CONTROL DEMONSTRATION OF THE RICEFIELD BREEDING MOSQUITO ANOPHELES ACONITUS DONITZ IN , USING POECILIA RETICULATA THROUGH COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ; 3. FIELD TRLAL AND EVALUATION*

Sustriayu ~alim', Damar Tri ~oewono', Arief &liman2 dan Elias winoto2

ABSTRAK

Suatu penelitian dilakukan untuk menjajagi kemungkinan menggunakan minapadi sebagai cara pemberantasan nyamuk Anopheles aconitus. Minapadi dilakukan dengan ihn Cyprinus carpio. Dengan tersedianya air di sawah untuk ikan, ikan pemakan jentik Poecilia Reticulata yang ditebarkan dapat hidup pula. Penebaran dilakukan oleh masyarakat . Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa melalui minapadi yaitu dengan penebaran .ikan P. reticulata pada kepadatan 2 ekorlm2, populasi An. aconitus selama 5 tahun dapat diturunkan sebanyak 99,7%dan S.P.R. malaria sebanyak 98,8%.

INTRODUCTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS A study was conducted to explore Detailed information on the area the feasibility of controlling the malaria is described in the first paper. The final vector Anopheles aconitus Donitz in evaluation was conducted after enough ricefields through release of the larvi- brood was available to fulfill the needs of vorous fish Poecilia reticulata. Farmers approximately 112 farmers, working in were encouraged' to breed Cyprinus 24,8 ha wetland. carpio in ricefields for consumption, or other commercial purposes. Poecilia Mass breeding of Cyprinus carpio and reticulata synchronously released with Poecilia reticulata. Cyprinus carpio to control mosquito To fulfill the needs of 112 farmers larvae in ricefields, could thrive well cultivating in 24,8 ha of wetland, mass in the ricefields. Details on the study breeding was conducted: such as, study design, farmers encou- - Mass breeding of Poecilia reticulata : ragement, biological studies on fish Two ponds of 4 x 2 m 2 were provided and mosquito larvae, were discussed in for mass breeding of Poecilia reti- former papers1 culata. This pond was tended by the This paper will report the final acti- local fishery official.. vities, results, and prospects for further - Mass breeding of Cyprinus carpio implementation of this technique in Nine ponds of appr. 6 x 4m 2 were other villages, through coordination of hired for mass breeding of Cyprinus the local government. carpio. Approximately 103 adult stock

*. This work was supported by a grant $ 80033 1 UNDP/World Bank/ WHO. 1. National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, , . 2 Health Service, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java.

6 Bul. Penelit. Kesehat 16 (1) 1988 Control demonstration ...... Sustriayu Nalim et al. was used for the mass breeding. case detection is implemented as a regular Since farmers did not have the expe- policy. rience to mass breed Cyprinus carpio, Data used in this study was taken from the fishery official, in cooperation with this routine monitoring and compared village officials, supervised by the village for 5 years in the control as well as the head, bred the Cyprinns carpio. Fish treated area. was provided with local fish food. Ponds were classified as ponds for females, ponds for egglaying, ponds for males and ponds for the brood respectively 2 plots, 1 plot, 2 plots and 4 plots. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

Distribution of fish to the farmers. Total area and number of farmers participation. To avoid mishandling of the fish, fry was distributed by the fishery official Uatil the final observations only to respective farmers, C prinus carpio 96,476 of the total 24,Sha were included at a density of 9110mg and Poecilia for the study. The area denoted above reticulata at a density of 2/m2 (previous reflects the total number of farmers studies showed that these were participating. Out of the 112 farmers appropriate densities both for develop- recorded in the beginning of the study, ment of Cyprinus carpio and larvivorous only 92 (82,14%) participated in the fish potential of Poecilla reticulata). culture in ricefields. Problems encountered in rlc.trrmining Evaluation of mosquito densities in the number of farmers actively partici- ricef ields. pating in the program was thab not all Emergence traps were placed at farmers owned the land th:! ' -ev cnlti. vated. Farmers owning the i. . :otalled random in' the ricefields in the treated only 85% of the total numbc.1. .t' "armers and control area. In each area 40 traps registered in this area. Quitc o '. {.I Larmers were placed. The traps were observed changed plots or plots ~h;i:lf;~ilworkers. daily and moved every three days to avoid creation of specific habitats. Details of the traps are discussed else where1 . Mass breeding of , Poecilia ~3 iculata The traps were placed continuously and Cyprinus carpio and .i :'): >hution during planting seasons for five years. to the farmers. Data obtained was summarized yearly, Poecilia reticulata. since specific fluctications depended on he number of Poecili'.i $.rJ rc~tlata riceplanting. distributed the ricefields 1 total of 478,000 fish. Ponds of rn:~ , 9 !ing Evaluation of malaria incidence. yielded more than the require, I ,3. The malaria incidence was monitored After distribution to the Is, by the Regency Health Department, ponds for breeding still retain il (lgh since in malaria endemic areas, active stoc, for future distribution (see ' 1).

Bul. Penelit Kesehat 16 (1) 1988 'I Control demonstration ...... Sustriayu Nalim et al.

Table 1. Summary of farmers participation and distribution of fish.

Farmers Number Area C. carpi0 C. carpio* P.reticulata parti- of used in distri- harvested distributed cipation farmers study buted

Farmers with/ no individual 52 13,8 ha 124200 fish 12400 kg 276000 ponds Farmers owning 50000+ individual 40 10.1 ha 40900 fish*" 9090 kg 202000 ponds

* Fingerlings distributed 3 months old. ** C. carpio distributed in ricefields from individual ponds.

Cyprinus carpio A total number of 762,000 fingerlings were available for distributioh. Since only was reseeded. 174,200 fingerlings were needed, the A slight increase occured in the mosquito remaining fingerlings were distributed to emergence figures which decreased again farmers ponds to be reared into adults after reseeding of larvivorous fish. The (see Table 1). control area was sprayed once with The fishery officials carried both fenitrothion at the end of 1982 due Poecilia reticulata as well as Cyprinus to rising mosquito population densities. carpio to the farmers field plots. Every However mosquito emergence figures in farmer was supplied with both species the control area remained higher than as requested. The distribution took the treated area.c In the trial area no approximately 3-5 days to fulfill the other intervention methods were used needs of the requesting farmers. for mosquito control and the decrease in mosquito densities reveals the impact Evaluation of mosquito densities in of the release of larvivorous fish. A ricefields similar study conducted in India2 of Mosquito emergence figures fish release in wells also revealed satisfac- summarized yearly for averaged daily tory results. In this study, periodical emergence showed a decrease in five reseeding of fish was necessary. The years of 59,71%. Anopheles aconitus ricefields due to it's flooding and drying emergence figures summarized for five pattern for proper ricegrowth is reseaded years decreased by 99,7%. In 1982, every new planting season, through a long drought decreased the Poecilia coordinated distribution by the local reticulata population and the stock fishery official.

8 Bul. Penelit Kesehat. 16 (1) 1988 Control demonstration ...... Sustriayu Nalim et al.

Teble 2. Number of mosquitoes collected in traps zveraged per year.

Year - - 1979 1980 1981 1982 . 1983** 1984 Species fish con-, fish con- fish con- fish con- fuh con- fish con- seeded trol seeded trol seeded trol seeded trol seeded trol seeded trol

An. aconitus 3.35 2.4 0.4 3.1 0.2 4.2 0.1 2.1 0.2 1.8 0.01 1.2 An. barbirostris 6.0 7.6 14.7 17.6 4.7 16.0 2.9 3.0 4.7 3.0 An. urnularis 3.35 3.0 2.25 4.2 1.13 4.2 0.7 1.2 1.02 1.2 0.7 2.2 i Cx. fuscoceptulus 0.12 1.2 10.7 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.9 Cu. vishnui 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.2 6.2 0.7 0.1 0.6 Cx. bitaeniorhynchus 5.0 4.97 5.0714.79 4.35 5.0 3.35 3.3 4.35 3.8 3.35 3.75

I Total 18.52 20.07 13.52 21.47 11.28 19.95 7.55 10.7 10.97 11.3 7.46 11.85

2 *. Number of rnosquitoes/m2/day (trap area = 0,25 m ). ** Long drought, Poecilia reticulata breeding ponds reseeded.

Evaluation of malaria incidence. year, till 0.2% five years after the first fish release. Routine monitoring was Regular routine monitoring of malaria conducted through active case detection cases ~~rductedby the local EIealth and cases detected were treated with officials (CDC) revealed a drop in the chloroquine. This was done for the slide positive rate in five Years. Yearly treated as well as the trial area, and the observations in S.P.R. showed a gradual effect of fish culture in ricefields is shown decrease from 16.49%-6.46% the first by the decrease in S.P.R. in the trial area.

Table 3. Malaria Slide Positive Rates for Pagak (treated) and P-urwonegoro (control) area averaged per year.

Year Villages 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984"

Pagak 16.49 6.46 3.12 0.24 0.49 0.2

Pw wonegoro 2.98 10.12 4.96 2.25 3.07 3.36

* Malaria data analyzed until June 1984

Bul. Penelit Kesehat 16 (1) 1988 . .. Control demonstration ...... Sustriayu Nalim et al.

I'rospects for further implementation of coordinate activities in the respective fish breeding in ricef ields. villages. Following the final evaluation, results Plans are made to implement this tech- nique in various other malarious villages. obtained were discussed in a meeting Considering the extra yield of fish from ttetween the various parties involved the ricefields, even nonmalar~ousvillages in the trial. This meeting was held at the regency level between the Health Depart- will implement this fish brc c bding tech- nique, which indirectly wi!~ result in ment, the Agricultural Department to larval control in ricefields (see I ;L.l).

---+- FARMERS Agriculture

I I I / I I I / I

agricultural participation practices

I / I / I 4 v

Fish breeding &------Dept. of in ricefielas Fishery I I I

mozambica

reticulata

- vectal. 611 t r(;l \ \kramm(:

-- - nutrilic 11 11 PI l'c tlelme (I<*ca]government offical)

Figure 1. Flowchart of interdep; rtemental cooperation in biological control in ricef ielcls I.,, iiig larvivorous fish Bul. Penelit Kesehat 16 (1) 1988 I Coiltrol demonstration ...... , .. Sustriayu Nalim et al. I CONCLUSION Professor Dr.A.A. Loedin, Head of the National Institute for Health Research 1. Poecilia reticulata introduction and and Development Jakarta, for their breeding in Pagak village has lowered support. Finally we would like to thank mosquito population densities, espe- Dr. Lim Boo Liat for comments and cially of An. aconitus, the malaria advice. vector. 2. The introduction of Cyprinus carpio breeding in ricefields has stimulated REFERENCES farmers to cultivate fish in ricefields, thus creating a favourable habitat Sutriayu Nalim, Damar Tri Boewono, for Poecilia reticulata, the larvi- Arief Haliman and Elias Winoto vorous fish. (1985). Control Demonstration of the 3. Malaria cases in Pagak village have ricefield breeding mosquito An dropped drastically after fish intro- aconitus Donitz in Central Java, duction and culture in ricefields, using P. reticulata through Commu- and no further outbreaks have been nity Participation: 1. Experimental reported after the trial was concluded. Design and Concept. Bull. ofHlth. Studies 13 (3 & 4) : 31-37. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2. Menon, P.K.B. and P.K. Rajagopalan (1977). Mosquito control potential of The authors are grateful to the field some species of indigenous fishes in staff of the regency and provincial Health Pondicherry . Indian J. Med. Res. Department. Thanks are also due to 66 : 765-771. Professor DR. J. Sulianti Suroso and

Bul. Penelit. Kesehat 16 (1) 1988