THE OLD SHIPPON, LITTLE PADFIELD FARM, PADFIELD,

Heritage Impact Statement

July 2018

The Old Shippon, Little Padfield Farm, Padfield, Derbyshire, SK13 1ER

Heritage Impact Statement

Marion Barter Associates Ltd

July 2018

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background to the report 1.2 Purpose of the Report 1.3 Location 1.4 Copyright 1.5 Acknowledgements

2 HISTORY, CONTEXT & DESCRIPTION 2.1 Summary history of Little Padfield 2.2 Vernacular farmhouses in Derbyshire 2.3 Planform and exteriors 2.4 Interiors – ground floor 2.5 Interior – first floor 2.6 Interior – lean-to shed 2.7 Setting

3 SIGNIFICANCE 3.1 The concept of significance 3.2 Significance of the buildings 3.3 Designations

4 HERITAGE IMPACT

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Adapting farm buildings 4.3 Summary of proposals and impacts

5 CONCLUSION

6 SOURCES

APPENDIX 1: List Entry

APPENDIX 2: Existing floor plans

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Report The heritage statement was commissioned from Marion Barter Associates Ltd by Heath and Ruth Rowlands, the owners of the property. An application for residential use was submitted in 2018 (HPK/2018/00443). Little Padfield Farmhouse is a Grade II listed building, and as the Old Shippon is attached to the farmhouse, it is also listed. Research using published and unpublished sources was undertaken and the site and buildings were visited in June and July 2018. The former farm building has long been redundant for farm use, and is now in poor condition; the building now needs a new use to enable its repair and secure its future as a heritage asset.

1.2 Purpose of the Report The report is designed to provide:

• A summary of the context, history and development of Little Padfield Farm • A statement of significance of the buildings, individual rooms and features • A commentary on the impact of the proposals on the building’s significance.

The report was used to refine the design of the proposals, and is for use in support of an application for listed building consent and planning permission.

1.3. Location Little Padfield Farm is in Little Padfield, a hamlet consisting of a group of former farmsteads, about half a mile east of the village of Padfield, Derbyshire, and west of the B6105 between and Woodhead. The former farm is surrounded by fields, below the lower slopes of Bleaklow on the west side of the Pennines; it is outside the National Park boundary. Little Padfield is at about 180 metres above sea level, and situated in a small tributary valley, east of the .

The postal address is The Old Shippon, Little Padfield Farm, Padfield, Glossop, SK13 1ER. The NGR is SK0329 9613. The local planning authority covering this site is High Peak District Council.

1.4. Copyright This report is the copyright of Marion Barter Associates Ltd and is for the sole use of the persons to whom it is addressed. It may not be used or referred to in whole or in part by anyone else without the express agreement of Marion Barter Associates Ltd. Marion Barter Associates Ltd does not accept liability for any loss or damage arising from any unauthorised use of this report. © Marion Barter Associates Ltd (2018)

1.5 Acknowledgements This report was prepared with the help of the owners, who arranged access to the building. This report draws on research undertaken on Little Padfield Farmhouse, for neighbouring property owners. It was written by Marion Barter BA MA IHBC, Director of the Marion Barter Associates Ltd. All photographs are by the author unless otherwise stated. The author is particularly grateful to Mike Brown of Glossop Heritage Trust who kindly assisted with research, to Nichola Manning of the Derbyshire HER and to staff at Glossop Library. Extracts from some historic OS maps are reproduced with the permission of National Libraries Scotland.

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2. HISTORY, CONTEXT & DESCRIPTION

2.1 Summary history of Little Padfield Farm In common with most farmsteads built before the beginning of the 19th century, documentary sources are fairly scant. Glossop Heritage Trust has assembled a collection of historic maps, some of which can be seen on their website and the Padfield Village website (see links in Sources section of this report). There is a good account of the history of the village with references to Little Padfield in the 2015 Padfield conservation area appraisal compiled by Mel Morris Conservation. No previous detailed study appears to have been made of buildings at Little Padfield.

The place name Padfield was first recorded in Domesday in 1086, as Padefeld; the first element derives from an Old English personal name (Padda) or the word for toad (pade) and feld is an Old English word from which ‘field’ derives, meaning open country or land free from wood. This suggests that cleared land had been established in this area by at least the 11th century, although the area was referred to as a ‘waste’.

Padfield initially developed as a farming community but quarrying and textile manufacturing were also important. Hand loom weaving and domestic spinning of wool probably provided a widespread supplement to farm incomes, from at least the 17th century and by the late 18th century, cotton had become important and large mills were built in the area. The earliest mill was Padfield Brook Mill, built behind Padfield Brook House in c.1793 by Robert Lees (see Fig.6).

It is not known when the Little Padfield farm group was first created; it may have medieval origins, but is probably associated with 16th or 17th century enclosure of common land in the Longdendale valley, a period of expansion when new farms were established on the uplands on the west side of the Peak District. There are 17th century mullioned windows on the south elevation of Padfield Brook Farm, indicating that this farmhouse was built or rebuilt in the 1600s; it was probably the first farmhouse to be built in the Little Padfield group and was one of the largest farmhouses in the Padfield area. The Padfield conservation area appraisal (p.10, 2015) refers to two families at Little Padfield in the early 17th century; John Dearneley, a yeoman (d.1626), probably of Padfield Brook Farm, and Ralph Godderd, a husbandman (d.1631).

An estate map dated 1763 shows an enclosure called Runnat Intack (see Padfield Village website for a copy of this map), belonging to the Duke of Norfolk, but although this seems to show some buildings at Padfield, it is not certain that these depict Little Padfield. The farm was part of the Glossop Estate owned by the Howards (later Dukes of Norfolk) from 1606 until the estate was sold in 1925. From the 19th century, some information relating to the estate’s tenant farmers occurs in official records such as the census returns. Some of the 19th century occupiers of the farmhouses at Little Padfield worked in the textile industry. The availability of mill work rapidly increased the local population: in 1824 Pigot’s Directory records the Padfield population as 499, in 1871 it was 1687 and by 1881 it had increased to 2485.

The earliest map to clearly show Little Padfield is the Glossop Poor Law map of 1857 (Fig.1). This shows a group of buildings at Little Padfield surrounded by fields. Glossop Heritage Trust advises that there is no tithe map for this area; none is included in the Derbyshire Archives catalogue.

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Fig.1: detail from 1857 Poor Law map of Glossop (Glossop Heritage Trust)

The maps and the present arrangement of the buildings show that there were two farmsteads at Little Padfield, each with a farmhouse facing onto a yard partly enclosed with barns and shippons (all now converted to domestic use except for the Little Padfield Old Shippon). Little Padfield Farm is to the east of the group, with Padfield Brook Farm on the west side (often referred to in records as Brook Farm). However, documentary records do not always differentiate between or name the two farmsteads, making it difficult to be sure to which farmhouse a record relates.

In terms of evidence from the buildings, Padfield Brook Farmhouse is the earlier building with clear 17th century origins; there are chamfered stone mullioned windows typical of this period on the south elevation. No easily dateable features occur on Little Padfield Farmhouse, and it is possible that this was built later than Padfield Brook Farmhouse, perhaps in the later 17th or early 18th century.

The land tax returns have not been researched for this report, but the 19th century census returns and trade directories provide the names of some of the farm tenants. In the third quarter of the 19th century, the Goddard family are recorded at Little Padfield; in 1876, Joseph Goddard was listed as a farmer; he also worked as a mason (1876 Post Office Directory) and in 1891 and 1899, his son Jabez Goddard was listed as a farmer at Little Padfield (Kelly’s Directory). In the same decade, Joseph Bennett was the farmer at Brook Farm, Padfield, which enables the two families and the farm they worked on to be differentiated. The 1891 census provides abit more detail and shows that Goddard’s farmhouse was also known as No.6 Little Padfield and the Bennett’s farmhouse was No.3. There were other households at Little Padfield besides the two farmhouses; Nos.2 and 4 were unoccupied in 1891 but No.5 Little Padfield was occupied by the Jackson sisters who were weavers.

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Fig.2: Little Padfield on OS map surveyed in 1872 (1:2500) (National Library of Scotland)

Historic maps show the farm buildings attached to the north end of the Little Padfield Farmhouse range; a small L-plan building with a wider rectangular structure to the north end is shown on the 1872 OS map. The next OS map, issued in 1880, shows a small L-plan structure at the north end, in place of the previous rectangular building. On a diagonal to the north- west, a small structure with a small front yard has been built, probably a pig cote. The maps also shows a wall across the the north side of the farm yard, aligned with the north-west corner of the large west shippon. This wall was later moved further south to its present line.

Fig.3: 1880 OS (Glossop Heritage Trust)

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The 1925 Glossop Estate sale particulars refer to two farms operating from Little Padfield; the accompanying map clearly shows how the buildings and fields were divided between them. The larger holding was Padfield Brook Farm (Lot 263, coloured pink); with over 44 acres at the time, this was twice the size of Little Padfield Farm and occupied most of the farm buildings including the large barns.

Fig.4: Little Padfield on Map 1 in the 1925 Glossop Estate sale particulars (Glossop Library)

Little Padfield Farm was not specifically named in the estate sale particulars but reference to the sale plan shows that it was covered by Lot 266; this is coloured blue/green on the sale plan (Fig.4). In 1925 this was a 22.859 acre farm holding, tenanted by Harry Brierley.

Sale particulars for Lot 266 described the farm holding with

‘a loose box, coal shed, 3-stall stable with loft over, Tying for 4 young beasts, iron lean- to implement shed with galvanised iron roof, three lean-to pig cotes, Tying for ten cows and six young beasts and hay barn’.

In this 1925 description of the farm, the building that is the subject of this report (the Old Shippon) probably coincides with ‘a loose box, coal shed, 3-stall stable with loft over, Tying for 4 young beasts’ referred to in the sale particulars. The term ‘Tying for’ refers to the number of cows that a shippon could house in stalls; there were two buildings used as shippons on this farm, the larger one was the range aligned east-west and converted to residential use in c2007. The hay barn was the open-sided structure marked on the map in a field to the north- east of the farmstead (since partly taken down). The ‘iron lean-to implement shed with galvanised iron roof’ may be the lean-to shed at the north end of the building, but this is not clear as the existing structure has been altered. Little Padfield Farm did not include a large grain barn at the time of the 1925 sale (the two large barns were both part of Padfield Brook Farm, Lot 263).

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Fig.5: Little Padfield Farm in the 1926 Glossop Estate sale catalogue as Lot 266 (Glossop Library)

The fields listed in the 1925 sale catalogue show that it operated as a small mixed hill farm with most of the fields used for grass and only 2.1 acres of the 22.859 acres used for arable crops. This is typical of Pennine hill farms where the climate, soil conditions and terrain were ill-suited to arable farming. Cattle would have been raised with cows kept for milking and surplus young beasts sold off each year. The grassland was for summer grazing and to make hay for winter feed. The arable land may have been used to grow grains such as barley or root crops such as swedes and turnips.

Hand-written on the top left hand corner of the page for Lot 266 are the letters WD and the sum of £650; this means that the reserve price was £650 and that the lot was withdrawn as it did not sell on the day (pers comm Mike Brown). However, most farms on the estate were sold to the tenants, which seems to have been the outcome here: in 1926, the ‘Little Padfield Farms’ were advertised for sale ( Independent 20 February 1926), by Brady & Son, auctioneers of Stockport and Manchester on behalf of the owner Harry Brierley ‘who is giving up the farms’. The auction was due to take place on 10 March 1926. The farm was advertised with 46 young dairy stock, five horses and ‘a large assortment of useful implements’. Brierley was Glossop Estate’s tenant at Little Padfield Farm in 1925 and was earlier listed as a farmer at 141 Main Road, Padfield in the census of 1911. It is not known whether Brierley had made a speculative purchase in 1925 or was simply unable to sustain the farm after he bought it.

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The Little Padfield farms appear to have been run as one farm during the first half of the 20th century, as only Padfield Brook Farm is named in the directories, not Little Padfield Farm. In 1931, Kelly’s Directory lists Samuel Critchlow at Little Padfield (he was the tenant at Padfield Brook Farm under Glossop Estate in 1925). In 1936 and 1941, Kelly’s Directory lists the farmer at Brook Farm as Fred Hughes.

Fig.6: undated early C20 postcard of Little Padfield, from the south-west

The last period when Little Padfield operated as a farm was during the 1960s or 1970s when Fred Walton was the farmer here; he is said to have ‘kept calves and had battery hens. Mrs Walton took in bed and breakfast visitors’ (from A Portrait of Padfield, 2013). An undated postcard of the farm (pre-dating the demolition of Padfield Brook Mill in the 1960s) shows the field east of the farm divided into small enclosures with sheds for hens or pigs (Fig.6); the Dutch barn can also be seen.

After Fred Walton died, the farm was sold in the 1980s to Peter Wilman, whose family had Station Mill in Padfield (closed 1989). Wilman obtained planning permission to convert the large barns at Little Padfield into dwellings in the late 1980s. A Derbyshire County Council photograph dated 1987 (shows the farmhouse and the shippon converted in 2007, but unfortunately there are no photographs of the former shippon/stable that is the subject of this report. Late 20th century northern structure was altered with blockwork, but the rest of the range appears not to have been much altered. In the last two years, the farmhouse and adjoining farm building have been separately sold, so for the first time the whole building is in two separate ownerships.

2.2 Context: Vernacular farm buildings in Derbyshire

In 2006, regional character statements for farm buildings in the were written by the University of Gloucestershire for English Heritage and the Countryside Agency; the document describes the main types of farm building in Derbyshire, and how they relate to

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factors such as traditional farming practices, geology and location. Traditional farms in north Derbyshire and the Pennines were built for hill farming, mainly for raising cattle. The farmsteads are often built in a linear plan-form with a shippon and/or barn attached to the farmhouse at one end, under one roof with a continuous ridge-line, as at Little Padfield Farm. Other buildings such as cart sheds and hay barns are grouped around the yard. Where possible, the front of the farmhouse and attached farm buildings faced south or south-west, to make the most of the sun, with the doorways facing onto a yard. There were usually fewer openings on the rear wall. Where the farm buildings are 2-storey, the ground floor was used for stabling farm horses or as a shippon for cows, with the lofts above used for hay and fodder. Sometimes, part of the upper floor was used for farm workers’ accommodation. These types of buildings are domestic in scale and character, compared to the large barns used for storing and processing arable crops.

Early buildings were partly timber-framed in Derbyshire, but by the late 17th century, farm buildings in the Dark Peak area in the north of the county were being built or rebuilt using the local gritty sandstone. Riven sandstone was used for roofing slates, although this was sometimes later replaced with Welsh slate in the 19th century or corrugated sheeting in the 20th century. Doors on farm buildings are usually plain vertically-boarded doors, traditionally painted, sometimes with ‘stable’ doors. Ground floor shippon openings often used simple fixed windows or windows with inward opening ‘hopper’ lights for ventilation. First floor openings used for loading hay into the loft were often not glazed, but closed with a timber external shutter hung on iron hinges.

Most traditional farm buildings in Derbyshire are redundant for farming, and without appropriate viable new uses they will deteriorate and eventually disappear from the landscape.

2.3 Former shippon and stable at Little Padfield Farmhouse: Exterior

Plans and elevations of the existing buildings are provided in Appendix 2. The attached farm buildings at Little Padfield Farmhouse are typical of vernacular farm buildings, built using local materials and traditions. There are no easily dateable features but the overall character of the linear range suggests it may have been built in the 18th century as a 2-bay building; there are no straight joints on the west (front) wall suggesting the main range is of one phase. The linear range is aligned roughly north-south with a single-storey rear outshut under a catslide roof to the north-east. The solid masonry walls are built of the local gritty sandstone, with a stone slate roof and stone ridges, all probably from local quarries. The separate lean-to structure to the north end, is partly stone and partly concrete block; this is a later addition, probably built in the 19th century as an implement shed and altered in the mid 20th century when it was used as a shippon.

The ground floor has two door openings, to each ‘bay’ of the main range, but these are separated by a modern yard wall. The south yard is in separate ownership. The doorway to the left (north) has a large stone lintel and a modern stable door. The right hand doorway, south of the modern boundary wall, is narrower but also has a stone lintel and a painted timber boarded door. Just to the left (north) of the modern yard wall, there is a small partly blocked window, probably an insertion as it has no lintel. To the north of the stable door is a squarish window with stone lintel (modern fixed glazing).

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Fig.7: front elevation, either side of the boundary wall

The first floor has two window openings; the square left opening used to have an external shutter, as there are iron hinge pintles to the timber jamb on the left side of the opening (see Fig.8). The right hand opening is a simple narrow window (modern glazing). The aluminium gutter is carried on stone corbels, a local feature, and the downpipe is cast-iron. The front wall has a severe bow outwards and is in poor condition overall; the face of the stonework is spalling and a cement-based mortar has been used for re-pointing in the past. The masonry appears to be watershot.

Fig.8: bowing to front wall of stone building, concrete block wall of later lean-to (left)

The rear elevation has fewer openings with a blocked door to the ground floor of the south bay. The side doorway on the east elevation of the outshut appears to be an original feature as this has stone jambs and lintel; it has a timber boarded door. The existing window openings have modern softwood frames and fixed glazing, with thin stone lintels or sills; the right hand window appears to be an insertion. The rear elevation of the south bay overlooks a yard that

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is now in the separate ownership of the neighbours at Little Padfield Farmhouse. There is a 2-light fixed window in the east wall of the outshut (Fig.9).

Fig.9: rear elevation from the east.

Fig.10: blocked rear doorway to left, and door into side of outshut, to right

The gable end of the main range is partly hidden by the later lean-to shed to the north end, but there is a small blocked window to the east side of the gable-end. The lean-to is built of coursed stone walls to the north and east walls, but the west wall is of relatively modern

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concrete block; the earlier form of this elevation is not known. The timber at the top of this west wall is a re-used timber, the fixed light window has a modern frame and glazing. There are no openings to the north wall but one fixed light window to the north side.

Fig.11: the north lean-to from the north-west (left) and south-west (right)

2.4 Interior: Ground Floor

The main linear range is divided into two unequal parts; the narrow south bay has a doorway from the front door leading directly into a small space with a stone flagged floor. A stone wall divides this front room from the rear room which can be only be accessed via the room to the north. The front room has a ceiling with exposed oak joists. There is a blocked doorway in the south wall that connected with the farmhouse. All the walls and the ceiling joists are lime- washed and there are pine shelves fitted to the walls, of unknown date. This could have been used as a stable, but there is no evidence for this in the current layout and fittings.

Fig.12: the front room of the south bay, looking south

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The rear room of the south bay has a small window and a blocked doorway on the back (east) wall, and a doorway from the bay to the north. There is a simple pine ladder staircase to the room above against the south wall of the room, probably an insertion. Walls and ceiling joists are lime-washed or plastered. This room is not suitable for animals and may have been a store.

Fig. 13: rear room of south bay, from the north.

The larger north bay of the original range has a doorway directly from the yard into a shippon, with concrete stall partitions (for five cows) along the north wall and a concrete floor with inset drainage channel. The latter are probably mid 20th century in date. The ceiling has two beams to the floor above (one chamfered oak and one later pine beam) and joists with nail holes (for a missing lath and plaster ceiling). Surfaces are lime-washed, apart from the beams.

Fig.14: the shippon in the north bay of the linear range

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A doorway leads from the shippon into the rear outshut, which appears to be a later addition, perhaps built as a dairy. This space has a stone flagged floor and the position of a former staircase is evident in the north-west corner; the top of the staircase is in situ but the lower section within the room is missing. A timber ‘jacob’s ladder’ is fitted against the north wall, in place of the removed staircase. There is a stone feature in the wall next to the staircase position, possibly a blocked window, which may pre-date the outshut being built.

Fig.15: former staircase, ‘jacob’s ladder’ and blocked window in the outshut (from the east)

2.5 Interior: First Floor

The first floor is now only accessible via the ladder staircase and a floor hatch, in the back room of the south bay; these timber stairs appear to be a relatively recent addition, perhaps mid 20th century and probably fitted after the original outshut staircase was taken out. The south bay contains one first floor room with a pine floor and lime-washed walls. There is evidence that this once had a ceiling and a partition wall (there are ghost lines on the wall), which suggests a former domestic use; there is a narrow blocked doorway connecting this space with the first floor of the adjoining farmhouse (Fig.16).

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Fig,16: south first floor room with blocked doorway, at west end of south wall

The larger first floor space is to the north above the shippon, probably used as a hay loft. This has a pine boarded floor and lime-washed walls and timbers. The ridge and three tiers of roof purlins are exposed, spanning between cross walls (there is no roof truss). There is no sign of a ceiling.

Fig.17: hay loft in north bay, first floor, looking north west

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2.6 Interior of lean-to shed

The lean-to shed was used as a cow shippon in the mid 20th century, indicated by the concrete floor with drainage channels, remaining concrete cow stall and ghost positions of others. The stone walls are lime-washed/painted. There is a blocked opening with a stone lintel on the south wall to the right of the remaining stall on this wall (gable end of the 2-storey shippon). The lean-to roof has corrugated sheeting on relatively modern pine timbers. Most of the features in this shed have fairly low heritage value.

Fig.18: interior of lean-to shed, from the west

2.7 Setting

Little Padfield has an attractive hill farm setting, on the north-west edge of the Dark Peak, surrounded by fields. It is reached by a narrow lane which continues as a footpath across the fields. Views of the farmstead from public footpaths and fields are part of the landscape setting of the farm. The farm setting has been altered by the conversion of the farm buildings to non-farming use since the 1980s, but the buildings and yards are still more or less legible.

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Fig. 19: Little Padfield Old Shippon from the north (left), with the shippon converted in 2007 to the centre and former barns of Padfield Brook Farm to the right

The former stable/shippon faces west onto what would have been the farm yard; this area is enclosed on three sides by farm buildings and a wall has been built to subdivide the north part of the yard from the domestic area in front of the farmhouse. The linear range on the north side of the yard, to the west of the stable/shippon was built as a large shippon for cows; this is probably the building with ‘Tying for ten cows and six young beasts’ referred to in the 1925 sale particulars. It was converted for residential use by the owners in 2007, with access from the north and east via a track. The gardens relating to this converted shippon lie on the north side of the farmstead (Fig.19), with views across the fields to Padfield Main Road (Fig.20).

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Fig.20: fields on the north side of the buildings, looking towards Padfield Main Road, from the south

To the south-west of the farm group is Padfield Brook House, a late 18th century former mill owner’s house, set in large gardens. Until the 1960s there was a multi-storey textile mill to the north-east (rear) of the house, built in 1790s by Robert Lees. Lees Row, to the north-west, was built as part of the same enterprise, to provide a terrace of mill workers housing.

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3 SIGNIFICANCE

3.1 The concept of significance

Assessing significance is a key principle for managing change to heritage assets, and is embedded within current government policy. The NPPF (CLG, National Planning Policy Framework, 2012) requires applicants to describe the significance of heritage assets affected by proposals (paragraph 128). A key objective in the NPPF is ‘the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation …’ (NPPF paragraph 126). The NPPF advises that the more significant a heritage asset the greater the presumption in favour of its conservation, and this principle of proportionality makes it important to understand how significance may vary within an asset (policy 132). Not all parts of a listed building are of equal significance, and there may be opportunities to enhance the significance of a heritage asset by removing elements that have a negative impact, and to alter those that are less significant.

Historic issued Conservation Principles in 2008 to explain the theoretical framework for understanding significance to inform conservation and change. The 2008 document identified four heritage values or interests: evidential, historical, aesthetic and communal. The latter category is outside the scope of this report, but there is strong local interest in the history of Padfield as demonstrated by the Padfield Village website and the Glossop Heritage Trust website. Within the different heritage values or interests, significance can be measured in levels:

• Highest – an asset important at national to international levels, including scheduled ancient monuments, Grade I and II* listed buildings and World Heritage Sites. The NPPF advises that substantial harm should be wholly exceptional. • High – a designated asset important at a national and regional level, including Grade II listed buildings and some conservation areas. The NPPF advises that substantial harm should be exceptional. • Medium – an undesignated asset important at a local to regional level, including local (non-statutory) listed buildings or those that make a positive contribution to the setting of a listed building or to a conservation area. May include less significant parts of listed buildings. Buildings and parts of structures in this category should be retained where possible, although there is usually scope for adaptation. • Low – structure or feature of very limited heritage or other cultural value and not defined as a heritage asset. May include insignificant interventions to listed buildings, and buildings that do not contribute positively to a conservation area. The removal or adaptation of structures in this category is usually acceptable where the work will enhance a related heritage asset. • Neutral without strong positive or negative significance • Negative – structure or feature that harms the value of a heritage asset. Wherever practicable, removal of negative features should be considered, taking account of setting and opportunities for enhancement.

3.2. Significance of the Building

The Little Padfield farmstead as a whole is of medium to high significance for its architectural and historic value as a typical, but altered, example of a former hill farm in north Derbyshire. The alterations to convert the redundant farm buildings to dwellings in the late 20th and early 21st centuries affected the integrity of individual buildings and the group as a whole, but the

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buildings’ original uses and form are still fairly legible. The Old Shippon at Little Padfield Farmhouse is part of the Little Padfield Farm group on the north-east side of the former farmstead, a relatively minor element of the group. It is partly hidden in key views from the public lane and footpath that runs through Little Padfield from west to east.

Architectural and aesthetic values: The building has medium to high significance for architectural value as a typical, but altered, example of a Derbyshire farm building. The structural fabric of the old shippon, including the stone roof and external walls has high significance. The pattern of doors and windows have high significance but most of the external joinery apart from the shutter frame on the first floor front and the rear door, are modern and have no heritage value. The cement pointing to the front wall has had a negative impact, affecting the physical fabric of the building and also damages its aesthetic significance. The interiors have some rustic charm and character related to the stone floors, exposed timber beams, floor joists and other features. The 20th century concrete cow stalls and concrete floors have low heritage value. The lean-to shed has low heritage value as a much-altered secondary structure.

Historical value: The listed building as a whole has high significance for historical value as part of a hill farm that represents the expansion of upland farmland in the late 17th and 18th centuries, and was part of the Duke of Norfolk’s Glossop Estate until 1925. The in situ stone and timber features of the historic building express its past farming use, but the 20th century concrete features and lean-to shed have low heritage value.

Archaeological and evidential value: The structural fabric of the old shippon, including external stone walls, structural timbers, internal features and blocked openings have high significance, as the fabric provides evidence of different construction and function phases, and evidence for missing features. More information may come to light during repairs and refurbishment.

The setting of Little Padfield Farmhouse contributes strongly to its significance. Although all the former farm buildings have been converted to domestic use, their historic form and function is still legible and the visual relationship of the farmhouse to the yard, the farm buildings and the surrounding landscape of fields has survived. Views of Little Padfield from the lane, public footpaths and across the fields are important to the setting, and contribute positively to the significance of the farmstead.

3.3 Designations

Little Padfield Farmhouse was first listed grade II in 1978 (List entry Number: 1384292). The list entry was amended in 2000. The description (see Appendix 1) does not mention the old shippon and farm buildings at the north end, which suggests that these were not considered an important part of the building at the time, but a structure is listed if it is ‘attached’ to a listed building and so the provisions of the 1990 Planning Act apply.

Little Padfield is within Padfield conservation area, the subject of a recent Conservation Area Appraisal adopted in 2015. Little Padfield is within Character Area 2 of the conservation area; this includes all the former farm buildings, the lane and also Padfield Brook House. In the appraisal (p42) Little Padfield is described as a

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‘detached cluster of buildings ... hidden from the main views through the village, and approached via a winding lane, within a deep holloway of drystone walls, which may have originally followed the course of the brook. The cluster is inward-looking with buildings facing into the old rickyard. At the centre of the group is Padfield Brook Farm, the best preserved historic building of the farmstead. From the outlying footpath network, the farm buildings are now partially hidden by trees on the periphery of the group and can only be glimpsed. Little Padfield is at the centre of a network of footpaths crossing the former open fields and there are views across the fields to some of the best views of Bleaklow Moor.’

Little Padfield is outside the boundary of the Peak District National Park.

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4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

4.1 Introduction

Listed buildings are protected by sections in the 1990 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act; this law requires consent to be sought prior to works being carried out to listed buildings and gives local authorities a statutory duty to pay special regard to preserving listed buildings and their settings, when determining applications for alteration. Policies in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) also protect heritage assets; the NPPF promotes a sustainable approach to historic buildings and emphasises

‘the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation’ (paragraph 131)

The NPPF expects the local authority to ‘identify and assess the particular significance of heritage assets’, and to ‘take account of available evidence and necessary expertise’. This report provides a proportionate level of evidence and significance assessment for the current proposals at Little Padfield Farmhouse, a Grade II listed building. The NPPF requires that great weight should be given to the conservation of designated heritage assets of national importance such as listed buildings, when considering the impact of proposed development (paragraph 132); the more significant the asset, the greater the weight accorded to its preservation. This proportionate approach means that where parts of a heritage asset have lower significance, there is some scope for change. The NPPF is not intended to prevent change to listed buildings, but to manage change appropriately.

Harm to a heritage asset should be always avoided, particularly ‘substantial harm’ such as demolition or substantial alteration, which requires a very robust justification. Where the level of harm is defined as ‘less than substantial’ (including alterations and remodelling), the NPPF expects the local authority to balance this level of harm against the public benefits of the proposal (paragraph 134); the benefits should outweigh the harm. Public benefits include securing a new use for a heritage asset that is at risk due to redundancy and disrepair (paragraph 137). Each aspect of the proposals is reviewed in the table below, to assess the impact on heritage values and significance. The justification for each proposal is also provided, where relevant.

4.2 Adapting farm buildings – national guidance

Historic England has recently published revised guidelines on converting and adapting traditional farm buildings (2017), to provide advice to local authorities, owners and applicants. The guidance explain why farm buildings are important to landscape character and local distinctiveness and recognises that ‘without appropriate uses to fund their long-term maintenance and repair, they will disappear from the landscape’ (page 1). The guidelines provide a framework and guidance for adapting farm buildings to new uses. Historic England notes that once farm buildings are redundant the options include total loss through demolition of eventual collapse; it is also recognised that ‘in the majority of cases adaptation, or an appropriate use within a sympathetic development scheme, will be the only means of funding maintenance and repair...’ (page 4).

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4.3 Summary of the Proposals and the Impacts

The scheme proposes to bring the building into a good state of repair, as part of a scheme for residential use. The building needs a full programme of repair, to halt its ongoing decline. This proposal has been amended since the application was first submitted, to take account of the character and significance of the building and good practice guidelines. The overall objective is to provide a viable future use for the building that will justify its repair and future maintenance. Compromises have been made to achieve a sympathetic scheme, including accepting uneven stone floors and using existing window and door openings.

The drawings illustrate the general arrangements for the new use, and it is recognised that full details will need to be submitted for agreement. Alterations are required to enable the domestic use, such as new windows and doors, new internal fittings, thermal insulation and new building services. Each aspect of the proposal is listed below, with a summary of the heritage impact, the significance of affected area and the justification/benefits

Proposal Significance of Impact Justification affected element

Repair external walls High Enhancement The front wall is in and rebuild part of poor condition, with front wall, subject to hard pointing, eroded details masonry and a severe bow.

Relay roof with High Enhancement The roof over the hay salvaged stone slates loft has defects and on repaired timbers, the eaves have subject to details. spread. The roof needs to be stripped to enable timber repairs.

Roof insulation, High No harm, provided Residential use subject to details. appropriate details requires improved Insulation will be agreed thermal insulation. provided above a reinstated ceiling in the south bay and over rafters in the hay loft.

New double-glazed Medium No harm, provided Existing windows have timber windows, and appropriate details modern glazing in timber doors in agreed. mainly recent frames. existing openings, The residential use subject to details. requires improved Simple frames thermal performance,

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without glazing bars through double are appropriate for glazing. the farm building.

Remove C20 Low Low level of harm The cow stalls and concrete cow stalls concrete floors need and concrete floors, to be removed to and lay new insulated enable new floors and floors, subject to fittings, with details appropriate insulation and DPM details.

Remove all or part of High Removing the The west room in the the stone wall in the internal wall wholly south bay is only south bay, ground or in part causes less accessible via the floor than substantial neighbour’s private harm. garden. Removing the internal wall will enable a larger room to be created, linked to the rest of the building.

Remove timber Medium Removing the ladder The ladder stairs are ladder staircase and staircase causes a not suitable for provide new timber low level of harm, as domestic use. The staircase in larger it is a later feature. new staircase is central room, subject located in the most to details efficient space, central to the building.

Insert first floor Medium to high New bathrooms The new bedrooms bathrooms and entail some internal require en-suite ground floor WC, subdivision to bathrooms to meet subject to details. existing spaces and residential standards. will require new building services, such as pipework and vent extracts, which will have a low level of harm provided they are carefully located.

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Build an upper floor Low Affects the external The cost of repairing extension to the appearance of the the farm building is lean-to shed at the north end of the farm not justified without north, to provide a building. Replacing providing a third third bedroom and concrete west wall bedroom. The bathroom. Build new with stone masonry concrete west wall of 2-storey west wall in to match will the shed has no matching stone and enhance the building. heritage value. provide new Windows are needed windows. to light the accommodation.

Provide a metal flue Low Low impact A metal flue is for a wood burning proposed instead of a stove for the lounge stone chimney. at the north end (through new roof).

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5 CONCLUSION

Little Padfield Farmhouse has medium to high significance as a typical example of a Derbyshire farm building, attached to a listed farmhouse. Its construction date is not known, but it is probably 18th century. It is part of an attractive group of farmsteads in Padfield conservation area, and is the last unconverted former farm building in the group. The former shippon/stable/hayloft has not been in farm use since the 1980s, and the fabric of the building is now in poor condition. Without a new use the building will continue to deteriorate. As all the adjoining buildings are in residential use, this is the best long-term use for this building and will justify the cost of the repairs.

The scheme has been amended in the light of the significance assessment in this report. The current proposals aim to bring the building back into good repair, taking down and rebuilding part of the front wall that is seriously bowed. The roof will be re-laid using stone slates. Walls will be repointed using an appropriate mortar. New windows and doors will be installed, using existing openings. To justify the cost of the works, it is proposed to add a third first floor room onto the north end, by constructing a new first floor above the lean-to shed and adding simple new openings. This will affect the appearance of the building on the north-east corner of the farm group, but it is well-screened from key views and the linear form and design of the first floor extension complements the character of the farmhouse group.

Subject to details, this scheme will enable a redundant farm building to have a viable future as part of a group of farm buildings that are all now in domestic use. The level of harm to significance is low and is outweighed by the public benefits of securing a viable future for the building. The details can be controlled by condition and the submission of fully detailed drawings.

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6 SOURCES

Select bibliography

Ron Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture, 1978 (Faber)

Clare Hartwell, Nikolaus Pevsner and Elizabeth Williamson, The Buildings of England: Derbyshire, 2015 (Yale)

DLG, National Planning Policy Framework, 2012

Historic England, Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance, 2008

Historic England, Adapting Traditional Farm Buildings – best practice guidelines for adaptive reuse, 2017.

Barry Joyce, Gordon Michell and Mike Williams, Derbyshire Detail and Character, 1996

Jeremy Lake, Bob Edwards et al, Historic Farmsteads Preliminary Character Statement: East Midlands Region, 2006, University of Gloucester, English Heritage and Countryside Agency

Eric Mercer, English Vernacular Houses, 1975 (RCHME)

Mel Morris Conservation, Padfield Conservation Area Appraisal, 2015, High Peak Borough Council

Padfield Residents Group, A Portrait of Padfield, 2013

University of Gloucestershire, English Heritage and Countryside Agency, Historic Farmsteads. Preliminary Character Statement: East Midlands Region, 2006

Maps

1845 Poor Law Map (Glossop Heritage Trust )

OS 25”: I mile, 1872 survey (published 1887) (National Library of Scotland)

OS 25”: I mile, 1880 (Glossop Heritage Trust)

OS 25”: 1 mile, 1919 survey (published 1921) (National Library of Scotland)

1925 Glossop Estate sale plan No 1 (Glossop Library)

Websites

[last accessed 29 June 2018] https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/historic-farmsteads- preliminary-character-statement-east-midlands/east-midlands-part1.pdf

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http://derbyshire.gov.uk/leisure/record_office/records/catalogue/default.asp https://www.padfieldvillage.co.uk/history.html http://www.glossopheritage.co.uk http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/media/232/Padfield-character-appraisal-adopted-February- 2015/pdf/Padfield_Appraisal_Feb_2015.pdf

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APPENDIX 1 - LISTED BUILDING DESCRIPTION

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: LITTLE PADFIELD FARMHOUSE

List entry Number: 1384292

Grade: II

Date first listed: 27-Jan-1978 Date of most recent amendment: 22-May-2000

List entry Description

GLOSSOP

SK0396SW PLATT STREET, Padfield 921-1/7/51 (North side (off)) 27/01/78

Little Padfield Farmhouse (Formerly Listed as: LITTLE PADFIELD, Padfield Little Padfield

Farmhouse)

GV II

Farmhouse, now house. Late C17, altered C20. Coursed millstone grit, with tooled dressings and stone slate roof. Stone stacks with watertabling. PLAN: single-depth range with catslide and outshut to rear. EXTERIOR: 2 storey. Front has 5 window range. Double garage doors under heavy lintel to left, main doorway to right with C20 plank door and beyond C20 bow windows have been inserted in original window openings. Above 4 windows originally 3 - light, now with mullions removed and with wooden casements, plus single tall window. Rear elevation has C20 dormer window inserted into catslide roof. The entire elevation has been refenestrated in the C20. INTERIOR: reputed to retain original beams.

Listing NGR: SK0329496129

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APPENDIX 2: EXISTING PLANS

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Marion Barter Associates Ltd Historic Buildings Advice

5 Royle Avenue Glossop SK13 7RD

[email protected]

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