Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83602-9 — Rethinking Conflict at the Margins Mohita Bhatia Index More Information

200 Index

Index

Abdullah, Farooq, 30–31 ambiguities Abdullah, Sheikh, 28–31, 34, 48 affiliations and contradictions, 122–128 absolutism, 3 anti-Kashmiri lobby Abu-Lughod, Lila, 53 Jammu, 29 affiliations anti-feudal movement ambiguities and contradictions, 122–128 Kashmir, 166 agitation, 141 anti-Hindu, 130 highly politicised responses, 144–149 anti-imperialist, 53 Hindus, 144 anti-India movement, 130 lower-caste Hindus, 147 anti-Jammu, 130 not a monolith, 143–144 anti-Kashmir, 169 Akhil Bharatiya Vidhyarthi Parishad, 147 Jammu and, 164–165 Al Jazeera, 94 political discourse, 49 alcohol production, 64 sentiments, 49 All India Confederation SC/ST/OBC Army Organizations, 47, 49 Rajputs, 32 Amaranth agitation, 92, 93 Army atrocities, 90–91 Amarnath agitation, 22, 57, 65, 105–106, Army Supply Corps, 116 115, 143, 163, 173, 175 article 370, 29 distant pilgrimage central to Jammu, Article 370, 106 129–135 Aslam, Mohamed, 44 internal complexities, 128–129 assembly election, 171–175 nature of, 137–139 Jammu, 171, 173 Amarnath caves, 130f winning parties, 174t Amarnath pilgrimage, 134–135 Assembly election Hindu campaign, 136 campaigns, 172 Amarnath Shrine, 132, 142 Ayodhya movement, 120, 133, 141 agitation, 51 Azad Kashmir, 88 Kashmir, 129 forces, 82, 84 Amarnath yatra, 132 Azad Kashmir forces, 80 massacre, 133 azadi, 6–7, 75, 161, 165 Ambedkar, Babasaheb, Dr., 147–148, 168 from poverty, 7

Index 201

Baba Sain Kasham, 117 Muslims insurgency, 179–182 Babri Mosque, 133 porous, 75 Badshah, Baba Gulam Shah, 18 scheduled Castes (SCs), 164 Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), 147, 168, shifting realities and fixed, 72–75 175–176 Bose, Sumantra, 25, 89 Dalit-based, 147 Brah, Avtar, 123 Baisiths, 18, 59–60 Brahmanical Hindu symbols, 64 Bajrang Dal, 130, 133, 138 Brahmin sabha, 55 Bakerwals, 35, 36 Brahmins, 5, 7, 15, 32, 60, 119 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 38, 41–42 Kanhal, 114, 150 Bakshi, Aparajita, 45 kirtans and Scheduled Caste, 57 Balibar, Etienne, 71 landholdings, 56 Balidaan Bhavan middle and lower class, 55 Rajouri, 81 Scheduled Castes (SC), 54 Bam Bam Bhole, 141, 151, 156 social realm, 62 Banerjee, Paula, 73 sub-castes, 55 Bar Association of Jammu, 138 weddings and Scheduled Caste, 56 Barwala, 43 women, 59, 152–153 Basith, 43 Brass, Paul, 109, 142 basmati rice British intervention, 108 Jammu, 131 Buddha, 63 Batwal, 43 Buddhism, 148 Baumann, Gerd, 126 Buddhist, 25 Bave Wali Mata, 131 Budhal, 16 Bazaz, Prem Nath, 32–33 Butler, Judith, 37, 38, 40, 53 Bedouin women, 53 Bengal, 27 caste, 6–7, 9, 12, 18 Bhaderwahi, 37 analysis of, 38 Bhagat, S. R., 50 configuration, 21 Bharatiya Jana Sangha, 34 conflict and politics, 46–50 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 22, 50–51, discrimination, 149 106–107, 109, 123, 133, 141–142, dynamics and economic reforms, 44–46 144, 146, 153, 155, 163, 170–172 heterogeneity within, 152–156 Bharti, Dinesh, 145 identity, 57 Bholi Mata, 119–120, 126 Kanhal, 61 Big Landed Estates Abolition Act of 1950, 44 Ceasefire Line (CFL). See Line of Control Bigle, Sirma, 53 (LOC) Bishnah tehsil, 14, 143 Central Reserve Police Force personnel, 177 borders, 12, 21 Centre for Dialogue and Reconciliation global scholarship, 74 (CDR), 157 highly securitised and impermeable, 2 Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 85 Hindus, 100, 164 Chamar, 43, 55–56 Hindus and Muslims, 75 sub-caste, 60 Muslim, 122 Chandans, 18, 58, 59–60, 119, 156 Muslims, 181 of Danidhar, 150–151

202 Index

landholding, 59 Chandans, 59 charri mubarak, 132 Chandans of, 150–151 Chatta, Illyas, 82 cultural discourse, 118 Chatterji, Joya, 73 folk culture, 117 Chowdhary, Rekha, 30, 142 hand drawn map of, 20f Chura, 43 Hindu, 122 class, 55 Jatt Muslim, 126 affiliations, 119 literacy rate, 16 colonial era, 107 marriages in, 116–117 communal, 8, 21, 27, 82–84, 87, 93, 106, Muslim responden, 78 108–109, 125, 133–134, 137, 139– Muslim-majority, 16 142, 145, 157–159, 163–164, 170, Muslims, 65, 94 172, 177 oppressive caste system, 62 communitas, 135 Scheduled Castes (SC), 60 compartmentalisation, 24 Scheduled Castes (SCs), 149, 155 comprehending resistance, 62–65 socio-cultural diversities, 116 conflict, 2–3, 4, 11–16, 21, 40, 76, 168–169 upper- and middle-caste Hindus, 18 based politics, 12 Darhal, 16 centred politics and marginal classes, Das, Charan, 83 164–166 Dashnami Akhara, 132 discourse, 66–67 Debt Relief Act, 44 India-Kashmir, 4, 5–7 decolonisation, 71–72 India–Pakistan, 4 Delhi Kashmir, 13, 16, 41, 109, 128, 160 ownership Kashmir, 30 Kashmiri, 182 der Veer, Van, 136 politics and caste, 46–50 dham, 56 politics of, 11 dhol, 117 resolution, 22 Dhyar, 43 Congress, 28, 31, 143, 164, 170–171, 173, Dickey, Sara, 55 176 discrimination Constituent Assembly, 29 caste and class, 149 Constitution of India, 28 in Jammu, 124 contradictions against Jammu, 150 affiliations and ambiguities, 122–128 Jammu, 163 corruption, 173 regional, 154 cross-border affiliations, 22 displacement, 8, 13, 22, 27, 70, 75, 88, 101, 179 Dalit, 41, 65, 148 dispute based Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), 147 Kashmir, 4 party politics, 43 diversities, 10, 21, 60, 73, 105, 108–111, 116, resistance, 53 128, 181 Danidhar, 1, 4, 13, 16, 18, 19f, 37, 45, 52, 77, divided families, 88, 93–102 87, 96, 113–122 Diwali Brahmin women, 153 violence, 83 caste dynamics, 57–62 Doda, 6, 8, 36, 110

Index 203

Dogra, 32, 44 Gandhi, Rahul, 173 Jammu, 81, 113 Gardi, 43 Kanhal, 15 Geertz, Clifford, 72 monarchy, 47 Gojri, 36, 37, 116 Muslims, 114 Gottschalk, Peter, 112, 125 rule, 28, 47 government college, 14 Dogri Sanstha, 33 Gramsci, Antonio, 38–39, 53–54 dominant political discourse, 11, 70, 104, grievances, 11 109, 154, 162–163, 165 guerrilla army, 88 domination, 6, 39, 53–54, 56, 61, 107, 111, Gujjar, 35, 36, 116, 158 119, 137, 147, 155–156 identity, 1890 Doom, 43 Muslims, 111, 116 Pahari politics, 102 economic reforms, 34 Pahari rivalry, 122 and change in caste dynamics, 44–46 education Haj, 119 Jammu, 14, 124 Harkat-ul-Ansar, 133 reservation, 50 havans, 56, 78, 81, 119 electoral discourse, 176–179 and kirtans, 119 elitist class, 43 heteroglossia, 38 employment Hindu Amarnath Shrine in Kashmir, 51 Jammu, 124 Hindu constituencies reservation, 50 winning parties, 176t England, 96 Hindu deities, 64 ethnic identity, 3, 26 Hindu refugees, 88 ethnic minorities, 126 Hindu rightist groups, 134 ethno-national movement, 11 Hindu rightist organisations, 158, 164 ethnography, 21 Hinduising, 136 everyday, 3–5, 11–12, 15, 21, 39–40, 42, 46, Hinduism, 63, 107, 116 49, 53–54, 57, 61, 65–66, 71, 86, 92, Hindus, 1, 16, 18, 21, 24, 35, 78, 81 101–102, 104–105, 121, 123, 129, agitation, 144 141, 149, 151, 160, 168, 178, 181 anti- Kashmiri politics, 48 Ewing, K. P., 123 border, 164 ex-sarpanch, 115 borders, 75 campaign, 136 federalism, 29 constituencies, 171, 173–176 fenceless border zone, 75 Danidhar, 122 feudal rule, 33 dominant politics, regional sentiment and field tour, 13–22 marginalised, 163–164 fieldwork, 1–2, 12–13, 16, 45–46, 62, 77, 79, electoral participation, 11, 22 82, 86, 92, 105, 112, 115–116, 123, identitities, 71 126, 129, 143, 156 identity, 63 folk culture Jammu, 106, 114, 115, 123, 132, 146, 170 Danidhar, 117 killings, 169 Gaddis, 35 killings of, 174

204 Index

kirtans and havans, 119 126, 128–129, 135–136, 140, 142, Line of Control (LOC), 100 145, 147–148, 150, 153–154, 169, loot, plunder and killings of, 82 178–181 lower caste, 52 illiteracy, 18 lower-caste, 14, 44, 147 India marginalised, 164 competing claims Jammu and Kashmir, 70 migration, 9 Kashmir, 30, 43 militant killings, 8 versus Pakistan, 101 minority, 121 Pakistan tensions, 49 minority community, 8–9 Pakistan violence, 13 nationalist politics, 99 Peace between Pakistan and, 3 Pahari, 116 plural and secular, 26 partition migrants, 96 secular, 27 physical violence, 120 India-Pakistan wars 1947, 27, 78, 153 pilgrimage, 131 India-Pakistan wars,1971, 70 political discourse and marginal groups, India–Pakistan border, 1, 93 11–13 India–Pakistan cricket match, 120 political unification, 22 India–Pakistan military, 91 politics, 142 India–Pakistan wars 1947 and 1965, 131, 179 politics in Jammu, 21 India–Pakistan wars, 1949, 68 Rajouri, 16, 70, 78, 156 India–Pakistan wars,1971, 131 of Rajouri, 175 Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir refugees, 36 (IAJK), 3, 23, 27, 68 religious identity and unity, 129 Indian Army, 86 religious traditions, 112 Indian nationalism, 29, 49, 52, 90, 161 respondent in Rajouri, 100 Indian Union, 29, 30 rightist groups, 141 Indira–Sheikh accord, 30 and Scheduled Castes (SC), 49 inequality, 108 selective killings, 8 infiltration, 77, 78 sentiments, 142 insurgency, 6–9, 31, 49, 165, 174, 179–181 social and political responses, 11, 22 in Kashmir, 30 symbols, 139 Kashmir to Jammu, 4 unity, 143 inter-religious relations, 8 Untouchables, 44 Islam, 1, 71, 126 upper-caste, 50, 52, 61 conversion, 1, 68 village of Kanhal, 4 Islamic practices, 112 violence, 83–84, 157 Islamic terrorism, 141 Hindutva, 22, 133–134, 138, 144–146, 170, 177–178 jagirdars, 34 Holy Quran, 118 jagirs, 32 homogenisation, 103, 107 Jammu, 1–2 ‘anti-Kashmiri’ essence, 164–165 Identity, 3, 7, 9–10, 22, 27–30, 32, 37–39, 44, assembly election, 171, 173 48, 50, 52–53, 55–59, 62–63, 65, 76, bandh, 137 97–98, 104–105, 107–114, 118–123, basmati rice, 131

Index 205

border zone of, 67 socio-cultural diversities, 109 caste dynamics, 42 socio-cultural life, 105 conflict-based politics, 41 and Srinagar, 81 Congress party, 51 subordinate classes, 48 discrimination, 124, 150, 163 suicide attacks, 8 distant pilgrimage central to, 129–135 taxation policy, 81 district and tehsil boundaries, 36f upper-caste, 156 districts, 25 upper-caste-based politics, 23 Dogras, 34, 81, 113 Jammu and Kashmir High Court, 138 educational infrastructure, 14 Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party employment, educational and housing, (JKNPP), 174 124 Jammu Bar Association, 139 feudal rule, 33 Jamwal, Anuradha Bhasin, 134 Hindus, 11, 21, 22, 114, 115, 123, 132– Jana Sangh, 106 133, 137, 146, 170 Janata Dal, 175 India competing claims, 70 Janata National Party (JNP), 174 insurgency, 4, 7 Jatt, 18, 111, 116 versus Kashmir, 101 Jatt Muslim, 60, 119 and Kashmir conflict, 23–32 Danidhar, 126 Kashmiri Pandits in, 6–7, 9 Jhangar, 82 literacy rate, 14 Jolaha, 43 map of, 24f marginalisation, 4, 16 Kabir, 63 militancy, 5 Kaif, Katrina, 77 Muslim, 146 Kalakote, 16 as Muslim region, 22 Kanhal, 4, 6–7, 17f, 37, 45, 52, 113–122 political history and society, 32–35 Ambedkarites, 148 political identity, 7 Brahmin, 16 politics, 14 Brahmins, 54, 114 pro-Dogra and anti- Kashmiri lobby, 29 caste, 61 pro-Hindu basis, 104 caste composition, 15 Rajput-dominated villages, 46 Dogra identities, 15 regional discrimination, 130 fieldwork, 13 regions, 24 Hindu village of, 4 relative positions of Rajouri, Bishnah interplay between two main castes, 54–57 and, 14f literacy rate, 14 religion and politics, 105–110 marginalisation of SCs, 60 religion-based politics, 158–159 RSS in, 144–145 religious identities, 105 rural realities, 152 residents, 39 Scheduled Castes (SCs), 155, 178 Scheduled Castes (SC), 43–44, 49, 52–54 Karan, Leela, 138 social character, 111 Kashmir, 2 social heterogeneity, 25 Amarnath shrine, 129 socio-cultural complex, 110–113 anti-feudal movement, 166 socio-cultural complexities, 162 anti-national, 39

206 Index

backward, 154 Kashmiri Muslim, 49 centric politics, 163 Kashmiri Muslims, 2–3, 29, 30–31, 52, 109, class structure of, 166 123–124, 125, 137, 146, 154, 161 conflict, 2–3, 5–7, 13, 16, 26, 41, 109, azadi, 6 128, 160, 182 separatism, 141 constructive union, 28 Kashmiri nationalism, 29 conundrum, 173 Kashmiri nationalist movement, 3, 28 debate, 4 Kashmiri Pandits, 6, 123–125, 132, 154 Delhi’s ownership, 30 cultural difference, 9 dispute, 4 in Jammu, 7 districts, 25 migration, 9 elections, 172 secondary citizens, 6 ethnic and cultural identity, 10 Kashmiri politicians, 2 ethno-national movement, 11 Kashmiri protests, 51 as Hindu region, 22 Kashmiri Raj, 142 independence of, 29 Kashmiri-speaking Muslims, 24 India competing claims, 70 Kathua, 32, 110 India relations, 30 rape case, 177 insurgency, 4, 31 Katra, 131 Jammu, 43 Khan, Dominique-Sila, 112 versus Jammu, 101 Khatris, 59 and Jammu conflict, 23–32 kirtans, 57 map of, 24f and havans, 119 militancy, 180 Kishtawari, 8, 36, 37 movement, 3 Kishtwar, 110 Muslim majority region, 3 Kotli, 58, 81–82, 86–88, 97–98, 100, 117 Muslim-majority, 27 Kshatriya model, 59 National Conference (NC) government, 48 political autonomy, 29 Ladakh, 3, 10–11, 160–161 political developments, 28 districts, 24 political identity, 181 Muslim, 25 political movement of, 34 Lal, Bihari, 47, 49 protest and social movement, 47 Lamb, Alastair, 81 regions, 24 lambardar, 60 Scheduled Castes (SC) marginalities, land reforms, 34, 44, 45, 48, 166 52–54 landholding, 45–46, 54 social heterogeneity, 25 Chandans, 59 Kashmir-centricism, 138 landmining, 2 Kashmiri anti-nationalists and separatists, 139 langars, 118, 132, 136–137, 139 Kashmiri insurgency, 49 language, 38 Kashmiri leaders, 2–3 legislative representation Kashmiri Leadership, 2–4, 6, 27–28, 34, 48, reservation, 50 52 Line of Control (LOC), 12, 16, 35, 58, 88– Kashmiri militant 89, 91, 94, 126, 169 suicide attacks, 177 Hindus and Muslims, 100

Index 207

movement and communication, 95 Modi wave, 172–173 Rajouri, 98f Modi, Narendra, 172–173, 177–178 structural violence, 101 Muslims, 1, 18, 21, 24, 115, 156 literacy rate, 14 ambiguities and Hindu responses, 86–93 Danidhar, 16 backward and filthy, 60 Scheduled Castes (SC), 45 borders, 181 lord Rama, 133 communal violence, 82 Lord Shiva, 129 Danidhar, 94 lower-castes, 7, 47 Dogra, 114 Hindus, 14, 44, 52 Gujjar, 111 lower-middle-class Gujjars, 18 muslims, 61 Jammu, 146 Jarral and Rajput, 84 Mahajan, 84 Jatt, 60 Maharaja, 81 Kashmiri, 2–3, 49, 106 Mahatma Gandhi, 27–28 Kashmiri-speaking, 24 marginal castes, 46, 52 Ladakh, 25 marginalisation, 161 Line of Control (LOC), 100 Jammu, 4 lower-middle-class, 61 Scheduled Castes (SC), 52–54 majority region Kashmir, 3, 9 martyr, 139 middle-class, 61 Mayawati, 168 migration, 9, 93 meaning-making, 42 minority, 35 Megh, 43, 55 Pahari, 37 memories peasantry, 47 and political responses, 84–86 Poonch, 81 middle school, 14 Rajouri, 57, 89, 157 middle-class, 1 Rajput, 111 Muslims, 61 religious boundaries, 19 migrants religious traditions, 112 partition, 96 social and political life, 13 migration, 9, 70, 87, 89, 93, 100, 123 violence, 90 Kashmiri Pandits, 9 of Muslims, 93 Nandy, Ashis, 107 militancy, 6, 8, 21, 31, 49, 77–78, 93, 106, Nation, 3, 22, 26, 68, 70–75, 85–87, 90–91, 115, 121, 123–125, 127–128, 131, 96–97, 100, 102–103, 107–108, 113, 133–134, 141, 150, 171–174, 180–181 131, 136, 141 Kashmir, 180 National Conference (NC), 28, 44, 48 youths in, 5 Muslim Conference, 166 militarisation, 16 nationalism, 3–4, 10, 13, 22, 27–30, 48–49, Ministry of Defence, 88 52, 68, 71–72, 74–75, 49, 86, 90, 92, minority, 158 96–97, 103, 106, 108, 136, 161–163, Muslims, 35 169, 177, 179 Mirpur, 82 nationalist, 4 Mirza, 116 movement, 32

208 Index

Nau Gazzi, 117 migrants, 96 Naushera, 82 Pathan, 80, 81 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 27–29 tribesmen, 26, 80–81 neo-Marxist tradition, 38 peasantry, 32, 44, 47, 166–167 normalisation People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 172 and resistance, 37–40 physical violence, 46 Nowshera, 16 pilgrimages, 131–132, 134 winning parties, 175t and politicisation, 135–137 spatial strategies, 136 Operation Gilbraltar, 88 Pir Badesar, 79 Operation Sadbhavana, 78 Pir Khoh, 131 oppression, 54 plunder oppressive caste system, 62 of Hindus, 82 oppressive feudal regime, 166 plurality, 25, 105, 110, 162, 172 other, 32, 35, 37, 54, 56, 59–61, 83, 102, 105, Pogli, 37 112, 114–115, 117, 120, 125, 126, political developments 133, 152–153, 173, 176 Kashmir, 28 political discourse, 9, 11–13, 23, 34–35, 38– Padderi, 37 39, 42, 46, 48–49, 51, 70, 103–106, Pahalgam, 130 109, 115, 122, 154, 161–168, 180 Pahari, 21, 36, 37, 180 lack of subordinate, 166–168 Gujjar politics, 102 political elite, 3 Hindu, 116 political insurgency, 174 Muslim, 116 political responses Muslims, 37 Rajouri, 158 and memories, 84–86 Pakistan, 1 politicisation border, 67 and pilgrimage, 135–137 claims Kashmir, 27 politics competing claims Jammu and Kashmir, 70 conflict and caste, 46–50 versus India, 101 Jammu, 14 India tensions, 49 and religion, 105–110 India violence, 13 upper-caste in Jammu, 23 Muslim, 127 polpulation peace between India and, 3 Scheduled Caste (SC), 14 Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir Poonch, 13, 35, 110, 179 (PAJK), 18, 23–24, 27, 36, 68, 75, 82, Muslim, 81 85, 87, 89, 92, 94, 96, 99 Pahari Muslims, 37 Pakistani Muslims, 71 population, 36 Pandey, Gyanendra, 100 porous borders, 75 parliamentary elections, 170–171 post-accession period, 34, 44 partition, 1–2, 13, 16, 21–22, 26–27, 67–68, post-colonial era, 109 70, 72, 75–76, 80, 82–83, 85–87, post-colonialist, 53 92–93, 96–97, 100–101, 111, 117, post-independence period, 34, 44, 45 120, 153, 167, 169, 179 Praja Parishad, 34, 106, 128, 139 history, 21, 92 Prakash, Chander, 84

Index 209

pre-colonial Balinese state, 72 siege of, 80 pre-colonial era, 108 tehsil, 143 primary schools, 14 tribal occupation, 86 private schools, 14 winning parties, 175t pro-aazadi, 161 Rajputs, 44–45 pro-Dogra Army, 32 Jammu, 29 identity politics, 102 pro-Hindutva constituency, 177–178 Muslim, 60 pro-India, 165 unemployment, 32 pro-Jammu, 48–49, 165, 169 Ram mandir public killings, 8 politics, 147, 148 public transport, 14 Ram Sethu, 138 Pulwama attack, 177 Ramban, 36 Punjab, 27 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 133, Punjabis, 35, 37 140, 144, 146, 163 Puri, Balraj, 45, 162 in Kanhal, 144–145 Purohit Sabha, 132 Ratal, 43 Ravidas, 63 R. S. Pura, 35 Rawalpindi Radhasoami, 63 Azad Jammu and Kashmir, 81 Raghunath temple, 5, 133 Razakars, 88–91 suicide attacks, 8 Reasi, 32 Rai, Mridu, 30 refugee identity, 97, 98 Rajouri, 35, 82, 110 regional discrimination, 154 backward, 100 regional diversities Balidaan Bhavan, 81 political hegemony and resistance, 35–37 border, 68 regional grievances, 139–143 bordering experiences, 72 regionalism, 48 bordering process, 74 religion, 1, 22, 25, 27, 29, 48–49, 63, 65, economic backwardness, 75–76 71, 78, 83–84, 92, 95–96, 100–101, Gujjar Muslims, 102 103–110, 112, 113, 117, 124, 126, Hindus, 70, 78, 100, 156, 175 133, 136, 140–143, 146, 157–159, imprints of 1947, 80–84 161, 163–164, 166–167, 169–170 India–Pakistan war, 79 and politics, 105–110 infiltration and, 77 religious identity, 105 infrastructure, 78 religious politics, 147 and LOC, 98f religious violence, 109 local politics, 101 reservation main market, 75, 76f Muslim, 91 militancy and, 77, 79 reservation-related rights, 50 Muslims, 57 Resident of Backward Areas or Scheduled Pahari Muslims, 37 Tribes, 91 population, 36 resistance, 4, 10, 12, 15, 21, 23, 31, 35, 39– representations of, 75–80 40, 42, 49, 51–54, 62, 65, 66, 95, 114, siege and violence, 85–86 123, 128, 160, 166, 170, 180–181

210 Index

comprehending, 62–65 nationalism, 28 Dalit, 53 secularism, 29 incomplete association and possibilities selective killings, 8 for, 51–52 self-assertion, 42 and normalisation, 37–40 self-determination movement, 51 political hegemony and regional sexual violence, 45 diversities, 35–37 shagun, 117 Scheduled Caste, 51 shahukars, 32 riots, 109 Shakti, Goddess, 130 rural realities, 149–152 Shastri, Ram Nath, 33 Shia minority, 24 sabhas, 56 Shimla Agreement, 30 Sadhvi Ritambara, 145 Shiv Khori, 131 Sahib Bandagi, 63 Shiv Sena, 130, 138 sahukaari, 84 Shivalaya temple, 8 Salathia, B. S., 139 suicide attacks, 8 Samba, 32, 110 Shri Amarnath Sangharsh Samiti (SASS), Sangari, Kumkum, 112 138–141 Saraf, Amar Nath, 82 Shri Amarnath Shrine Board (SASB), 132, Sarkar, Tanika, 146 135–137 Sarthal, 8 shrine SC/ST Federation, 48 Muslim, 118 Scheduled Castes (SC), 6–7, 11–12, 18, 35, siege, 80 41–42, 44, 53, 125, 160 Siege of Rajouri, 80, 82 border, 164 Sikh, 16, 58 and border Hindus, 168–170 refugees, 36 Brahmin kirtans and, 57 Sikhs, 78, 81 Brahmin weddings and, 56 Singh, Dhian, 81 Danidhar, 149, 155 Singh, Gulab, 81 in Jammu, 49 Singh, Maharaja Hari, 81 in Kanhal, 15 Singh, Surinder, 78 Kanhal, 155, 178 Sinha, S. K., 136–137 layered marginalities, 52–54 Siraji, 37 literacy, 45 Social character political consolidation, 46 Jammu, 111 polpulation, 14 social exclusion, 46 resistance, 51 social identifications, 114 social realm, 54 social realm, 154 and upper- and middle-caste Hindus, Brahmins, 62 49–50 Scheduled Castes (SC), 54 Scheduled Tribes (ST), 35, 116 social realms, 42 Scott, James C., 64, 73 socio-cultural diversities secular, 4, 26–29, 93, 107–108, 140, 142, Danidhar, 116 164, 167, 171, 178 spatial strategies, 136 India, 27 Sri Amarnath Shrine Board (SASB), 130, 132

Index 211

Srinagar, 129, 132 Vaishno Devi and Jammu, 81 pilgrimage, 130–131 structural violence, 101 trade and business, 131 sub-regional van Schendel, Willem, 72, 74 and border perspectives, 156–159 Vande Matram, 141 subordinate classes varna system, 59 Jammu, 48 Verma, P. S., 43 Sudhans, 81 violence, 3, 16, 27, 83 suicide attacks Diwali, 83 Jammu, 8 Hindu, 157 Sunderbani, 16, 77 against Hindus, 83–84 Sunni, 24 Muslims, 90 sunyaras, 58 physical, 46 surveillance, 16 and Rajouri, 85–86 Syed, 111, 116 structural, 101 syncretism, 112 Vir Bhadreshwar. See Pir Badesar Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 130, 134, 138 tehsils, 16 Thanamandi, 16, 82 Wani, Khursheed, 132 Trikuta hills, 130 Watal, 43 Turner, Victor, 135 Wikipedia, 77 Wilkinson, Steven, 109 Udhampur, 32 women ultra-nationalism, 106 Bedouin, 53 jingoism, 92 Brahmin, 59, 152–153 unemployment, 18 emancipation, 146 Untouchables mass suicide/killings, 80 Hindu, 44 upper- and middle-caste Hindus, 18 youths upper-caste-based pro-Hindu, 7 in militancy, 5 uppercaste, 32, 45, 47 Hindu, 52 ziyarats, 117–118 urs, 118 Zutshi, Chitralekha, 27