Book Excerpt Entitled, "Production and Properties of Zinc"

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Book Excerpt Entitled, O CO r-t £-• M I e-< S o o \ ^ \ a i u ! B I M WALTER RENTON INGALLS ij M to U M s SB- NIW YOfcC AMD LOMDOK The Engineering and Mining Journal CLi^i^r £.-<:. "^ *^^^ ^ JOC li,^uK>-i*-^ -V /«,*- • - i ?•. J.".' .: * ' •-;i'!..iif'i<a3i»a; United Zinc 257 a o o |ii.-.l(iltY OK Illl-: ZINC INDUSTUV. CO '.' .•" !MOf iliiin "Iiu- li.ilf its iarn^cr ma.xiiiium. Tiio lowest point was .u 'I•••; II 1- :'.). will 11 spL'ltur was qiiotud al niuc mark.- {^M'J) at Brcslau. l-l li! l.--;ii.> I'l .Sil>iiii zinc industry 'jL-{;an to develoji on a soiifldcr basis. a Ill- piifi- fnr the ni'-i.il remained low duriug the nc.Ki Jd years, but sales 6-1 I'liiH' Dion- rcgiilai .mti gradually the demand began ajjain to eicced tho Mil niKin, in con-'-iiicnce of whirh prices ruled higli from 1810 to 1843, ;ir-.!'!.;; frpm If. tn .'li marks ($rf0((j'$130). The pol'iucil disturliances of 3 i.-|S 1;-:.V> (Inn pave Ihc industry a setback, which lasli-d until 1852, pricc4 -Min.in;,' from 11 lo i:r.")0 marks (?5-i(a $G7-r)il), but rrom tliat time until 3 I •<"•-. III. re "lis ft (;U-i<ly period of prosperity, which wa- only interrupted hy i'l- t.uaiiciii! crises nf 1858 and iST:"), and the wars of ISGO and 1870-1871. I J 111 .•\llalJ^!iOJ^ of -nine of the inipf^rtant deposits of calamine (especially C lin .'-iharlt". aiul Marie mines) in 1S70 led to a decrcn-e in production, and ...ll 'icrcasc III prici nwing lo the higher cost of ore; Lut by the end ot the a: • 'l-l .i!,. nil Illl' vs'orkf «ore e<)uippod with masting plani- for the treatment of o till- iil.n'le, ttliiili had Iirst bcpin to be exploited in }37o. Tlie supply of w the -uh.hidi' ore miiig large, the value of zinc in tho five years followi-ng 1:<7-> au;r.T,-i'd fue marks, or '.io^o. below that of tl.e 10 years preceding l.-'T I, and in IHM wa^ lower Ihan it had been for :50 years. Tbe avcr- -•".:.' ]ii"i(-e oi' SiliMian z.inc per centner and per ton at r,rcslau by dccadf^ Fi"." 1H30 -.vas as follows: 1830-1340, 13-04 marks ($05-20); 1840-1350, CQ i;. ir mnrk-.-< (.tiiii-M.i); ISSO-ISGO, 18-42 marks /-fOi'-lO) ; 1300-1870, W--2 mnrlii ($91-1)0); 1870-1880, 20-15 marks ($100-75).' The history nf . pell or ni\ce iS-tn is summarized ia Chapter IV. •a: rMTED .^>TA.n s. —Zinc was first made in the United States about 1838, •if llie iJovi rnnicnl Arsenal in Wa.«hingtoD, frora tlie red zinc ore of New •/i" -cy, .for thc brai^ designs of the standard weights and measures ordered hy Congress. Th" procoss wa* so expensive, however, as to preclude any i idci nf producing zinc commercially in the same manner. The regular CO niiinnfacture of /;inc was fiist undertaken in 1850 at Newark, N. J., by s f!i. hard ./ones, tbi- ore being ciiarged into Belgian retorts just as it came fi-"ui the iiiiho. The experiment proved a failure owing to excessive brcak- CC iik'' 0." the relort.s 'Iuc to the high tenor of the ore in iron and manganese. o A'-(-r.(ion was tlici directed to recovery of the zinc a? oxide, and a furnace cfinotnictiii of fire brick with a large clay muffle wa.= designed, which with- o e''od the corrwii-n letter than the Belgian retorts. A row of those was ertctir-i in connection with a mii.'lm bag apparatus (invented hv Samuel T. ' Th»«* data roocr'-nln; th* lluctuttloai Orarllnrbaft Cf'TK rnn Glrtcbf-i Erbm. en Jn Ih" priCT or 8llr»liin ilnc ar» Ukeo from iitiMi I)*nkachrirt tur Fpt«r dn ranfila • pamphUi piihlixbrd bf the Bfrr»»rk« JXhrlcra nctteb'-Qn <>r WllhrlmlBeitnkbattc. United Zinc 258 14 ntODfCTlO.S" .UVD PEOrtRTIta OF ZI.VC. Jones) to collect thc fume, and the regular manufacture of ziro oiiJe waa begun. In 1851 Samuel WethcrLU, one of the officers of the .N'ew Jersey Zinc Co., invented the proci-Fs, since known as the Wctherill process, by which the eitraneously heated ni'jffle was done away with. Tb-.' ore mjte<l with anthracite coal was thrown in a layer 3 to 4 in. thick '^•^^xx a hearth composed of perforated cast-iron plates. 1 in. thick; the d<x)r was cloR-d and cold air blown under thc grate, which passing through the charge raised the tempi-rature to such a point that the ore in contact with the carbon was reduced to metallic zinc, vaporized and oxidized, passing off as a white smoke to the collecting apparatu.o, where the product.-^ of combus­ tion strained through the muslin, leaving the oxide inside the bags. This process proved so successful that it was introduced immediati;ly and has remained in use without essential change up to thc present time. A de­ scription of the first works and mines was given in Wliitm y's Metallic Wealth of the Uniteii States, published in 1854. Attempts to produce spelter were not given up, however, and in 1858 experiments with a Silcsian fumace were made at Bethlehem, Tenn., by th« I/2high Zinc Co. They proved unsuccessful, neither the anthracite fuel nor the retort clay being apparently adapted to the purpose. In 1857 Messrs. -•}. Matthiessen and Hcgeler, who had just come to the United States frora the school of mines at Freiberg, Saxony, obtained permission fmm the com­ pany to experiment on their o-wn account at the abandoned i>lani They did it on a small scale, using one muffle placed in a kiln altered for tbe pur­ pose. They demonstrated that anthracite, as well aa New Jcrsry clay, could be used, and made some spelter in this experimental way. but failed to cnme to an agreement with the owners of the property for building works, largely on account of thc financial crisis prevailing at that time. The> then turned their attention to the West, where they studied the zinc deposil s of Wiscon­ sin, and latc in 1858 began the erection of the present work.s at Lasalle. Lasalle was selected as the point where thc Illinois coal fieM approached nearest to the Wisconain zinc mines. The Joplin mines were unknown at that time.' In the meanwhile experiments were still carried on in New Jersey and Pennsylvania by Samuel Wetherill. Joseph Wharton and otlicrs, who in­ vented fumaces of various types, but tho several undertakings failed, and after all the Lehigh Zinc Co. returned to the Belgian fumace and in 1860 erected works at Bethlehem. Penn. .\fter that date works 'vpre built at Newark, Jersey City, and Rorjcn Point. N. J., and at Frirdensville. pcnn. > The Snt tine worki ID th< WMI trr uid to have bom boat ID ibe -:>(<•'. lo Wlicnosln. bj Gnrgi, an old Sllnlao smelter: bis uodertaklnt wan iioniir. »vifal. United Zinc 259 a o u CO M'.^i-'iRY OF run zi.vc IKDUSTRY. S3 li, \Ii;.^ouii -line M It nut made until lbC7, when small works were erected I'-:.•::!. in Wasliiiii.'tnii (.'ounty. The Carondelet uorks were built in -li: Thcsi ttoilv.. were supplied with calamine mined in Southeastern ;is--.iri. Tiie minis of the Joplin district became productive in 1873, ll ... ii"s being Bliii)|iid first to thc Illinois Zinc Co. al Peru, 111. A little ii.T -il..!' wnrks wi'r.: built at Weir and Pittsburg, Kan., Robert Lanyon, lm li'n! b(H>ii engag- d jireviously irt zinc smelting at Lasall", being one of II [iiiiiict.-re in Kaii.sa.s. s Ti'. 7.1'ic industry iu the United States has been characterized by rapid •,'.1 li|iiii«>nl ill rcS|H'.;t lo production. Tlie technical and economical derel- l.iii:.'.it iios li(«n HICW on the other hand, and up to a few years ago the o lilil- '.y|)c of distillaiion furnace was in use as at the time of the inception o '. U.. industry in I his country. The Wetherill process for thc manufacture f 7,1 ,-1.- nxidc ilirectl} from ores is the most important contribution that haa i.i-n made by American engineers to the metallurgy of zinc. Apart from n.u Mic iiioKt distinctive feature in .American practice has been the SUCCCSB- w iil .'iiplication of n^.-chiinical roasting fumaces to tho desulphurization of li-iiil'v About If^'j'.i Uie discovery of natural gaa at lola, Kan., and the •valI m of -'.lac si.ii'llcrics at that point began a change in the American inc industry, whidi has become a radical one. In New Jersey also the ui;c< <:fii( di-velopin< nt of the Wctherill process for the magnetic separation w f fiinklmitn and willemitc has been of great importance. CQ CO M M O United Zinc 260 ?; IL I PRESENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. The largest zinc-producing countries arc Germany, Belgium and the United States, which in IS'-iO ranked in importance in the ord -r named, each producing upward of 100,000 metric tons of spelter. In Germany and the United States there are in each cose two quite distinct zinc-producing districts; in Germany, thc eastern, or Upper Silesia, and thc western, or Rhcinland and Westphalia; in the United States, the eastern and southem, or New Jersey and Virginia, and the western, or Kansas and Minouri, in­ chiding the works of Illinois and Indiana, which derive their ore-* from the same source.
Recommended publications
  • Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
    MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Assessment of Response to Cadmium in Heavy Metal-Tolerant Shrubs Cultured in Vitro
    Water Air Soil Pollut (2017) 228: 304 DOI 10.1007/s11270-017-3488-0 Comparative Assessment of Response to Cadmium in Heavy Metal-Tolerant Shrubs Cultured In Vitro A. Wiszniewska & E. Hanus-Fajerska & E. Muszyńska & S. Smoleń Received: 18 April 2017 /Accepted: 12 July 2017 /Published online: 26 July 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Two species of Pb-adapted shrubs, Alyssum higher biomass accretion. Both species accumulated Cd in montanum and Daphne jasminea, were evaluated developed organs, and its content increased with increas- in vitro for their tolerance to elevated concentrations of ing CdCl2 dose. Interestingly, D. jasminea accumulated cadmium. Shoot cultures were treated with 0.5, 2.5, and higher amounts of Cd in the roots than A. montanum and 5.0 μM CdCl2 for 16 weeks and analyzed for their immobilized this metal in the root system. On the contrary, organogenic response, biomass accretion, pigment con- A. montanum translocated some part of accumulated Cd tent, and macronutrient status. Cadmium accumulation to the shoots, but with low efficiency. In the presence of and its root-to-shoot translocation were also determined. Cd, A. montanum maintained macronutrient homeostasis In both species, rooted microplantlets, suitable for accli- and synthesized higher amounts of phytosynthetic pig- matization, were obtained in the presence of Cd applied as ments in the shoots. D. jasminea accumulated root bio- selection agent. In A. montanum, low and moderate dose mass, immobilized Cd, and restricted its translocation at of Cd stimulated multiplication, rooting, and biomass the expense of nutrient balance. Considering remediation production.
    [Show full text]
  • The Smelting of Copper
    Chapter 4 The Smelting of Copper The first written account of the processes of smelting and refining of copper is to be found in the 12th century.1 On smelting: Copper is engendered in the earth. When a vein of which is found, it is acquired with the greatest labour by digging and breaking. It is a stone of a green colour and most hard, and naturally mixed with lead. This stone, dug up in abundance, is placed upon a pile, and burned after the manner of chalk, nor does it change colour, but yet looses its hardness, so that it can be broken up. Then, being bruised small, it is placed in the furnace; coals and the bellows being applied, it is incessantly forged by day and night. On refining: Of the purification of copper. Take an iron dish of the size you wish, and line it inside and and out with clay strongly beaten and mixed, and it is carefully dried. Then place it before a forge upon the coals, so that when the bellows acts upon it the wind may issue partly within and partly above it, and not below it. And very small coals being placed around it equally, and add over it a heap of coals. When, by blowing a long time, this has become melted, uncover it and cast immediately fine ashes over it, and stir it with a thin and dry piece of wood as if mixing it, and you will directly see the burnt lead adhere to these ashes like a glue.
    [Show full text]
  • Action of Ammonium Chloride Upon Silicates
    Bulletin No. 207 Series E, Chemistry and Physics, 36 DEPARTMENT OF TEiE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR THE ACTION OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE UPON SILICATES BY AND GKKOKG-IE Srj::ir, WASHINGTON GOVERNMEN.T PllINTING OFFICE 1902 CONTENTS. Page. Introductory statement......--..-..---.--.------.--.-..--.-.-----------. 7 Analcite-.....-.-.-.--.-.....-.--.'--------....--.-.--..._.-.---.-...---.--. 8 Leucite .....................'.................-....................^-..... 16 The constitution of analcite and leucite.........-..--.-..--...--.---------. 17 Pollucite---. ............................................................ 21 Natrolite--------------------------..-..-----------------.------ --------- 22 Scolecite ................,.:............-.....-.................--.--.... 24 Prehnite .....--.-............--.------------------------------ --------- 25 The trisilicic acids-.--.-.--..---..........-._-----...-.........-...----.- 26 Stilbite.............-..................-....-.-.-----...--.---.......... 29 Henlandite .......... .......................---.-..-.-..-...-----.--..--.. 81 Chabazite............................................................... 32 Thoinsonite...-.-.-..-...._.................---...-.-.-.----..-----..--.. 34 Lanmontite -.-.------.-..-------------.-..-.-..-.-------.-.-----........ 35 Pectolite ......:......... ......................................'.......;.., 36 Wollastonite ....'............................ ................:........... 39 Apophyllite. _.--._..._-....__.....:......___-------------....----..-...._
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Oxidized Zinc (Calamine) Ores by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analysis
    Scanning Microscopy Volume 1 Number 1 Article 8 12-1-1986 Characterization of Oxidized Zinc (Calamine) Ores by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analysis G. Bonifazi Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" P. Massacci Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Bonifazi, G. and Massacci, P. (1986) "Characterization of Oxidized Zinc (Calamine) Ores by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analysis," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 1 : No. 1 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol1/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1987 (Pages 73-83) 0981-7035/87$3.00+ .00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA CHARACTERIZATION OF OXIDIZED ZINC (CALAMINE) ORES BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPYAND ELECTRON MICROPROBEANALYSIS G. Bonifazi and P. Massacci* Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali, delle Materie Prime e Metallurgia Universita' di Roma "'La Sapienza"', via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy (Received for publication March 28, 1986, and in revised form December 01, 1986) Abstract Introduction Textural and structural features of Sardinian Approximately 90 percent of all lead and zinc oxidized zinc (calamine) ores have been estab­ marketed today comes from sulfide ores. However lished by scanning electron microscopy and elec­ renewed interest is being shown in utilizing oxi­ tron microprobe analysis, the elements analyzed dized lead and zinc ("'calamine"') ores because of being Zn, Pb, Ca and Fe.
    [Show full text]
  • Microevolution on Anthropogenically Changed Areas on the Example of Biscutella Laevigata Plants from Calamine Waste Heap in Pola
    ntal & A me na n ly o t ir ic Wierzbicka et al., J Environ Anal Toxicol 2017, 7:4 v a n l T E o Journal of f x DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000479 o i l c o a n l o r g u y o J Environmental & Analytical Toxicology ISSN: 2161-0525 ResearchResearch Article Article Open Accesss Microevolution on Anthropogenically Changed Areas on the Example of Biscutella laevigata Plants from Calamine Waste Heap in Poland Małgorzata Wierzbicka1*, Maria Pielichowska2, Olga Bemowska-Kałabun1 and Paweł Wąsowicz3 1Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I Miecznikowa 1, 02-09 Warsaw, Poland 2The Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education, Szczęśliwicka 40, 02-353 Warsaw, Poland 3Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Borgir við Norðurslóð, PO Box 180, IS-602 Akureyri, Iceland Abstract In the era of increasing environmental pollution, microevolutionary processes occurring in plants inhabiting anthropogenic areas play a special role. With time, these processes may lead to formation of new plant species. A good example of occurrence of microevolutionary processes on anthropogenically altered areas is the metallophyte Biscutella laevigata L. The studies have shown the existence of significant morphological, anatomical and physiological differences between two groups of the B. laevigata populations occurring in Poland – the population of calamine waste heaps in Bolesław near Olkusz (Silesian Upland) and the population inhabiting the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians). The demonstrated differences are the adaptation (hereditary characteristics) of the plants to the unfavorable conditions of the calamine waste heap, i. a. high concentration of heavy metals in the soil. The research has also shown theexistence of significant differences between these two groups of populations – both at the genetic and morphological levels (a clonal form of vegetative propagation, removal of heavy metals by the oldest and drying leaves, a zinc tolerant species, trichomes accumulating metals, metal detoxification at the cellular level).
    [Show full text]
  • Written Guide
    Seven thousand years of enterprise A self guided walk near Saltford Explore the rolling landscape of the southern Cotswolds Learn how people have made a living here for thosands of years Find out about activities including prehistoric tool making and farming Discover how the rural economy has changed .discoveringbritain www .org ies of our land the stor scapes throug discovered h walks 2 Contents Introduction 4 Route overview 5 Practical information 6 Detailed route maps 8 Commentary 11 Credits 37 Further information 38 © The Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers, London, 2011 Discovering Britain is a project of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) The digital and print maps used for Discovering Britain are licensed to the RGS-IBG from Ordnance Survey 3 Seven thousand years of enterprise A remarkable history of economic activity in the southern Cotswolds From prehistoric flint knapping to eighteenth century brass hammering. From curly-haired sheep to organic dairy herds. From micro-businesses to multi- national corporations. From horse racing to leisure boating. From local hostelries to holiday cottages. On this walk you will discover evidence of the tremendous range of economic activities that have been carried out on Coombe Barn holiday cottages the southern slopes of the Cotswolds, Rory Walsh © RGS-IBG Discovering Britain just to the west of Bath, over the last 7,000 years. It’s a fascinating story of enterprise, where humans have innovated and adapted to changing circumstances, finding new opportunities for exploiting the landscape and earning a living. There’s also an interesting tale of people moving progressively downhill over the millennia from the hilltops in prehistoric times to the valley bottoms in recent centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bibliography of Somerset Geology to 1997
    A selection from A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOMERSET GEOLOGY by Hugh Prudden in alphabetical order of authors, but not titles Copies of all except the items marked with an asterisk* are held by either the Somerset Studies Library or the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society June 1997 "Alabaster" in Mining Rev (1837) 9, 163* "Appendix II: geology" in SHERBORNE SCHOOL. Masters and Boys, A guide to the neighbourhood of Sherborne and Yeovil (1925) 103-107 "Blackland Iron Mine" in Somerset Ind Archaeol Soc Bull (Apr 1994) 65, 13 Catalogue of a collection of antiquities ... late Robert Anstice (1846)* Catalogue of the library of the late Robert Anstice, Esq. (1846) 3-12 "Charles Moore and his work" in Proc Bath Natur Hist Antiq Fld Club (1893) 7.3, 232-292 "Death of Prof Boyd Dawkins" in Western Gazette (18 Jan 1929) 9989, 11 "A description of Somersetshire" in A description of England and Wales (1769) 8, 88-187 "Earthquake shocks in Somerset" in Notes Queries Somerset Dorset (Mar 1894) 4.25, 45-47 "Edgar Kingsley Tratman (1899-1978): an obituary" in Somerset Archaeol Natur Hist (1978/79) 123, 145 A fascies study of the Otter Sandstone in Somerset* "Fault geometry and fault tectonics of the Bristol Channel Basin .." in "Petroleum Exploration Soc Gr Brit field trip" (1988)* A few observations on mineral waters .. Horwood Well .. Wincanton (ca 1807) "Ham Hill extends future supplies" in Stone Industries (1993) 28.5, 15* Handbook to the geological collection of Charles Moore ... Bath (1864)* "[Hawkins' sale to the British Museum... libel
    [Show full text]
  • July 20 Lecture Handout
    LECTURE # 5 1 IRON (Fe = Ferrum) 7 2 METALS Year of Discovery • 6000 BC - GOLD • 1781 - MOLYBDENUM • 4000 BC - SILVER • 1789 - URANIUM • 4200 BC - COPPER • 1791 - TITANIUM • 3500 BC - LEAD • 1797 - CHROMIUM • 1750 BC - TIN • 1803 – PALLADIUM • 1500 BC - IRON • 1808 - CALCIUM • 750 BC - MERCURY • 1817 – LITHIUM • 1746 - ZINC • 1817 – CADMIUM • 1751 - NICKEL • 1827 – ALUMINUM • 1753 - BISMUTH • 1830 - VANADIUM • 1755 - MAGNESIUM • 1898 - POLONIUM • 1757 - PLATINUM • 1898 – RADIUM 3 Metals in Earth Crust Parts per million Iron 50,000 Copper 70 Lead 16 Tin 2 Silver 0.1 Gold 0.005 E. MORAN - 2017 4 Bronze and Iron Ages 5 IRON 35% of Earth’s mass as Fe-Ni alloy 5% of Earth’s crust Fourth most abundant in the Earth’s crust Found as oxides: hematite (oxide), limonite (hydroxide), magnesite (carbonate), and siderite (carbonate) Large deposits of iron sulfate (pyrite) Easily oxidized rust red spots and bands on rocks Pure iron is soft. Hardened with addition of coal Important element in human body (hemoglobin in the red blood cells, myoglobin in muscle cells) E. MORAN - 2017 6 Iron Timeline 3,500 BC - Egypt - Meteoritic iron (7.5% nickel) soft 3,000-2,700 BC - Mesopotamia - First iron production Heating and hammering was used ~1,500 BC - Melting point was too high for ancient furnaces: • Copper’s melting point = 1,085°C • Tin’s melting point = 232°C • Iron’s melting point = 1,538°C 1,500-1,200 BC - Hittites - Made high temperature kilns First to smelt iron IRON AGE E. MORAN - 2017 7 Iron Timeline (cont’d) India 1,200 BC - Greece 1,100 BC - Roman Era - Celtic expansion - Europe Large scale iron production – 1,200-1,000 BC 1,000 BC - Charcoal was added to iron steel 513 BC – Chinese made furnace capable of melting iron 18th Cent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oxidized Zinc Ores of Leadville Colorado
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary / ? */ 2~ J o UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 681 THE OXIDIZED ZINC ORES OF LEADVILLE COLORADO BY G. F. LOUGHLIN WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 *? o o CONTENTS. Page- Introduction. ............................................................. 7 Discovery.....................................................'............ 7 Early accounts of zinc carbonate and silicate............................. 8 Recent discovery of oxidized zinc ore bodies............................. 12 Production................................................................ 13 Literature.................................................................. 16 Mineralogy................................................................... 17 Zinc-ore minerals....................................................... 17 Smithsonite....................................................... 17 Hydrozincite....................................................... 18 Aurichalcite..................................'..................... 19 Calamine......................................................... 20 Hetaerolite....................................................... 21 Chalcophanite..................................................... 24 Zinciferous clay................................................... 24 Deschenite........................................................ 28 Associated minerals.................................................... 28 Iron oxides.......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Medieval, Industrial and Modern
    Post-Medieval, Industrial and Modern 14 Post-Medieval, Industrial and Modern Edited by Mike Bone and David Dawson from contributions by Mike Bone, David Cranstone, David Dawson, David Hunt, Oliver Kent, Mike Ponsford, Andy Pye and Chris Webster Introduction • From c.1540 there was a step-change in the rate of exploitation of our natural resources leading The western aspect of the South West was impor- to radical changes to the landscape. The exploita- tant in earlier times, but during this period it became tion of water for power, transport and later paramount as the strategic interests of Britain devel- the demand for clean drinking water produced oped, first across the Atlantic and then globally. The spectacular changes which apart from individual development of the great naval base at Devonport is monument studies have been largely undocu- an indication of this (Coad 1983). Understanding the mented. Later use of coal-based technology led archaeology of the South West is therefore interde- to the concentration of production and settle- pendent on archaeological work on an international ment in towns/industrial villages. scale and vice versa. The abundance of resources in the region (fuels: coal and natural gas, raw materials • Exploitation for minerals has produced equally for the new age: arsenic, calamine, wolfram, uranium, distinctive landscapes and has remodelled some china clay, ball clay, road stone, as well as traditionally of the “natural” features that are now regarded exploited materials such as copper, tin, lead, agricul- as iconic of the South West, for example, the tural produce and fish) ensured that the region played Avon and Cheddar Gorges, the moorland land- a full part in technological and social changes.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Lead and Zinc
    Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry 6 Lead and Zinc Lead and zinc ores are usually found together with gold and silver. A lead-zinc ore may also contain lead sulfide, zinc sulfide, iron sulfide, iron carbonate, and quartz. When zinc and lead sulfides are present in profitable amounts they are regarded as ore minerals. The remaining rock and minerals are called gangue. Forms of Lead and Zinc Ore The two principal minerals containing lead and zinc are galena and sphalerite. These two minerals are frequently found together along with other sulfide minerals, but one or the other may be predominant. Galena may contain small amounts of impurities including the precious metal silver, usually in the form of a sulfide. When silver is present in sufficient quantities, galena is regarded as a silver ore and called argentiferous galena. Sphalerite is zinc sulfide, but may contain iron. Black sphalerite may contain as much as 18 percent iron. Lead Ore The lead produced from lead ore is a soft, flexible and ductile metal. It is bluish-white, very dense, and has a low melting point. Lead is found in veins and masses in limestone and dolomite. It is also found with deposits of other metals, such as zinc, silver, copper, and gold. Lead is essentially a co-product of zinc mining or a byproduct of copper and/or gold and silver mining. Complex ores are also the source of byproduct metals such as bismuth, antimony, silver, copper, and gold. The most common lead-ore mineral is galena, or lead sulfide (PbS).
    [Show full text]