CENSUS OF 1971

THE REPORT ON BEGGARY IN

CENEJlAt. EDITOR D. M. SINHA. Indian ,4dministrative Swvice, DtncTOlt. OF CENSUS OJ'ERATIONS, U. P .•

CONTENTS Pages PREFACE

THE REPORT ON BEGGARY IN UTTAR PRADESH 3-49

SECTION I-Beggars, Their Non-begging Dependants, Average Daily Income and Density . . 5-g SECTION II-Age, Sex and Marital Status 9-10 SECTION Ill-Literacy and Place of Birth 11 SECTION lV-DuratIOn, Cause and Usual Place of Begging 12-13 SECTION V-Addiction to Intoxicants 14 SECTION VI-Type of Dwellings 15 SECTIO N VIT-CIrcumstances Leading to Beggary and Methods thereof some Illustrations 16-17 SECTION VIII-Biographical Notes on Beggars Collected at Kumbh Mela, , 1966 .. " .. .. 18-21 SECTION IX-Steps Taken by Government for the Eradication of Beggary 22 SECTION X-Beggars in State Capital 23

APPENDIX I-InstructlOns for FIlling up the Beggar Slip 24 APPENDIX II-List of Tables 25-47 TABLE I-Beggars Household Abstract 25-29 TABLE IT-Beggars' Household Abstract for Cities and Towns with a populatlOD above 50,000 1961 30 TABLE III-Proportions of Non-begging dependants 31 TABLE IV-Density of Beggars 32 TABLE V-Percentage of Beggars by Marital Status 33-34 ,TABLE VI-Percentage literacy among beggars 35-36 I TABLE VII-Percentage of Beggars by their Birth Place 37-38 TABLE VIII-Percentage of Beggars by Duration of Begging .. 39-40

TABLE IX-Percentage of Beggars by different cause~ 41-42 TABLE X-Percentage of Beggars as have usual place of Beggmg 43-44 TABLE XI-Percentage Addicted to Intoxicants ,ther than tobacco 45

TABLE XII-Percentage of Beggars by Type 0 f Dwelling 46-47 APPENDIX III 48-49 PREFACE

The problem 01 beggal1' has alwa),s .:tttracteu the attentwn of sociologIsts, social reformers, public lea!iers and d<).ministra'lOls. Diverse view& have been expressed from time to time putting forward measures to root out beggary: but they have been without any noticeable effect 1>0 far.

The present report is an attempt to, present a study of this problem holll, a demographer's angle and was inspired by a letter written to my predecessor Sri P. P Bh.:ttnagar by Sri Asok MItra, the then Regi&trar Generar of India, (Appendix-III) m July ]959. IndiVIdual slips ot beggars Jere canvassed in 1961-Census and the study was undertaken dunng the intet-censal period 1961-71.

I am thankful to Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General of lndia (Social Studies) for his keen interest and valuable sugge&tions from time to time and for studymg the draft report and suggestmg change. where needed. The case ,study of ten beggars was undertaken by Sarvasri Chandra Sen, S. N. Srivastava, S C. Saxena, V. Garg Rajan and Ram Gopal, Investigators of the Offioe of the Registrar General of India during Kumbh Mela h~ld in 1966 .at Allahabad to whom also my thanks are due.

D. M. SINHA, Director of Census 0 perattons, Uttar Pradesh.

The Report on Beggary in Uttar Pradesh

SECTION I

BEGGARS, THEIR NON-BEGGING Dl:PENDANTS AVERAGE DAILY INCOME AND DENSITY

The image that the word beggar evokes in number oE beggars householCls varies between the common mind is that of a lone destitute. 112 (Dehra Dun) and (448) Basti. No one knows from where he comes, to where he goes and where he lives. We meet him in In Urban areas-The number of beggars house­ busy market squares, at mela sItes, holy places holds in urban areas is 4,{)29, the highest number railway stations, in fact, everywhere, where being in the District (460). There are there is a congregation of people. He seems to more than 100 beggar ho¥seholds in urban areas appear suddenly out of nowhere and disappear of districts, (385), (318), likewise. Some avoid him from a distance, some (306), Lucknow (263), Dehra Dun (248), (215), Bljnor (199), scold him, still others put a coin Dr two in his bowl. There is hardly anyone wanting to know (188), (114), (112) hIS antecedents. Most of the beggars do have Nami Tal (109), Fatehpur (105) and Hamirpur their households and at 1961 Census informa­ (103). The lowest number of beggars house­ holds in urban areas is found in Pratapgarh (7)_ tlOn about beggars households was collected as There are less than 25 beggars households in given in Tables I and II. dil>tncts, Garhwal (8), (9), Basti (10), Beggars Households Sultanpur (13), Bara Banki (14), , (18) I Table I presents districtwise distribution of Badaun (19), Almora and Deoria (22 each) and beggars households alongwith the total number Jaunpur (23), The number of households varies of beggars, their non-begging dependants and between 25 (Banda) and 96 () in the average earning in rural and urban areas. The :remaining districts of the State. total number of beggars households m UtJtar Total BeggaTs Populatwn Pradesh is 23.702 of which 19,073 are in rural areas and 4,629 are in urban areas of the State. The total population of beggars in Uttar Pra­ In districts-There are more than 1,000 house­ desh is 34,546 persons, which consists of 24,955 holds each in districts of (1,107) and males and 9,591 females. Azamgarh has the high­ Gonda (1,037). (941) and Bijnor est number of beggars (2,028) in the entire State. (927) follow close on their heels. There are Go~da (1,827), and Bara Banki (1,536) are close less than 100 beggars households each in the dis­ behind. The lowest number of beggars when tricts of Uttar Kashi (30), Pithoragarh (74). compared with other districts is found in Uttar Tehri-Garhwal (95) and ChamoH (96). In the Kashi (34); ChamoH (126), Pithoragarh (128), remaining districts the number of beggars house­ Rampur (186), (188) and Tehri-GarhwaL holds varies between 143 (Pilibhit) and (870) (193) The mpnber of beggars varies between Kanpur. (242) -in Garhwal and -(1,298) in Faizabad, in the In Rural areas-The highest ~umber of beg­ remaining districts of the State. gars hoyseholds in rural areas is in the district of Azamgarh (L081). The districts having more Ruml Population-The rural population than 500 beggars households in rural areas are, of beggars m the State 15 28,830 (20,709 males and Gonda (955), Faizabad (874), Bara Banki (817), 8,121 females). There are more than 1,000 Lucknow (734), Bijnor (728), Allahabad and beggars eaoh in the rural a,'reas IOf d{strict, Sultanpur (726 each), (680), Pratap­ Azamgarh (1,995), Gonda (1,711), Bara Banki garh (551) and Meerut (516). In the hill dis­ {1,521), Rae Eareli (1,183), _FC!izabad (1,17?>, tricts, Uttar Kashi, Pithoragarh, Tehri-Garhwal Gorakhpur (1,163), Sultanpu,r (1,088) and Allah­ and Chamoli, which have no urban areas, and abad (1,048). The districts having a beggar popu­ Jalaun the number of beggars households is less lation between 500-930 in rural areas are Bijnor than 100 each. In the remaining districts the (930), Basti (834), Pratapgarh (818), 5 6 (778) , Deoria (7D2), Meerut (662), Moradabad lowest in district Pratapgarh (Re.O. 44) Sultan­ (596) , BaHia (576), (524), (578) , pur and Gorakhpur (Re.O. 64 each). The (570), Jaunpur (505) and Bulandshahr average daily income of beggars is equal in rural (500t '~he population is lowest in the distrIct and urban aleas of Jalaun (Re.O 77). Qf Uttar Kashi (34). It is difficult to say why the pattern of income Urban PopulatlOn-The Urban population is what it is In Kanpur distnct, which has the comes to 5,716 persons, comprising of 4,246 largest mdustrial city of the same name, the males and 1,470 lemales. Kanpur has the high­ dally income of beggars is only Re.O 53 where­ ~st Ul ban populatlOn (473), followed by Saharan­ as in a small distrIct hke Fatehpur it is the pur (394), Agra (390), Dehra Dun (372), hIghest (Rs 1 71). Is it because the poor pe~ Lucknow (348), Mathura (327) and Meerut pIe give more alms or that the less sophisticated (301). It is below 20 in each of the districts, are more charitable than dwellers of big cities. Garhwal and Pratapgarh (9 each), Ghazipur Strange though it seems, in a small place we (10) , Basti (12), Bara Banki (15), Pilibhit and have greater feeling of belonging and good ::'ultanpur (19 each). In the remaimng districts neighbourlmess than in the metropolis, where the urban population varies between 27 (Faiza­ these qualitIes become rare. In small places bad) and 225 (Varanasi). beggars are accepted as a part of society, in Average daily income of Beggars-What does which those better off consider it their duty to a beggar earn? One occasionally hears of a help their less-fortunate brethern. The earnings beggar leaving behmd a fortune. But fortune of beggars do not seem to bear much relation is amassed not by earning alone but by conserving with the size of the place of his begging, but it what one earns, and by spendmg cautiously. depends on the technique applied and gener~ To a spend-thrIft tIllS fortune is too large, sity of the people. to the miser no earning is too small to admit Large cities and towns and speCIally the reli­ of some saving The average daily income of a gious centres of Importance and sanctity attract beggar in Uttar Pradesh, however, comes to 99 the beggars from every corner. Information paise only. The corresponding figures for rural regarding population of beggars, their non­ and urban areas are Re I 04 and Re 0 74 res­ beggmg dependants and average earnnigs in the pectively. It is highest in district Fatehpur cIties and town, wIth a populatIOn of over 50,000 (Rs I 71) followed by Banda (Rs.I 68), Allah­ was, therefore, collected and is given in Table II. abad (Rs 1 59), Aligarh (Rs 1.45), Buland- shahr (Rs 1 40) and Kheri (Rs.l. 39) . This table shows that Kanpur Town Group stands first in the total number of beggars, as Earnings are lowest in district well as their non-begging dependents. Agra (Re.O 25), Etawah (Re.O 30), Rampur (Re.0.38). Town Group, Lucknow Town Group and Varanasi (Re.O.50), Dehra Dun (Re.O.52), and Varanasi Town Group are not far behind. It is Kanpur (Re 0 53). The earnings are below strange to see that Varanasi Town Group is at Re.O 75 in districts of the State. the fourth place instead of at the top. This In Rural areas-The average daily earning in appears t;) be due to a large number of beggars the rural areal> comes to Rs.l.04. It is highest being actually religious mendicants or non­ in district Fatehpur (Rs I 85) followed by O! damed relIgIOUS workers Similar is the case of Banda (Rs.l 74) and Allahabad (Rs.1 66). Faizabad and Mathura Town Groups, the lands The earnings in rural areas are above the State of and Krishna. Among the towns with average in 29 distrIcts In Farrukhabad and a population of 50,000-1,00,000, Hardwar Rampur (Re.O.23) and Etawah (Re.O.27, the Municipal Board, including Gurukul Kangri earnings are the lost. and Jwalapur Mahavidyalaya ranks first. It is In urban areas-Considering the urban areas followed by Muzaffarnagar Municipal Board. of the State, we find that ~verage earning is high­ Considering the daily average earnings per beggar, est in district TIijfJ.cr (Rs 1.29) Fatehpur (Rs.1.26) , we observe that highest per capita earning is in Kh~ri (Rs.1.24) and Hamirpnr (Rs.l.20) and Town (Rs.2.00) followed by 7 (Rs.l.4), M. B. (Rs.1.12) , Aligarh PIthoragarh (63-), Tehri-Garhwal (4), Garhwal (Rs 1.11) ,Jaunpur (1 06) and Mathura Town (73), Almora (57), Naini Tal (74), Debra Group (Rs 1 03). The average earning varies Dun (46), (99), Gonda (97), Faiza­ from Re.0.52 (Agra Town Group) to Re.O 75 bad (72), Sultan pur (93), Basti (86), Deoria (Lucknow Town Group) m the KAVAL (76), Varanasi and Mirzapur (68 each). The Towns of Uttar Pradesh. The average earnmg proportion of dependants is highest in district i~ the lowest m 1\1 B. (Re.O 18) followed Kheri (398), followed by Fatehpur (219), by Hardwar M.B. (Re 0.39), Farrukhabad-cum­ Aligarh (210)" Hamirpur (195), Badaun (191), M. B. (Re 0.42), Rampur M.B. Farrukhabad and BiJnor (185 each). Depen­ (Re.O.43), Gorakhpur M. B. (Re 0.46), Faiz­ dency is high in the dIstncts of western and cen­ abad Town Group (Re 0 47) and tral plains. In the eastern plains it is signifi­ Town Group (Re.0.49). It may not be out of cantly higher in district Azamgarh (144) and place to mention here that the mcome figures (140). The districts having high depen­ reported by beggars seem to be on the lower­ dency from two clusters The first is in the side. Contrary to the general trend, the Beggars wastern plains comprising of districts of Muzaf­ are psychologically prone to understate their ~arfiagar, Bijnor, Meerut, Moradabad, Buland­ Income shahr, Badaun, Aligarh, Shahjahanpur and Non-begging dependants Farrukhabad The second cluster lies in the It is evident from Table I that 34,546 central p1ams and consists of Hardoi, , beggars have 57,063 non-begging dependants Rae Bareli, Bara Banki, Pratapgarh and Allah­ in the State. In rural areas the number abad. Adjoining these clusters are Banda, of non-begging dependants is 42,275 (18.943 Hamirpur district and Vindhayan Hills and males and 23,332 females). Of these 22,744 Plateau. (11,817 males and 10,927 females) are below DenSIty the age of 14 years and 19,531 (7,126 N on-begging dependants can not be treated males and 12,405 females) above it. The high­ as beggars technically speaking. But in fact est number of dependants is in the district of they are worse than beggars. It is quite safe Azamgarh (2,918). In the districts of Uttar to club them with beggars, while considering Kashi and Tehri-Garhwal thIS number is found the density of beggars in the State. Therefore, to be eight each. It is interesting to see that to have an idea about the density of beggars in ranks first in respect of the a district it appears desirable to club them total number of beggars households, their popu­ with beggars. Table IV gives a visual picture lation and non-begging dependants. Consider­ of the same. The State average of the density ing the urban areas it is observed that 5,716 is III Except the district of Dehra Dun (172) beggars have their 4,788 non-begging dependants and Naini Tal (136) of hill districts and Mathura divided into 2,073 males and 2,715 females. of western -plains, the beggars are thinly distri­ Of these 2,402 (1,278 males and 1,124 females) buted. In all the districts of the Vindhayan Hills are below 14 years and the remaining 2,386 and Plateau the denisty varies from 64 (J alaun) (795' mal~s and 1,591 females) above it. to 100 (Hamirpur). Their density is below State It is not possible to explain the existence of average in Hardoi (94) and Kanpur (95) of the these non-begging adult dependants of beggars. central plains and Bahraich (64), Basti (60) No data was collected that could throw some Gorakhpur (99) Deoria (56). Jaunpur (72), light on it. W'e have, therefore, to accept tnis Ghazipur (57) and Varanasi (17) of eastern rather paradoxial phenomenon as it is. plams The density is considerably high in dis­ The proportion of non-begging dependants tricts of Bara Banki (295), Bijnor (275), Rae per 100 beggars in each district of the State has BareH (246), Kheri (218) and Azamgarh (205), been given in Table Ill. It is evident that followed by Pratpagarh (178) 0, Gonda (173), average proportion of the non-begging depen­ Dehra Dun (172), Allahabad (153) and Sultan­ dants for the State is 136. It is below 100 in pur (151). It is interesting to note that the dis­ the districts of Uttar Kashi (24), Chamoli (31) >, tricts at the extreme ends of the State have by far 8 the lowest densities Uttar Kashi and Mirzapur This is perhaps due to the fact that the majo­ (34 each) Chamoli and (65 each) . Districts rity of beggars frequenting these places preferred having famous religious centres have low densities to return themselves as non-ordamed workers and of beggars. rehl'ious mendicants. SECTION 11 /. AGE~ SEX AND MARITAL STATUS

The s~udy of a~c, sex and marital status is females) were returned from rural areas and 5,716 essential fQr demography. The data on age and penons (4,246 males and 1,470 females) sex serves as the basis for study of other aspects, from urban areas of the State. The sex ratio such as, economic, occupational, educational and ~or rural and urban areas is 392 and 346 res­ cultural. Sex ratio means the number of females pectively. per 1,000 males .• Qut of 34,546 beggars population 24,955 are The following table gives the split up of the males and 9,591 females, the sex ratio being 384. population of beggars by age-groups in rural and Of these 28,830 persons (20,709 males; 8,121 urban areas:

Age-grc 1 (years) Persons Rural Urban r-.---- r- ..A..----, r---.A.----, Persons Male Female-'""' Persons Male Female Persons Male Female

All ages 34,546 24,955 9,~91 28;830 20,709 8,121 5,716 4,246 1,470 0-4 296 159 137 247 138 109 49 21 28 5-14 2,289 1,538 751 2,086 1,374 712 203 164 39 15-54 22,351 16,982 5,369 18,764 14,248 4,516 3,587 2,734 853 55+ 9,570 6,245 3,325 7,693 4,918 2,775 1,877 1,327 550 Age not stated 40 31 9 40 31 9 It is evident that the majority of beggars is in 296 persons were reported. The age has not the age·group 15-54 in both the rural and been reported in respect of 40 beggars all living urban areas. They constitute 64 7 per cent of in the rural areas. the total population. The corresponding per­ centage for rural and urban areas is 54 3 per Mill ital Status cent and 10 4 per cent respectively. 9,570 From the sociological view it may be desirable persons (7,693 rural and 1,877 urban). form­ to have an idea of the beggars by marital status. ing 2~ 7 per cent are in the age·group 55 and The table given below shows the distribution of over. The beggars in the age-group 5-14 are beggars by marital status separately for each sex 2,289 followed by the age group 0-4 in which in rural and urban areas of the State:

Persons Never Matried Married Widowed Divorced or Age- TohlfRuralf Separated ,-___ A_, r-__A_--'"") r---A _-. groups Urban r- "'----, r--__,A".-~ p M F M F M F M F M F

Alleges T 34,546 24,955 9,591 6,441 1220 14,~ 4,248 3,539 3,915 375 208 R 28,830 20,709 8,121 4,986 989 12,7 1 3,766 2,634 3,194 308 172 {T 5.716 4,246 1,470 1,455 231 11,819 482 905 72i 67 36 0-4 T 296 159 137 11 247 138 109 U 49 21 28 5-14 T 2,2R9 1,538 'i'il 1,340 598 IRS 149 10 3 3 R 2,086 1,374- 712 1,IR7 569 174 139 10 3 3 U 203 164 39 153 29 11 10 15-54 T 22,351 16,982 5,369 4,0311 397 11,234 3,537 1,%3 1,270 247 165 R 18.764 14,248 4,516 3,052 256 9,904 3,134 1,094 989 193 137 U 3,587 2,734 853 986 141 1,330 403 369 281 49 28 55+ T 9,570 6,245 3,325 894 87 3,163 558 2,064 2,638 124 42 R 7,693 4,918 2,775 599 54 2,685 489 1,528 2,198 106 34 U 1,877 1,327 550 295 33 478 69 536 440 18 8 A,renot T 40 31 9 10 1 18 4 2 4 1 &tated R 40 31 9 10 1 18 4 2 4 1 U

~------~--- 9 The table shows that out of the total beggars, Naini Tal, Agra and Varanasi fall in -the line 7,661 persons (22.1 per cent) are never married. of State in case of male beggars. In case of The corresponding figures for males and females Uttar Kashi the widowed, divorced or separated are 6,441 (18 6 per cent) and 1,220 (3.5 per males predommate. in case of Naini Tal district cent) respectively. 54 6 per cent of beggars were never married males are in preponderance, and returned as married and 21.5 per cent as widowed. in Agra and Varanasi never married males exceed Of the total married beggars 42.3 per cent are the married. Never married male beggars are males and 12 3 per cent females. The figures below 20 per cent in district. Tehri-Garhwal for divorced or separated beggars is insignificant. and Bulandshahr (19 each). Hamirpur (18). It will also be seen that 17. 3 per cent beggars Bijnor, Muzaffarnagar, Fatehpul', Allahabad and in rural areas and 4 8 per cent in urban areas Pratapgarh (17 each) and Rae BareH (16). are never married. The figures for married, They are above 50 per cent, in district Naini Tal divorced, widowed and separated beggars in (51). where. the percentage of married male rural areas are 47.9 per cent, 16 S per ceI).t and beggars is lowest (14). The percentage of ] .4 per cent. The corresponding data for urban divorced or separated male beggars at the State areas are 6.4 per cent, 4.7 per cent and 0 3 per level is 2 and in no district it exceeds seven cent respectively. Considering the age-group per cent, except in Uttar Kashi. where it is 28. 5-14 we observe that 334 perSl)ns (IS5 males Never married female beggars are above 20 per and 149 females) are married and 13 (10 males cent in districts Agra (35), Shahjahanpur (33). and 3 females) widowed and only 3 males and Sitapur (32), Jalaun (26), Kanpur and Aligarh one female divorced or separated. It shows that (25 each), Naini Tal (24) , Dehra Dun and chIld marriage is prevalent among the beggars. Unuao (22 each) and Etawah (21). Married female beggars are above 50 per cent in districts of Tehn-Garhwal (74), Dehra Dun (63), Bara The district-wise percentage distribution of Banki (62), Pilibhit and Azamgarh (60 each). beggars by marital status, separately for each sex Farrukhabad and Unnao (5.8 each). Naini Tal is given in the Table No. V, which shows that and Rae Bareli (57 each). The widowed above at the State level, among male beggars 59 per 60 per cent are in the districts of Hamirpur cent are married, 26 per cent never married. 14 (95), Budaun (7(i). Randa (75), Mathura (74), per cent widowed and only 2 per cent divorced Uttar Kashi (7il) , followed by Etah and Mirza­ or separated. pur (65 each) and Mampllri (64). Except for solitary districto Gdrhwal (12) and Chamoli (9), Among the female beggars the percentages the percentage of divorced or separated female are chiefly concentrated in married (44) and beggars in no di~trict exreeds 5. Widowhood widowed (41) followed by never married appears to be the chief cJuse of females taking (l~) and only 2 per cent as divorced or to begging in nine distncts and in most of the separated. Considering the districts we see that remaining distncts females appear to be linked nearly all the districts excepting Uttar Kasbi. with male beggars in wedlock, SECTION m

LITERACY AND PLACE OF BIRm

qteracy among beggars is generally supposed meration and remaining 40 per cent at other to. be 19w, but the figures given in Table No. places. The position is reversed in case of VI show that it is not dIsparagingly so. female beggars of whom only 26 per cent were Table VI compares literacy among beggars born at the place of enumeration. This is also with corresponding literacy in the general popu­ in conformity with the general trends in the lation in each district of the State As many as female population. The percentage of migrated 15 per cent of male beggars and 2 per cent of beggars is extraordinanly high in the dIstrict female beggars are literate as against the general of Tehri-Garhwal (98), Dehra Dun (96) and literacy rate of 27 . 3 per cent among males and 7.0 Naini Tal (93) all of which are the among females in the State. Among the male HIll districts. Though slightly lower., the beggars the percentage of literacy is highest in other Hill districts also have high proportions district Chamoli (47) followed by Jalaun (43), of migrated beggars. Apart from them, the Mathura and Banda (42 each) I, Aligarh (30), other districts having 50 per cent migrated Jhansi (29) , Garhwal (28), Pithoragarh, Bljnor beggars, are Kanpur (64) , Saharanpur (63), and Agra (27 each), Almora and Dehra Dun Pilibhit (61), Varanasi (60), Jhansi (58), Agra (26 each), Fatehpur (25) and (23). and Mirzapur (57 each) Mathura, Kheri and It is interesting to observe that in districts Lucknow (53 each) Of these Kanpur, Lucknow Chamoli, Bijnor, Aligarh, Mathura, Jalaun and Agra and Jhansi appear to draw beggars due Banda male literacy is higher among beg­ to being big cities, Saharanpur, Varanasi, gars than in the general population. The per­ Mathura and Mirzapur, for having prominent centage of literacy among female beggars is relIgIOUS places, viz. Hardwar, Varanasi, Mathura generally low. Except in districts Garhwal (24), and Vrindaban and Mirzapur-cum-VindhyachaI Farrukhabad (16), Meerut and Mathura (14 respectively. each) Almora (13), Aligarh (10) Pithoragarh and Mainpuri (6 each), and Debra Dun (5) • The percentage of migration among female it does not exceed 4 and is nil or. negligible in beggars is inordinately high in districts, Tehri­ 21 districts and only one in 12 districts. Bar­ Garhwal (99) 1 N aini Tal (97), Almora (94), ring Dehra Dun and Mainpuri districts men­ Pithoragarh, Dehra Dun, Bulandshahr" Morada­ tioned above literacy among female beggars is bad and J alaun (89 each) , Garhwal, Pilibhit and higher than the general literacy among them Mathura (87 each). All other districts, except These districts are either of the Himalayan Hills Rampur and Shahjahanpur have over 50 per (ent oE migrated female beggars. Migration or of west plains. among felnale beggars is 5ignificantly higher than Beggars are a wandering class. It may, therefore, the State average in the Himalayan Hills natural be desirable 'to have an idea obout unmigration in divisions, west plain excluding some districts of their case. Table No. VII gives the percentage the Rohilkhand Division Migration facto!' of beggars born at the place of enumeration and appears to be on the lower side in the east plain. other places of the. two sexes separately. Consi­ The difference between the west and east plains dering the State as a whole 60 per cent of the may be partly due to their economic dis­ male beggars were born at the place of enu- parity.

11 SECTION IV

DURATION, CAUSE AND USUAL PUCE OF BEGGING

It may be of interest to see the potentialities for Dehra Dun they all have low density of of this profession. Treating the new entrants beggars and It indicates that beggary is a decay­ as those who have entered in this profession ing profession there. durmg the last 3 years and old timers as those practising it for over 3 years, the Table VIII Causes of beggary-Sociological studies have depicts their respective percentages among male revealed that persons take to begging due to a and female beggars respectIvely. In Uttar Pra­ number of causes. Social disorgan~sat;i.on, desh, .18 per cent of male beggars entered the poverty, physical disability, mental deficiency profession during preceeding three years and and unemployment are the' chief causes, which 82 per cent over three years. Among female beg­ force a person to lay upon the mercy of others. gars the old timers are sIghtly less, 78 per cent. Unless compelled by the circumstances no per­ The percentage of fresh entrants in the profes­ son will like to beg, due to humiliating nature sion is the highest in districts, Allahabad (41), of the profession. However, many able bodied Chamoli (35):, Faizabad (34), Pratapgarh (33), persons have taken refuge under this profe~sion. Fatehpur and Varanasi (32 each), and Banda According to Dr. Radha Kamal IVIukherjee,l (31). On the other hand, the percentage of "by for the most frequent cause of beggary is male old timers are in Naini Tal and Bljnor(96 the increasing proportion by which workers each)_, Tehri-Garhwal and Kheri (95 each) • displaced from the land cannot find employm~nt Shahjahanpur (94), Pilibhit and Hamirpur (93 or subsistence". Since 1921, the population each) Pithoragarh, Badaun and Hardoi (92 of the State has been increasing at a tremendous each)., BaHia (91) and Dehra Dun, Bulandshahr. rate and means of subsistence are lagging Sitapur, Gorakhpur and Mirzapur (90 each). behind. The outcome is obvious. The pressure The first group of seven districts are those which of population resulted in the increase in land­ have generally low beggar densities. It trans­ less labourers. pires from the above that the fonner districts With hte existing means, it is not easy to pro­ draw fresh entrants while the latter mostly have professionally established beggars. In Ulse of vide jobs to all the surplus persons in construc­ female beggars districts with hIgh percentages of tional projects, industrial undertakings etc. Some of these surplus persons migrated to urban fresh entrants are Etawah and Fatehpur (51 areas and adopted the profession of begging. each) , Farrukhabad (49), Saharanpur (46) , The causes will be highlighted in the actwtl Rampur (45) and (40). On the other statements recorded from beggars d'uring the hand those high in old timers are Pilibhit and conduct of survey. Table IX gives a picture of Dehra Dun (96 each), Tehri-Garhwal (94), Bij­ beggars, males and females separately, due to nor (93), Pithoragarh, Mampuri, Kheri and different causes. Mirzapur (92 each), Shahjahanpur and Gorakh­ pur (91 each) and ChamoH and Jaunpur (90 In the State, among male beggars, 57 per each) . Except for Fatehpur the districts WIth cent are professional, 18 per cent physi,cally dis­ high percentage of fresh entran,ts are different in abled or infirm, 17 per cent due to other causes the case of beggars of th.e two sexes. On the con­ and the rest i.e. 8 per cent due to unemploymen~. trary dIstricts Dehra Dun, Pilibhit, Tehri-Garh­ This trend is similar in case of female beggaI'$ wal, BiJnor, Pratapgarh, Khe.ri, MIrzapur, also, as 45 per cent of female beggars are pro­ Shahjahanpur and Gorakhpur have high percen­ fessional 28 per cent physically disabled or in­ tage of both male and female old timers. Except firm, 21 per cent due to other causes and 6 per

1. Our Beggar Problem-Chapter II-cause of Beggars Dr. Radha Kamai Mukerjce, p. 20 Edited by Dr. J. M. Kumarappa, Bombay, 194~. 12 13 cent due to unemployment. The districts which Mathura, Farrukhabad and Etawah stand out differ from this trend in case of male beggars are for consistently high percentages of beggars of Tehri-Garhwal, Naini Tal, Dehra Dun, Etah, the two sexes. Kanpur and Mirzapur. In case of female beg­ Usual Place of Beggzng-Now coming to the gars such districts are Uttar Kashi, Chamoli, ,next interesting aspect Table No. X depicts -Tehri-Garhwal, Budaun, Rampur" Bareilly, the percentage of beggars who have a fixed place Dehra Dun, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Aligar~. of begging.- The table also indicates whether Mathura, Agra, Etah, Mai'npuri, Kanpur and the place pf beggi~g is a religious centre or of Jhansi. Thus in 'dIstricts Tehri-Garhwal, Dehra other type. Dun, Etah and Mirzapur most of the beggars are physically disabled or mfirm. Tehri­ It is evident that in the State 33 per cent each Garhwal-being the most promment with 79 per male and female beggars have a usual place of cent each of such male and female beggars. begging. Obviously, 67 per cent of them are wandering beggars Considering the male beg­ The percentage of professional beggars among gal's it is observed that only 6 per cent of them males is in districts of Dehra Dun (9) and Tehri­ beg at religious places such as ,temples, mosques, Garhwal (10) and among female beggars it is bathing ghats, etc. and the remaining 27 per cent lower in the districts Dehra Dun (2), Mathura beg at the road 5Ide bridges, raIlway platforms, (3), Aligarh (6). Ka~pur (8), Tehri-Garhwal etc. Most 'of the districts have at the most 2 per and Agra (9 each). cent of b~ggars, both male and female, begging Unemployment is another cause of beggary. at religious places. But sizeable percentage of Districts with 15 per cent and above among &uch beggars, male& and females, is in districts males are Dehra Dun (26), Kanpur and Vara­ Muzaffarnagar (male 49, female 16), Aligarh nasi (25 each), Agra (23), Mathura, Kheri, (male 48, female 29), Meerut (Male 44, female Lucknow and Bara Banki (18 each). In case 16), Agra (male 34, female 60), Saharanpur of female beggars it is highest in Dehra Dun, (male 13 female 10)" Kanpur (male 11, female 43 per cent. Kanpur (38), Agra (31), Hardoi 8) and Varanasi (male 9, female 14). The (29), GarhwaI' and Kheri (19 each) and Bara first five districts lie in the west plain, Kanpur Banki (16) are close behind. The districts in the central plain and Varanasi in the east common in the two lists are chit;Hy those which plain. All these districts have important towns haee big cities. and some are religious centres. Other causes of beggary are also quite impor­ tant. In case of male beggars the percentage As against the State average of 33 per cent due to other causes are as high as 37 per cent in beggars, male and female. eighteen districts district Azamgarh, followed by 36 per cent each namely, Niini Tal, Budaun, Debra Dun, Saba­ in Rampur, Mathura and Farrukhabad, 32 per ranpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Bulandshahr. cent in Etawah and 30 per cent each in Faizabad JAligarJl., Mathura\. Agra. Etah, Mainpuri. and Ballia districts. Considering the female Hamirpur, Kheri, Faizabad, Azamgarh. beggars it is evident that they have slightly high Varanasi and Mirzapur have significantly percentages under other causes. This percentage high percentage of beggars, who have some usual under this category is as high as 60 per cent in place of begging. The percentages of wander­ Farrukhabad, 54 per cent each in Aligarh and ing beggars is. therefore, low in these districts. Jalaun, 49 per cent in Mathura 46 per cent in The well-known religious towns of the State fall Etawah, 43 per cent in Unnao and 40 per cent in in most of these districts, where beggars tend Shahjahanpur districts. Obviously, districts to localise. SECTION V

ApDICTION TO INTOXICJ).NT5

It is common knowledge that addiction to Allahabad and Jhansi (13 each) and Muzaffar­ intoxicants, other than tobacco, is rampant nagar (12). among beggars Table No. XI gives the percen­ Compara'tively, addiction to intoxicants is much tage of such addicts among the beggars by sex lower among the female beggars. It is, however, in each district and State, It is evident from higher than the State average of 3 per cent in dis­ the table that at the State level 11 per cent of tricts, Basti (8), Bijnor, Kheri, Faizabad, Alam­ male beggars and 3 per cent of female beggars garh and Mirzapur (7 each) ,Almora (6) I Shahja­ are addicted to some kind of intoxicants. In hanpur, Gorakhpur and Deoria (5 each), Aligarh, case of male beggars, Banda has the highest Allahabad, Unnao. Bahraich. Gonda, Sultanpur percentage (46) in the Stat,e, followed by Azam· and BaHia (4 each), Districts which single out garh (33), Lucknow (24) , Gorakhpur and for high addiction to intoxicants among beggars Mirzapur (22 each) , Ghazipur (21), Basti (20) > of both the sexes, are Kheri, Gorakhpur, Basti, Sultanpur (18) and ~heri and Bara Banki (17 Sultan pur, Azamgarh, BaHia, Allahabad, Mirza­ each) All these districts lie in the eastern plain. pur and Unnao. The vicinity to Nepal to The other districts having the average above the many of these districts seems to have direct link. State level, are Faizabad and Unnao (16 each) due to easy availability of intoxicants such as )3?Uia (15), Uttar Kasbi (14), Pithoragarb Charas, GanJa, Opium and Bhang.

14 SECTtOM VI

TYPE OF DwELLINGS

We now propose to give an idea about the the Vindhayan Hills and Plateau region type of dwellings of beggars, which indirectly Houseless beggars come next to the beggars throws light on the economic condition of the living in the owned houses. Their percentages beggars. - are 17 among male beggars and 9 among female beggars at the State level. In case of male beg­ Table No. XII gives the distribution of the gars, districts with h~gh percentages of house. male and female beggars by the type of dwellings less beggars are Agra (57), Kanpur (48) and inhabited by them. It may surprise the readers Naini Tal (44), where they exceed beggars with that 72 per cent of male beggars and 68 per cent alI other diffelent types of dwellings separately. of female beggars live in owned houses in the Other districts having high percentages of such State. It is another matter what the owned male beggars are Jhansi (42), Jalaun (38), houses look like. Deoria (37), Dehra Dun (34), Chamoli and Varanasi (32 each), Fanukhabad (31), Main­ Out of 54 districts, in 40 distiict~, m6te than puri and Luc.know (27 each). It is surprising per cent male beggars lived in owned houses. 50 to find that female beggars are houseless in high The district having a percentage over 85 in this proportion in the State. The districts marked respect are Ghazipur (95), Bijnor (91), Buland­ for very high percentages of female houseless shaht and Jaunpur (89 each), Aligarh (88), beggars are Kanpur (75), Agra (74), Jalaun Muzaffarnagar and Fatehpur (87 each), Etawah (67), Jhansi (50) and Saharanpur' (46). In Pratapgarh (86 each). The female beggars these districts the percentage of houseless female living in owned houses also constitute the higher beggars in every case exceerls the rercentalje in percentage in these districts. It is evident any of the other types of dwellings. The other that in no district the percentage of male districts marked for significantly high percent­ and female beggars living in rented houses ages above the State average of 19 are Farrukh­ exceeds 38 per cent On the other hand, in dis­ abad (44), Dehra Dun (39), Naini Tal and trict Bata Banki lJO male beggar and in district Budaun (36 each). The districts with the low­ Bijnor, Bulandshahr, Hardoi and Bara Banki est percentages of houseless male and female ho female beggar lives in a rented house. beggars co-jointly are Tehn-Garhwal, Bijnor, Community dwellings are important and Rampur, Muzaffarnagar, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, form the highest percentage in district Uttar Fatehpur, Allahabad, Banda, Sitapur, Rae BarcH, Pratapgarh, Azamgarh, Jaunpur and Ghazipur, Kashi (43), followed by Ch~moli (35), Dehra Dun (22), Hamirpur (16) and Mirzapur (14) whele it does not exceed 14. in case of male beggars. In case of female Thus towlnls east and particularly south-east, beggars the districts coming in the forefront are ahead of Rae Bareh, Fatehpur, Banda strip, Uttar Kashi (50), Garhwal (28), Chamoli (23), excluding Varanasi and Mirza pur, houseless of the Himalayalan Hills Mainpuri (23), beggars are few. These districts being econo­ R~mpur (17), Mathura (15), Etah and Bareilly mically backward it appears that the main (13 each), Aligarh (11) and Agra (9) of the cause of beggary m these districts is an inclina­ west vlain, Hamirpur (17) and Banda (9) of tion to follow it as a plofession. 15 CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO, ·BEGGARY A:t-111 METHODS THEREOF SOME ILLUSTRATIONS

Apart from various causes of. beggary there are . 7. An- agricultural labourer tuniea leper. circumstances which leave the persons no alter­ Even 'his wife and daughter deserted him. He native but begging. The narrative collected had no othh course 'left but to beg - (village from a limited number of beggars in dIfferent Ramkot, tahsil Haldwani, district Naini Tal). parts of the State provides some additional in­ 8. A beggar 35 years old was suffering from sight about the problem of beggary. congenital paralysis. He was turned out from home during infancy, and was out-caste for 1. An old woman was forced to beg due to taking food from a prostitute (vlllage Laukahi misfortunes dogging her life. She became a ;Mallapur, tahsil Nighasan, district Kheri). widow early and got re-marrIed to a widower with children, but from none of the two 9. A young man failed to gel; married des­ marriages she was blessed with a child. Her pite all efforts. Later he became blind and p.e second hmband also died, leaving her on the 'took to begging (village Bhawar, tahsil mercy of the step-sons, who neglected her Malihabad, dIstrict Lucknow). Blindness and deafness overcamf' her in the 10. A youngman took fancy for a Kahar girl old age, forcing her to begging (village Saitola, of hi_s village and both were infatuated with tahsil Munsiari, district Pithoragarh). each other. Knowing that the rigid ties of castes will not permit their marriage, the girl com­ 2. A retired soldier, aged 40 years lost his mitted suicide and the youngman went~ mad. mental equilibrium and consequently his Now he plays on sitar, a stringed instrument, and pension was forfeited and he took recourse to has dev_eloped a high degree of dexterity. It is begging (village Davel, tahsil and district reported that hearing his sitar, cows and Pithoragarh) . buffaloeS! gather around him (village Sarai 3. A widow developed illicit relations with a Sultan, tahsil Bilgram, district Hardoi). man and gave bith to a chIld. Later on her lover 11. A female aged 54 years and her son aged deserted her alongwith the child. Left utterly 13 years had to take resort to begging being helpless, she has taken to begging (village Davel, victim of a dacoity in which her rich husband tahsil and district Pithoragarh). was ·murdered and his property was lotted .(vil1age Nauman, tahsil Nawabganj, district 4. A woman got widowed when her only son Bara Banki). was only six month, old The son also died shortly and her relations deserted her leaving 12. The husband of a married woman, fell in her to begging (\'illage Parobya, tahsil Hald­ lcye ';I')th ;;pother W0nlan and she was turned wani, district Naini Tal). out of her house alongwith her daughter. She st~, tf'U li\l~llg' with her 11'~tht':- Her brother 5. A beggar aged 29 years is lame and deaf came out with another design to man)' a weill:!n since childhood. His relations having for­ by ~ving his neice in exchange to his fiance's saken him, he drags himself on his lame leg brother She did not like to, part with her and bags for existence (village Bhurmuni, daughter in _this way, but she failed and went tahsil and district Pithoragarh). mad in anguish She now lives on charity 6. A 75 years old beggar was married at an (village Patera, tahsil . district early age. Immediately after that he left his Deoria) . home and roamed about as a brahmachari (celi­ Unique Methods of Begging bate) for 12 years. On returning home he ,tried 1. An ('x-army man has his own method of to mend his habits, but his wife deserted him. begging. He appears as a juggler. monkey man He again took to begging (village Saibhal, tahsil and as goddes Kali or Durga (Pilibhit Munsiari. district Pithoragarh). Municipal Board)'. 17

2, A male beggar aged 45 years, behaves like round (tahsil , district Varanasi). a partially madman. He cuts, grass and buys 10. A female beggar poses like a male, and offers the same to the cows. He accepts alms weanng male attire and talking in masculine froml pensons, who are bare-footed or take off lone (tahsIl , dl~trict Ghazipur). their shoes before offeling alms. (Deona Muni­ cipaJ:Board}" 11. A man, aged 30 years, holds the tail ot a cow, saY,mg that he has committed a 3. A mille beggar, aged, -60 year~ accepts. alj1ls sin by klIling a cow and is begging for redemp­ only from ~hil}lren. He di~trib4tes artificial tion (vill1;tge Gurera, tahsil Misrikh, district stqp.~s, qod tr,ink~ts_ to children who crowd, round Sitapur) . him. \\dth ~lms in cash or kind. (Haldwani-cu)n­ H~. male beggar, aged years, puts K<\4~g~dam Municipal Board). A 55 on o-ood and new clothes and he accepts such 4. A male beggar, aged 40 years, was fQrmerly ~lothes III charity (village Sabaya, tahsil a mjlrried man, wIth a daughter. A~tGr. some­ I\fahrajgallJ' distrIct Gor.akhpur). time he ieI~ his wife and, daughter and jointed 13. A male -beggar, aged 76, tells interest­ tl}-e, c;~panV"-~f- eUl1U(;hs !:It; gQ~s QU,t· for beg­ ing stories while begging and another, ag~ ging at the time of harvests, marnages aqd births. 35, imitates the voice of many animals (vil­ (Samthal Municipal Board). lage Ghazipur, tahsll Padrauna, distric;t 5. A Qlale beggar of 52 years is an asceti~ Deoria). and claIms to. br a fortune teller He does, not . . 14. A male beggar, aged 40, goes from door !.l~~p'> ate aH He JS, al~vay.s OIl tl}e move (];IaI4- to door and plays on strings and drums while walll-wm-KathgodilTI1, Municipal Board). b~gging (Kiratp!' .. , Iown Area). G. A female beggar, aged 28 years, plays on hand made sitar and goes about begging witJl 15. A beggar, aged 32, during his begging rounds offen to 'take out poisonous blood to an idol of Devi in her hand (village Kishorepur, treat ·the ca~es of snake bite ~Bulandshahr tahsil- . (hstrict Budaun) Municipal Board). ~. A Il).al~ b~ggar, 40 years. old, ~arr.i~s a sna1}e 16. A femal~ b~ggar, aged 23, begs from and pI,ays, on flute (village Sirtol, tahsil at}d doot door with a stl ing in hand, that she was djitrjct Rflr.e.iUy). t~ c1Qipg this ip redemptiop. of the sin.of ki~ling: a 8 A female beggar, aged 45 plays hwlw an CQW (Etah Municipal BOflrd) imtrument while on her begging round (vil­ 17. A female beggar of 50 years during her lage Parajon, tahsil Champawat, district begging rouhds &hows some maQ'ic feats and Almora) . claims that she can rid small chlidren of evil ,9. A male begga,r, aged 43, ~J1se~ a traine<,l spirits with the help of wings and plumes she Nandi. (l;>u.II) with him durit).g his begging carries ( IVhmicipal Board). SECTIONvnr

~IOGRAPHICAL ~OTES ON BEGGARS COLLECTED AT KUMBll MELA, ALLAHABAD, 1966

Places of pilgrimages, tOlllist centres amI 1.ng . Though his wflole body was covered with leuco- cities attract the beggars hom all corners Durlllg derna, he 'tried to cover it by putting on shirt· the Kumbh fair, Wllllh lakes place after evelY and dhoti, so that his hands only were visible. twelfth year at Allahabad, the king of pilgrim He told the investigator that he did not like to centles, thousands of pill,ryjl1ls gather there to take show his bouy for gaining the ~ympathy of peo.h' a dip in the S11llgalll, the meetmg point of Ganga, PIe and that he rather preferred tod expose b IS Jamuna and invisible Saraswati Giving charity hands only. His earning- kh'range h . etween• t 12 paise Lo 15 paise alongwith If ll-a mix ure at religious and pious w1tre, bring more blessings of rice and pulses, fruits, vegetables, but on the than at the ordinal y places. The beggars do know this, as such, they aho g-o to the religious main bathing days he used to earn more or piligrim centres on such occasions He told that he hated begging as a profes&ion, During Kumbh faJr at Allahabad in 1966, bio· but -at the same time he had no alternatiVe.- He- gtaphical details of ten beggars of different parts had not visited his home ever since he left it as of India were also collected by Office of the Regis· he did not want to put his brothers in trouble trar General India, New Delhi. These are given again. below: 2. Bisram, aged 70, a beggar of Thakur caste 1. Duli Ram, al). Ahir by caste, aged 60 years .hailed from village Dabuhra, of erstwhile Shanker. hails from Bib Tow~ of Bud~un districts in garh estate of of this State. Uttar Pradesh. When he was aged 6 years, hh HIS father was engaged in agriculture and he father died leaving behind him, his mother and alongwith three of hIS brothelS also took up his elder brother aged 10 years His mother cultivation. He was married at the age of 20 continued the job of cultivation til! Jlis brother years and had a son and a daughter, who un. Was 18 yems old. At the time of marriage of fortunately died at early ages At the age of 24, his elder brother 5 bighas of land were sold to he had a severe attack of small-pox, resulting in meet out the expenses of marriage. His mother the loss of eye sight. For some years his expired after sometime He was married and brother gave him shelter and later on turned him was leading a happy man jed life. ~But when out alongwith his wife. They lived in the same he was 40 years, his wife died, on account of village in a hut and for somelime his wife earned illness, leaving two daughters, who also died living hy doing agricultural labour But mis. subsequently. The evil stars of misfortune fortune did not leave them and because of the hovered over tile family and in the mean· falling health of his wife their source of income time he developed some white spots on his legs also dwindlel1. They were left with no alter- T.hey developed so rapidly that his wJlOle body r native but to take to begging. was affected by ICtlco(lerna The memhcn of Bisram, came to Allahabad, alongwith hi~ elder brother's f"mily asked him to quit the his wife, in November, 1965. During the initial llOuse lest other members also became period of their stay, they Ilsed to move from the victims of this disease. Finding that there moiwllu to 1nohalla asking for help in the ~hape wa~ no alternative, fIC left tl}e ~ncestral honse. o[ food and clothes. When Kumbh fair started He first went to Hardwar and started begl-(ing ill January, 1966, {hey use.d to ,it on the roalhide on the banks of the . He came to Allah. in that arca and asked for 'alms from pilgrims ab'ad before the Kumbl1 fair started, alongwith They earned 30 paise to 50 paise alongwith two beggar friends, who used to sit with him cereals and edibles. From the physical appear. at Har-ki·Pauri, at Hardwar. ance they seemed to be in pitiable condition and He used to sit daily on the roadside [or alms wore tattered clothes. His wife crieu for the alms from the pilgrims and used to sfeep in the tent by pointing the physical disal)ility of her hus- along with the other pilgrims. band to the pilgrims.

18 19

S. Ramaswamy Chettiar, 33 years, hailed back, she lost her eyesight and started begging, from Mellhupel in TanJore district of Madras as the income of her son was very meagre. She State. He belonged to a very poor family and went t~ Prayag alongwith her family members became orphan at the tender age of 6 years. in the last week of December, 1965. She prefer­ He was given shelter for a few years by the red to stay near the Bund Road under the shade village people. He started begging at- the age of ,\ tree. Normally, she earned 15 paise to of 8 years. Thereafter he left his native village ,2~ paise per day alongwith fruits;' cereals and and after roaming here and there, he came to othcr edibles; but her earning on the main Varanasl and remainetl there for a very long b

Strt~s TAKFN BY GOVERNMENT FOR THE ERD1CA'fION Or BFGGARY

Even tlwugh eradication of beggary has attrac· Pilot project for Eranlcatron o{ Beggary ted the attention of public leaders and adminis­ trators, there has so far been no law to sotp , A pilot project for the fl'adic:mon of beggary be~gary in the State. However, the State with the initial capacity o( 200 inmates (50 Government have taken a few welfare measures children, 50 females and 100 males) wa~ esta· in this regard. bli~hed at Ayooh ya (F aizabad) Juring the year The State Goverument established three ]969·70 This imlltu'tlOn provides residential houses for beggars under the Directorate of facill ties for the beggm ~ and ha~ arrangements for HariJan ,md Social Welfare all Han.lwar (dl~trict tthe training of the inmates in agriculture Saharunpur), Varanasi and Lucknow in the tailoring, hosiery, weaving and cane wo~k. years 1957, 1958 and ,1968 respectively, The capacIty of the~e instilutIOns Slllce theIr lIlcep­ ThIs project IS being run unclel the Directorate Lion has heen J00 each, but in the year 1969-70 of Haripn &: Sonal Welfare, U. PI The inmates :m addnional sectIOn for llle disabled and have been divided into two sections-male and handicapped beggars with a capacity of 75 in­ female each in charge of a superinte~dent. There mates Wi'iS added to the work-house for beggars is also a children section which is under the :1t Lucknow raising its 'total strength to 175. superintendence of the female section. An Area Besides providing shelter, these imtitutiom Officer has also been appointed to exercise impart training to these inmates in useful administrative contm1 over the pnoject. Efforts crafts and other gainful occupations suited to are made to rehabilitate the beggars admitted individual aptitude and capacity, These insti· in the institution. About 372 inmates have been tutions a]so create congenial atmo~phere so that benefited as a result of training in this project stigma ot beggary may not remain with them. up to the year 1970·71.

22 SECTION X

BEGGARs IN STATE CAPITAL

Lucknow~ a Clty well known and much spoken situated by the side of the canal, extending up of throughout the country, for jts e~cellence In to' the next bridge at the Gautam Budh Marg. appearance and m_anners of its people, is the fhe] e eire ~iO w(h uwelhngs each inhabited iJ) Capital city OD the State of Uttar Pr-ttdesh. ~ 10 J lcpels il1lJlldmg their family members. Owing, to t~ese features. it has not, only attracted The thud ar~a of concentration of .beggars visitors, artists and seekers of employment, but in the City is Aminabad Park. At one end of also a number of beggars who loiter from one the Fark is the temple of Hanuman and at the place Ito anot~ler and even have reserved places­ other is that of Lord Shi,Vq Daily from dawn for the purpose. to dusk thousands of persom visit these temples According to 1961 Cemui>. there were 348 and distnLute i"l/sad to these beggars. beggars in tile Lucknow Town Group. This figure consists ot all classes of beggars, the dis­ Among these beggars there is one, who 'is now abled, the blipds, the lepers and the able-bodied, totally disabled. BefoUe his complete disable­ including the religious mendicants The num­ ment he used to recite bhajans, religous songs on a d{lphll (a mmical instrument) put by his b~r 9£ beggars in the capital. however, increase (l~uing the fairs and festivab. side on a wooden four wheeled vehicle. Later when his lips had everted and rendered him Strongholds of the beggars in the City 'totally incapable of speaking, he associated - . him"elf "Ith a tlinct beggar. The latter med to The' beggars arr gen~r~lly found roaming in Mng and-'fonner played on'tlie- daphli. I~ur this almost all parts of the City but certain places are rn]J,lboration did not continue for a long ,time. particularly prominent. A visitor, the moment Now, Ithe leper beggar has become so disabled he comes out from the Charbagh Railway Station that he cannot even play on his dajJh[i. JIe now, will CCI tainly come across, in the adjoinin'g calls names of some unknown persons It is pa\,engcH !J.l!l, long bearded, naked .1lld ualk presllmeu that he llas become insane coloured men, some with begging pot~ in hand, some cooking food, some sleeping, some pack­ The ghats at ri\'cr Gomti abo attract large ing, .mel some unpacking their lugga!!'I', Jmt number, or brggats, whenever a bathing festival opposit the Railway station is the city Bus ~to'p occurs No beggar live~ at these ghats. All which is aho :m attraction for the beggars, come from othfr parts of the City. Then comes another place with great con· When a beggar goes to his home in the centration l)f l.eggars. It is the Chazi­ village he if; held in high esteem by the villagers ud·din Haider Canal bridge at the Naka Hindola being a man of the town ; but such esteem he near Pandariba. On both sides of the bridge sit enjoy) only if the "1m is a short one. Occasio­ as many heggars as can be accommodated and ll,llly thIS t:1',te of respect at his homr {,;Jch of them haSi a fixed spot where none else is hmtle~ 11im back to the dishononr of the town, aHowed to sit The; disabled beggars, pard­ le~l the ulO1m·ntry hliss in the home also slip, cularly lepel s pas~ nights in their din~)' hllft~ out. J\1?PENOJX J

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILLING UP THE BEGGAR SLIP

QuestIOn 1-7 :-They are the same as in the hou~ehold and the number of male and female lridividubl- Sl~p and, the answers wi1t be copied dependents' below and above 14 years of age wiU out rlJere&'om. be- recorded III the space provided: -Those mem­ Mrs who them~bhes beg or help m l begging by Questiqn 8.: - T)le three sub-questions (~), wont of mouth,- iIlcludmg even children will' not (b) dnd (c) are fOl rellgwlls mendlscants only. be recorded as dependents against this question (8) (a) ~ ~. :-Here the name of as- they are actIve' be~gars even though they may the reiigluus or~ler will he recorded, e.g. Kabir be- clnldren. '01~ly non-begging ana" non-earn­ Pallthi. .'>'anak P<\.uthi, Raln Kri~hua Sampr'l.- I jng- dependents wl'll' be- recorded l;ere. daya, Zaidi, I$maili, Ashnae, Ashiri, H;maJi, 11 (b) ~~ ifTtlfi atTI:{ :-Here average Maliki, Hambali, Qadiani, etc. daily income accruing to the person from S (b) tiff{ ~t{T lf5, ~t af~~t ~~, ~q: ~ hogging wlll'be rccor,ded in rupees andJna)'a pai~e. ~~~)ffi'_ ~~C(:.q((l :-Here- the name of The vahie,'of Cllms.< received in kind- 'shonld2 00 Math, ,A;shmm ,Akilara..;.Dargal1, etc. if any, with included. 1'his -question has to be, 'put- tact­ whichl he, is Gon.ect.ed is' to be. recor.ded otherwise fully. X. 'l"t(c) ~~ if;{"1i ~ :-Here aver~ 8 (cJ lffcr ,,;qr~T, ~~,. '+l.lf.amT~ ~ ~T_:-I£ he is. daily saving is to be recorded, if any, otherwIse a wandering Sadhu or Faquir ~~~ will .be X. writttn otherwise X. .ll (cQ J,m,f~ ~:q'"(,3tOT ~~'"'~~ ii Question g-12 :-Are· for 'beggars other than ~ f;ij-·ll~~fNn,q'''iI~ ~& :__ , religious MENDICANTS. If liv,i.ng ·in own 'dweJling f;q:o w.i1l be 9-(a) 'iJRcr ~~ !p'f ~ :-The number of co1}l­ written; if. in.a ren{~d dw.eUing, fi60i ; if"inla pIe ted years since he/she started begging is to be cOl1lr~mity dwelling "m0; .apd, if hO\i~less f

T Total Number of non-begglflg dependants Daily State/District number Total ~------A---______--_, average R of number Below 14 years Above 14 years cunini beggars' of ~---__ A-____ ~ r-----A-----, Per U bouse- beggars bessa. hold p M F p M F 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11

UTTAR PRADESH T 23,702 34,546 25,146 13,095 12,051 21,917 7,921 13,996 0.99 R 19,073 28,880 22,744 11,817 10,927 19,531 7,126 12,405 1.04 U 4,629 S,716 2,402 1,278 1,124 2,386 795 1,591 0.74 1. Uttar Kashi T 30 34 8 4 4 0,66 R 30 34 8 4 4 a,66 U 2. Chamoli T 96 126 9 4 5 30 14 16 1.18 R 96 126 9 4 5 30 14 16 1.18 U 3. Pithoragarh T 74 54 21 33 27 13 14 0,75 R 74 54 21 33 27 13 14 0.75 U 4. Tehri-Garhwal T 95 193 8 6 2 0.68 R 95 193 8 6 2 0,158 U 5 GSrhwal T 157 '242 99 S9 40 78 28 50 0.86 R 149 233 99 S9 77 28 49 0,86 U 8 9 1 1 0,81 6.Almora T 164 279 89 55 71 33 38 0.8S R 142 249 86 54 32 60 26 34 0,87 U 22 30 3 1 2 11 7 4 0.98 7. Naini Tal T 262 451 190 90 100 142 67 75 1.00 R 153 317 145 67 78 113 62 51 1.09 U 109 134 45 23 22 29 5 24 0.78 8. Eijnol1 T 927 1,150 1,130 609 521 996 318 678 1.36 R 728 930 927 517 410 847 276 S71 1.38 U 199 220 203 9.2 111 J49 42 107 1.29 9. Moradabad T 521 731 622 327 295 512 159 353 1.14 R 407 596 SoW 284 2S6 443 146 297 1.20 U 114 135 82 43 39 69 13 56 0.86 26 ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

10. Budaun T 316 426 402 205 197 412 171 241 1.14 R 297 391 386 194 192 400 168 232 1.15 U 19 35 16 11 5 12 3 9 1.06 11. RampUll T 150 186 161 83 78 108 27 81 0.38 R 122 143 129 68 61 90 24 £6 0.23 U 28 43 32 IS 17 18 3 15 1}.89 12. Eareilly T 371 529 410 221 189 372 117 255 1.02 R 290 385 372 202 170 325 110 215 1.18 U 81 144 38 19 19 47 7 40 0.59 13 ,Pilibhit T 143 309 223 119 104 116 28 88 1.20 R 125 290 213 115 98 110 26 84, 1.23 U 18 19 10 4 6 6 2 4 0.79 14. Shahjahanpur T 239 372 292 150 142 268 84 184 1.07 R 209 336 271 137 134 244 76 168 1.12 U 30 36 21 13 8 24 8 16 0.61 15. DehraDun T 360 504 111 62 49 122 79 43 0.52 R 112 132 .56 27 29 73 46 27 0.46 U 248 372 S5 35 20 49 33 16 0.54 16. Saharanpur T 537 663 400 222 178 408 150 258 t 1.01 R 219 269 252 139 113 242 71 171 1.4:2 U 318 394 148 83 65 166 79 87 0.73 17. Muzaffarnagar T 462 597 - 540 .258 282 4{)7 142 265 1.21

R 350 424 475 233 242 333 124 209 1.34 \ U 112 173 65 2S 40 74 18 56 0.90 18. Meerut T 731 963 791 418 379 719 256 463 1.23 R 516 662 678 352 326 575 205 370 1.:& U 215 301 119 66 53 144 51 93 0.90 19. Bulandshahr T 453 558 526 303 223 533 173 360 1.40 R 398 500 495 284 211 504 156 348 1.43 U 55 58 31 19 12 29 17 12 1.11 20. Aligarh T 488 561 565 293 272 614 238 376 1.45 R 440 510 549 282 267 221 357 1.49 U 48 51 16 11 .5 36 17 19 1.11 21. Ma1hura T 623 730 393 210 183 380 136 244 0.91 R 317 403 350 189 161 329 104 225 1.24 U 306 327 43 21 22 51 32 19 0.50 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

T 614 652 378 232 146 301 86 215 .0.72 R 229 262 200 123 77 181 58 123 1.02 U 385 390 178 109 69 120 28 92 0.52 23. Etah T 272 330 243 137 106 245 105 140 0.60 R 199 235 206 118 88 207 84 123 0.67 U 73 95 37 19 18 38 ,21 17 0.43 24. Mainpuri T 24S 294 237 128 109 132 39 93 0.92

R 210 241 228 124 104 117 34 83 0.95 U 35 53 9 4 .5 15 5 10 0.71 25. Farrukhabad T 234 270 266 152 114 234 107 127 0.25 R 208 243 261 149 112 230 107 123 0.23 U 26 27 5 3 2 4 4 0.47 26. Etawah T 498 559 396 241 155 321 78" 243 0.30 R 466 524 374 228 146 305 76 229' 0.27 U 32 3S 22 13 9 16 2 14 0.79 27. Kanpuf T 870 942 702 373 329 616 209 407 0.53 R 410 469 441 231 210 404 127 277 0.40 U 460 473 261 142 119 212 82 130 0.66 28. Fatehpur T 418 513 651 316 335 475 le6 369 1.71 R 313 392 505 238 267 368 94 274 1.85 U 105 121 146 78 68 107 12 95 1.26 29. Allahabad T 790 1,131 1,104 587 517 931 309 622 l,.59 R 726 1,048 1,068 567 501 881 287 594 1.66 U 64 83 36 20 16 50 22 28 0.70 30. Jhansi T 275 330 190 111 79 185 47 138 1.08

R 207 244 173 101 72 1~3 23 lto 1.21 U 68 86 17 10 7 52 24- 28 0.71 31. Jalaun T 156 188 131 74 57 108 31 77 0.77 R 77 103 86 so 36 74 20 54 0.77 U 79 8S 45 24 21 34 11 23 0.77 32. Hamirpur T 227 269 210 115 95 315 179 136 US R 124 137 115 70 4S 235 165 71 1,10 U 103 132 95 45 50 79 14 65 1.20 33. Banda T 246 366 329 160 169 242 33 209 1.68 R 221 332 316 156 160 220 25 195 1.74 U 25 34 13 4 9 22 8 14 1.12 28

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

34. Kheri T 327 550 666 318 348 1,525 795 730 1.3~ R 299 SIS 650 310 340 1,498 781 717 1.40 U 28 32 16 8 8 27 14 13 1.24 35. Sitapur T 538 915 676 340 336 602 223 379 0.85 R 454 778 5S9 291 '268 524 199 325 0.87

U 84 137 117 49 68 n 24 ~ O~ 36. Hardoi T 393 543 522 288 234 414 148 266 0.81 R 356 495 4S7 273 214 388 143 245 0.88 U 37 48 35 15 20 ,26 5 21 0.75 37. Unnao T 455 508 480 257 223 399 93 306 0.73 R 387 439 429 226 203 367 88 279 0.68 U 68 69 51 31 20 32 5 27 1.05 38. Lucknow T 553 839 597 314 283 518 180 338 0,95 R 290 491 495 267 228 387 142 245 1.09 U 263 348 102 47 55 131 38 93 0.75 39. Rae Bareh T 782 1,238 1,178 572 606 820 232 588 1.22 R 734 1,183 1,142 551 591 760 220 S40 1.24 U 48 55 36 21 is 60 12 48 0.80 40. Bahraicb T 276 481 242 122 120 233 63 170 0.67 R 220 418 230 115 115 210 52 158 0.69 U 56 63 12 7 5 23 11 12 0.57 41. Gonda T 1,037 1.&27 1,027 513 514 737 221 516 1.04 R 955 1,711 984 495 489 678 207 471 1.07 U 82 116 43 18 25 59 14 45 0.67 42. Bara Banki T 831 1,536 t 1,322 672 650 1,311 636 678 1.31 Rj 817 1,521 1,317 669 648 .... 1,308 636 672 1.31 U 14 15 5 3 2 6 6 0.1l8 43. Faizabad T 941 1,298 490 235 255 451 18) 271 0.71 R 874 1,177 485 232 253 425 168 257 0.73 ... U 67 121 5 J 2 20 II 14 0.56 44. Sultanpur T 739 1,107 600 315 285 431 159 272 0.76 R 726 1,088 599 314 285 429 159 270 0.77 U 13 19 1 1, 2 2 0.46 45. Pratapgarh T 558 827 752 376 376 648 223 425 1.34 R 551 818 751 375 376 647 223 424 1.35 U 7 9 1 1 1 0.4-10 29 ------.------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

46. Bast! T 458 846 432 218 214 297 94 203 0.75 R 448 834 432 218 214 296 93 203 0.75 U 10 12 1 1 0.84 47. Gorakhpur T 732 1,236 669 352 317 647 249 398 1,35

R 680 1,163 663 348 315 557 204 353 1.41

U 52 73 6 4 2 00 ~ ~ OA6 48. Deona T 399 752 336 180 156 236 83 153 1.02 R 377 702 320 168 152 227 sO 147 1.05 U 22 50 16 12 4 9 3 6 0.66

49. A~amgarh T 1,107 2,028 1,761 900 861 1.157 440 717 0.88

R 1,081 1,995 1,732 881 851 1,132 436 6~6 0.8&

U 26 33 29 19 10 25 4 21 0.81 50. Jaunpur T 304 537 485 238 247 217 50 167 6.61 R 281 505 424 201 223 19J 46 147 0.58

U 23 32 61 37 24 24 4 20 1.06 51. Ballia T 361 629 498 254 244 381 127 254 1.19 R 310 576 490 247 243 369 123 246 1.24

U 51 53 8 7 1 12 4 8 0.68 52. Ghazipur T 235 358 252 121 131 146 29 117 1.10 R 226 348 252 121 131 145 29 116 l.ll U 9 10 0.61 53. Varanasi T 42() 665 228 124 104 221 96 125 0.50 R 232 440 191 101 90 171 77 94 0.46

U 188 225 37 23 14 50 19 31 0.58 54. Mirzapur T 212 250 75 45 J 30 95 34 61 0.58 R 116 149 45 2S 20 .56 20 3ti 0.53

U 96 101 30 20 10 39 14 25 0.65 30 TABLE-II Beggars' Household Abstraet for Cities, and Towns with a population above 50,000 1961

Total Total Number of non-begging dePendents Dally Serial Namoof T. G./Clty/ No. of No of ------"- average No. TOwn Beggars Beggars Below 14 years Above 14 years earning House- -'-----; r-- Per holds p M .__ _..::F ___ 'p:.__ _ _:M.;;;_ ___F;:_,_ beggar 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rs. P. 1. KanpurT. G. 460 473 261 142 119 212 82 130 0.66 2. LucknowT. O. 261 222 96 45 51 126 36 90 0.75 3. AgraT.G. 385 390 178 109 69 120 28 92 0.52 4. Varanllsi T. G. 188 225 37 23 14 SO 19 31 0.58 5. Allahabad T. G. 63 8] 36 20 16 50 22 28 0.70 6. Meerut T. O. 108 125 62 28 34 48 5 43 0.84 7. Bare1lly T. O. 65 123 15 8 7 33 3 30 0.56 8. Moradabad T. G. 72 79 27 16 11 27 8 19 0.70 9. Saharanpur M B. 113 158 37 18 19 46 16 30 0.81 10. Aligarh M. B. 14 15 6 3 3 10 2 8 1.11 11. Gorakhpur M. B. 52 73 6 4 2 90 45 45 0.46 12. Jbansl T. G. 31 66 13 9 4 44 21 23 0.71 13. Dehra Dun T G. 139 226 55 35 20 21 14 7 0.60 14. Rampur M. B. 14 ]6 13 4 9 5 2 3 0.43 15. Mathura T. G. 28 36 17 6 11 15 8 7 1.03 16. ShabjahanpurT. G 20 23 10 6 4 9 4 5 0.49 17. Mimpur- cum­ Vindhyachal M. B. 82 86 27 Ii 34 12 22 0.63 18. M. B. 19. Farrukhabad-cum- Patehgarh T. G. 23 24 2 2 0.42 20. FaiZ3bad T. G. 41 84 5 3 2 10 6 4 0.47 21. Muzaffamagar M. B. 66 105 38 18 20 34 11 23 0.58 22. M. B. and RauwayCol. 12 27 6 4 2 8 6 0.97 23. Etawah M. B. 24 25 17 10 7 11 2 9 0.81 24. Amroha M. B. 1- 2 2.00 25. Sambhal M. B. 36 44 47 22 32 4 28 1.14 26. Hathras M. B. 30 32 5 4 13 7 6 1.12 27. Jaunpur M. B. 21 29 60 36 24 24 4 20 1.06 28. Hardwar M. B. Gurukul Kangri and Jwalapur Maba­ vidyalaya 141 159 47 33 14 48 31 17 0.39 29. Budaun M. B. 6 6 0.18 30. Pilibbit M. B. 16 16 9 3 6 3 2 0.77 31. Bahraich M. B. 37 40 10 6 4 U 7 6 0.64 32. Hapur M. B. 43 78 14 14 23 23 0.71 33. Sitavnr M. B. 22 47 20 6 14 6 3 3 0.52 31

TABLE III-Proportions of Non-begging depenaents

Non-begging depen- Non-begging depen- State/District dents per 100 State/ District dellts per 100 beggars beggars

1 2 2

UTIAR PRADESH 136

1. Utta, Kashi 24 28. Fatehpur 219

2. Chamoli 31 29. Allahabad 180

3. Pithoragarh 63 30. lhansi 114

4. Tehri-Garhwal 4 31. Jalaun 127

S. Garhwal 73 32. Hamirpur 195

6. Almora 57 33. Banda 156

7. NIlini Tal 74 34. Kheri 398

8. Bijnor 185 35. Sitapur 140

9. Moradabad 155 36. Hardoi 172

10. Budaun 191 37. Unnao 173

11. Rampur 145 38. Lucknow 133

12. BaTeilly 148 39. Rae Bareli 161

13. Pihbhtt 110 40. Bahraich 99

14. Shahjahanpur 151 41. Gonda 97

15. DehraDun 46 42. Bara Banki 172

16. Saharanpur 122 43. Fruzabad 72

17. Muzaffarnagar 159 44. Sultanpur 93

18. Meerut 157 45. Pratapgarh 169 I 19. Bulandshahr 190 46. Basti 86

20. Aligarh 210 47. GorakhPur 106

21. Mathura 106 48. Deoria 76

22. Agra 104 49. Azamgarh 144

23. Etah 148 50. Jaunpur 131

24 Mainpuri 126 S1. Baliia 14()

25 Farrukhabad 185 52. Ghazipur 111 26. Etawah 128 53. VaranaSl 68 27. Kanpur 140 54. Mirzapur 68 -- -~----- _- ~2

TABLE IV-Density of Beggars

Beggars (includlllg Beggars (in C]u1ing State / District non-begging depen- State! DistnCt non-begging depen- de/lts) per 1 Iakh of dents) per 1 [akh of populatlOll populatIOn 2 2

UTTAR PRADESH III 1. Uttar Kashi 34 28. Fatehpur 153

2. Chamoli 6S 29. Allahabad 130

3. PIthoragarh 79 30. Jhansl 65

4. Tehri-Garhwal 58 31. JaJaun 64

5. Garhwal 87 32. Hamirpur tao 6. Almora 69 33. Banda 98

7. NainiTal 136 34. Kheri 218

8. BlJnor 275 35. Sitapur 136

9. Moradabad 95 36. Hardoi 94

10. Budaun 88 37. Unnao 113

11. Rampur 65 38. Lucknow 146

12. Bareilly 89 39. Rae Bare1i 246

13. PilIbhit 105 40. Bahralch c4

14. SIJaliJahanpur 82 41 Gonda 173 15. DehraDlln 172 42. Rara Banki 295

16. Saharanpur 91 43. Faizabad 137

17. Muzaffarnagar 107 44. Sultanpur 151

18. Meerut 91 45. Pratapgarh 118

19. Bulandshahr 93 46. Bash cO

20. Aligarh 99 47. Gorukhpur 99

21. Mathura 140 48. Deeria 56

22. Agra 71 49. Azamgarh 205

23. Eta,h 63 50. Jauupur 72

24. Mainpuri 55 51. Ballia U3

25. Farrukhabad 59 52. Ghazlpur 57

26. Etawab lOS ~3. yaranasi 47

27. Kanpur 95 54. Mirzapur 34 TABLE V-Percentage of Beggars by Marital Status

Males Females r- ",.__------'""""\ ,------..A.r----=~---"""'l "a State/District Total Never Married Widowed Divorced Total Never Married Widowed Divorced marrioo or Married or ~ separated separated

1 a 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12

UTTAR PRADESH 100 ~6 58 14 2 100 13 44 41 2

1, Uttar Kashi 100 29 14 29 28 100 10 15 70 5

2. Cbamoli 100 34 40 20 6 100 12 24 55 9

3. Pithoragarh 100 33 46 14 7 100 14 49 35 2

4. Tehri-Garhwal 100 19 59 19 3 100 5 74 16 5

5. Garhwal 100 40 46 10 4 100 13 28 47 12

6. Almora 100 36 48 14 2 100 16 46 33 5

7. NainiTa) 100 51 34 14 1 100 24 57 19 8. Bijnor 100 17 66 16 1 100 8 44 48 .. 9. Moradabad 100 21 62 16 1 100 9 47 44

10. Budaun 100 24 63 13 N 100 14 10 76 11. Rampur 100 30 SS 14 1 100 10 42 48 .. 12. Bareilly 100 33 56 10 1 100 17 47 35 13. Pilibbit 100 32 5S 12 1 100 10 60 29 1 14. ShabJahanPur 100 30 58 11 1 100 33 26 39 2

15. Debra Dun 100 31 45 23 1 100 22 63 14 1

16. Saharanpur 100 36 23 1 100 18 23 58 1

17. Muzafiarnagar 100 17 17 ! 100 6 45 48 18. Meerut 100 24 17 1 100 15 46 38 19, Bulandshahr 100 19 17 2 100 8 48 44 .. 20. AUga.rh 100 23 22 N lQO 25 13 60 2

21. Mathura 100 37 26 3 100 9 16 74 1

22. Agra 100 41 40 18 1 100 3S 11 52 2 23. Etah 100 27 45 26 2 100 6 29 6S .. 24. Mainpuri 100 34 46 15 5 100 15 19 64 2

25. Farrukhabad 100 27 56 15 2 100 7 58 30 5

26. Etawah 100 36 52 12 N 100 21 33

27. I

2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 II -. - .~~.----~------~-----~--~~------28 .... Fatohpur 100 P 69 11 3 100 7 31 29. AJJahabad 100 17 68 14 1 100 4 41 .' 30. Jbansj 100 35 43 20 2 100 11 31 5 3J. Jalaun 100 ZS 53 22 100 26 3S

32, Hamil'pur 100 18 66 16 N 100 5

33. Banda 100 24 66 9 100 5 16

34.Kheri 100 30 S8 10 2 100 16 40 43 11

;S.SitapuJ 100 1!6 62 12 N 100 32 33 34

36.Hardoi 100 28 61 10 1 100 15 40 45

37.unnao 100 6 100 58 18 2

38.Lucknow 100 17 2 100 10 47 40 3

39, Rae Barcli tOO 16 71 10 3 100 10 57 30 3

40. Babraicb 100 41 47 9 3 100 IS Al 43 I 41. Gonda 100 22 6S 11 2 100 9 43 45 3

42. 'Data Banki 100 20 72 8 N 100 18 62 20 N

43. Faizabad 100 24 61 14 100 5 55 38 -2

44. SultanpU1 100 ZO 63 16 100 7 49 42 2 t 45. Pratapgarh 100 17 69 12 2 100 9 39 49 3 ....,<1,6. Bastj 100 21 63 14 2 100 13 47 37 3 47. GorakhPur 100 28 5S 15 2 100 13 45 39 3

48. Deoria 100 38 46 14 2 100 16 33 47

49. A2amgarh 100 20 70 9 100 IS 60 24

50.1aunpul 100 23 64 12 100 8 SO 41

51, Ballia 100 38 47 13 2 100 9 41 46 4

52, GhazipUl' 100 25 63 10 2 100 10 39 49 2 I t 53, Varanasi 100 40 36 18 6 100 10 37 48 S

100 25 51 22 2 100 6 24 6S - -~ " 3S

T~L!. V~ -Percentage literacy among beggars

Percentage of Literate Percentage of Literate StatefDistrict General Population beggars ~ ..., IIII ..... _~, Males Females Males Females

1 2 3 4 S UITAR PRADES» l .' 27.3 7.0 IS 1. Uttar Kashi 'J$.7 2.0 21 .. 2. ChamoH 41.4 04.1 47 3. Pithoragarh 41.8 lS.9 27 6

4. Tehri-GarhwaJ .32.8 2.0 3 1 S. Garhwal 43.4 6.1 28 24-

6. AJmora 38.S 5.6 26 13 1. NafnlTal \ 36.7 ( 14.4 12 1 BijllOJ 8. 20.1 8.0 L27 l 9. Moradabad 19.8 6.7 13 1 10. Budaun 14.2 4.2 15 .. 11. RamPUr L17.9 '.3 13 12. BareJlly 31.1 8.0 14 It 13. PiJibhit 10.0 5.6 18 •• 14. ShahJabanpu, 19.4 5.8 13 •• Ir' DehraDun 47.9 16.8 26 .5 16. SaharanpuJ 28.1 lQ.2 22 3 17. Muzaffamasar I W 6.9 14 4 18. . Meerut S2.9 rJ.9 17 14 19. BulandsbabJ 17.7 S.7 19

20. Aligarh 29.8 8.2 30 10 Qt. Mathura (32.8 l 7.9 42 14 22- Agra 34.1 12.0 a1 3 23. Etab l2S.2 '6.6 &1 1 24. MainPtUi t29.6 ,,8.3 23 ,

25. Farrukhabad (30.6 lOA 10 16 16. Etawah 33,.9 10.0 Ii 4 i1. t(anpuJ - 41.6 119.0 16 1 35

1 2 3 4 S

28. Fatehpll1' 27.1 5.3 2S

29. Allahabad 30.4 7.8 8 1

30. Jhansi 30.5 F.3 29

31. Jalaun 35.6 8.3 43

32. Hamirpup 26.6 5.0 21 2

33. Banda 25.2 3.4 42 4

34. Kheri 18.8 4.1 9 3

35. SitaPUll 20.9 4.3 6 N

36. Hardoi 23.8 5.7 6

37. Unnao 23.S 5.7 9

38. Lucknow 39.1 19.6 7

39. RBeBareli 22.3 3.8 8 N

40. Babraich 19.8 2.7 4 N

41. Gonda 19.7 3.2 8 1

42. BaraBanki 19.6 3.6 3 N

43. Faizabad 23.6 4.8 10 1

44. Sultanpur 22.7 3'4 6

45. Pratapgarh 24.8 3.2 22

46. Basti 19.8 3.1 4 1

47. GorakhpUll 26.1 5.1 12 1 48- Deana k 24.4 3.9 10 1

49. Azamgarh 26.4 6.4 15 N

So. Jaunpur 29.9 S.2 9 4

51. Ballia 31.3 7.8 12 N

52. GhaziPUll 28.9 7.2 13 2

53. Varanasi 36.8 9.6 19 1

54. Mirzapup 27.7 5.5 15 4 37

TAlILE VII-Percentage of Beggars by' their Birth Place

Males Females State/District r----'------, r----.A.-__---.~ At place of Other places At place of Other places EnumeratIon Enumeration

1 2 3 4 S

UTTAR PRADESH 6\l 4() 26 14

1. UttarKasbi 21 79 2.0 80

2, CblUIlOli 16 84- 21 79

3. Pithol'agarh 30 70 11 89 4. Tohrl-Garhwal 2 98 1 99 5. Garbwal 24 76 13 87

6, Almora 39 61 6 9S

1. NainiTal 7 93 3 97 , 8. Bijnoo 19 21 27 73

9. Moradabad 64 36 11 8~

10. Budaun 79 21 31 69

U. Rampur 69 31 66 34

12- BareiIly 53 47 37 63 13. Pilibhit 39 61 13 87 14. Shal:liahanPllJ 63 37 60 40

15. Debra Dun 6 94 11 89

16- SabaranPUf 37 63 lS 82 11. Muzatfarnagu 10 30 17 83

18. Meerut 61 38 16 84

19. BulandsbabJ 76 1M 11 89

20. AJigarh 82- 18 31 63 21. Mathuta 47 53 13 87 22. Agra 43 S7 23 77 23. Etab S8 42 2S 7S

24. Mainpurl SS 45 32 72

ZS. Farrukhabad 59 41 28 12 Etawah 26. 62 38 3() 70 3S , 2-- , 3- " S 27. KAnpur -- -~-- - 64 19 81

28. Fate!lllUr 64 36 32 68 " ..r, ~. Anababad 59 41 Z8 12 30, lbansi 4~- SIS 16 74 31~ .JaIaun OS 3S 11 89

31 \ HuIirPuJ 75 2S 36 64 33" Banda SlJ 20 23 11

34,_IOlori ~7 S3 31 69 S5 ... S\tasIuf 59 41 27 13 36\ Hatdol 6Z 38 16 84 !7. UI1llIIO 69 l 31 41 59 IS, W:knotr 47 j3 a9 11 59... Rao~ 66 34 36 64 ~~ !O $0 33 67 "'\ Gonda 64 36 21 13 ~2. Bar& ~llki. j 6~ 35 33 61 4~ Falzabad 73 27 19 8\ 44.Sultaopur 66 \ 34 £1 13 45t~ 14 26 29 1t 46. BIIatI U 45 21 79

47.~ 61 39 30 fO

4S. ~ 51 ~ ~" 11.

.w.~ 83 17 43 $1 So. , kuoPot 11 29 22 78 51. Bt1Jla, 66 34 2S " A 0barlpuJ IS " 31 63 IS. V_aIl .4Q 60 19 81

64. Mlr&&pDJ 43 S1 41 Ii ~9

TABLE VllI-Percenfage of Begiar~ by Duration of Begging

Percentage of Male Beggars Percentage ofFem1Ie StatejDistrict with duration Beggars with duration

... ~ . ~ r ...... Below 3 years Above 3 years""" lclow 3 years Abovo3yeas

1 2 3 4 5

UTIAR PRADESH 18 82 22 78

1. UttuKashi 21 79 15 85 .. 2- Cbamoli 3S 65 10 90

3. Pithoragarh 8 92 8 92

.~ 4. Tehri Garhwal 5 95 6 94 5. GarhwaI 16 84 12 88

6. A1mora 11 "89 13 ._87 7. Naini Tal 4 96 16 S4

8. Bijoo, 4 96 7 93 ',' 9. Moradabad 11 89 12 88

10. Budaun 8 92 17 83

"11. RamPul 15 85 45 55

12. Bareilly 16 84 40 60 13. Pihbbit 7 93 " 96 .14. Sbabjahanpm 6 94 9 91 15. Debra Dun 10 90 4 96 16. SaharanpUl' rl5 75 46 54 17. Muzaffamagar 11 89 22 78 .18. Meerut 23 77 35 65

19. Bulandsbahr 10 90 12 -'ss

{20. Aligarh 16 84 29 71

21. Matbura 12 88 21 79

22. Agra 19 81 14 86

23. Etab 18 82 19

24. MainpUIi 16 84 8 92

25. Parmkhabad 29 71 49 H

2Ei. Etawah 20 80 51 49 ~

1 2 3 4 ~ 27. KanpUt 17 113 26 "14 =i. Patehp-l3 !2 6S 51 49

29. Allahabad 41 59 3& t2 ;'C:. I_ 13 87 2ll a,;"' :1. ;Ta!aun 18 $2 26 14

:1. Hamit?ur 7 9~ 11 31

33, Banda 31 t,9 ~ 10

34. Kherl $ 95 S 92

35. SItil.PUl' 10 90 14- 16

36. Hatdoi 3 !i2 11 ~

31. Umao 14 86 l\! 70

$8. l.w::!aIow 14 86 17 $3

S9. Rae Batefi 25 75 2% 17"

40. Ba'hraieh 14 36 12 \I~ 41. Gon-da 16 34 1l.} n 31 42. Bara Banki 1& 82 19 74 43. F~ 3'4 66 26 14 44. Su1!anpur 1.~ 72 26 66 45.~ 33 61 34

46. Basti 15 as 17 83

9(J 91 41.~ 10 9i} 48, Doorh 19 81 [6 M 71 49. Azamgatb 28 n 2 90 5

~ 71 51 V~ 52 ~ 9{.} g n )4, M'nwur 10 49

41

TABLE IX-Percentage of Beg~ars by different causes

Males ~ Females ~ ~ StatcjDistrict ______A-______Physical Professional Un· Other Physical Professional Un- Other disability. employ­ causes disabilitY. employ· causeS infirmity ment infirrmty ment

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9

UTIAR PRADESH 18 57 8 17 28 45 6 21

1. Uttar Kashi 29 64 7 60 15 25

2. Chamoli 22 40 9 29 46 26 9 19

S. Pithoragarh 30 46 24 15 52 8 25

04. Tehri Garhwal 79 10 3 8 79 9 6 6

5. Garhwal 19 57 16 8 15 37 18 30

6. Almora 34 45 7 14 20 S9 7 14

7. Nalni Tal 37 37 5 21 24 57 3 10

8. Bijnor 11 79 7 3 37 51 2 10

9. Moradabad 21 66 12 1 39 45 12 4

10. Budaun 21 59 3 17 69 12 19 11. Rampur 20 44 36 52 41 7

12. BareiIIy 24 51 1 47 26 27 13. Pilibhit 16 78 1 S 14 77 9

14. Shahjahanpuf 20 67 N 13 28 56 16

IS. Debra Dun 50 9 26 15 42 2 43 13

16. Saharanpur 29 45 10 16 33 15 12 40

11. Muzafi"arnagar 20 61 8 111 78 16 1 5

18. Meerut 19 65 8 8 21 71 1 7 j 19. Bulandshahr 19 57 12 12 34 42 3 21

20. Aligarh 15 55 14 16 36 6 4 54

21. Mathura 15 31 18 36 40 3 8 49 31 22 Agra 17 31 23 29 31 9 29 14 30 23. Etah S6 6 44 12 17 6 34 24. MainpUri 29 46 6 19 43

25. Farrukhab4d 15 36 13 36 14 26 32 46 26. Btawah 8 57 3 32 22 42

1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9

27. KanPUf 29 27 25 19 30 g 38 24

18. Fatebpm 6 73 N 21 35 43 2 20

29, Allahabad 15 61 13 11 33 59 10 18

30. Jhansi 29 42 4 25 43 26 2 29

31. Jalaun 21 57 2 20 20 26 S4

~2. Hamirpur 16 73 3 8 48 40 5 7

33/' Banda 8 78 2 12 43 43 3 11<::

34. Kheri 8 70 18 4 21 61 IS"

35. Sitapur 15 72 9 4 19 73 C

36:" Hardoi 15 65 16 4 24 47 29

37. Unnao 8 58 N 24 1~ 43 2 43

38•. Lucknow 25 46 18 11 39 37 13 11

39.' Rae Bareli 12 78 3 _1 21 70 3 6

40. . Bahraich 2& 52 19 38 38 23

41. ( Gonda 15 63 N 22 27 45 '28

42. e Bars Banki 8 14 18 N 10 74 16

43. Faizabad 13 57 N 30 21 so 28

44. Sultanpur 17 61 1 21 27 52 N

45. Pratapgarh 9 65 3 23 2S 43 4 28 .

46. "Basti 17 55 27 28 48 24

47. Gorakbpur 16 54 29 33 39 28

48. Deana 19 53 2 26 32 41 13

49. Azamgarh 4 51 2 31 8 53

SO. ' Jaunpur 30 52 13 5 29 50 7 14

51. Ballia 20 45 5 30 28 34 4 34

52. ' Ghazipur 28 58 13 43 48 8

53. varaoasi 11 52 25 12 31 42 19 S

54, 'Mirzapur 50 23 9 18 69 14 4 13 ~ ______l1.BT.Jl _X-:d'_e_rCfi_l1tgge gf llcggnrs a$. /rave usttal11ate. of beggil1g.

Male 'BE!ggars as have a-usual Female Beggars as have a State/D,strict place of begging usual place of begging ;I .A..-----, Temple, Mosque other Temple, Mosque Other bathmgghats etc. places bathmg ghats etc. places

1 2 3 4 5

1. UTTAR PRADESH 6 27 3 30

1. Uttal' Kashi 7 14 35 ,2. Chamoli .. 26 31 3. Pithoragarh 21 20

4. Tebri G8rhu 44 4 4 41

15 32

6. p..lmora 16 10 7. l\aiui TaJ 70 46 8, B),)uC( 22 31 9. MCladabad N 26 14

1.'I 32 88

20 14 21

L 16 3 28

1:;. Pihb'llt N 18 18

14. Shahjabanpur N i!.1 9

is, Dehra Dun 2 55 88

13 31 10 60

17. Ml

1.8. M(crut 44 46 16 ~5

19. BLllandsbahr ~ 42 31 29 I !ZO. A1igarh 48 44 21 79

6 49 7 64

~jl 24 60 19 4 .(5 2 61

24. Maillpuri N 33 2 55 3 14 .. 19 ... 15 20 44

1 2 3 4 5

27. Kanpur Ii 201 8 26 ., 28. FafehPull :2 '" 13 29. Allahabad 1 IS 1 9

30, Jhansi 39 2 36

31. JaJaun 1 36 37

32. Hannrpur 6 26 62

33. Banda 1 1 5

34. Kheri 46 41

35. Sitapur 5 8

56, Hardoi 18 10 10

37 Unnao N 27 38

58. Lucknow 2 22 8

39. N 4 2

M). Babraich 9 19

41. Gonda N 2.0 1 25

42- BaraBanki 25 43

43. Faizabad 2 49 1 50

44. Sultanpur 1 39 N 38

45. Prafapgarh 2 3

46. Basti N 5 13

47. Gorakhplll' N 23 1 33

~. Deoria 28 36

49. Azamgarh N 43 42

50. Jaunpur 21 12

51. Ballia N 34 1 31

52- Ghazipur 3 7

S3. Varanasi 9 41 14- 29

54. Mirzapur 3 46 12 45 45

TABLEXI-P~rcentage Addictea to Intoxicants other than tobacco

Percentage of addicts Percentage of addicts State/District r----..A.--~ State/DIstrict r----..A.----, Males Females Males Females

1 2 3 1 2 3

UTTAR. PRADESH 11 3 I. UttarKashi 14 28. Fatehpur 6 29. Allahabad 13 4 2. Chamoli 7 30. Jhansi 13 3. Pitboragarh 13 31. Jalaun 2 4. Tehri Garhwal 4 2 32. Hamirpur 9 5. Garhwal 2 33. Banda 46 6. Aknora 10 6 34. Kheri 17 7 7. NainiTal 7 35. Sitapur 6 2 8. Bijnor 6 7 36. Hardoi 3 2 9. Moradabad 6 37. Unnao 16 10. Budaun 2 2 38. Lucknow 24 11. RampUl! 3 " 3 39. Rae Bareli 3 12- Bareilly 9 1 40. Bahraicb 8 4 Il Pilibhit 7 41. Gonda 7 4 14. Shahjahanpur 5 5 42. BaraBanki 17 1'. Debra Dun 1 43. Faizabad 16. Sabaranpur 11 1 16 7 17. Muzaffarnagar 12 1 44. Sultanpllt 18 4 Pratapgarh IS. Meerut 2 45. 2

19. Bulandslla.lu 2 46. Basti 20 8

20. Aligarll 6 4 47. Gorakhplll' 22 , 21. Mathura 2 48. Deoria 10 5

22- Agra 2 3 49. A~mgarh 33 7 23. Btah i 50. JaunpulT 4

24. Ma,inpuri 5 51. Ballia 15 4

15. Farrukhabad 7 52 Gbazipllt' 21 2

26. Btawah 6 2 53. YatanaBi B ~

P.7. KlJllpUJ 2 54. Mirzapur 22 7 4.6

TABLE XII-Percentage of B<1ggars by Type oj Dwelling

Males Females • ______A ______--~ ~------~------, State} District Total In In In House- Total In In Tn House- own rented community Jess own rented commumty less bouses houses dwelling houses houses dwelhng . -

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

UITAR PRADESH 100 72 7 4 17 100 68 9 4 19

1. Uttar Kashi 100 43 7 43 7 100 15 10 50 25

2. Chamoll 100 24 9 35 32 100 29 19 23 29

3. Pithoragarh 100 35 38 6 21 100 32 37 6 25

4. Tehri Garhwal 100 79 8 9 4 100 73 14 7 6

5. Garhwal 100 41 25 11 23 100 41 26 28 5

6. Almora 100 38 26 11 25 100 39 36 6- 19

7. Naini Tal 100 38 13 5 44 100 46 11 7 36

8. BiJnor 100 91 3 3 3 100 84 5 11

9. Moradabad 100 82 5 4 9 100 58 21 1 20

10. Budaun 100 84 3 3 10 100 59 5 36

11. Rampur 100 81 14 3 2 100 76 3 17 4

12. Bareilly 100 63 16 3 18 100 44 16 13 27

13. Pilibhit 100 70 5 4 21 100 69 5 26

14. Shahjahanpur 100 80 1 3 16 100 74 9 5 12

IS. Debra Dun 100 35 9 22 34 100 47 7 7 39

16. Saharanpur 100 48 21 12 19 100 30 17 7 46

17. MuzajIarnagar 100 87 7 3 3 100 74 12 3 11

18. Meerut 100 68 9 6 17 100 53 16 3 28

19. Bulandshahr 100 89 2 3 6 100 81 5 14

20. Aligarh 100 88 4 6 2 100 73 10 11 6

21. Mathura 100 45 11 23 21 100 32 28 15 25

100 34 4 5 57 100 16 1 9 7-l

100 74 6 15 100 62 5 13 20

24. Mainpuri 100 61 6 6 27 100 45 11 23 21

2S. Parrukhabad 100 64 2 3 31 100 54 . 2 44

26. Etawah 100 86 2 2 10 100 71 4 2 23 ';.7. KanpUl' 100 39 11 2 48 100 22 2 1 75 47

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

28. F'atehpur 100 87 5 2 6 100 74 19 7

29. Allahabad 100 72 17 2 9 too 67 20 3 10

30. Jhansl 100 45 8 5 42 100 32 10 8 50

31. Jalaun 100 53 5 4 38 100 20 13 67

100 61 11 16 12 100 62 7 17 14

33. Banda 100 74 17 6 3 100 65 22 9 4

34. Kheri 100 78 4 6 12 100 72 1 26

100 83 3 N 14 IOO 78 14 7

36. Hardol 100" 85 1 5 5) 1 '0 68 8 24

37. Unnao 100 81 2 i6 lCO 25

38. Luckuow 100 51 11 1 27 100 17 4

39. Rae Ba:eli 1QO 82 10 2 6 100 86 l() 3

';0. Bahralch 100 69 12 3 16 100 7) 1 5 \3

41. Gonda 1(;0 82 2 2 14 ICO 82 4 2 12 100 .. 2 16 ICO 71 3 26 100 82 3 3 12 ICO 78 6 3 t?

44. SlltanPllr 100 73 2 1 24 100 81 18

45. Pratapgarh 100 86 8 2 4 103 10 5

46. Bash 100 70 5 1 24 100 71 7 2 20

47. Gorakhpur 100 75 5 2 17 10 ) 71 2 3 24

48. Deoria 1()Q 60 1 2 37 10J 64 2 2

49. Azamgarh DO 81 13 2 4 1)0 8) 14 N 6 ) 50. Jaunpur 100 89 8 3 110 85 7 8

51. "Ball,a 76 1 20 1 3 22

52. GhaZlpur leo 95 2 3 1)0 89 4 7

53. VaranaEI 100 37 27 4 32 100 45 27 6 22

54. Mirzapur 100 50 IS 14 18 lJ() 26 It 48 APPENDIXDI D. O. Np. 21/5/r,7-RG GOVE'RNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS

OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA KorAH HOUSE ANNEXE, 2/A, MANSINGH ROAD~ NEW DELHI-2, the 29th July, 1959. DEAR BHATNAGAR, I quote below from page 198 of Volume I of Sir George A Grierson's monumental Linguistic Survey of India a passage which will no doubt deeply move you. Sir George Grierson entered the Indian Civil Service in 1873 and almost immediately ~hereafter started acquainting himself with the languages of India as a personal hobby. He continued this personal hpbby for twenty years from 1873 to 1893 In 1893 he was entrusted with the Linguistic Survey of India which he took almost another thirty three years to finish. The first volume of the Linguis.tic Survey of India was published in 1927. But already in 1901 his researches had taken shape and the chapter on Languages of India in Part I Report ,of the India Volume of the Census of 1901 contains the subs!­ tance of all the work that had gone before and came after. I am sure yoU! regard this assignment as a Superintendent of Census Operations a great oppor­ tunity to set your course on a fruitful hobby, perhaps ending in a contribution of permanent interest and value Already you must be thinking pf how to enrich your Census Report for 1961 with an investigation or discussion of some subject or topic which will be unique and has not been adequately treated in the previous Census Reports of your State. For after all a Man's worth is judged not for doing what he is paid for, but for doing something in excess of what he was required to do. Your line -ef enquiry may be in any field that you may care to choose bearing, of course, in some way or the other, on the population of your State This mav be either sociological, economic or industrial investiga­ tion or some aspect of agriculture or irrigation or power development PI' geo­ graphical investigation or art, literature, or ancient history. In any subject that you may care to choose and investigate nnt ,only for yourself but with the help of scholars and other people around you in your State, it is needless to say that this office will always encourage you in your effort and undertake tP publish whatever you think worthwhile, even if the connection of such investiga­ tion with the Census seems, at first sight, tenuous or remote. I realise that ideas or investigations take shape as one proceeds tOn one's work and it may not be possible for you at t:his stage to give an outline of what you wish to under­ take. But T should like you to bear this in mind. This will be the first Census of India to be taken by an entirely Indian team and almost all our members belong to the new Service to which everybody looks up in hope and expectation. I am sure you will fulfil that hope and expectation: "Such as they are, I lay these volumes as an offering before the India that was long my home and that has itself had a home in my heart for more than half a century. It was to me a memorable day when in 1868, 49

my honoured teacher, 7!rofessor Robert Atkinso.-;, :ntroduceO me tgl the Sanskrit alphabet in what soon became to me his familiar: rooms in Trinity College, Dublin. Five years later, as, full of hope, I was bidding him farewell hefore starting for India, he laid this task upon me, and with the enthusiasm of -youth I gladly undertook it. Throughout my active life among the pepple whom soon I learned to love, his parting injunction was ever present to my mind, and urged me on to devote such time as I could spare from official duties to preparation for its accom­ plishment. Twenty years later came the opportunity, and the privilege of conducting this Survey became mine. For me pers,ohally these years of preparation were by no means without profit. I have been granted a vision of a magnificent lIterature enshrining the thoughts of great men, from generatIon to generatIOn, through three thousand years. I have been able tp stroll through enchanted gardens of poesy, beginning with the happy, care-free hymns of the Vedas containing through great epics, through the magic of the Indian drama and the consummate word­ witchery of Kalidasa, through the lyric poetry of the Indian reforma­ tion, through the heart-me1oday of Tulsi Das, down to the jewelled distichs of Bihari Lal. Truth have I gathered from many a tree of knowledge,­ from the ripe Pandit, strong in his monism, acute in thought, crystal clear in his exposition, and from the simple peasant chatting in his rude patois under the village tree, steeped in the deepest superstition, yet quick. with a living faith in the fatherhood of God that would put to shame many a professing Christian. Hidden under religiousity have I found religipn, hidden under legend history, wisdom have I found in the proverbs of the unlettered herd. Here and here did India help me ; how can I help India? This is a question that we Westerners who have gone to IndIa in the service of His Mai~sty have each in his own way done our best to answer. Among us have been great administrators. great soldiers, great scholars, great teachers, masters of the art of healing. There have been diversities of gIfts, but the same spirit, a spirit of devotion to duty, of love for and sympathy with the millions amid whom our lot was cast. My O"lYm share in the endeavour to answer it has been a very small one, but if this Survey should help to bring India nearer to the West. I shall feel that my efforts have not b~en utt~:rly in v~~!'_"

UO:.ll'S sincerely. A. MITRA. To 5HRI P. P. BHATNAGAR~ I.A.S• ., SUPElUNTE1'''DENT OF C:::;:NSUS OPERA'J10}

UTI'AR PR.\DESH. l....uCKNOW.

PSUP- A P. 13 Census-1975-500-(E).