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Japan's Strategic and Tactical Engagement in South Sudan

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Japan's Strategic and Tactical Engagement in South Sudan Taylor, Jeremy Gareth (2015) 'Japan is back', Japan’s (re)engagement in Africa : the case of South Sudan. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23677 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. “Japan is Back” Japan’s (Re)Engagement in Africa: The Case of South Sudan Jeremy Gareth Taylor Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2015 Department of Politics and International Studies SOAS, University of London Jeremy Taylor 564257 Declaration I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: ____________________________ Date: _______________________________ 1 Jeremy Taylor 564257 Table of Contents Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 6 Figures and Tables .................................................................................................................................. 7 Acronym List ........................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 14 1.2 Research Objectives .............................................................................................................. 17 1.2.1 Why This Research Matters .......................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 Contributions of the Study ............................................................................................ 22 1.3 Case Study: South Sudan ...................................................................................................... 27 1.3.1 A brief History of South Sudan ...................................................................................... 29 1.3.2 South Sudan on the Frontier of Japan’s Africa Policy ................................................... 33 1.3.3 South Sudan as a Testing Ground for New Policies ...................................................... 36 1.4 Research Method .................................................................................................................. 38 1.4.1 Primary Data ................................................................................................................. 40 1.4.2 Secondary Data ............................................................................................................. 47 1.5 Organisation of the Thesis .................................................................................................... 48 2. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................. 51 2.1 Competing Perspectives of Japanese Foreign Policy Analysis .............................................. 53 2.2 Framework of Analysis: Neoclassical Realism ....................................................................... 61 2.2.1 Relative Power in the International System ................................................................. 64 2.2.2 The Domestic Context of Foreign Policy Formation ..................................................... 66 2.3 How Neoclassical Realism is Used in This Study ................................................................... 68 3. The Structural Context: Japan’s Place in an Evolving World Order .............................................. 77 2 Jeremy Taylor 564257 3.1 G20 and the Rise of the Rest ................................................................................................. 79 3.2 The Rise of China ................................................................................................................... 84 3.2.1 The “China Factor” in Japan’s Africa Policy ................................................................... 87 3.3 Economic Revitalisation ........................................................................................................ 98 3.4 Ensure Resource and Energy Security ................................................................................. 104 3.5 Meet International Security Commitments ........................................................................ 110 3.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 114 4. Strategic Official Development Assistance (ODA)....................................................................... 116 4.1 JICA in South Sudan ............................................................................................................. 118 4.1.1 The Evolution of Japan’s ODA Support for South Sudan ............................................ 132 4.2 Japan’s ODA in Africa .......................................................................................................... 137 4.3 The Evolution of TICAD ....................................................................................................... 147 4.3.1 FOCAC and the “China Factor” .................................................................................... 156 4.4 Differentiation and the Politics of Identity ......................................................................... 159 4.5 Strategic ODA in a Changing Global Environment .............................................................. 163 4.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 168 5. Resource Focused Investment .................................................................................................... 170 5.1 Energy Security and Japan’s Search for Hinomaru Oil ........................................................ 172 5.2 The Context: Sudan and South Sudan’s Oil Industry .......................................................... 178 5.2.1 South Sudan’s Strategic Lifeline .................................................................................. 182 5.2.2 Asian Buyers of Sudanese Crude ................................................................................. 186 5.3 Investing in the Unknown ................................................................................................... 189 5.3.1 Implications of a New Oil Pipeline for Inter-Sudanese Relations ............................... 196 5.3.2 The “China Factor” and the Complex History of Sudan’s Oil Industry ........................ 200 5.4 The Frontier of Opportunity................................................................................................ 204 5.4.1 Toyota Tsusho and Equity Oil in the Pipeline? ............................................................ 210 3 Jeremy Taylor 564257 5.5 The Domestic Dynamics of Japan’s Energy Policy in Africa ................................................ 217 5.5.1 Policy Lessons from the 1973 Oil Crisis ....................................................................... 221 5.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 225 6. Security Engagement .................................................................................................................. 227 6.1 GSDF Deployment to South Sudan ..................................................................................... 234 6.1.1 Human Security and Peacekeeping ............................................................................. 237 6.2 Anti-piracy Operations in the Horn of Africa ...................................................................... 244 6.2.1 Developing a Military Footprint in Djibouti ................................................................ 251 6.3 The international Context of Japan’s Security Operations in Africa ................................... 255 6.3.1 Alignment with United States’ Policy in Africa ........................................................... 257 6.3.2 The “China Factor” and Japan’s Security Engagement in Africa ................................
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