseases Robert E. Furrow,*,1 Freddy B. Christiansen,† and Marcus W. Feldman* *Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, and †Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark ABSTRACT Genome-wide association studies have thus far failed to explain the observed heritability of complex human diseases. This is referred to as the “missing heritability” problem. However, these analyses have usually neglected to consider a role for epigenetic variation, which has been associated with many human diseases. We extend models of epigenetic inheritance to investigate whether environment-sensitive epigenetic modifications of DNA might explain observed patterns of familial aggregation. We find that variation in epigenetic state and environmental state can result in highly heritable phenotypes through a combination of epigenetic and environmental inheritance. These two inheritance processes together can produce familial covariances significantly higher than those predicted by models of purely epigenetic inheritance and similar to those expected from genetic effects. The results suggest that epigenetic variation, inherited both directly and through shared environmental effects, may make a key contribution to the missing heritability. HE challenges of identifying the common or rare genes a change in DNA sequence. Such modifications include Tthat contribute to the transmission of heritable human methylation of cytosine nucleotides at CpG sites and histone diseases and other complex phenotypes have been discussed protein modification. Such epigenetic modifications may be for some time (Moran 1973; Layzer 1974; Feldman and transmissible across generations or arise de novo each gen- Lewontin 1975; Kamin and Goldberger 2002). -
The Importance of Heritability in Psychological Research: the Case of Attitudes
Psychological Review Copyright 1993 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1993, Vol. 100, No. 1,129-142 0033-295X/93/S3.00 The Importance of Heritability in Psychological Research: The Case of Attitudes Abraham Tesser It is argued that differences in response heritability may have important implications for the testing of general psychological theories, that is, responses that differ in heritability may function differ- ently. For example, attitudes higher in heritability are shown to be responded to more quickly, to be more resistant to change, and to be more consequential in the attitude similarity attraction relation- ship. The substantive results are interpreted in terms of attitude strength and niche building. More generally, the implications of heritability for the generality and typicality of treatment effects are also discussed. Although psychologists clearly recognize the impact of genet- heritabilities is both long and surprising. As noted earlier, the ics on behavior, their theories rarely reflect this knowledge. intellectual abilities domain has received the most press, and Most theories assume that behavior is relatively plastic and is the genetic contribution to that domain is well documented shaped almost entirely by situational parameters. The possibil- (e.g., Loehlin, Willerman, & Horn, 1988; Plomin & Rende, ity that a response may have a high heritability is often ignored. 1991). There is also evidence of genetic contributions to spe- I argue here that ignoring this possibility is consequential. The cific cognitive abilities, school achievement, creativity, reading vehicle used in this article is attitudes. This vehicle was chosen disability, and mental retardation (see Plomin, 1989, for a re- because it is a domain with which I have some familiarity; it is a view). -
Child Development a Practical Introduction
Child Development a practical introduction 00-Crowley-Prelims.indd 3 12/18/2013 3:49:49 PM 1 Introduction to Child Development Why you should read this chapter This book focuses on the study of child development from birth to 8 years. From our own observations of children, we are all aware of the tremendous changes that take place during this period: in the space of a few years, not only do children grow in the physical sense, they also acquire skills in language and communication, the capacity to think and reason about the world, and skills in social interaction. The study of child development is not just fascinating in its own right; knowledge gained from studying development can also impact on many practical issues regarding the care, education and wellbeing of children. This book presents an overview of research and theory in various aspects of child development, but before we look at these, this chapter and Chapters 2 and 3 will aim to provide some basic context for the study of development as a whole. In this chapter we will look at some basic issues in child development and some of the broad theoretical approaches to understanding development. (Continued) 1 01_Crowley_Ch-01.indd 1 12/18/2013 3:49:53 PM 2 Child Development: A Practical Introduction (Continued) By the end of this chapter you should • be aware of the various domains of development that are of interest to researchers in this field • understand some basic issues in the study of development including the role of nature versus nurture, and whether development proceeds in a continuous or discontinuous manner • be aware of the different theoretical approaches to development including psychoanalytic, learning theory, cognitive-developmental, ethological and evo- lutionary psychology, and bioecological approaches • have a basic understanding of some specific theories from the various approaches. -
Nature (MAOA) and Nurture in a Criminal
UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal Nature (MAOA) and Nurture in a Criminal By Julian Highsmith, Mark Mercado, Jose Hernandez, & Susana Madrigal Abstract In this literature review, we will be discussing the nature and nurture aspects that make up a criminal’s mind. Studies such as McDermott, et al. and Pickles, et al. have shown that low levels of monoamine oxidase a gene (MAOA) lead to higher rates of aggression. The study conducted by McDermott, et al. compared two groups—low MAOA (MAOA-L) and high MAOA (MAOA-H)—of male participants to each other, and the researchers concluded that the participants with MAOA-L showed more signs of aggression versus the participants with MAOA-H that showed low levels of aggression. Pickles, et al. (2013) conducted a study which studied two groups of infants that had different maternal sensitivity and MAOA levels. The researchers from this study concluded that MAOA and nature are two contributing factors to aggression. The serial killer Ted Bundy is an example of this idea. Having a loving family, but low levels of MAOA, Bundy showed high levels of aggression. The purpose of this literature review is to emphasize the theory that nature and nurture are prime factors to a serial killer’s mind. Key terms: MAOA, Nature, Nurture, Genetics, Gene Environment Interaction, Psychology Factorials, Criminology, Ted Bundy NATURE (MAOA) AND NURTURE IN A CRIMINAL Introduction Serial killers are important to this country, because most of the world’s serial killers are American citizens (Aamodt, 2014). Being aware of what previous killers have done is important in trying to define how a criminal thinks and how certain events or personalities are correlated to a criminal. -
An Introduction to Quantitative Genetics I Heather a Lawson Advanced Genetics Spring2018 Outline
An Introduction to Quantitative Genetics I Heather A Lawson Advanced Genetics Spring2018 Outline • What is Quantitative Genetics? • Genotypic Values and Genetic Effects • Heritability • Linkage Disequilibrium and Genome-Wide Association Quantitative Genetics • The theory of the statistical relationship between genotypic variation and phenotypic variation. 1. What is the cause of phenotypic variation in natural populations? 2. What is the genetic architecture and molecular basis of phenotypic variation in natural populations? • Genotype • The genetic constitution of an organism or cell; also refers to the specific set of alleles inherited at a locus • Phenotype • Any measureable characteristic of an individual, such as height, arm length, test score, hair color, disease status, migration of proteins or DNA in a gel, etc. Nature Versus Nurture • Is a phenotype the result of genes or the environment? • False dichotomy • If NATURE: my genes made me do it! • If NURTURE: my mother made me do it! • The features of an organisms are due to an interaction of the individual’s genotype and environment Genetic Architecture: “sum” of the genetic effects upon a phenotype, including additive,dominance and parent-of-origin effects of several genes, pleiotropy and epistasis Different genetic architectures Different effects on the phenotype Types of Traits • Monogenic traits (rare) • Discrete binary characters • Modified by genetic and environmental background • Polygenic traits (common) • Discrete (e.g. bristle number on flies) or continuous (human height) -
POLICY BRIEF Translating Early Childhood Research Evidence to Inform Policy and Practice Caring for Young Children: What Children Need
No 15 2009 POLICY BRIEF Translating early childhood research evidence to inform policy and practice Caring for Young Children: What Children Need Caring for young children, and getting the caring right, is becoming recognised as one of the most significant challenges facing parents, communities and societies. Young children who develop secure attachments through positive caregiving are more likely to experience lower levels of stress and other associated benefits. In turn, they are more able to contribute positively to society and care for future generations. This Policy Brief summarises what is known about what young children need from parents and caregivers, and explores the implications for policy and practice. Why is this issue import ant? The care children receive in their first years of life have lifelong problems with emotional regulation, has a lifelong impact and may even influence self concept, social skills and learning. This can future generations. Parenting styles impact lead to decreased academic achievement, early children’s development (Aunola & Nurmi, 2005); school drop-out, delinquency, drug and alcohol the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children has problems and mental health problems (Anda, et shown that even subtle variations in parenting al., 2006; Perry, 2000). styles can have significant effects on child outcomes (Australian Institute of Family Studies, What does the research tell us? 2006). ‘Nature versus nurture’ has been debated for “… the conflicting advice widely available decades, but it has not been until recently that in the public domain can be stressful for we have been able to explain how ‘nurture’ in the external world (families, communities and parents, particularly for sensitive topics society) combines with ‘nature’, or the internal such as sleep problems and discipline.” world (biological and neurological), to influence outcomes in children. -
Vp = Vg + Ve SNP, Duplication, Allele Frequencies Deletion, Etc
Evolution by Natural Selection average phenotype changes environment Allele frequencies unfavorable for blue change Evolution w/o Selection average phenotype changes Drift rare alleles lost stochastic events Allele frequencies change Migration new alleles (genes) (gene flow) present gene flow from neigh- Allele frequencies bor population (species) change new alleles (genes) Mutation present Vp = Vg + Ve SNP, duplication, Allele frequencies deletion, etc. change Selection w/o Evolution selection between generations Development NO new alleles Plasticity Allele frequencies environment are unchanged unfavorable rounded phenotypes • Some phenotypic variants are favored by selection, they survive and reproduce better • But there is no genetic basis to this variation, the individuals with greater fitness have good luck rather than good genes GOAL: understand the genetic underpinnings of Behavior Singe gene vs. quantitative trait. Genes that are necessary for: Genes that Contribute to: Single Gene Quantitative or many genes Historic figure Mendel Galton identify dominant & recessive identify single genes define Genomic Architecture define mechanisms Immediate goals (#, location, interaction, specificity, linkage) quantify variation in a population describe change in gene frequency Sever disruptions Raw Materials used Lab induced (white coat) Subtle variation Naturally occurring (rubber boot) Tools us ed Bottom Up Forward Top D ow n ( = F or w ar d) Phenotype >>> Gene Observational mutagenesis/screening Comparative Genomics transgenesis Association -
A Global Overview of Pleiotropy and Genetic Architecture in Complex Traits
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/500090; this version posted December 19, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. A global overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture in complex traits Authors: Kyoko Watanabe1, Sven Stringer1, Oleksandr Frei2, Maša Umićević Mirkov1, Tinca J.C. Polderman1, Sophie van der Sluis1,3, Ole A. Andreassen2,4, Benjamin M. Neale5-7, Danielle Posthuma1,3* Affiliations: 1. Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2. NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Criminal Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 3. Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Complex Trait Genetics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 4. Division of Mental health and addiction Oslo University hospital, Oslo, Norway 5. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 6. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 7. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA *Correspondence to: Danielle Posthuma, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Phone: +31 20 5982823, Fax: +31 20 5986926, Email: [email protected] Word count: Abstract 181 words, Main text 5,762 words and Methods 4,572 words References: 40 Display items: 4 figures and 2 tables Extended Data: 11 figures Supplementary Information: Text 3,401 words and 25 tables 1 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/500090; this version posted December 19, 2018.