WORLD SOLAR CHALLENGE 1993 TECHNICAL REPORT

DARWIN TO ADELAIDE NOVEMBER 7 - NOVEMBER 16, 1993

APPENDICES

Prepared by Energy Promotions and Industrial Technology Development Organization January 1994 Solar Racing

The 1993 World Solar Challenge

by

J.W.V. Storey, AE.T. Schinckel and C.R Kyle.

Chapters

1. Introduction

2. Race

3. Analysis

4. Aerodynamics

5. Body architecture, construction & materials

6. Solar cells & trackers

7. Motors, controllers & transmissions

8. Batteries & battery management

9. Suspension, & tyres '

10. Strategy, telemetry & weather prediction

11. Safety

Appendices

A. Individual data sheets

B. Weather

C. Technical data, first six, 1987

D. Technical data, first six, 1990

E. Kyocera wind tunnel tests Appendix A.

Individual Data Sheets for all Cars Predicted dist/day: 774 km Actual avg dist/day: 764.6 km Best distance/day: 802 km Practice distance: 3000 km Time for race (hrimin): 35:28 Penalties: None.

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 Distance (km): 746 746 807 696 41

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.10 Frontal area (A): 1.14 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0.114 Measured: Full size wind tunnel and power measurement on track.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 187.5 kg Length: 5.975 m Width: 2.000m Height:... 1.020 m Wheelbase: 2.250 m Track: 1.340 m Ground clr: 0.145m:

Wheels and : Wheels are 6 spoke, machined magnesium alloy covered with carbon fiber disk covers. Tires are IRC, front is 22 * 1.75, rear is 22*2.00 inch at 690 kPa.

Number: 3 (estimated): 0.0040 Number of flat tires during race: 6 Time to change: Fr: 2 min Rr: 1:50 m

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front are hand operated hydraulically activated disks, rear is regenerative. Front suspension is magnesium arm double wishbone, with coil over shocks. Rear is an magnesium mono swing arm, with coil over shock. Steering is by bar handle with wire link between Pittman arms.

Chassis/body: is a 3 tub based carbon fiber reinforced Aramid honeycomb. Body is similar construction, one piece with canopy.

Motor: designed DC brushless /hub motor. Neodymium magnets, 6.0 kW maximum rated power, 1.5 kW continuous rated power, 1000 rpm (corresponds to 130 km/hr), 95% efficiency, 12.8 kg.

Controller: Honda PWM.

Transmission: None, as wheel motor.

Controls : Hand operated throttle, hand operated (controls similar to scooter). Constant speed or power cruise control. Full instrumentation.

Telemetry: Full telemetry (70 bytes every 2 seconds) and voice radio.

Batteries: Yuasa Silver Zinc, 83 cells, 4.980 kWhr capacity, 124.5 Volts, 40 Ahr rated, 62.3 kgs. Charge at 17:00 each day (%): 33, 43, 60, 49, 14 %.

Solar cells: Sun Power USA monocrystalline silicon, 21.2% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Curved, fixed, single top panel split into 10 facets. 4682 cells in 44 major panels, total cell weight 3.01 kg. Cells are encapsulated with a front surface of textured sheet designed to enhance energy collection. Total area 8.278 m^, 124 volt panel voltage. Maximum instantaneous panel power duringrace: 1800 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1520 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 1232 W sunny, 948 W avg Speed on 1000 Watts input to motor: 80 kmAir

Controller: 10 Honda designed peak power point trackers, 98% efficient, 3.5 kg weight.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: For first 250 km of race, lack of power to motor. Stopped at 250 km, due to rear puncture and changed controller and wheel/motor/tire in 7 minutes. Fixed. Day 2: Changed front left and rear tires during afternoon. Day 3: One puncture. Day 4: Total loss of power on a hill. Stopped, power cycled main power, fixed it. Thought to be a computer crash/hang. - lost 3.5 minutes. Rear flat - 2 minutes. Front left puncture - both fronts changed - 4 minutes lost. Qualifying speed: 129.9 km/hr Qualifying position: 1st Est top speed (solar/battery): 90/145 km/hr Predicted race avg: 88.0 km/hr Actual avg speed: 78.27 km/hr Best day avg speed: 85.0 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 792 km Actual avg dist/day: 704.4 km Best distance/day: 737 km Practice (km): Many Time for race (hr:min): 38:30 Penalties: None.

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 Distance (km): 723 703 737 537 331

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.10 Frontal area (A): 1.05 Drag area (CdA): 0.105 m^ Measured : Power measurements on Michelin track.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 157.5 kg Length: 5.700m Width: 1.998m Height:... 1.000 m.. Wheelbase: 2.400m Track: 1.500m Ground clr: 0.243 m

Wheels and tires: J16-MT 1.85 carbon fiber disk, 515 mm * 70 mm (cross section). Michelin radial, 65/80-16 at 500 kPa

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0055 Number of flat tires during race: 1 Time to change: Fr: 3 min Rr: 5 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Hydraulic disks on front, mechanical hand operated drum on rear, no regenerative braking. Front suspension is double wishbone, with elastamer shock/spring. Rear is carbon fiber trailing arm, integral hub wheel motor. Steering is joy stick activated steel cables, with redundant cables and transverse control link.

Chassis/ body: Chassis is a carbon/honeycomb sandwich. Body is a carbon fiber/Nomex honeycomb epoxy composite.

Motor: Biel (Jeanneret designed) wheel motor. DC brushless, 1.4 kW continuous power rating, 11.0 kW maximum power rating, 125 volts, 900 - 1500 rpm, convectively cooled, 12 kg with control electronics, 97.5 % efficent at 1.4 kW.

Controller: Biel designed, 98.5 % efficent MOS-FET inverter, regulation with Tempomat andPowermat, 98+% efficent, 5kg.

Transmission: None - wheel motor.

Controls: Foot speed control and brake, hand brake, joy stick steering.

Telemetry: Voice radio link (165 MHz) - data sent to support bus, where typed into Mac Powerbook 180. Excel spreadsheet and Labview used for real time analysis

Batteries: Eagle Picher SZHR 25-5, 82 cells, 123 volts, 4.92 kWhr capacity, 40 Ahr rating, 39 kg., energy density 126 Wh/kg. Charge at 8:00/17:00 each day (%): 100/29, 66.2/22,67/13, 33/17, 42/9 %

Solar cells: Deutsche Aerospace, monocrystalline silicon, Hi-Eta (BSFR), 19.0% individual cell efficency. Type of solar panel: Single, fixed, very gently curved top surface, split into 3 facets. Total panel weight 9.8 kg. 3610 cells are double shingled (98.4 % fill factor), and encapsulated in resin, making 16 main panels and 2 front panels. Total array voltage: 118 Volts. Peak power: 1460 Watts at standard solar illumination.

Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1750 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1391 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 1117 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor : 74 km/hr

Controller: 3 Biel designed max power point trackers (up converters), 99 % efficent at 600 W, 98.6 % at 900W, 97.3 % at 20 W. 2.7 kg total weight.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: When leaving the Katherine Media stop, hit a deep curb. Reduced speed by 14km/hr - left front wheel spat rubbing wheel. Day 2: left front wheel cover still rubbing, removed late in day; changed one power tracker. Day 4: 3.5 min to change punctured front tire. Changed tires regularly at the end of each day. Actual average speed: 70.76 km/hr Best day avg speed: 74.9 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 675 km Actual avg dist/day: 636.8 km Best distance/day: 674 km Practice kilometers: 3200 km Time for race (hr:min): 42:35 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 12 3 4 5 Distance (km): 674 608 620 544 561

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.125 Frontal area (A): 1.07 vcfl Drag area (CdA): 0.134 m2 Measured : 1/5 and full scale tunnel.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 155 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.000 m Wheelbase: 2.650 m Track: 1.300 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch disk wheels with Carbon fiber/aramid honeycomb sandwich construction and aluminium hubs. Bridgestone Ecopia 2.25*14 slicks at 590 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0035 Number of flat tires during race: 0 Time to change: Fr: 5 min Rr: 5 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated ventilated disks, rear brake is regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over . Rear suspension is by carbon fiber trailing arm with coil over shock absorber. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Carbon fiber/Aramid honeycomb sandwich construction, tub style. Body is carbon fiber, Kevlar and honeycomb sandwich construction.

Motor: Yasukawa Electric Corp, Brushless DC, 6.0 kW peak power rating, 2.0 kW continuous power rating, 7.6 kg, 92 - 94 % motor efficiency, 97% controller efficiency, 90% combine efficiency at designed operating point.

Controller: Yasukawa PWM

Transmission: Single stage , 5:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot operated throttle and brake, constant torque cruise control.

Telemetry: Full, plus voice.

Batteries: Eagle Picher AgZn, SZHR 25-5, 83 cells, 124.5 Volts, 4.972 kWhr capacity, 40 Ahr rating, 40 kg. Charge at end of each day (%): 10 % at 5:00 pm day 1, nearly zero after that.

Solar cells: Kyocera monocrystalline silicon, 18.5 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, broadly curved, 6 facets, 2444 cells, film laminated, 7.999 m2 total area, 1495 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1400 W (after PPT) Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1200 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 709 W Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : 72 km/hr Controller: 6 Kyocera

Notes and problems during race: No known problems. Qualifying speed: 95.0 km/hr Qualifying position: 10th Est top speed (solar/battery): 75/125 km/hr Predicted race avg: 70 km/hr Actual average speed: 70.35 km/hr Best day avg speed: 73.4 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 630 km Actual avg dist/day: 633.1 km Best distance/day: 648 km Practice kilometers: 600 km Time for race (hr:min): 42:50 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 Distance (km): 588 578 648 619 574

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.134 Frontal area (A): 0.796 Drag area (CdA): 0.107 Measured: Coast down tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 192 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...!.000 m. Wheelbase: 2.400 m Track: 1.100 m Ground clr: 0.330 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch custom carbon fiber disk wheels, aluminium rims, brakes integrated in wheel hubs, 20*1.75 IRC Slicks at 784 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0060 Number of flat tires during race: 4 Time to change: Fr: 2 min Rr: 5 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are drums integrated in wheel hubs. Rear braking is regenerative. Front suspension by double wishbone with coil over shock absorbers. Rear is by carbon fiber trailing arm with coil over shock absorber. Steering is by push/pull cables.

Chassis: Carbon fiber/honeycomb sandwich construction, tub style. Body is carbon/honeycomb sandwich and some Kevlar bulkheads.

Motor: Uniq Mobility Brushless DC, DR086, 7.5 kW peak power rating, 3.5 kW continuous power rating, 102 Volts, 3.94 kg, 90 % efficiency at designed operating point (includes controller), blower cooled.

Controller: Uniq Mobility CR10-100, PWM.

Transmission: Double stage chain, 6:1 or 5.625:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand operated throttle and brake, no cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only, onboard data storage system.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, YNZ12-6.8, 60 cells, 102 Volts, 4.896 kWhr capacity, 36 Ahr rating, 81 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): 70% at 8:00, 30% at 17:00.

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 16 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single fixed gently curved top panel divided into 4 facets, 1144 cells encapsulated with silicone, 8.0 vcfi total area, 1340 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1500 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1100 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 730 W Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power: 73.8 km/hr

Controller: 4 AERL Maximisers.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 12 minutes lost due to flat front left tire. 12 minutes lost due to flat front left tire. 19 minutes lost due to broken drive chain. Day 2: 7 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 3: 4 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 4: 4 minutes lost changing flat tire after media stop. Day 5: 5 minutes lost due to changing both front tires after media stop. Performance:

Qualifying speed: 83.0 km/hr Qualifying position: 17th Est top speed (solar/battery): 100 + km/hr Predicted race avg: 75 km/hr Actual average speed: 70.08 km/hr Best day avg speed: 74.4 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 675 km Actual avg dist/day: 630.7 km Best distance/day: 657 km Practice kilometers: 2000 km Time for race (hr:min): 43:00 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 Distance (km): 620 657 622 563 569

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.10 Frontal area (A): 0.75 vcfl Drag area (CdA): 0.075 Measured : Road power and coast down tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 215 kg Length: 4.410 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.000 m.... Wheelbase: 1.700 m Track: 1.600 m Ground clr: 0.300 m (0.075 m at wheel spats).

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke custom design, aluminium BMX rims, Michelin 20*1.75 special tires at 520 kPa..

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0035 Number of flat tires during race: 3 Time to change: Fr: 10 min Rr. 20 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brake is hydraulically actuated motorbike caliper anddisk, no rear brake. Suspension is a rigid triangular system - all 3 rigidly attached to unsprung frame, which is suspended to the body by front and rear Panhard rods, twin longitudinal links, coil springs and oil filled dampers front and rear. Steering is by tiller from front wheel axis.

Chassis: Carbon fiber and Nomex sandwich (lower), upper is fiberglass.

Motor: Industrial Drives, DC brushed, TM-2934-1010-DA, 4.5 kW peak power, 1.5 kW continuous. 85 % efficient at design operating point (115 V, 13 A) excluding controller.

Controller: Three A ERL Motor Max.

Transmission: Double Hooke-jointed rive shaft and single stage 8mm Reynolds chain.

Controls: Hand throttle and brake, cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Mix of Gates Lead acid J cells (66 cells, 1.716 kWhr, 12.5Ahr) and SALT Lithium thionyl chloride cells (not rechargeable, 51 cells, 3.180 kWhr, 10 Ahr), total of 4.896 kWhr, 65 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): Lead acids drained to 10% by 5:00 pm each day. Lithiums: 60 % at end of day 1,20% day 2,5% day 3, dead on day 4. Solar cells: UNSW "Green" cells, 18.75% cell

Type of solar panel: Fixed, top surface, 6 facets, cells arranged in 30 rows across and 67 rows, 1943 cells encapsulated in epoxy, 7.73 total area, 1160 W at standard solar illumination.

Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1400 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1130 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 950 W Speedon 1000 Watts to motor: 73.0 km/hr

Controller: 6 AERL Mini Maximisers.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 7 minutes due to blown tire - changed all 3. Day 2: Motor controller is current limiting, all 3 tires and motor controller changed after media stop - lost 8 min. Day 3: 19 minutes lost due to drive sprocket failure - also changed all 3 wheels. Some clouds - Lithiums used. 5 minutes lost due to flat left tire. Day 4: 23 min lost due to problem. Left rear tire puncture - 1 min 45 sec. Lithiums exhausted. Day 5: Problem with operating MPPTs, 11 min lost to fix. Est top speed (solar/battery): 75/120 km/hr Predicted race avg: 65.0 km/hr Actual average speed: 64.71 km/hr Best day avg speed: 67.2 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 585 km Actual avg dist/day: 582.4 km Best distance/day: 608 km Practice kilometers: 5,000 km Time for race (hr:min): 46:34 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 608 563 595 544 553 147

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.14 Frontal area (A): 1.0 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0.140 m^ Measured : 1/5 scale model wind tunnel tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 168 kg Length: 5.920 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.010 m.... Wheelbase: 2.350 m Track: 1.300 m Ground clr: 0.170 m

Wheels and tires: 18.5 inch CFRP disk wheels with magnesium and aluminium hubs. Dunlop 18.5*2.25 tires at 790 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (measured): 0.007 at 70 km/hr Number of flat tires during race: None Time to change: Not known

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated, cross ventilated Brembo disks. No rear brakes. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorbers. Rear suspension is trailing arms with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is by chain and pinion.

Chassis: Carbon fiber/honeycomb sandwich construction, tub style. Body is also carbon fiber/honeycomb sandwich.

Motor: Nippondenso Brushless DC, 4.5 kW peak power rating, 1.5 kW continuous power rating, 92 % efficiency (including controller).

Controller: Nippondenso

Transmission: Single stage toothed belt to left rear tire, 5.0:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot operated throttle and brake, constant speed or current cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Eagle Richer AgZn, 66 cells, 99 Volts, 4.95 kWhr capacity, 50 Ahr rating, 49 kg. Charge at start (08:00) and end (17:00) of each day (%): 100/24, 39/5,40/10, 21/6, 34

Solar cells: Kyocera monocrystalline silicon.

Type of solar panel: Gently curved fixed top surface split into 7 facets, plus 2 side panels, 2656 cells film laminated, 7.992 m% total top area, 1.0 m2 total side area. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1134 W (after PPT) Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1052 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm: No data Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power: 65 km/hr

Controller: 8 Kyocera

Notes and problems during race: Day 4: 2 minutes lost due to misaligned body panel. Solar cells not quite as efficient as hoped. Predicted dist/day: 612km Actual avg dist/day: 579.1 km Best distance/day: 614km Practice kilometers: 1000 km Time for race (hr:min): 46:50 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 12 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 552 486 582 574 614 200

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.13 Frontal area (A): 1.1 vc? Drag area (CdA): 0.143 m2 Measured : Power consumption tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 180 kg Length: 5.800 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.000 m.... Wheelbase: 2.560 m Track: 1.300 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 36 spoke bike wheels with disk covers, 3mm spokes, 20*1.75 inch (front), 26* 1.75 (rear) Avocet Fast Grip solar car tyres at 620 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 6 Time to change: Fr: 4 min Rr: 10 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Hydraulically actuated front disks. Front suspension is MacPherson strut with Foumales oleo-pneumatic shock absorber. Rear suspension is by single trailing arm with Foumales oleo-pneumatic shock absorber. Steering is by cable with sprockets and chain.

Chassis: Welded 6061 T6 aluminium space frame. Body is fiberglass and Nomex honeycomb composite. Array is Kevlar and Nomex honeycomb. Body pivots at 2 points. Wheel spats rotate with wheels.

Motor: NTU designed DC brushless wheel motor, 3.5 kW continuous rated power, 20 kW max power, 16 kgs, 42 volts, 25 A typical, 94% efficient at 1 kW at 600 rpm (typical),96% peak efficiency (including controller).

Controller: NTU design.

Transmission: Direct drive (motor built into wheel hub).

Controls: Hand throttle, foot operated brakes, constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice plus full vehicle telemetry.

Batteries: Eagle Picher SZLR115, 28 cells, 42 volt, 4.83 kWhr capacity, 115 Ahr rating, 32 kg. Charge at start andend of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: University of NSW Center for Photovoltaic Devices, 18% cell efficiency, laser grooved monocrystalline silicon.

Type of solar panel: Continuously curved, body tilts ± 15 degrees to optimise illumination, 1728 cells encapsulated in 27 facets, 8.0 m2 total area, 1350 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1780 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1350 at 35deg C Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 63 km/hr

Controller: NTU design.

Notes and problems during race: Day 2: 4minutes with flat tyre. 20 minutes lost due to electrical problem. 25 minutes lost due to electrical problem, 4 minutes lost with tyre change. Day 3: 12 minutes lost to change flat rear tyre. 6 minutes lost due to flat front tyre. Day 4: 4 minutes lost due to blown front tyre. Day 5: 9 minutes lost du to flat rear tyre. Day 6: 8 minutes lost to change rear wheel (precautionary). Performance:

Qualifying speed: 79.2 km/hr Qualifying position: 21st Est top speed (solar/battery): 77/88 km/hr Predicted race avg: 67 km/hr Actual average speed: 63.6 km/hr Best day avg speed: 65.5 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 603 km Actual avg dist/day: 572.7 km Best distance/day: 579 km Practice kilometers: 2200 km Time for race (hr:min): 47:21 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 579 524 569 551 574 234

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.15 Frontal area (A): 1.1 Drag area (CdA): 0.165 m^ Measured : Coast down tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 255 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.190 m.... Wheelbase: 2.500 m Track: 1.770 m Ground clr: 0.460 m

Wheels and tires: Wheels are 20 or 26 inch, 48 spoke (2.5mm spoke) running either Tioga City Slicker 26* 1.95 or 20* 1.75 Avocet Freestyle, 620 kPa. Choice of 20 or 26, with different forks and fairings, depending on conditions.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.007 Number of flat tires during race: 5 (3 blowouts, 2 punctures) Time to change: Fr: 2min Rr: 2min 45 sec

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated dual piston with ventilated disks, rear is regenerative. Front suspension is by modified Honda ATC forks, rear is by trailing arm with torsional control arm and coil over shock absorber. Steering is rack and pinion

Chassis: Carbon fiber/ Nomex composite used to make rectangular section beams. Body is by Kevlar/Nomex sandwich construction.

Motor: Hathaway DC brushless, series/parallel, 2.7 kW continuous rated power, 3.7 kW max power, 96% efficient at 91 V/ 30.3A (includes controller), 6.3 kg.

Controller: Polar Power

Transmission: Direct chain drive, 17:120 to 14:120 ratio.

Controls: Foot throttle and brake, constant speed or constant current cruise control.

Telemetry: Full radio telemetry based on Fluke Hydra, Prixm Modems, 486 Notebook PC and Datatrax Software.

Batteries: Eagle Picher Silver Zinc, 68 cells, 102 Volts, 4.9 kWhr, 40 Ah, 46 kg. Monitored with Ah integrator in car plus telemetry to support vehicle. Charge at 08:00 / 17:00 each day (%): 100/5,29/21, 52/8, 38/0, 44/9, 30 % Solar cells: Mix of BP monocrystalline silicon, 17 % cell efficiency, Spectrolab mono silicon (17 %), Applied Solar Energy mono silicon (17%) and GaAs (18%), Mitsubishi GaAs (19%).

Type of solar panel: Single fixed top panel plus 2 underneath panels (which are reoriented during charging period), split into 9 facets, total area was 12 m^. 7134 cells in silicone and Tefzel or silicone and cover glass, produced 1500 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 2000 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1600 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 1100 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor : 52 km/hr

Controller: 9 AERL Maximisers

Notes and problems during race: Day 3 : 7 minutes lost due to 3 flats on front right tire. Day 4: 3 minutes lost due to flat rear tire. 2 minutes lost due to flat front tire (thorn puncture). Day 5: 18 minutes lost due to electrical shorting of motor leads, also changed controller. 7 minutes lost due to changing drive ratio. Performance:

Qualifying speed: 91.8 km/hr Qualifying position: 12th Est top speed (solar/battery): 60/90 km/hr Predicted race avg: 62.0 km/hr Actual average speed: 63.08 km/hr Best day avg spe&l: 65.32 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 558 km Actual avg dist/day: 552.7 km Best distance/day: 577 km Practice kilometers: 3700 km Time for race (hr:min): 47:46 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 577 525 552 571 539 243

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.16 Frontal area (A): 0.51 nfi Drag area (CdA): 0.082 Measured : 3/8 scale wind tunnel tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 188 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 1.840 m Height:.. 1.011. m. Wheelbase: 1.001m Track: 2.500 m Ground clr: 0.300 m

Wheels and tires: 32 spoke, 17 inch wheels, custom hubs, 17*1.25 Moulton (both ribbed and slick), 930 kPa. Using dual rear wheels due to load. Spokes covered by Ultracoat shrinkwrap bonded to rim.

Number: 4 (in 3 wheel configuration) Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 5 Time to change: Fr: 2 min Rr: 3 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks, rear is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with Rissee Racing Nitrogen spring shock absorbers. Rear is by single trailing arm with coil over gas shock absorber (Eibach/Koni). Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Semi monocoque with carbon fiber/Nomex and foam sandwich construction. Bellypan and spar configuration. Body is Kevlar/Nomex sandwich construction.

Motor: Solectria DC Brushless, 12 kW peak power rating, 6 kW continuous power rating, 96 Volts, 11.8 kg, 6000 rpm, 91% efficient including controller at designed operating point.

Controller: Solectria.

Transmission: Two stage toothed belt, 4:1 to 5:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot throttle and brake and 10 turn potentiometer. Also computer control based on driver input: selected speed,battery current, uphill etc, and current performance. Constant speed cruise control with computer generated profiles.

Telemetry: Voice only. Onboard computer can down load data at the end of the day to support host computer for analysis.

Batteries: Yardney AgZn, 55 cells, 82.5 Volts, 4.79 kWhr capacity, 58 Ahr rating, 55 kg. Charge at 8:00/17:00 each day (%): 100/46,58/32,66/37,56/14,36/6,26/1 %

Solar cells: BP monocrystalline Silicon, 16 % cell efficiency. Type of solar panel: Fixed, flat section top panel, 8 facets, including 2 fold out bottom panels. 1778 cells encapsulated with shrink-wrap, 8.0 nfi area, 1000 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 950 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 910 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm: 550 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 65 km/hr

Controller: 6 AERL Mini-Maximisers.

Notes and problems during race: Car severely damaged by fork lift when being unloaded on arrival in Australia - solar array, chassis and suspension damaged. Lost approximately 20 % of power, and some efficiency due to weight and suspension alignment problems. Day 1: fatigue failure in trailing arm - no time lost (probably due to damage). Day 2: 5 minutes lost to change driver and flat tire. Day 3: crack found in brake caliper mount - fixed but vehicle veered under braking: went into ditch when trying to stop to fix steering problem, replaced rear wheel. Flat front - changed both tires. Day 5: set screws on drive shaft came loose twice, lost 45 minutes. Est top speed (solar/battery): 80/120 km/hr Predicted race avg: 60.0 km/hr Actual average speed: 61.96 km/hr Best day avg speed: 65.6 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 540 km Actual avg dist/day: 557.6 km Best distance/day: 579 km Practice kilometers: 200 km Time for race (hr:min): 48:38 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 519 484 577 579 541 331

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.17 Frontal area (A): 0.8 m2 Drag area (CdA): 0.136 m2 Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 150 kg Length: 5.750 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.010 m Wheelbase: 2.300 m Track: 1.400 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 26 inch bike wheels, steel spoke with carbon disk, MTB tires, 780 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 0 Time to change: Fr: 3 min Rr: 3 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are cable actuated disks. Rear is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorbers. Rear is by trailing arm with coil over shock absorber. Steering is by cable.

Chassis: Welded A-7N01 space frame. Body is a carbon fiber/foam sandwich.

Motor: Epson Brushless DC, 1.5 kW continuous power rating, 7.5 kg, 90 % efficient (including controller).

Controller: Seiko-Epson MOSFET.

Transmission: Single stage chain, 8:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand speed and foot brake.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, 27 cells, 122 V, 2.7 kWhr capacity, 49 kg. Charge at end of each day (%): Approximately 33% at 5:00 pm

Solar cells: Showa monocrystalline silicon, 16% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Gently curved fixed top panel, 3 facets, cells encapsulated with EVA, 8.0 m2 total area, 1240 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1100 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 900 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 700 W Speed on 1000 Watts input to motor: 70 km/hr

Controller: 3 AERL Maximisers.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 1 minute lost due to adjusting suspension. Qualifying speed: 105.1 km/hr Qualifying position: 5th Est top speed (solar/battery): 64/114 km/hr Predicted race avg: 65 km/hr Actual average speed: 61.35 km/hr Best day avg speed: 66.1 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 585 k m Actual avg dist/day: 552.1 km Best distance/day: 584 km Practice kilometers: 6500 km Time for race (hr:min): 49:07 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 584 492 515 559 543 314

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.110 Frontal area (A): 1.16 m2 Drag area (CdA): 0.128 m2 Measured : Full size - Lockheed Wind Tunnel, Atlanta, Georgia.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 216kg Length: 5.750 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.100 m.... Wheelbase: 2.200 m Track: 1.890 m Ground clr : 0.450 m

Wheels and tires: 17 inch, 36 spoke, aluminium rims, hub, with covers, 17*1.25 Michelin Custom Racing Slicks at 1040 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0054 Number of flat tires during race: 3 Time to change: Fr: 4 min Rr: 4 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front are hydraulically actuated disks, rear is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by modified titanium MacPherson struts with coil over shock absorber. Rear is by titanium trailing arms with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is by rack and pinion driving push/pull cables (with redundancy).

Chassis: Welded 6061 T6 (25.4 mm, 1.25 mm wall tube) space frame. Body is carbon fiber/Nomex sandwich construction.

Motor: Magnetech DC Brushless, 5.0 kW peak power rating, 2.3 kW continuous power rating, 100 Volts, 93 % efficient (including controller), 11.4 kg, 2250 rpm.

Controller: Magnetek

Transmission: Single stage chain, 2.06:1 ratio typically.

Controls: Foot throttle and brake.

Telemetry: Voice plus full radio telemetry of major vehicle functions.

Batteries: Eagle Richer SCHR 50 AgZn, 55 cells, 85 Volts, 5.0 kWhr capacity, 60 Ahr rating, 41.8 kg. Charge at 5:00pm each day (%): Typically around 1.7 kWhr (35 %)

Solar cells: 9267 cells, 4150 from BP Solar 16 % cell efficiency, 5117 from Uni search (Green, UNSW)19.5 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Broadly curved around top and sides, 8 facets, 10.35 m2 total area, cells encapsulated by glass cover and MgF coating, 1300 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1100 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1000 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 750 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 62 km/hr

Controller: 11 AERL Maximisers

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 6 minutes 40 sec lost changing tire and gear ratio. 2 minutes 30 sec lost when chain came off. Day 3: 12 minutes lost due to motor controller failure. Day 5: 3 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 6: 4 minutes lost due to flat tire. Predicted dist/day: 576 km Actual avg dist/day: 538.6 km Best distance/day: 563 km Practice kilometers: 6,000 km Time for race (hrimin): 50:21 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 534 515 510 563 512 397

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.11 Frontal area (A): 1.184 m2 Drag area (CdA): 0.130 m2 Measured: Full scale and 1/5 model wind tunnel tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 190 kg Length: 5.960 m Width 2.000 m Height:.. 1.050. m Wheelbase: 2.200 m Track: 1.440 m Ground clr: 0.050 m

Wheels and tires: 19 inch carbon fiber 8 spoke wheels. Tyres are 19*2.00 Bridgestone slicks at 785 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0045 Number of flat tires during race: 4 Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Hydraulically actuated Akebono front disks, regenerative brake for rear. Front suspension is by twin wishbone with coil over shock absorber units. Rear is by a single trailing arm and coil over shock unit. Steering is byrack and pinion.

Chassis: Chassis is a 2 tub carbon fiber and aluminium honey comb monocoque. Body is of carbon fiber and Kevlar honeycomb.

Motor: Epson brushless DC, 1.0 kW continuous ratedpower, 4.5 kW max power, 100V, 16A. 7.5 kg. 92% efficiency at typical operating point (including controller).

Controller: Epson

Transmission: Single stage chain, 5:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle, foot actuated brakes, constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa Silver Zinc, 83 cells, 124.5 Volts, 4.98 kWhr capacity, 40 Ah rating, 62.3 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 18% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, slightly curved, single facet, 3002 cells covered in thin film, 7.8 m2 total area, 1250 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 76 km/hr

Controller: 7 AERL Maxi misers. Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 8 minutes lost due to flat front tyre (replaced both front tyres). 4 minutes lost due to flat rear tyre and broken chain. Day 2: 2.5 minutes lost due to precautionary wheel change. 4 minutes due to flat tyre. 4 minutes for flat tyre. 4 minutes due to fault in speed cruise control. Day 6: 3 minutes lost due to precautionary change of all tyres after media stop. Est top speed (solar/battery): 61/72 km/hr Predicted race avg: 56 km/hr Actual average speed: 59.53 km/hr Best day avg speed: 64.1 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 504 km Actual avg dist/day: 535.8 km Best distance/day: 566 km Practice kilometers: 3000km Time for race (hr:min): 50:37 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 532 529 566 514 454 436

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.14 Frontal area (A): 1.0 m2 Drag area (CdA): 0.140 xvP- Measured : 1/6 scale model wind tunnel tests, and roll down tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 204.5 kg Length: 4.877 m Width: 1.861 m Height:.. 1.000. m.... Wheelbase: 2.438 m Track: 1.473 m Ground clr: 0.229 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 48 spoke bike wheels with spoke covers, Avocet front tyres, GT rear tire at 620 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0055 Number of flat tires during race: 1 Time to change: Fr: 2.5 min Rr: 5 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Hydraulically actuated disks, regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorbers. Rear is by trailing arm, with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is rack and pinion.

Chassis: Welded aluminium space frame with carbon fiber shear panels. Body is graphite/foam sandwich.

Motor: Solectria BRLS 8, 2.5 kW continuous rated power, 5.5 kW max power, 90% efficient at normal operating point (120 Volts, 8.3 A, 3000 rpm), 11.8 kg.

Controller: Solectria BRLS 100 H

Transmission: Gates toothed belt single stage reduction, 4:1 ratio.

Controls : Finger throttle, foot operated brakes, constant speed motor control.

Telemetry: Voice plus battery charge, current and voltage, motor voltage and current, vehicle speed.

Batteries: Eagle Richer SZHR25-5 Silver Zinc, 83 cells 124.5 V, 4.98 kWhr capacity, 40 Ahr, 38.6 kg. Charge at start and endof each day (%): Day 1:40 % , day 2-4 nearly zero

Solar cells: BP Solar, laser grooved terrestrial grade monocrystalline silicon, 16% cell efficiency, cells are 94*97 mm or 22*97 mm.

Type of solar panel: Large gently curved, fixed top surface plus 2 sides, 6 facets. OCLI cover glass encapsulation method, 13% panel efficiency, 39.1 kg panel weight, 11.7 m2 total area (8.0 of which is the top surface). 960 W from standard solar illumination. Extra Siemens panel carried in vehicle, used for additionalarea during charge period - 0.355 * 4.064 m of 13% cells - add 20% to charge. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 900 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 850-900 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 720 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 62 km/hr

Controller: 4 AERL Maximisers for top panel, custom made for side panels.

Notes and problems during race: Day 3: 17 minutes to realign drive motor. Day 4: 8 minutes to reverse direction of airflow from cooling fan. Two batteries drained below recharge point, isolated from circuit. Day 5: 42 minutes lost due delay in starting for extra charge time and changing gear ratios. Actual average speed: 58.36 km/hr Best day avg speed: 66.8 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual avg dist/day: 525.2 km Best distance/day: 579 km Practice kilometers: 4800 km Time for race (hr:min): 51:38 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1234 5 6 Distance (km): 517 459 579 475 482 519

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): No data Drag area (CdA): 0.209 Measured : Lockheed wind tunnel.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 239 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.100 m Wheelbase: 3.000 m Track: 1.200 m Ground clr: 0.210 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 48 spoke Peregrin rims, with wheel covers and custom aluminium hubs, Avocet Fasgrip tires at 800 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 2 Time to change: Fr: 3 min Rr: 2.5 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks. Rear is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with mountain bike air spring, oil damper shock absorbers. Rear is by trailing arm with same. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Carbon fiber ’plank'. Body is by carbon fiber prepreg with Nomex core.

Motor: Solectria Brushless DC, 12 kW peak power rating, 6.0 kW continuous power rating, 12 kg, 92 % efficient at designed operating point (120V, 12 A), includes controller.

Controller: Solectria.

Transmission: Single stage toothed belt.

Controls: Foot operated throttle and brake, plus hand operated cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Eagle Richer AgZn, 82 cells, 123 Volts, 4.8 kWhr capacity, 48 Ah rating, 44 kg. Charge at 17:00 each day (%): 21, 23, 17, 10, 3,0 %

Solar cells: BP Solar monocrystalline silicon, 14-15 % cell efficiency, Siemens monocrystalline silicon, 14 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, gently curved (fore/aft), split into 7 facets, 800 cells of BP (8 m2), 700 cells of Siemens (4 m^), 1450 W at standard solar illumination. Cells encapsulated in Tefzel-EVA. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1322 W Typical maximum panel power at midday duringrace: 1220 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 800-850 W Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : 59.5 km/hr Controller: 5 Brusa, 2 Solectria MPPT.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: driver smelt smoke - cruise control, turn signals inoperable. No time lost. Day 3: PPTs cut off at a lower voltage than expected - lost 30 minutes charge time. Gas cans stolen at Alice Springs. Day 4: 2.5 minutes lost due to puncture. Problems getting started, some solar cells inoperable, blew motor controller, array not properly fastened down. Lost 38 minutes. Day 5: Ah meter reset due to controller failure. More solar cells bypassed. Day 6: 3 min due to flat tire, more cell problems. Find solar cell problem is probably due to vibrations cracking cells. Est top speed (solar/battery): 60/90 km/hr Predicted race avg: 55- 60 km/hr Actual avg speed: 49.72 km/hr Best day avg: 55.7 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 500 km Actual avg dist/day: 433 km Best distance/day: 492 km Practice kilometers: 2,500 km Time for race (hr:min): 60:36 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance (km): 412 441 492 426 487 462 311

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.23 Frontal area (A): 0.7 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0.161 m^ Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 180 kg Length: 4.500 m Width: 1.900 m Height:... 1.100 m... Wheelbase: 3.400 m Track: 1.800 m Ground clr: 0.125 m

Wheels and tires: 26 inch carbon fiber/Divynicell composite wheels, with Panaracer tires at 550 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 3 Time to change: Fr: 30 sec Rr: 30 sec

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated drums. Front suspension is by laminated transverse beam with urethane suspension. Rear is by trailing arm with coil over shock absorber unit. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Carbon fiber/Kevlar and Nomex monocoque.

Motor: Cadac Brushless DC, stator arm with rotating rare earth magnet, 4.0 kW continuous power rating, 7.0 kW max power rating, 6.5 kg, 92 % (includes controller).

Controller: Cadac

Transmission: Single stage chain, 1.5:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot operated throttle and brake.

Telemetry: Voice radio only.

Batteries: Panasonic lead acid, 8 cells, 96 V, 1.8 kWhr capacity, 17 Ahr rating, 50 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): Not known.

Solar cells: Solarexpolycrystalline, 14.5 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single flat tilting surface, single facet, 555 cells encapsulated in Tedlar and EVA, 980 W at standard solar illumination, 8.0 vcfl total area. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: Not known. Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: Not known. Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 700 W Speedon 1000 Watts to motor: 864 W produced 60 km/hr

Controller: 1 Advanced Energy Systems. Notes and problems during race: Day 4: willy-willy lifted car from road, deposited in scrub. 34 minutes lost. Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual avg dist/day: 445 km Best distance/day: 477 km Practice kilometers: 1000 km Time for race (hr:min): 60:57 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance (km): 460 393 446 434 473 477 324

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.25 Frontal area (A): 0.78 rr& Drag area (CdA): 0.195 vc? Measured : Coast down tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 135 kg Length: 4.650 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.050 m.... Wheelbase: 1.850 m Track: 1.400 m Ground clr: 0.200 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke bike wheels, running IRC 20* 1.75 Slicks, 690 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.007 Number of flat tires during race: 0 Time to change: Fr: 6 min Rr: 5 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Fronts are hydraulically actuated disks, rear is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone, with the upper wishbone acting as a lever to operate inboard gas spring and damper units. Rear suspension is by trailing arm with air spring and damper unit. Steering is by tiller.

Chassis: Monocoque made from carbon fiber/honeycomb sandwich. Body is also made from a carbon fiber/honeycomb sandwich.

Motor: Mabuchi Brushless DC, 5 kW peak power rating, 2.0 kW continuous power rating, 4000rpm, 6.7 kg, motor only is 95% efficient, 85% efficient with controller.

Controller: Mabuchi.

Transmission: Single stage chain drive, 4:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand operated throttle and brakes - plane like control stick.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, 128 cells, 109 Volts, 2.6 kWhr capacity, 24 Ahr rating, 46 kg. Charge at 8:00 and 17:00 of each day (%): 100/15,37/0,58/20,88/30,58/20, 84/30 %

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 17.1 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, single facet, 956 cells encapsulated in thin film, 168 Volt, 7.0 m2 total area, 1200 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 945 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 66 km/hr

Controller: 3 AERL Maximisers Notes and problems during race: Day 2: high temperature appeared to cause a problem with electronics - bypassed Maxi misers. Day 5: 3 minutes lost to adjust electrical system. Day 6: 4 minutes lost to adjust electrical system.

i Predicted dist/day: 522 km Actual avg dist/day: 417.7 km Best distance/day: 457 km Practice kilometers: 2000 km Time for race (hr:min): 64:56 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Distance (km): 420 393 457 411 445 453 304 124

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.14 Frontal area (A): 1.15 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0.161 Measured: Coast down tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 250 kg Length: 5.970 m Width: 2.000 m Height:..1.000. m.... Wheelbase: 2.450 m Track: 1.450 m Ground clr: 0.225 m

Wheels and tires: 16 inch custom aluminium disk wheels, with Dunlop 16*2.25 Slicks at 790 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: actuated front disks, rear is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorbers. Rear is by single aluminium trailing arm with coil over shock absorber. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Welded 6061 T6 aluminium space frame. Body is carbon fiber/ foam honeycomb sandwich.

Motor: Modified Uniq Mobility DC brushless, 7.0 kW peak rated power, 3.5 kW continuous rated power, 120 Volts, 5000 rpm, 88% efficient (including controller) at designed operating point. Motor is mounted on trailing arm rather than on chassis.

Controller: Uniq Mobility.

Transmission: Single stage chain, 6:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand and foot throttle, foot brake, cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only, has a laptop computer on board for monitoring performance.

Batteries: GS lead acid, 9 cells, 120 Volts, 4.86 kWhr capacity, 45 Ahr rating, 115 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 17% cell.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, top surface made of 2 large, flat regions, 2 facets, 1056 cells, 950 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speedon 1000 Watts to motor : 58 km/hr

Controller: 3 AERL Maximisers Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 5 minutes lost due to puncture. 25 minutes lost due to broken steering link. 7 minutes lost trying to realign steering. Day 3: 12 minutes lost due to various repairs and a flat tire. Day 4: 15 minutes lost due to broken steering linkage. Day 6: 12 minutes lost due to puncture. Day 7: 12 minutes lost due to computer problem. 7 minutes lost due to electrical problem. Day 8: 5 minutes lost to mountingthe video camera inside car. Actual average speed: 40.52 km/hr Best day avg speed: 46.4 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 540 km Actual avg dist/day: 364.7 km Best distance/day: 410 km Practice kilometers: 1500 km Time for race (hr:min): 74:22 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 123456789 Distance (km): 358 336 405 383 308 410 292 368 147

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.14 Frontal area (A): 1.08 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0.152 Measured : 1/5 scale in wind tunnel.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 150 kg Length: 5.800 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.000 m.... Wheelbase: 2.300 m Track: 1.400/0.500 m Ground clr: 0.230 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 48 spoke wheels with covers, HARD 20*1.75 tires at 690 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 0 Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks. No rear brakes. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorbers. Rear suspension is by twin trailing arms with single coil over shock absorber. Trailing arms are linked. Steering is by Pittman arm.

Chassis: Welded titanium space frame. Body is carbon/Kevlar and honeycomb sandwich.

Motor: Epson DC Brushless, 4.5 kW peak rated power, 1.2 kW continuous rated power, 100 V, 7 kg, 88 % efficient at designed operating point (93.5 peak, includes controller).

Controller: Epson.

Transmission: Single stage chain, 1:4 to 1:6 ratio.

Controls: Hand operated throttle and brake. Constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Full 16 functiontelemetry plus voice.

Batteries: GS AgZn, 68 cells, 102 Volts, 4.08 kwHr capacity,40 Ahr rating, 48 kg. Charge at the end of each day (%): 50 % tapering down to 8 % by day 8.

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 17.1 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Gently curved fixed top panel, 3 facets, 890 cells, film encapsulated, 7.78 total area, 1100 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1240 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 910 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 695 W Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power: 60 km/hr Controller: 3 custom University design.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 6 minutes lost due to driver change and adding brake fluid. Day 2: 20 minutes lost due to wheel alignment. Day 3: 4 minutes lost due to wheel alignment. Day 4: 11 minute lost due to wheel alignment. Change motor (no time lost). Est top speed (solar/battery): 60/80 km/hr Predicted race avg: 48.0 km/hr Actual avg speed: 40.27 km/hr Best day avg speed: 48.0 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 430 km Actual avg dist/day: 362 km Best distance/day: 424 km Practice kilometers: 300 km Time for race (hr:min): 74:50 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 23456789 Distance (km): 403 350 424 294 254 393 351 339 200

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.30 Frontal area (A): 0.51 m 2 Drag area (CdA): 0.153 m2 Measured: Estimate.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 205 kg Length: 5.500 m Width: 2.000 m Height:..1.000. m.... Wheelbase: 2.570 m Track: 1.800 m Ground clr: 0.140 m

Wheels and tires: 26 inch carbon fiber disk: 30 mm Nomex core, skins of Carbon prepreg with aluminium hub and rim. 26* 1.5 Matrix MB Slicks tires at 690 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.006 Number of flat tires during race: 0 Time to change: Fr: 1 min Rr: 1 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Twin leading shoe drums, hydraulically actuated, front and rear, no regenerative braking. Front suspension is sliding pillar. Rear and outrigger are by trailing arm with hydraulic damper and laminate fiber glass springs. Steering by a sliding nut system.

Chassis: Monocoque type construction, catamaran body style, using carbon fiber and fiberglass in a composite using Nomex honeycomb as the core.

Motor: Mavitor M02000, brush DC, 2.1 kW continuous rated power, 3.2 kW max power, 175 volt, 20 kg, operating at 3000 rpm, motor andcontroller 87% efficient at designed operating point.

Controller: Monash student design based on Cuk DC/DC converter.

Transmission: Two stage chain reduction, 5:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle, foot operated hydraulic brakes. Constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Array currents and voltage, motor current and voltage, battery current and voltage, speed, motor temperature, controller temperature.

Batteries: 7 Hitachi lead acid, 84 volts, 2kWhr capacity, 24 Ahr rating, 60 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): Typically 40-50% at 8:00, 15-25% at 17:00.

Solar cells: Helios monocrystalline silicon, 14 % cell efficiency, 27 gms/cell.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, large flat top panel, 2 side panels, 5 facets. Tedlar and EVA encapsulation, 1138 cells, 18 cells per module, 63 modules total in 5 arrays, total area of 12.9 m^ , 950 W at standard solar illumination, 25.6 kg total weight. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 750 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 650 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 500 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 60 km/hr

Controller: 5 AERL Maxi misers

Notes and problems during race: Day 5: 24 minutes lost with driver change and low charge rate, due to storms. Day 6: 3 minutes lost due to circuit breaker not closed. Est top speed (solar/battery): 45/80 km/hr Predicted race avg: 62.0 km/hr Actual average speed: 39.75 km/hr Best day avg speed: 44.1 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 560 km Actual avg dist/day: 357.7 km Best distance/day: 390 km Practice kilometers: 400 km Time for race (hr:min): 75:48 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Distance (km): 370 360 365 345 270 390 331 366 234

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): 0.9 m2 Drag area (CdA): No data Measured: Not applicable

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 200 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.000 m Wheelbase: 2.200 m Track: 1.400 m Ground clr: 0.120 m

Wheels and tires: 14 inch carbon fiber composite wheels, aluminium rims, 14*1.35 Bridgestone tires at 590 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.007 Number of flat tires during race: 1 Time to change: Fr: 20 min Rr: 20 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks. Rear are regenerative. Front suspension is by double wishbone with inboard, rocker actuated oil spring/damper units. Rear suspension is by double wishbone with inboard, rocker actuated oil spring/damper units. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Monocoque, made of carbon fiber/honeycomb.

Motor: Uniq Mobility, Brushless DC, DR086, 3.2 kW continuous rated power, 4 kg, 90 % efficient (excluding controller).

Controller: Uniq Mobility CR20-75.

Transmission: Single stage chain, 8:1 ratio, with differential and carbon fiber drive shafts to both rear wheels.

Controls: Foot operated throttle and brake, constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Yes, plus voice.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, 44 cells, 150 Volts, 3.4 kWhr capacity, 12 Ahr rating, 60 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): At 17:00, usually 5% capacity.

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 17.1 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, gently curved single top surface, 3 facets. 1020 cells film encapsulated, 8m2 total area, 1275 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1390 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1090 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 740 W Speed on 1000 Watts input to motor: 55 km/hr

Controller: 3 Kyocera Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 90 minutes lost due to driver change, check tires, radio battery problem and broken drive chain. Day 2: 30 minutes lost to replace burnt out solar panel.. Day 3: 14 minutes lost due to tire problem. Day 4: 5 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 6: 20 minutes lost due to flat tire. Actual average speed: 39.47 km/hr Best day avg speed: 43.6 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 500 km Actual avg dist/day: 355.2 km Best distance/day: 392 km Practice kilometers: 10 km Time for race (hr:min): 76:21 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Distance (km): 328 307 392 397 291 391 325 307 269

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): 1.1 m^ Drag area (CdA): No data Measured: Not applicable

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 150 kg Length: 5.300 m Width: 1.995 m Height:... 1.000 m.... Wheelbase: 2.200 m Track: 1.430 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke, running Tioga 20*1.75 treaded tires at 690 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 0 Time to change: Fr: 5 min Rr: 15 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front are hydraulically actuated disks, rear is hydraulically actuated drum plus regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone and cold over shock absorber, rear is by single trailing arm and coil over shock absorber. Steering is rack and pinion.

Chassis: Welded aluminium space frame. Body is carbon fiber/foam sandwich.

Motor: Uniq Mobility brushless DC, 7.5 kW peak rated power, 3.5 kW continuous rated power, 100 Volts, 500 rpm, 3.9 kg, 85 % efficient (including controller) at designed operating point.

Controller: Uniq Mobility.

Transmission: Single stage chain, 5:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot operated throttle and brake. Constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: None.

Batteries: Yuasa Nickel/Zinc, 28 cells, 96 Volts, 2.70 kWhr capacity, 28 Ahr rating, 42 kg. Charge at end of each day 5:00 pm (%): 50 %

Solar cells: Shell Showa FL 136-SP, 13.7 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, 3 flat top surfaces, 3 facets, 6.9 vcfi area, 950 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1150 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 900 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 650 W Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : 55 km/hr

Controller: 3 AERL Maxi misers. Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 24 minutes lost due to suspension failure. Day 2:21 minutes lost due to steering breakage. 28 minutes lost due to front tire blowout and repair to steering arm. Predicted dist/day: 495 km Actual avg dist/day: 340.7 km Best distance/day: 400 km Practice kilometers: 3200 km Time for race (hr:min): 79:37 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Distance (km): 360 389 400 275 281 351 311 312 334

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.15 Frontal area (A): 1.98 nfl Drag area (CdA): 0.297 m2 Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 140 kg Length: 4.800m Width: 1.900 m Height: 1.100m.. Wheelbase: 1.900 m Track: 1.500 m Ground clr: 0.100 m

Wheels and tires: 27 inch custom made 36 and 48 spoke, tires are Vittoria sew-ups at 1180 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front and rear brakes are hydraulically actuated disks, with regenerative braking on rear. Front suspension is by MacPherson strut with lower wishbone, rear is by trailing arm with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is by rigid link and Pittman arm.

Chassis: Welded 6061 T6 aluminium space frame, with a body made from carbon fiber/aluminium honeycomb sandwich.

Motor: Uniq Mobility 127, DC brushless, 7.5 kW maximum power rating, 88 % efficient (including controller) at operating point, 5 kg.

Controller: Uniq Mobility (PWM)

Transmission: Single stage toothed belt, 5.5:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle and brake, constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Full vehicle telemetry plus voice.

Batteries: Eagle Picher AgZn, 54 cells, 4.2 kWhr capacity, 40Ah rating, 38 kg. Charge at start and endof each day (%): No data

Solar cells: BP Solar, monocrystalline silicon 17 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, top is gently curved (fore/aft), split into 5 facets (3 top, 2 side) covering 11 m2, 1350 cells encapsulated in Tefzel, 1000 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 56 km/hr

Controller: 5 AERL Maximisers Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 4 minutes lost due to flat tire. 3 minutes lost due to flat tire. 56 minutes lost due to changing drive sprockets. 25 minutes lost due to loose electrical connector. Day 4: 2 minutes lost due to buckled wheel. Day 5: 3 minutes lost due to flat tire. 50 seconds lost due to flat tire. Day 6: 6 minutes lost due to flat tire. 2 minutes lost due to flat tire and drive belt change. 2 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 8: 1 minutes lost due to broken spoke - removed. Day 9: 1 minutes lost due to broken spokes in rear wheel. Actual average speed: 37.80 km/hr Best day avg speed: 45.7 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 495 km/hr Actual avg dist/day: 340.2 km Best distance/day: 404 km Practice kilometers: 10 km Time for race (hr:min): 79:43 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Distance (km): 348 332 404 346 227 390 332 321 337

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.17 Frontal area (A): 0.9 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0.153 m2 Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 250 kg Length: 5.900 m Width: 1.980 m Height:...1.000 m.... Wheelbase: 2.800 m Track: 1.600 m Ground clr: 0.300 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch aluminium plate disk style wheel, running Avocet and/or Tioga 20*1.75 at 800 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 15 Time to change: Fr: 2 min Rr: 2 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brake are mechanically actuated drums, rear is hydraulically actuated disk. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorber. Rear suspension is single trailing arm with rubber spring and shock absorber. Steering is by rod and link.

Chassis: Welded stainless steel tubing. Body is carbon fiber/honeycomb sandwich construction.

Motor: Pacific Scientific DC brushed, 1.0 kW continuous power rating, 8.0 kW max power, 36 Volt, 13.5 kg, 1300 rpm, 86% efficient including controller.

Controller: Curtis PWM

Transmission: Two stage chain with 5 speed bike deRaileur.

Controls: Hand throttle and foot brake.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Optima lead acid, 3 cells, 36 Volts, 2.2 kWhr capacity, 60 Ahr rating, 55 kg. Charge at end of each day (%): Usually less than 5%.

Solar cells: Solel terrestrial grade monocrystalline silicon, 15.5 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, very gently curved top surface, 2 facets, 800 cells, 7.956 m2 area, 1050 Watts at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1050 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speedon 1000 Watts to motor: 60 km/hr

Controller: 2 AERL Maximisers Notes and problems during race: Day 1: some time lost with tire pressure problem, battery problem, change rear drive sprocket and a flat tire... Day 2: time lost due to 2 flat tires. Day 3: 4 minutes lost due to brake problem, 4 minutes lost due to flat tire, 2.5 minutes lost due to flat tire, 6 minutes lost due to rear puncture. Day 4: 5 minutes lost due to changing rear drive sprocket. 17 minutes lost due to stop to charge batteries before entering cloudy region. Day 5: 40 minutes lost due to flat batteries, stopped to recharge. Day 6: 5 minutes lost due to drive chain over tightening. 2 minutes lost due to gear problem, 3 minutes lost due to flat tire, 6 minutes lost due to wheel problem. Day 7: 2 minutes lost due to chain coming off. 2 minutes lost due to changing drive sprocket. 3 minutes lost due to flat tire. 3 minutes lost due to changing drive sprocket. 1 minutes lost due to chain coming off. 22 minutes lost due to drive chain breaking. Day 8: 2 minutes lost due to flat tire. 11 minutes lost due to low battery charge and chain problem. 10 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 9: swapped a blown Maximiser. 5 minutes lost due to minor repairs; 5 minutes lost due to overheating motor. 14 minutes lost due to 5 flat tires. Actual average speed: 37.76 km/hr Best day avg speed: 49.1 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 585 km Actual avg dist/day: 339.8 km Best distance/day: 434 km Practice kilometers: 1000 km Time for race (hr:min): 79:48 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Distance (km): 404 306 389 434 242 380 308 296 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.25 Frontal area (A): 0.68 Drag area (CdA): 0.17 xxfl Measured: Estimate.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 166 kg Length: 5.600 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.100 m Wheelbase: 2.070 m Track: 1.400 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke bike wheels, 20*1.75 Avocet Freestyle slicks at 700 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: Many Time to change: Fr: 10 min Rr: 15 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks. Rear brake is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with oil spring/damper unit. Rear suspension is by trailing arm with oil spring/damper unit. Steering is by cable and lever arm.

Chassis: Welded square section aluminium tube. Body is of fiber glass reinforced plastic.

Motor: Toshiba Brushless DC, 10 kW peak rated power, 3.0 kW continuous rated power, 160 Volts, 8.2 kg, 94 % efficient.

Controller: Toshiba PWM

Transmission: Single stage chain drive, 5.1:1 or 8:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand operated throttle, constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only, 1.2 GHz.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, 6 cells, 163.2 V, 3.4 kWhr capacity, 21 Ahr rating, 56 kg. Charge at 17:00 each day (%): 3, 10, 8, 3, 3, 20, 15, 3, 1 %

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 17% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single thin, fixed, gently curved panel, 4 facets, 896 cells mounted on FRP sheet, 5.95 nAotal area, 1120 Wat standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1300 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1090 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 600 W Speedon 1000 Watts input to motor: 50 km/hr

Controller: 4 Toshiba MPPT Notes and problems during race: Day 1: Problems with wheels - speed sensor rubbing. Day 2: 4 minutes lost due to low battery level. Day 3 : 5 minutes lost due to inspection of rear axle and wheel bearings. Day 4: 9 minutes lost due to rear wheel cover broken. Day 5: 2minutes lost due to bracket rubbing on rear wheel. 9 minutes lost due to flat tire. Est top speed (solar/battery): 50/55 km/hr Predicted race avg: 55 km/hr Actual avg speed: 37.07 km/hr Best day avg speed: 45.3 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 495 km Actual avg dist/day: 333.6 km Best distance/day: 408 km Practice kilometers: 150 km Time for race (hr:min): 81:17 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: , 123456789 10 Distance (km): 258 373 401 319 193 408 361 261 406 68

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No known. Frontal area (A): 0.9 m^ Drag area (CdA) 0.16 m^ Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 240 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:.. 1.000. m.... Wheelbase: 2.400 m Track: 1.300 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke bicycle wheels. Tyres: 20* 1.75 Tioga or Avocet slicks at 690 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: Not known

Brakes, suspension, steering: Cable actuated drums at the front, no rear brakes. Front suspension is modified Earls trailing arm, rear is trailing arm. Suspension is coil spring, steering is by rack and pinion driven chain..

Chassis: Monocoque made of plywood box sections with a Kevlar shell.

Motor: 2 Pacific Scientific, DC brushless, 2.4 kW continuous rated power, 3.6 kW max power, 90 % efficient at 250 V, 4 A operating point (excludes controller), 6.1 kg each.

Controller: Pacific Scientific.

Transmission: Single stage bike chain to each rear wheel, 5.4:1 and 7.1:1 ratios.

Controls Power controller for each motor.

Telemetry: Voice radio only.

Batteries: Yuasa lead Acid, 23 cells, total voltage 253 V, 3.4 kWhr capacity, 14 Ahr rating, 83 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Solarexpolycrystalline silicon, 612 in total, 13 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single flat, fixed top panel, (conformally coated encapsulation method), 99.96% fill factor, 7.997 m^ total area, 1080 W output at standard illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor : 60 km/hr Controller: Custom.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: problems with the right hand drive system - repeatedly threw the chain off, locking the wheel at one point. 138 minutes lost. Controller battery ran flat - lost 10 minutes. Day 4: lost 22 minutes with right rear puncture. 55 minutes lost to realign rear wheels. Day 5 : blew right rear tyre again. Day 6 : 8 minutes lost with 6 stops to check drive chains. Day 9: 2 flat tyres (total time lost: 14 min 50 sec). Day 10: 11 minutes to replace chain. Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual avg dist/day: 321km Best distance/day: 385 km Practice kilometers: 20 km Time for race (hr:min): 84:15 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3456789 10 Distance (km): 361 297 386 340 218 385 301 256 275 188

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.3 Frontal area (A): 1.0 Drag area (CdA): 0.30 vcfl Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 155 kg Length: 5.750 m Width 1.888 m Height:.... 1.020 m Wheelbase: 2.415 m Track: 1.500 m Ground clr: 0.250 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch BMX spoke type rims, with IRC "Freestyle Pro" slicks, at 590 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.070 Number of flat tires during race: None Time to change: Fr: 10 min Rr: 20 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Two hydraulically actuated mountain bike disks at the front, Solectria regenerative braking at rear. Front suspension is twin wishbone, with coil over shock units. Rear is a single trailing arm. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Welded aluminum space frame with a carbon fiber - foam sandwich composite body.

Motor: Single Solectria BRLS8, 1.5 kW continuous rated power, 8 kW max power, 92% efficiency at 120 V, 9 amp. speed: 2800 rpm, 12 kg.

Controller: Solectria PWM.

Transmission: Single stage chain, 4.12:1 ratio.

Controls : Hand throttle, foot brake. Constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa Nickel-Zinc, YNZ136/7, 18 cells, 122 Volt, 1.8kWhr capacity, 14 Ahr rating, 31 kg. Charge end of each day 5:00 pm (%): Not known.

Solar cells: Hoxan (406 cells) and Sharp (576 cells). Hoxan cells 13.5%, Sharp cells 16.0%, both monocrystalline silicon.

Type of solar panel: Three sections, fixed flat top panel and 2 side panels, 3 facets. Cells encapsulated in PET film with EVA. Total area 9.66 m^, 1200 W at one standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: Not known. Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1200 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 840 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 48 km/hr

Controller: 3 Solectria Notes and problems during race: Day 3 : a tire cover flew off car - recovered by a support vehicle. Car continued - 10 minutes lost. Day 4: 10 minutes lost due to rain. 3 minutes lost when radiocontact broken. Stopped early due to bad weather. Day 6: 18 minute stop due to electrical problem. Day 9 : 6 minute stop to fix radio, 4 minute stop to fix brakes, 11 minute stop to inflate tyres. Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual avg dist/day: 319.2 km Best distance/day: 388 km Practice kilometers: 30 km Time for race (hr:min): 84:57 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Distance (km): 320 293 388 212 279 366 229 318 382 244

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.26 Frontal area (A): 1.0 m Drag area (CdA): 0.26 m% Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 213 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 1.885 m Height:... 1.065 m.... Wheelbase: 2.000 m Track: 1.200 m Ground clr: 0.210 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch carbon fiber disk with aluminium rim, 20* 1.75 inch Tioga Slicks at 620 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 9 Time to change: Fr: 5 min Rr: 15 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Fronts are disks with hydraulically actuated Brembo calipers, rear is regenerative. Front suspension is by upper wishbone and lower transverse composite spring with damping by . Rear suspension is trailing arm with coil over shock absorber. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Carbon fiber/Nomex honeycomb composite monocoque.

Motor: Solectria DC Brushless, BRS8, 5.3 kW continuous rated power, 15 kW max power, 92% at 48 V, 21 A, (including controller), 13 kg,

Controller: Solectria

Transmission: Single stage chain, 4:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle, foot brake, constant voltage cruise control.

Telemetry: Psion Organizer and Digitron SF12 data logger.

Batteries: GS Lead Acid, 48 Volts, 2.54 kWhr capacity, 26.3 Ah rating, 60 kg. Charge at start and endof each day (%): 15 %

Solar cells: BP monocrystalline Silicon, 16 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single top surface, fixed, split into 2 facets, 7.987 nfi total area, 1080 cells encapsulated with EVA and Tefzel, 990 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1112 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 901 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 569 W Speedon 1000 Watts to motor: 59.5 km/hr

Controller: 2 Brusa

Notes and problems during race: Day 4: 5 minutes lost to repair steering. 20 minutes lost to other repairs. 7 minutes lost to array connector problem. Day 5: 13 minutes lost due to blown tire. Day 6: 2 minutes lost due to loose speedometer, 11 minutes lost due to tracking the fault. 1 hour 28 minutes lost due to crash when front transverse spring broke. 11 minutes lost due to flat rear tire. Day 7: 11 minutes lost due to flat tire. 1 hour 9 minutes lost due to damage to front suspension from cattle grid. Further 47 minutes lost due to same. 8 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 8: 11 minutes lost due to steering adjustment. 8 minutes lost due to sticking brakes. 10 minutes lost due to rear tire puncture. 53 minutes lost due to lack of power due to clouds. Day 9: 5 minutes lost due to loose solar array. 3 minutes lost due to flat tire. Est top speed (solar/battery): 60/100 km/hr Predicted race avg: 50.0 km/hr Actual avg speed: 35.26 km/hr Best day avg: 39.4 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual avg dist/day: 317.2 km Best distance/day: 348 km Practice kilometers: 4 000 km Time for race (hr:min): 85:27 Penalties: 40 min for changing a battery module, 58 min for running over 5:10 pm finish time.

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Distance (km): 347 285 348 229 283 343 319 302 317 235

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.15 Frontal area (A): 1.64 Drag area (CdA): 0.246 vc? Measured: 1/6th scale model in wind tunnel.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 216 kg Length: 6.000m Width: 2.000m Height:..1.200 m. Wheelbase: 2.400m Track: 1.400m Ground clr: 0.090 m

Wheels and tires: 36 spoke bicycle wheels with disk covers, 20 inch * 1.75 Avocet or IRC tube tires at 550 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 2 Time to change: Not known.

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks, rear is regenerative. Front suspension is double wishbone, with coil over shock units. Rear is bytrailing arms with coil over shock units. Steering is push pull mechanical link

Chassis: Aluminum space frame chassis with Nomex/Kevlar honeycomb sandwich body.

Motor: Single Solectria DC brushless, 5 kW continuous rated power, 12.6 kW max power, 92% efficiency at 96 V, 10 A at 3200 rpm (includes controller)., 11.8 kg.

Controller: Solectria

Transmission: Single stage chain drive, 5:1

Controls : Hand throttle, foot brake, no cruise control. Full instrument panel.

Telemetry: 19 variables transmitted.

Batteries: Rocket lead acid, 8 12V, 2.90 kWhr capacity, 35 Ahr rating, 60 kg Charge at start and end of each day (%): Not known.

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 17% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single gently curved, fixed panel, 1 facet. 1224 cells are laminated into 4 panels , 8.0 nfi total area, 95% fill factor, 148.2 Volts panel voltage. 1260 W at standard solar illumination. Total weight is 19.3 kg.

Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data. Typical maximum panel power at midday duringrace: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data. Speed on 1000 Watts to motor : No data.

Controller: 1 KIA designed max power point tracker.

Notes and problems during race: Day 3: Ran well past 5:00 pm, and then changed faulty battery module - penalty applied. Actual average speed: 34.76 km/hr Best day avg speed: 42.2 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 432 km Actual avg dist/day: 312.8 km Best distance/day: 373 km Practice kilometers: 250 km Time for race (hr:min): 86:42 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Distance (km): 320 330 341 282 237 373 283 292 319 257

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.16 Frontal area (A): 1.30 vcfl Drag area (CdA): 0.208 Measured: Estimated

Dimensions: Weight (without driver or passenger): 265 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 1.990 m Height:.. 1.020. m.... Wheelbase: 2.300 m Track: 0.800 m Ground clr: 0.100 m

Wheels and tires: 48 spoke mountain bike wheels, 26* 1.50 Avocet Slicks or 26*1.75 Continental at 350 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Hydraulically actuated front disks. Front suspension is by leading arm with air springs and motor bike steering dampers. Rear is by trailing arm with air springs and motor bike steering dampers as the shock absorbers. Steering is by tiller and Pittman arm.

Chassis: Aluminium honeycomb with sheet aluminium bonded with resin. Body is polycarbonate.

Motor: 2 Industrial Drives, brush DC. Each is 1.0 kW continuous rated power, 2.5 kW max power, 96 Volts, 8 kg each, 2300 rpm, 85% efficient (including controller) at typical operating range.

Controller: AERL motor controller.

Transmission: Single stage toothed belt, 5:1 ratio.

Controls : Hand throttle, foot operated brake. Constant speed or constant power cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Sonnenschein SL40 sealed lead acid, 8 cells, of 12 Volts each, 96 Volt total, 3.4 kWhr capacity, 36 Ahr rating, 104 kg. Charge at start andend of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: BP Solar monocrystalline Silicon, 13% cell.

Type of solar panel: Gently curved, fixed top panel, side panels, 6 facets, encapsulated by polycarbonate, EVA, cell, EVA and polycarbonate, 11.5 vcfl total area. 1300 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor : 50 km/hr

Controller: 5 AERL Maxi misers

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 20 minutes lost due to drive belt replacement, and pulley alignment. 16 minutes lost to same. 7 minutes lost due to broken spokes in rear wheel. Day 2: 5 minutes lost due to flat tyre. Day 6: 9 minutes lost due to flat tyre. Day 7: wires damaged by rubbing on tyre - 3 minutes lost. 15 solar cells replaced before start of day. Day 8: 18 minutes lost due to broken solder joint from array. Day 10: 8 minutes lost due to flat tyre. Actual average speed: 34.40 km/hr Best day avg speed: 40.7 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 360 km Actual avg dist/day: 309.6 km Best distance/day: 360 km Practice kilometers: 500 km Time for race (hr:min): 87:35 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Distance (km): 317 315 353 315 192 360 296 283 314 263

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.15 Frontal area (A): 1.1m Drag area (CdA): 0.165 vcfl Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 220 Kg Length: 5.925 m Width: 2.010 m Height:.. 1.090. m.... Wheelbase: 2.070 m Track: 1.290 m Ground clr: 0.200 m

Wheels and tires: Spoked 26 inch (all alloy), 26* 1.9 IRC Metro tyres at 620 kPa..

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 2 Time to change: Fr: 5 min Rr: 5 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front disks are hydraulically actuated motor bike disk/calipers. No rear brakes. Front suspension is by double wishbone, with coil over shock absorbers. Rear suspension is by single trailing arm with coil over shock absorber.

Chassis: Welded manganese-mol-steel tube space frame. Body is a carbon fiber foam sandwich.

Motor: Baldor Brushed DC, 1.0 kW continuous ratedpower, 3.0 kW max power, 96 volts, 1850 rpm, 12 kg, 85% efficient (including controller).

Controller: Radlogic

Transmission: Two stage chain, 5.9:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot throttle and brakes.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, 28 cells, 95 Volts, 3.0 kWhr capacity, 28 Ahr rating, 50 kg. Charge at 17:00 each day (%): Typically 50%, though fully discharged on 2 days.

Solar cells: Siemens monocrystalline silicon, 14.8% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Flat, fixed,single facet, top surface, 648 cells heat bonded under optical grade Tedlar, 7.68 m^ total area, 1100 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1100 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 900-1000 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 800 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 45 km/hr

Controller: Single AERL Maximiser Notes and problems during race: Day 2: 19 minutes lost due to buckled front wheel. Day 4: 9 minutes lost due to threatening wind and rain. 26 minutes lost due to rain. Day 5: time lost due to overcast weather at start. 1 minute lost due to disconnected solar array. 3 hours lost at endof day due to motor controller failure. Day 6: 7 minutes lost due to flat tyre. 16 minutes lost with car adjustments. 5 minutes lost due to drive sprocket change. Day 8: 5 minutes lost changing drive sprockets. Day 9: 4 minutes lost changing drive chain. Est top speed (solar/battery): 48/57 km/hr Predicted race avg: 42.0 km/hr Actual avg speed: 33.56 km/hr Best day avg: 38.7 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 350 km Actual avg dist/day: 295 km Best distance/day: 348 km Practice kilometers: 800 km Time for race (hr:min): 89:47 Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 123456789 Distance (km): 607 339 283 213 325 297 268 348 328

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.3 Frontal area (A): 1.67 (car), 0.4 vcfl (trailer) Drag area (CdA): 0.5 Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Main car: Weight (without driver): 250 kg Length: 5.400 m Width 1.800 m Height:.. 1.400. m.... Wheelbase: 2.800 m Track: 1.400 m Ground clr: 0.175 m Trailer: Weight (without driver): 50 kg Length: 4.300 m Width 2.000 m Height:.. 1.100. m.... Wheelbase: - Track: 1.433 m Ground clr: 0.350 m

Wheels and tires: Machined aluminium wheels, 225-19 inch on main vehicle, 175-20 on trailer, Bridgestone tyres at 590 kPa.

Number: 4 on main car, 2 on trailer Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 9 Time to change: Fr: 10 min Rr: 7 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Hydraulically actuated disks, no brakes on trailer. Front and rear suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorber units. Trailer has undamped carbon fiber . Steering is by bar handle and Pittman arm.

Chassis: Welded aluminium space frame with carbon fiber and foam sandwich body. Trailer is a aramid honeycomb with carbon fiber skin, plus aluminium honeycomb with carbon skin for solar array panel support.

Motor: Epson brushless DC, 2.4 kW peak power, 1.0 kW rated, 102 Volts, 5000 rpm, 7.5 kg.

Controller: Custom PWM.

Transmission: Two stage chain drive, 8.12:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle and foot brake, full instrumentation.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, 45 cells, 102 Volts, 3.76 kWhr capacity, 36 Ahr rating, 60 kg.

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 17.1% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: 2 separate flat panels, main panel on car tilts ± 20 degrees. Main panel provides 756 W at standard solar illumination, trailer provides 1080 W at standard solar illumination, total area is 11.31 (4.86 on car, 6.54 on trailer). Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1600 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1397 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data. Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 41 km/hr

Controller: 2 AERL Maximisers.

Notes and problems during race: Vehicle was run as a demonstration unit. Day 1:58 minutes lost to charge battery. 21 minutes lost due to broken drive chain. 2 minutes lost due to broken panel tilt control cable. 4 minutes lost adjusting panel tilt. Day 4: 8 minutes lost due to flat tyre. Day 6: 7 minutes lost to inflate tyre. Day 10: 10 minutes lost to adjust chain. 1 hr 45 min lost due to lack of sun. Actual average speed: 32.08 km/hr Best day avg speed: 37.4 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 400 km Actual avg dist/day: 288.7 km Best distance/day: 330 km Practice kilometers: 3000 km Time for race (hr:min): 87:30 (retired) Penalties: 43 minutes

Daily results: Day: 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 Distance (km): 330 305 306 271 187 324 325 215

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): 1.068 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0.200 Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 160 kg Length: 5.000 m Width: 1.980 m Height:... 1.050 m.... Wheelbase: 2.550 m Track: 1.900 m Ground clr: 0.120 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch Araya spoke bike wheels, 20* 1.75 Avocet tires. Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front and rear brakes are hydraulically actuated disks. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorbers. Rear suspension is by single trailing arm with coil over shock absorber. Steering is rack and pinion.

Chassis: Chassis is a carbon fiber/honeycomb sandwich monocoque.

Motor: Uniq Mobility Brushless DC, 7.35 kW peak power rating, 3.5 kW continuous power rating, 105 volt, 10 A, 3.7 kg, 88% efficient (including controller).

Controller: Uniq Mobility CR20-75

Transmission: Single stage chain.

Controls: Hand throttle, foot brake, stereo.

Telemetry: No

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, YNZ12-6.8, 45 cells, 102 Volts, 3.74 kWhr capacity, 36 Ahr rating, 60.75 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Hoxan monocrystalline silicon, 16 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, gently curved top surface, 4 facets, cells encapsulated in thin film, 7.78 nAotal area, 1000W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speedon 1000 Watts to motor: No data

Controller: 4 AERL Maximisers

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: lost 45 minutes at end of day due to depleted batteries. Day 2: lost 10 minutes due to low batteries. Day 3: lost 43 minutes with battery, motor cooling fan and chase vehicle problems. Day 5: incurred some time penalties for changing faulty batteries. Predicted di st/day: 360 km Actual avg dist/day: 312.9 km Best distance/day: 380 km Practice kilometers: 1000 km Time for race (hr:min): Retired (79:50) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 23456789 Distance (km): 333 200 303 291 153 348 380 278 393 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): No data Drag area (CdA): No data Measured: No data

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 230 kg Length: 4.950 m Width: 1.996 m Height:.. 1.580. m.... Wheelbase: 2.720 m Track: 1.530/1.270 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch spoked bike wheels, 20*1.75 inch

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 4 Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Four wheel hydraulically actuated disks. Wishbone front suspension with coil over shock absorber units. Rear is by trailing arm, with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is by link and lever arm.

Chassis: Carbon monocoque with welded aluminium subframes. Body is CFRP.

Motor: Uniq Mobility DC brushless, 3.5 kW continuous rated power, 7.5 kW max power, 150 V, 85% efficient (including controller) at typical operating load, 8.7 kg.

Controller: Uniq

Transmission: Two stage, toothed belt and chain, 11:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle, foot brake. Constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice and datalogger.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, 60 cells, 153 Volts, 4.98 kWhr, 80 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 17.5% cell.

Type of solar panel: One large, gently curved panel, fixed, 3 facets, 15.5 % panel, 1000 W at standard solar illumination . Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday duringrace: 800 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 46 km/hr

Controller: 3 Kyocera peak power trackers.

Notes and problems during race: Day 4: 54 minutes lost due to repairing electrical system. Day 6: 4 minutes lost due to 2 flat tyres. Day 7: 35 minutes lost to weld drive side wheel brace. Day 8: 4 minutes lost due to flat tyre. Withdrew on day 10. Est top speed (solar/battery): 55/70 km/hr Predicted race avg: 40.0 km/hr Actual average speed: (31.73) km/hr Best day avg speed: 36.4 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 360 km Actual avg dist/day: 285.6 km Best distance/day: 328 km Practice kilometers: 200 km Time for race (hr:min): 80:10 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 23456789 Distance (km): 323 312 328 270 192 295 270 230 327 it

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.32 Frontal area (A): 0.8 vc? Drag area (CdA): 0.256 nfl Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 190 kg Length: 4.325 m Width: 2.020 m Height:... 1.180 m Wheelbase: 2.400 m Track: 1.800 m Ground clr: 0.120 m

Wheels and tires: 14 inch and 17 inch, 36 spoke bike rims, Dunlop 14*2.25 or Moulton 17*1.25.14 inch used on front and center , 17 inch on 2 outrigger positions at 790 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brake is by motorcycle disk, hydraulically actuated, rear braking is by regenerative only. Front suspension is by motor bike forks. Rear suspension is by trailing arm with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is by bar handle to fork.

Chassis: Monocoque style, made from carbon fiber/Kevlar sandwich.

Motor: Uniq Mobility Brushless DC, DR086, 7.0 kW peak power rating, 4 kg, 80 % efficient at designed operating point (includes controller).

Controller: Uniq Mobility

Transmission: Single stage chain, 4.61:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand operated throttle and brake. Constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Hawker Lead Acid, 24 cells, 48 V, 1.68 kWhr capacity, 20 Ahr rating, 50 kg. Charge at start and endof each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Sharp monocrystalline silicon, 16% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Flat front panel and heavily curved (150 degree) rear panel, all fixed, split into 7 facets. 756 cells, 7.5 nfi total area, 1190 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : 900 W produces 52 km/hr.

Controller: 7 custom designed (Solar Japan).

Notes and problems during race: Day 8:15 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 9: retired Performance:

Qualifying speed: 48.0 km/hr Qualifying position: 45th Est top speed (solar/battery): 63/74 km/hr Predicted race avg: 45 km/hr Actual average speed: 27.39 km/hr Best day avg speed: 32.9 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 405 km Actual avg dist/day: 246.5 km Best distance/day: 291 km Practice kilometers: 300 km Time for race (hr.min): 80:10 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 123456789 Distance (km): 283 277 236 185 291 256 267 246 235

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.27 Frontal area (A): 0.80 rcfl Drag area (CdA): 0.216 vc? Measured: Estimated.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 350 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.550 m.... Wheelbase: 4.000 m Track: 1.700 m Ground clr: 0.250 m

Wheels and tires: 26 inch, 36 spoke bike wheels, 26* 1.5 Avocet City Cross at 690 kPa. Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 4 Time to change: Fr: 15 min Rr: 11 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Rear brakes are hydraulically actuated go-kart disks. Front suspension is by single radial arm with coil over shock absorbers. Rear is by twin trailing arm with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is by tiller and link.

Chassis: Welded aluminium space frame. Body is mix of coreflute, fiber glass, aluminium and polycarbonate.

Motor: Contraves R240 (Cleveland Machine Controls), DC Brushed, 5.3 kW peak power rating, 2.6 kW continuous power rating, 115 V, 10 A, 10 kg, 3100 rpm. Efficiency about 80-90%.

Controller: AERL Motor max

Transmission: Single stage chain with 3 speed hub gearbox.

Controls: Hand throttle, foot brake, constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa lead acid, NPC 24-12, 60 cells, 124 Volts, 2.8 kWhr capacity, 24 Ahr rating, 90 kg.

Solar cells: BP Solar monocrystalline silicon, 13.9 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed flat top surface, 2 side panels, 3 facets, 15 m% total area, cells encapsulated with Tedlar backing, and a toughened high transmission glass overfront, 1760 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1500 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 750 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 720 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 45 km/hr

Controller. 3 AERL Maximisers.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: Many broken spokes. Faulty motor cutout switch faulty. 11 minutes lost due to flat tire. 25 minutes lost adjusting wing and gear ratios. 11:45 lost altering gear ratio. 2 minutes lost altering gear ratio. Day 3: 37 min lost changing wheels, 44 min lost changing crew and panel configuration (4 crew changes at 11 min each). Day 4: 10 min lost due to thrown drive chain. 17 min lost due to broken spokes on outrigger wheel, 45 min lost for 3 crew changes. Day 5: 1 hr 26 in lost while charging, 30 min lost reconfiguring panel, 25 minutes lost changing crews. Day 6: 5 min lost with electrical problem, 15 min lost due to broken spokes, 30 minutes lost for 3 crew changes. Day 7: 20 min lost due to blown tire, 20 min due to 2 crew changes, 20 min due to panel reconfiguring. Day 8: 15 min lost due to panel reconfiguring, 4 min due to gear ratio change, 30 minutes changing crew 3 times. Qualifying speed: 79.0 km/hr Qualifying position: 22nd Est top speed (solar/battery): 60/80 km/hr Predicted race avg: 50.0 km/hr Actual average speed: (31.33) km/hr Best day avg speed: 38.4 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual avg dist/day: 282.0 km Best distance/day: 346 km Practice kilometers: 1800 km Time for race (hrimin): 67:13 (retired) Penalties: 4.3 hours for battery.

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Distance (km): 314 219 311 244 261 346 295 116 it

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 240 kg Length: 4.300 m Width: 1.950 m Height:... 1.200 m Wheelbase: 3.000 m Track: fr: 1.500 m, rr 0.500 m Ground clr: 0.100 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke Sun alloy rims and hubs, 20*1.75 Toga slicks, 550 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 12 Time to change: Fr: 1 min Rr: 1 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front and rear brakes are by hydraulically actuated disks. Rear also has regenerative braking. Front suspension is by laminated wood cross member acting as lower locating component, two upper control arms. Rear suspension is compression springs and disk dampers. Steering is by toothed belt and pulleys.

Chassis: Monocoque of epoxy, fiberglass/carbon fiber sandwich construction.

Motor: Uniq Mobility DR086, 7.5 kW maximum rated power, 2.8 kg, 94 % efficiency (excluding controller).

Controller: Uniq Mobility.

Transmission: Single stage toothed belt, 6:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle and foot operated brake.

Telemetry: 5 channel custom made.

Batteries: Sonnenschein Lead Acid, 7 cells, 84 Volts, 2.5 kWhr capacity, 30 Ahr rating, 77 kg. Charge at start of each day (%): Typically 25 % at 17:00.

Solar cells: Sowa ARCO monocrystalline silicon, 15 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single facet, can be tilted ± 15 degrees. Cells encapsulated with Tedlar/cell/aluminium sheet, 7.7 rrfi total area, 1000 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1200 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 1000 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 610 W Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : 576 W produced 50 km/hr

Controller: Single AERL Maximiser. Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 24 minutes lost due to drive belt problem. 20 minutes lost due to controller overheating - replaced controller. Day 3 : 5 minutes lost due to flat tire. 2.5 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 6: 1 minutes lost due to flat tire, 4 minutes lost due to drive belt problem. Day 7: 3.5 minutes lost due to communications problem. 2 minutes lost due to flat tire. 2 minutes lost due to drive belt fouling bodywork. 16 minutes lost due to flat tire and Maximiser problem. 3.5 minutes lost due to tire and driver change. 8 minutes lost due to drive sprocket bolt problem. 3 minutes lost due to tilting array and cable breakage. Day 8: 9.5 minutes lost due to steering drag link breakage. 5 minutes lost due to realigning steering. 1 hr 21 minutes lost due to drive axle breaking. Vehicle retired. Est top speed (solar/battery): 32/91 km/hr Predicted race avg: 40.0 km/hr Actual avg speed: 30.08 km/hr Best day avg: 31.8 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 360 km Actual avg dist/day: 209 km Best distance/day: 286 km Practice kilometers: 150 km Time for race (hr:min): (62:36 retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 23456789 Distance (km): 286 190 247 210 174 264 209 194 109 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.45 Frontal area (A): 0.83 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0. 373 m^ Measured : Combination of 1/12 scale model wind tunnel tests and full size tow tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 290.75kg Length: 5.842 m Width: 1.727 m Height:... 1.080 m.. Wheelbase: 2.743 m Track: 1.574 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke bike wheels with covers, 20* 1.75 Avocet Freestyle and Fast grip tires at 580 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0055 Number of flat tires during race: 1 Time to change: Fr: - Rr: 8 Min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Cable actuated go-kart disks front, and regenerative on the rear. Macpherson strut front suspension, trailing link rear suspension, both with Solo-Flex exercise machine rubber spring/damper. Steering is push/pull cables.

Chassis: Welded tubular aluminum (6061) space frame with fiber glass body panels. Steel (4130) for suspension components.

Motor: Solectria brushless DC, 16.0 kW continuous ratedpower, 11.2 kW max. 95% efficiency at 120 V, 10 amp, 11.8 kg.

Controller: Solectria.

Transmission: Single stage timing belt, 4.4:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot operated throttle and brake. No cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice radio.

Batteries: Johnson Deep Cycle Marine, 120 volt, 4.2 kWhr capacity, 35 Ahr rating, weight 95.25 kg. Charge at end of each day (5:00pm) (%): No data.

Solar cells: Arco monocrystalline silicon, 12.5 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single flat tilting style, 741 cells on top, 234 cells on bottom surface, 2 facets, 10.1 m? total area. Cells encapsulated in Tefzel and Tedlar, 1025 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 780 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 487 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 372 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 43 km/hr:

Controller: 1 Solectria, 1 custom max power point tracker.

Notes and problems during race: Array less efficient than expected due to cracking of solar cells, and lower efficiency cells. Day 8 : 8 minutes lost due to a flat tire. Performance:

Qualifying speed: 89.6 km/hr Qualifying position: 13th Est top speed (solar/battery): 0/120 km/hr Predicted race avg: 75.0 km/hr Actual average speed: 28.13 km/hr Best day avg: 48.7 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 675 km Actual avg dist/day: 253.2 km Best distance/day: 430 km Practice kilometers: 0 km Time for race (hr:min): 53:02 (retired). Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 0 430 259 295 115 393 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.10 Frontal area (A): 0.57 m2 Drag area (CdA) : 0.57 Measured: Estimated

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 130 kg Length: 3.505 m Width: 1.220 m Height:... 1.000 m. Wheelbase: 1.600 m Track: 1.200 m Ground clr: 0.203 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch carbon fiber disk with aluminium rims, 20*1.75 inch Avocet Fasgrip at 830 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.004 Number of flat tires during race: 1 Time to change: Fr: 2 min Rr: 2 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front are hydraulically actuated drums (from Honda ATV), rear is regenerative. Transverse leaf spring (2 laminated Solomon downhill skis), rear is welded aluminium box trailing arm with air spring shock absorber. Rack and pinion steering.

Chassis: Kevlar/Carbon/Nomex sandwich monocoque (14 kgs bare).

Motor: Solectria BRLS8 Brushless 3 phase, 6.0 kW continuous rated power, 12.0 kW max power, 92% efficiency at designed operating point (including controller), 12.7 kg.

Controller: Solectria 3 phase.

Transmission: Single toothed belt, 3.5:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot throttle/regenerative brake. Cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: SAFT Silver Zinc, 50 cells, 100 volts, 5.0 kWhr, 62 Ah rating, 41 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Spectrolab (encapsulated by Lockheed) KC6700B Space qualified, 18.5 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Flexible umbrella membrane - folds up to be carried in car and is deployed (stationary) for charging. 2300 cells (1510 in primary array, 400 on rear of array and 300 on car). Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1350 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 88 km/hr

Controller: 5 AERL Maximisers, 3 Solectria.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: major electrical problem caused loss of whole first day. Day 2 : 2 minutes lost due to a flat tire. Major loss of efficiency due to poor charging efficiency from solar array. Qualifying speed: 59.3 km/hr Qualifying position: 37th Est top speed (solar/battery): 45/75 km/hr Predicted race avg: 38 km/hr Actual average speed: 26.38 km/hr Best day avg speed: 32.7 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 342 km Actual avg dist/day: 237.4 km Best distance/day: 294 km Practice kilometers: 50 km Time for race (hr:min): 56:34 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 272 224 248 241 119 294 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.276 Frontal area (A): 0.8 Drag area (CdA): 0.221 m2 Measured: Estimated.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 171.4kg Length: 5.950 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.050 m.... Wheelbase: 2.800 m Track: 1.400 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 22 inch, 36 spoke bike wheels, 22*1.75 IRC Treaded (front), Slicks (rear), 590 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): 0.0080 Number of flat tires during race: 3 Time to change: Fr: 5 min Rr: 20 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brake is bike rim style, rears are hydraulically actuated disks. Front suspension is bike fork with integrated shock/coil spring units. Rear suspension is by modified double wishbone with coil over shock absorber. Steering is by center pivot.

Chassis: Welded aluminium space frame. Body is CFRP, with some honeycomb/Carbon sections.

Motor: Epson Brushless DC SCM-4, 6.0 kW peak power rating, 1.2 kW continuous power rating, 100 Volts, 7.5 kg, 92 % efficient, 80% with controller at designed operating point.

Controller: Epson SCD-4

Transmission: Single stage chain, 5.64:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle and brake. Constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: YuasaNiZn, YNZ7-13.6, 24 cells, 108.8 Volts, 3.05 kWhr capacity, 21 Ahr rating (5hr), 45 kg.

Solar cells: Kaneka amorphous silicon, 6% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, flat top surface, 2 sides which can hinge to be up or down, 3 facets, 782 cells encapsulated with a resin back coating, 10.79 m^ total area, 647 Watts at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 494.5 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 390 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 252 W Speedon 1000 Watts input to motor: 35 km/hr on 442 W

Controller: 2 Kyoto Electronics

Notes and problems during race: Using amorphous silicon cells, continued after race officially finished - 14 days to reach Adelaide. Day 1: 31 minutes lost due to control problem.4 minutes lost due to rear wheel shroud rubbing on wheel - removed. Day 2: 2 minutes lost due to adjusting electronics. Day 3: 1 minutes lost due to connector problem. 12 minutes lost due to flat front tire. Day 6: 10 minutes lost due to flat tire. Performance:

Qualifying speed: 79.4 km/hr Qualifying position: 20th Est top speed (solar/battery): 48/82 km/hr Predicted race avg: 50.0 km/hr Actual average speed: (23.37) km/hr Best day avg speed: 33.3 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual avg dist/day: 210.3 km Best distance/day: 315km Practice kilometers: 1000 km Time for race (hr:min): 63:51 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance (km): 217 315 302 187 66 216 150 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.132 Frontal area (A): 0.956 Drag area (CdA): 0.126 xxfl Measured: Wind tunnel tests.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 295 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.230 m Wheelbase: 3.600 m Track: 1.200 m Ground clr: 0.180 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke BMX wheels with foam covers, 20*1.75 RL Edge ACS tires at 690 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 1 Time to change: Fr: 2 min Rr: 10 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Cable operated bike calipers front and rear. No regenerative. Front and rear suspension is by trailing arm with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Welded magnesium tube (AZ31B) space frame. Body is a mix of carbon fiber, Kevlar and Nomex honeycomb sandwich construction.

Motor: Two Brushless DC motors: one Solectria 8 kW peak power rating, 6 kW continuous power rating, 11.8 kg, 90 % efficient at designed operating point (120V, 44 Amp). One Hathaway, 2 kW peak power rating, 1.3 kW continuous power rating, 4.4 kg, 95% efficient at designed operating point (78 Volts, 18 Amp). Hathaway used in cruise mode, Solectria used for hills, overtaking.

Controller: One Solectria, one Hathaway.

Transmission: Single stage toothed belt from motor to rear wheel (Solectria on right hand wheel).

Controls: Hand and foot throttle, foot brake, constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only (96 channel system not operating in time).

Batteries: Eagle Picher AgZn, 80 cells, 20 Volts, 3.24 kWhr capacity, 27 Ahr rating, 32.5 kg.

Solar cells: BP Solar monocrystalline silicon, 17.5 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, 3 facets - one top panel and 2 side panels. 112 cells on each side panel, 736 on top. Cells encapsulated with Tefzel/EVA/Tedlar - had problems with cracking so also used an aluminium backing structure on some cells. 7.976 nAotal area, 1200 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 600 W Typical maximum panel power at midday duringrace: 300 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speedon 600 Watts of input power: 40 km/hr (1000 W would produce 55 km/hr).

Controller: 5 Solectria Maximisers

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: stopped for 1 hour to install multimeters to monitor motor and array. 45 min lost for electrical check and repair drive belt. Hathaway controller overheated and failed. Day 2: broken accelerator pedal, weak batteries, nosecone came loose. Day 3: 3.5 hours lost due to chassis breaking at rear suspension attachment point. Day 4: batteries very low, speed purely determined by solar power (cloudy). Stopped for 2:50 hrs to recharge batteries. Day 5: Rain, very slow. Several hours lost charging batteries. Day 6: Rear suspension failure, lost 54 minutes. Day 7: Rain, overcast, one flat tire. Day 8: Retire at Alice Springs. Actual average speed: 20.92 km/hr Best day avg speed: 27.9 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual dist/day: 188.3 km Best distance/day: 247 km Practice kilometers: 10 km Time for race (hrrmin): 71:20 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 Distance (km): 162 219 247 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.15 Frontal area (A): 0.8 m2 Drag area (CdA): 0.120 Measured: Estimate

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 150 kg Length: 5.500 m Width: 2.000 m Height:.. 1.010. m.... Wheelbase: 3.200 m Track: 1.800 m Ground clr: 0.300 m

Wheels and tires: 26 inch mountain bike (Mavic rims, Shimmano hubs, Bradkiss spokes), 26 inch Continental Slicks, wheels had fiber glass covers, 690 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Campagnolo bike rim type calipers, front suspension is by bike forks with a de Dion type beam using rubber balls as spring/shock units. Rear suspension is by trailing arm with rubber ball. Steering is by tiller and Bowden cables.

Chassis: Welded Reynolds 531 chrome-moly steel tubing. Body is by wire suspended 1.5 and 3.0 mm plywood.

Motor: Fracmo DC Brush, 1.2 kW peak rated power, 0.8 kW continuous ratedpower, 48 Volts, 7kg, 85 % efficient (including controller).

Controller: Curtis Instruments

Transmission: Single stage chain with 7 speed hub gears, typically 5.8:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand operated voltage/speed control, foot brake.

Telemetry: None.

Batteries: Yuasa Y60-24 lead acid, 24 cells, 48 Volts, 1.8 kWhr capacity, 36 kg, 28 Ahr rating. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: BP monocrystalline silicon, 10 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single facet, 576 cells, laminated to glass, 7.0 total area, Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday duringrace: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : 48 km/hr on 600 W

Controller: None Notes and problems during race: Day 2: 33 minutes lost when under panel came off. Qualifying speed: 63.0 km/hr Qualifying position: 33rd Est top speed (solar/battery): -/100 km/hr Predicted race avg: 61 km/hr Actual avg speed: (20.55 km/hr) Best day avg speed: 30.2 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 550 km Actual avg dist/day: 184.9 km Best distance/day: 272 km Practice kilometers: 80 km Time for race (hr:min): 52:10 (retired) Penalties: 14 minutes for battery module change.

Daily results: Day: 12 3 4 5 6 Distance (km): 272 153 68 258 209 112 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.13 Frontal area (A): 1.5 m2 Drag area (CdA): 0.195 rxfi Measured: Scale model

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 295 kg Length: 6.000 m Width 2.000 m Height:... 1.090 m.... Wheelbase: 2.235 m Track: 1.320 m Ground clr: 0.165 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 32 spoke bike wheels, fiber glass wheel covers, running Avocet 20*1.75 slicks at 600 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 1 Time to change: Fr: 9 min Rr: 9 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front are hydraulically actuated disks, rear are mechanically actuated drums. Front suspension is double wishbone with coil over shock units, rear is a single lower wishbone with coil over gas shock absorber. Steering is by a custom lever/linkage.

Chassis: Welded space frame (6061 T6 Al). Body is a Carbon fiber foam sandwich.

Motor: Uniq Mobility DRO-86 DC Brushless, 1.16 kW continuous rated power, 7.75 kW maxpower, estimated 85% efficient at 100 Volt operating point (including controller), 4 kg, 5000 rpm.

Controller: Uniq Mobility

Transmission: Two stage, with 5 speed Sacks hub type gearing, roller chain drive.

Controls: Hand operated throttle and brakes. Constant speed type cruise control.

Telemetry: Radio modem type of all major functions: battery charge, voltage, current, panel current, motor current, speed, motor rpm, PPT power output, AH counter.

Batteries: Gates Genesis lead acid, 8 cells, total voltage 96 Volts, 3.6 kWhr total capacity, 38 Ahr rating, 128 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Siemens monocrystalline silicon, 14.6 % cell.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, broadly curved surface, including some on under surface, in 12 facets, 5200 cells encapsulated in Tefzel, 12.07 vcfi total area. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 800 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 650 W Speed on 1000 Watts to motor:

Controller: Custom MPPT, 12 subarrays.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 12 minutes lost due to faulty radio. Problem with supply for PPT caused batteries to become depleted - 5 hrs spend in Katherine recharging (Day 2). Day 3: replaced a battery module. Time penalty applied. Controller failed. Car withdrawn on Day 6. Actual avg speed: 26.22 km/hr Best day avg speed: 35.5 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 405 km Actual avg dist/day: 236 km Best distance/day: 314 km Practice kilometers: No data Time for race (hr:min): (37:34 retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1234 5 Distance (km): 314 255 267 179 20 it

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd) No data Frontal area (A): 2.25 m2 Drag area (CdA): No data Measured: No data.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 260 kg Length: 4.190 m Width 1.865 m Height:.. 1.360. m.... Wheelbase: 3.010 m Track: 1.320 m Ground clr: 0.120 m

Wheels and tires: Front 20 inch spoked bike wheels, rear is a 26 inch. Front tyres 20*1.75 , rear 26*1.9 Tioga slicks.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 0 Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front drums, cable operated; rear is a twin rim bike brake. Front suspension is by wishbone with rubber shock absorber-spring unit, rear is a single trailing arm with rubber bungee style shock absorber and spring unit. Steering by drag link.

Chassis: Steel tube space frame. Body is aluminium and plastic, riveted and glued.

Motor: Leroy-Somer brushed DC, 26 kg, 0.77 kW continuous rated power, 1.0 kW max power, 89% efficient at 180 V, 6.9 Amp, 1760 rpm. 26 kg.

Controller: AERL controller.

Transmission: Direct chain drive, 5.3:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle, foot brake.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa lead acid, 24,150 voltage total, 2.4 kWhr capacity, 13.5 Ahr, 80 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Helios, MFS258B, monocrystalline silicon, 14% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Flat, tilting style over cab,l facet, plastic encapsulation, 728 cells, 8.0 m2 total area, 80 kgs, 750 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday duringrace: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: No data

Controller: 2 AERL Maximisers Notes and problems during race: Day 1: changed drive sprocket for better ratio. 10 minutes lost to fix end plate and brushes on motor. Day 3: 5 minutes lost changing sprocket, 2 minutes lost to tighten solar array pivot points, 6 minutes lost for driver and sprocket change, 7 minutes lost for sprocket change, 15 minutes lost for recharging and array cleaning, 27 minutes lost for recharging, sprocket change, 7 minutes lost for recharging. Day 4: 40 minutes lost for recharging, array cleaning, and wheel change. 30 minutes lost due to overcast - recharge. 1 hr 55 minutes lost due to overcast and resulting low battery charge. Day 5: withdrew due to overcast weather conditions. Actual average speed: (24.05) km/hr Best day avg speed: 26.2 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 450 km Actual avg dist/day: 216.4 km Best distance/day: 236km Practice kilometers: 50 km Time for race (hr:min): 26:17 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 Distance (km): 236 196 198 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.30 Frontal area (A): 1.0 Drag area (CdA): 0.30 Measured: Estimate.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 285 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.300 m Wheelbase: 2.700 m Track: 1.600 m Ground clr: 0.100 m

Wheels and tires: 18 inch aluminium Kawasaki motorbike wheels, Barracuda 90/90-18 tires at 550 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 0 Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks. Front suspension is by lower steel transverse leaf spring with upper wishbone. Rear suspension is by motorbike trailing arm and coil over shock absorber. Steering is by rack and pinion.

Chassis: Steel subframes and FRP. Body is FRP.

Motor: Pacific Scientific 24Volt, running at 40 V, 2.5 kW peak power rating, 1.5 kW continuous power rating, 9 kg, 80- 85% efficient (including controller).

Controller: Curtis 1204-402 controller.

Transmission: Single stage chain, 6:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle and brake.

Telemetry: Voice only (CB Radio).

Batteries: Alco lead acid, 4 cells, 48 V, 3.5 kWhr capacity, 70 Ahr rating, 78 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Showa ARCO, monocrystalline silicon, FL118.

Type of solar panel: Tilting single flat top panel, cells encapsulated in Tedlar with PVA, 11.5 m^ total area, 1600 W at standard solarillumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1200 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: 900 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : 800 W Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power: 55 km/hr

Controller: Manually switched.

Notes and problems during race: Day 1:12 minutes lost changing rear wheel Predicted dist/day: 560 km Actual avg dist/day: (314 km) Best distance/day: 314 km Practice kilometers: 300 km Time for race (hr.min): 20:50 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 Distance (km): 314 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.146 Frontal area (A): 1.1 m^ Drag area (CdA): 0.161 m^ Measured : 1/15 th scale model wind tunnel.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 232 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:.. 1.020. m Wheelbase: 2.440 m Track: 1.900 m Ground clr: 0.460 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch composite wheel, foam core, graphite skin, aluminium rim . 20* 1.75 Avocet and Tioga tires at 690 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are by hydraulically actuated disks, rear is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorbers. Rear suspension is by trailing arm with coil over shock absorber. Steering is by rack and pinion, with a cable link.

Chassis: Welded 6061 T6 aluminium apace frame. Body is a Kevlar/Nomex sandwich.

Motor: Uniq Mobility DR127S, 14.9 kW peak power rating, 92 % efficient (including controller) at designed operating point.

Controller: Uniq Mobility.

Transmission: Single stage 20 mm toothed belt, 4:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot operated throttle and brake.

Telemetry: No data

Batteries: BST Systems AgZn, 54 cells, 108 V, 4.89 kWhr capacity, 46 Ahr rating, 45.5 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: AstroPower monocrystalline silicon, 14.9 % cell efficiency, and Applied Solar energy, 16% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Curved fixed top panel, plus 2 side panels, 11 facets, 800 cells of AstroPower, 3300 cells of Applied Solar Energy, cells encapsulated with Tefzel EVA/Tedlar on aluminium sheet, 7.7 m^ total area, 1100 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : No data

Controller: 11 AERL Maximisers

Notes and problems during race: Day 1:41 minutes lost due to solar array problem. 5 minutes lost due to flat tire. Day 2: spent rebuilding solar array. Day 3: Retired. Est top speed (solar/battery): 42/62 km/hr Predicted race avg: 45 km/hr Actual average speed: 14.33 km/hr Best day avg speed: 25.4 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 405 km Actual avg dist/day: 129.0 km Best distance/day: 229 km Practice kilometers: 150 km Time for race (hr:min) 21:55 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 2 3 Distance (km): 229 167 154 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): 0.8 Drag area (CdA): No data Measured: Not applicable

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 180 kg Length: 4.440 m Width: 1.710 m Height:.. 1.260. m.... Wheelbase: 2.900 m Track: 1.400 m Ground clr: 0.200 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch aluminium sheet disk style wheels, IRC 20*1.75 inch Slicks at 690 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 15 Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks, rear is bike rim caliper, no regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone with coil over shock absorber, rear is by single trailing arm with coil over shock absorber. Steering is rack and pinion.

Chassis: Welded aluminium (5052) tube, body is box plastic sheet.

Motor: Uniq Mobility DC brushless, 1.3 kW continuous rated power, 3.5 kW max power, 120 Volt, 3500 rpm, 84 % efficient at operating point, (including controller), 4 kg.

Controller: Uniq Mobility

Transmission: Single stage chain, 8.1:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle, foot brake, constant speed cruise control.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: GS lead acid, 12NB-3B, 20 total, 120 Volt, 1.8 kWhr, 24Ah rating, 62 kg. Charge at start and endof each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Kyocera poly crystalline silicon, 11.0 % cell, 7.1 kg.

Type of solar panel: Single fixed flat array, made of 7 panels, single facet, total voltage 132.6 V, 7.1 m2 total area, 1536 cells encapsulated with thin film. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 775 W Typical maximum panel power at midday duringrace: 500 W Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: 50 km/hr

Controller: None Notes and problems during race: A number of electrical problems caused vehicle to run below race minimum (38 km/hr) Predicted dist/day: 495 km Actual avg dist/day: 136.1 km Best distance/day: 136.1 km Practice kilometers: 300 km Time for race (hrimin): 16:40 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 Distance (km): 170 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.13 Frontal area (A): 1.4 m2 Drag area (CdA): 0.18 m2 Measured: Calculated.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 250 kg Length: 6.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.230 m.... Wheelbase: 1.500 m Track: 2.200 m Ground clr: 0.220 m

Wheels and tires: 26 inch custom made spoked wheels. Front tires are IRC-Metro 26* 1.5, rear is Kenda 26*1.9 at 620 kPa. Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: 2 Time to change: Fr: 3 min Rr: 5 min

Brakes, suspension, steering: Hydraulically actuated Magura bike rim type calipers all round. Front suspension is by mountain bike fork and spring Rear suspension is by single trailing arm with twin coil over shock absorbers. Steering is by handle bar and Pittman arm.

Chassis: Welded 6061 T6 aluminium space frame. Body is of Aramid and epoxy.

Motor: Siemens Brushless DC, 7.5 kW maximum power rating, 2.5 kW continuous power rating, 13 kg, 90 % efficient (excluding controller) at designed operating point (66 V, 32 A)..

Controller: Custom made PWM

Transmission: Single stage chain, 3.5 : 1 to 4:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand operated throttle, foot operated brake.

Telemetry: Voice only

Batteries: Delco Remy lead acid, 9 cells, 108 Volts, 4.81 kWhr capacity, 45 Ah rating, 110 kg. Charge at start andend of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Deutsche Aerospace monocrystalline silicon, 16 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single flat fixed top surface, 1140 cells encapsulated with a conformal coating, 11.7 m^ total area, 1740 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: 1500 W Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : 45 km/hr

Controller: 6 custom design - NEC D20 PC-XT type cpu. Notes and problems during race: Day before speed trial, blew the MOSFETs in the motor controller. This problem plagued the team continually, as the could only run half the ideal bus voltage. Kept working on problem but eventually hadto retire when last spares blew. Day 1 : 3 hours 7 minutes lost due to controller failure. 19 minutes lost due to flat tire. 36 minutes lost due to changing gearing. Variety of electrical problems, retired Day 2. Actual average speed: (15.03) km/hr Best day avg speed: 24.9 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 495 km Actual avg dist/day: 224 km Best distance/day: 224 km Practice kilometers: 300 km Time for race (hr:min): 15:26 (retired) Penalties: None

Daily results: Day: 1 Distance (km): 224 rt

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): 0.11 Frontal area (A): 1.4 m2 Drag area (CdA): 0.154 m2 Measured: Estimated

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 200 kg Length: 4.950 m Width: 2.000 m Height:... 1.005 m Wheelbase: 2.500 m Track: 1.600 m Ground clr: 0.150 m

Wheels and tires: 19 inch Aramid disk wheels, Bridgestone 19*3.5 Ecopia tires at 700 kPa.

Number: 4 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front brakes are hydraulically actuated disks. Rear is by regenerative braking. Front suspension is by double wishbone and rocker arm actuated coil over shock absorbers. Rear is by trailing arm with coil over shock absorbers. Steering is rack and pinion.

Chassis: Monocoque CFRP chassis with CFRP body panels.

Motor: Takaoka Corp Brushless DC, 2.8 kW peak power rating, 0.9 continuous power rating, 84% efficient at designed operating point (136 V, 27 A) including controller, 9.0 kg.

Controller: Custom PWM

Transmission: Two stage

Controls: Hand operated throttle and foot brake.

Telemetry: Voice only.

Batteries: Yuasa NiZn, 40 cells, 136 V, 3.31 kWhr capacity, 12 Ahr rating, 62 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Showa Shell, monocrystalline silicon, 15.1 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single gently curved fixed top panel, 3 facets. 640 cells encapsulated in EVA, 6.65 m2 total area, 800 w at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts of panel power : 67 km/hr

Controller: 3 AERL Maximisers Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 35 minutes lost due to puncture and damaged drive chain. 43 minutes lost changing motor. 2 hours 9 minutes lost due to more chain problems. 40 minutes lost due to motor overheating - change. Day 2: 4 hours lost due to motor problem. Retired due to motor problems. Est top speed (solar/battery): 40/60 km/hr Predicted race avg: 45 km/hr Actual average speed: 21.46 km/hr Best day avg speed: 21.46 km/hr Predicted dist/day: 405 km Actual avg dist/day: N/A. Best distance/day: N/A Practice kilometers: 0 Time for race (hr:min): 09:00 - retired. Penalties: None.

Daily results: Day: 23456789 Distance: -

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): 0.6 nfi Drag area (CdA): No data Measured: No data

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 99.5 kg Length: 6.127 m Width 1.890 m Height:.. 1.010. m.... Wheelbase: 2.800 m Track: 1.150 m Ground clr: 0.065 m

Wheels and tires: 36 spoke bike wheels, 500 mm, Michelin or Continental 28-440 (500*28A) at 490 kPa.

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: N/A Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Front drum, cable operated, rear drums are hydraulically operated. Front suspension by rubber strap, no rear suspension. Steering is by bike fork.

Chassis: Space frame constructed from carbon fiber tubes. Body is made from carbon fiber and foam sandwich.

Motor: Bosch GPA Brushless DC, 3.0 kW peak power, 2.0 kW continuous power rating, 48 Volt, 6000 rpm, 6kg.

Controller: Custom MOSFET design.

Transmission: directly to front wheel.

Controls: Hand throttle and brake.

Telemetry: None.

Batteries: GS Sealed lead acid, 4 in total, 48 Volt, 1.26 kWhr, 26 Ahr rating, 40 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Deutsche Aerospace monocrystalline silicon, 14% cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Single fixed flat panel, 720 cells encapsulated in fiberglass and plastic, 975 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday duringrace: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: No data

Controller: Single MPPT, custom built by T Viebach. Notes and problems during race: Day 1: 22 minutes lost due to flat tyre, 15 minutes lost due to rear section of solar array being blown loose, 24 minutes lost for lunch, 44 minutes to recharge battery. Retired. Predicted dist/day: 315 km Actual avg dist/day: 87.9 km Best distance/day: 87.9 km Practice kilometers: 50 km Time for race (hrimin): 3:35 (retired.) Penalties: None

Daily results: Not applicable

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): No data Drag area (CdA): No data Measured: No data

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 155 kg Length: 4.150 m Width 1.950 m Height:...1.000 m.... Wheelbase: 2.650 m Track: 1.900 m Ground clr: 0.250 m

Wheels and tires: 20 inch, 36 spoke bike wheels, 20*1.75 Russian tires at 390 kPa..

Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: No data Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Bike wheel rim calipers on all 3 wheels, front suspension is by modified bike fork, no damping or springs. No rear suspension. Steering is by bike handlebars.

Chassis: Bolted (no welder available) aluminium tube. No body.

Motor: 2 LEPSE Brush DC motors, 0.5 kW continuous power rating (each), 60 Volt, 4.75 kg, 70% efficient.

Controller: Custom.

Transmission: Single stage chain, 9:1 ratio.

Controls: Hand throttle and brakes.

Telemetry: None

Batteries: Kvant NiZn, 2 cells 56 Volts, 1.20 kWhr capacity, 35 Ahr rating, 43 kg. Charge at start and end of each day (%): No data

Solar cells: Pravda, 11.5 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Fixed, single panel, 600 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneous panel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm : No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: No data

Controller: None

Notes and problems during race: Not known Est top speed (solar/battery): 51/60 km/hr Predicted race avg: 45.0 km/hr Actual average speed: Not applicable Best day avg speed: N/A Predicted dist/day: 405 km Actual avg dist/day: N/A Best distance/day: Not applicable Practice kilometers: N/A Time for race: Retiredat start line. Penalties: None

Daily results: 23456789 Distance: -

Aerodynamics: Drag coefficient (Cd): No data Frontal area (A): 0.5 rrfl Drag area (CdA): No data Measured: No data.

Dimensions: Weight (without driver): 120 kg Length: 4.000 m Width: 2.000 m Height:...1.200 m.... Wheelbase: 2.100 m Track: 1.500 m Ground clr: 0.100 m

Wheels and tires: Front is 12 inch spoked bike wheels with Sinclair 16*2.00 54-305 tire. Rear: 22 inch spoked bike wheel with Hutchinson City slicks, 26* 1.50 40-55D at 550 kPa. Number: 3 Rolling resistance (estimated): No data Number of flat tires during race: N/A Time to change: No data

Brakes, suspension, steering: Drum brakes, front by Malaguti, rear by Honda. No front suspension, rear is single trailing arm. Steering by bike fork and bell cranks.

Chassis: Welded tubular steel space frame. Body is 1.6mm birch plywood.

Motor: Pump Engineering Service Corp, DC. 2.5 kW peak power, 18 Volt, 75 Amp, 8000 rpm

Controller: Series - parallel switching of solar panels.

Transmission: Single stage, 3/8 inch bike chain, 7.7:1 ratio.

Controls: Foot control gives basic 3 position control of motor, foot operated rear brakes, hand operated front brake.

Telemetry: None.

Batteries: 3 GS GTX12-BS sealed lead acid, 12 Volt, 0.5 kWhr capacity, 45Ahr rating, 18 kgs, not normally connected.

Solar cells: Siemens monocrystalline silicon, 13 % cell efficiency.

Type of solar panel: Flat, fixed, single top surface, one facet, cells supported on spruce and balsa frame, 648 cells, 18 volt output, 972 W at standard solar illumination. Maximum instantaneouspanel power during race: No data Typical maximum panel power at midday during race: No data Average panel power from 8:00 am till 5:00 pm: No data Speed on 1000 Watts to motor: No data

Controller: None - switched directly to the motor or batteries.

Notes and problems during race: Did not start. Appendix B

Weather.

Weather data supplied by Dick Duncan, Solar Research Corporation. These data were acquired by an instrumented vehicle which followed the lead cars. Further back in the field, weather conditions were significantly different.

Day 1: Total solar energy received: 7,125 Whr/m2

Time Temperature Wind Dir Wind Speed Insolation Observations CC) (km/hr) (W/m-) 08:00 29.5 N 4 251 High stratus, total cover. 09:00 30.0 NNW 4 598 Some high stratus. 10:00 30.5 NNW 0-2 757 Light cumulus. 11:00 33.0 E 2-3 928 Light high stratus. 12:00 37.0 NE 3-4 970 Clear. 13:00 37.0 NE 4 925 Clear. 14:00 38.0 ENE 2 852 Clear, some smoke haze. 15:00 38.5 NNE 2-4 687 Clear, some smoke haze. 16:00 38.0 S 2 497 Clear, some smoke haze. 17:00 36.5 SE 6 331 Clear, some smoke haze.

Day 2: Total solar energy received: 8,931 Whr/m2

Time Temperature Wind Du­ Wind Speed Insolation Observations CC) (km/hr) (W/m2) 08:00 30.0 ne 0-2 435 Light, high stratus. 09:00 32.0 ESE 10 722 High alto cirrus to north. 10:00 33.0 E 5 900 Clear, some light cirrus. 11:00 35.0 NNE 3-5 1,064 Clear, some light cirrus. 12:00 35.5 E 4 1,094 Clear, some light cirrus. 13:00 37.5 ENE 8 1,060 Clear, some light cirrus. 14:00 36.0 E 5 999 Clear, some light cirrus. 15:00 37.0 W 3 828 Clear, some light cirrus. 16:00 35.0 s 3 622 Clear, some light cirrus. 17:00 36.0 - 0 417 Clear, light cumulus. Day 3: Total solar energy received: 8,284 Whr/m2

Time Temperature Wind Dir Wind Speed Insolation Observations rc) (km/hr) (W/m2) 08:00 30.5 E 2 428 Clear 09:00 33.0 NW 11-16 719 Light stratus. 10:00 36.5 NNW 10 975 Light stratus. 11:00 37.0 NNW 6 1120 Light high cumulus. 12:00 38.0 E 6 954 Light high cumulus. 13:00 38.0 N 2-6 1018 Light high cumulus. 14:00 38.0 NW 5 1123 Heavier high cumulus. 15:00 38.0 NE 6 636 Thick high cumulus. 16:00 35.5 ENE 15 785 Thick high cumulus. 17:00 30.5 E 8 76 Heavy cloud cover, medium level.

Day 4: Total solar energy received: 4,912 Whr/m2

Time Temperature Wind Dir Wind Speed Insolation Observations m (km/hr) (W/m2) 08:00 24.0 E 5 250 Thick cloudcover. 09:00 23.5 ESE 8 209 Thick cloud cover. 10:00 25.0 E 5 317 Thick cloud cover. 11:00 26.0 E 5-7 803 Broken cover. 12:00 23.5 NE 4-5 199 Heavy cloud, light rain. 13:00 27.5 - - 432 Medium cover, mid level 14:00 29.0 NE 6 656 Broken cloud cover. 15:00 31.5 NE 1 799 Patchy cloudcover. 16:00 29.0 NE 10-15 338 High light cirrus. 17:00 26.5 E 12-15 389 High light cirrus.

Day 5: Total solar energy received: 7,324 Whr/m2 DAILY DISTANCE KM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 527 560 629 472 618 201 Fin WEIGHT: 182.5 kg, 402 lbs LENGTH: 5.624m WIDTH: 2.010m HEIGHT: 1.059m WHEELBASE: 2.380m TRACK WIDTH: 1.530m CLEARANCE: 0.30m WHEELS AND TIRES: Carbon, three spoke, aero wheel with 26x1 inch Michelin Slicks (single tired wheel), or caibon disk with 26.5x0.9 inch Michelin Slicks (twin wheel) @ 120 psi front & 100 psi back. Twin tires have thin tread and low rolling resistance. NUMBER OF FLAT TIRES: 5 (3 on third day). TIME TO CHANGE A FLAT. 4 - 5 minutes average BRAKES. SUSPENSION AND STEERING: Hydraulic disk front brakes, on rear. Double wishbone in front with hydropneumatic suspension providing springing and damping. Trailing arm on rear with transverse torsion bar spring and double motorcycle shocks. Cable steering with transverse control link. Changed two shock absorbers due to loss of air pressure. CHASSIS: Laminated caibon/Aramid fiber/foam construction. Central foam sandwich girders with lateral ribs supporting the laminated body shell and solar panel. Panel and canopy are hinged to provide access. Body constr. by Buchner CH-8117 Fallanden. MOTOR: Biel Custom built, AC Synchronous Permanent magnet, 1.5kw rated, Tkw max, 7000 RPM, 65 volts, 6.5 kg, 94.5% efficient. Blower cooling. CONTROLS Constant power motor controller. Motor controller manufactured by Biel, designed to run at a 0° phase angle. TRANSMISSION: Direct chain drivenrear wheel, change gears depending on the weather. BATTERIES: Eagle Picher, Silver-Zinc, 86 cells, 4.782 kw-hrs, 39 kg wL, 111 volts. MAXIMUM BATTERY DISCHARGE: 5th Day to 20% FIRST DAY DISCHARGE: To 50% REPORTED MAXIMUM BATTERY CHARGE MORNING: 1440wh EVENING: lOOOwh SOLAR CELLS: Telefunken Systemtechnik (Germany), Space Grade, Laser Grooved, Monocrystalline Silicon, 1070 cells, 80x85mm cells overlap construction with 96% active areal coverage, 17.5% overall panel efficiency, 1300 watts peak @ 25°C. Seven strings of 4 panels each. Six peak power trackers, Biel designed. In the Australia sun, the panel put out 10% more power than in Switzerland. TYPE OF SOLAR PANEL: Fixed gently curved panel with a single facet, nearly flat. PANEL VOLTAGE: 100 volts REPORTED MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS PANEL POWER DURING RACE: 1680wfor4sec REPORTED PANEL POWER ON A SUNNY DAY AT HIGH NOON. 1300 - 1400w REPORTED AVERAGE PANEL POWER FROM 8AM TO 5PM DURING A SUNNY DAY: 980w- 1040w REPORTED SPEED ON 1000 WATTS OF PANEL POWER: 67 kph NOTES AND REPORTED PROBLEMS DURING THE RACE: Batteries will not accept high charge rates. Two cells were damaged at the end of the race. Changed one electronic unit due to transistor failure 3 hours after the start, 8 minutes lost. Otherwise, all systems worked well, everything was optimized. Helicopter caused wind instability at one point. Car is stable with cross winds causing angles of attack up to 20°. Would have broken GM's record except for cross head winds between Coober Pedy and Port Augusta, it slowed the car 8 kph. Improved telemetry and radio communications would be better. Lost radio contact at one point. The ampere/hour meter in the car was off by 5%, the computer in the car, using telemetered data, was accurate. The twin wheel had more flats than the single. Rocks stuck in the center penetrated the tire side walls and also stone tread ruptures were more frequent. Biel won awards for the best solar array - single passenger , first with silver zinc batteries and for best sportsmanship CHASSIS: Monocoque, laminated carbon/Kevlar/honeycomb construction. Central carbon/honeycomb box girder supporting the suspension, laminated body shell and solar panel. Panel and canopy were lifted off to provide access to the interior. MOTOR: Epson, DC permanent magnet brushless, 1.4kw rated, 4.5kw max, 3000 RPM, 100 volts, 7 kg, 93.5% efficient. Blower cooling. CONTROLS: Constant speed and constant power motor control. Motor controller manufactured by Epson.

TRANSMISSION: Direct chain driven rear wheel, 4:1 reduction. BATTERIES: GS. Silver-Zinc, 64 cells, 1.92 kw-hrs, 28 kg wt., 96 volts. MAXIMUM BATTERY DISCHARGE: 35 - 40% FIRST DAY DISCHARGE: To 60% REPORTED MAXIMUM BATTERY CHARGE MORNING: 13% of 20ah EVENING: 11% of20ah SOLAR CELLS: Hoxan, Space Grade, Monocrystalline Silicon, 1920 cells, 16% overall panel efficiency or less (est.), 1250 watts peak. 20 individual panels. No peak power trackers. TYPE OF SOLAR PANEL. Fixed aero shapedpanel with four facets. PANEL VOLTAGE: 130 volts REPORTED MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS PANEL POWER DURING RACE: 1250w REPORTED PANEL POWER ON A SUNNY DAY AT HIGH NOON. 1040w REPORTED AVERAGE PANEL POWER FROM SAM TO 5PM DURING A SUNNY DAY: 775won day 3 REPORTED SPEED ON 1000 WATTS OF PANEL POWER: 72 kph NOTES AND REPORTED PROBLEMS DURING THE RACE: In 200 wind tunnel tests, the final shape had a constant drag coefficient up to a 13° angle of attack and was almost flat up to 30”. There was little side force. The car handled well in all wind conditions, with some side movement in buffeting crosswinds. Major problems during the race were the bad weather the first day with resulting slow speed and the low output of the solar array. The solar array performed poorly when hot and overall producedless than expected. An improved solar panel would have helped. Broke bolt in rear suspension, after hitting a cattle grid, causing rear wheel assembly to break apart Lost 15 minutes in replacement It damaged the bodywork, but this was repaired in the evening - a spare car was used for replacement parts. 35 ampere hours of battery storage would have been preferable to the 20ah used. Overall the design for aerodynamics, weight, tires, stability and styling was excellent. A TV monitor rear view system worked well. Besides winning second place overall, Honda won awards as the first Japanese vehicle and for second with silver zinc batteries. BRAKES. SUSPENSION AND STEERING: Hydraulic disk front brakes, regenerative rear braking. Modified McPherson strut on front with coil over shocks, trailing arms on rear with coil over shocks. Rack and pinion steering with chain and sprockets connecting steering wheel to steering gear box. CHASSIS: Aluminum 6061-T6 tube subframe, Kevlar/Nomex honeycomb body. MOTOR: Magnatek, permanent magnet DC brushless, 1.5kw rated, 4.5kw max, 2500 RPM, 130 volts, 8.2 kg, 90% efficient. Blower cooling. CONTROLS: Constant speed motor control. Motor controller manufactured by Magnatek.

TRANSMISSION: Direct chain drive to right rear wheel, 2.7:1 reduction. BATTERIES: Eagle Picher, Silver-Zinc, 68 cells, 4.0 kw-hrs, 40 kg wt, 126 volts. MAXIMUM BATTERY DISCHARGE: 3 Days to 5%, 3 Days to 7% FIRST DAY DISCHARGE: To 7% REPORTED MAXIMUM BATTERY CHARGE MORNING: 1550wh EVENING: 1350wh SOLAR CELLS: Spectrolab K7 (USA), Space Grade, Laser Grooved, Monocrystalline Silicon, 1550 cells, 16.5% efficiency, 1140 watts peak. 37 series strings in 7 facets. 7 AERL peak power trackers (Australia). TYPE OF SOLAR PANEL: Curved aero shaped top panel with 5 facets plus 2 flat side panels. PANEL VOLTAGE: 150 volts REPORTED MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS PANEL POWER DURING RACE. 1641w (cold, cloudy with clear gap for sun). REPORTED PANEL POWER ON A SUNNY DAY AT HIGH NOON: 1140w REPORTED AVERAGE PANEL POWER FROM 8AM TO 5PM DURING A SUNNY DAY: 900w REPORTED SPEED ON 1000 WATTS OF PANEL POWER. 60 kph NOTES AND REPORTED PROBLEMS DURING THE RACE: No major problems, mechanical or electrical. Car was highly stable in side winds. Battery management worked out perfectly, ended with nearly discharged batteries. Best feature of the car was superb reliability and high solar collector area. The car could be improved by lowering the frontal area (reducing the pod height and catamaran side pod width). The weight could also be reduced. The aerodynamic drag was extremely low considering the car size. The fiber optic rear view system worked well. Michigan won awards for the best student team and for third with silver zinc batteries. CHASSIS: Laminated carbon/Kevlar/Nomex honeycomb sandwich construction. Central honeycomb sandwich box frame supporting the laminated carbon/Kevlar/carbon body shell, solar panel and suspension. MOTOR: Hoxan permanentmagnet DC brushless with a Uniq Mobility backup motor. 1.2 kw rated, 2.1 kw max, 6500 RPM, 100 volts, 3.9 kg, 93% efficient. Blower cooling. CONTROLS: Constant power, constant speed motor control. Motor controller manufactured by Hoxan. TRANSMISSION: Direct chain driven rear wheel, 4 speed bicycle derailleur, 6:1 to 10:1 reduction.

BATTERIES: GS. Silver-Zinc, 64 cells, 1.92 kw-hrs, 28 kg wt., 96 volts. MAXIMUM BATTERY DISCHARGE. 6th Day to 0% FIRST DAY DISCHARGE: To 50% REPORTED MAXIMUM BATTERY CHARGE MORNING: lOOOwh EVENING: 900wh SOLAR CELLS: Hoxan (Japan), Space Grade, Monociystalline Silicon, 1920 cells, 16% overall panel efficiency (est), 1100 watts. Seven panels of 280 cells each. Brusa 250w peak power trackers. TYPE OF SOLAR PANEL: Smoothly curved aero shaped fixed panel, single facet. PANEL VOLTAGE: 120 volts REPORTED MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS PANEL POWER DURING RACE: 1300w REPORTED PANEL POWER ON A SUNNY DAY AT HIGH NOON: 1200w REPORTED AVERAGE PANEL POWER FROM SAM TO 5PM DURING A SUNNY DAY: 790w REPORTED SPEED ON 1000 WATTS OF PANEL POWER: 70 kph NOTES AND REPORTED PROBLEMS DURING THE RACE: Derailleur wouldn'tshift to lowest gear on Hayes Creek grade. Had to stop and shift by hand to climb hill, lost 30 minutes. Two motors failed and had to be replaced, lost 2 hours. Vibration caused a short in the panel circuits. Car was very stable in high winds, no handling problems. An improvement would be better tires, better motors and less weight. The best feature was the low aerodynamic drag and excellentcar shape and overall mechanical design. A second car was available for spare parts. wheels steer and counter steer. Leading link, with double trailing link non parallel wishbone suspension with coil over shocks. Motor is direct mounted on suspension, unsprung. CHASSIS: Monocoque laminated carbon/Kevlar. MOTOR: Uniq Mobility, permanent magnet DC brushless, 5.97kw rated, 14.9kw max, 6500 RPM, 100/150 volts, 6 kg, 95% efficient. Blower cooling. CONTROLS: Constant speed motor control. Motor controller manufactured by Uniq Mobility.

TRANSMISSION: Direct chain drive to center wheel, 7.3:1 reduction. BATTERIES: Eagle Richer, Silver-Zinc, 55 cells, 4.125 kw-hrs, 49 kg wt., 108 volts. MAXIMUM BATTERY DISCHARGE: To near 0% FIRST DAY DISCHARGE: To near 0% REPORTED MAXIMUM BATTERY CHARGE MORNING: 1900wh EVENING: 1400wh SOLAR CELLS: Spectrolab/Hughes (USA) K7/K4, Space Grade, Monocrystalline Silicon, 10,324 cells, 15.5/13.25% efficiency, 1560 watts peak. 29 series strings in 5 panels. 4 AERL peak power trackers. Total panel area 16.86 m^. TYPE OF SOLAR PANEL: Fixed, flat, tilted top-panel with one flat side-panel. PANEL VOLTAGE: 177 volts REPORTED MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS PANEL POWER DURING RACE: 1700w. REPORTED PANEL POWER ON A SUNNY DAY AT HIGH NOON: 1700w occurs somewhere between 10 AM and 2 PM. REPORTED AVERAGE PANEL POWER FROM SAM TO 5PM DURING A SUNNY DAY. - REPORTED SPEED ON 1000 WATTS OF PANEL POWER: 65 kph NOTES AND REPORTED PROBLEMS DURING THE RACE: Head and cross winds caused vehicle to slow due to a drag increase. Could yaw the steering 5 ° to lower the drag in cross winds somewhat Buffeting winds caused steering instability, making it necessary to slow down for better control. Weaving in crosswinds scrubbed the tires, causing excessive flats. Tires were changed hourly in windy conditions as a precaution. Tire life was only about 90km in side-winds. Drive axle seized midrace and took 36 minutes to replace. Twice, flats caused the car to spin 180° in the middle of the road. A ballast bag tripped two panel switches, shutting down two arrays for several hours. The best feature of the car was the high panel power, made possible with a well oriented surface area (16.86 m^ of solar cells). The vehicle was turned around at noon and driven the opposite direction so the panel would face the Western sky. Being able to run in two directions, conserved weight and panel area compared to a conventional car with side panels. The overall design with a fixed tilted panel was excellent. Improved steering and a fourth wheel would be desirable for future races. The Viking XX won awards for the first two passenger vehicle to finish and for the best two passenger solar array. CHASSIS: Chrome-Moley steel tube subframe. Kevlar/foam sandwich Monocoque body.

MOTOR: Industrial Drive, permanent magnet DC Brushless, 1.4kw rated, 4kw max, 3500 RPM, 100 volts, 5.5 kg, 89% efficient. Passive cooling. CONTROLS: Motor controlled by separate voltage and amperage potentiometers on instrument panel. Motor controller manufactured by AERL. TRANSMISSION: Direct rear wheel chain drive. BATTERIES: Gates. Lead-Acid, 60 cells, 1.5 kw-hrs, 50 kg wt., 120 volts. MAXIMUM BATTERY DISCHARGE: To 7% FIRST DAY DISCHARGE: To 7% REPORTED MAXIMUM BATTERY CHARGE MORNING: 960wh EVENING: 600wh SOLAR CELLS: Solarex. Space Grade, Monocrystalline Silicon (58% of upper surface and 50% of lower surface of panel), Polycrystalline Silicon (42% of upper surface and 50% of lower surface of panel). 4200 mono cells, 3575 poly cells, 16.5/10.5% efficiency, 950 watts peak. 7 mono panels, 5 poly panels. Two AERL peak power trackers. TYPE OF SOLAR PANEL. Tilting flat panel (± 25 to 30"). PANEL VOLTAGE: 130 volts REPORTED MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS PANEL POWER DURING RACE. 800w. REPORTED PANEL POWER ON A SUNNY DAY AT HIGH NOON: 800w REPORTED AVERAGE PANEL POWER FROM SAM TO 5PM DURING A SUNNY DAY: 720w. REPORTED SPEED ON 1000 WATTS OF PANEL POWER: 63kph (est), 59kph on 800w. NOTES AND REPORTED PROBLEMS DURING THE RACE: Stone in chain on third day, 8 minutes lost Electrical discontinuity on day five, 23 minutes lost. With head wind, lost lOkph. Generally stable in side winds but some buffeting. Could use more panel power in future races (higher efficiency). The car was generally reliable, efficient and well designed. The AERL car was an improved modification of the 1987 second place Ford entry (3 wheels instead of 4 and improved struts and aero body work). The 1990 time was more than 7 hours faster than the 1987 time (59.897 hours versus 67.533 hours) and this was using lead acid batteries instead of silver/zinc along with some inferior replacement solar cells. The 1990 version, even with lead acid batteries weighed 20 kg less than the 1987 version (169 versus 189 kg). The aerodynamic and rolling resistance data were estimated by on-road testing after the race. AERL won awards as the first finishing Australian entry and the first with lead acid batteries. Appendix E.

The Balance between Aerodynamic Performance and Power Generation for Various Solar Car Designs.

Toshiaki Tsuchiya Solar Energy Division KYOCERA CORPORATION

Abstract

We have explored various design concepts for a car which could achieve an average speed in excess of 70 km/hr in the 1993 WorldSolar Challenge. We considered the power generation capability and the aerodynamics to be the two primary factors which would determine the car's performance. Since the Kyocera Corporation would be the only solar cell manufacturer to enter the 1993 event, we also wanted to make full use of our available solar cell technology. However, we found that no datawere available on the relative aerodynamic performance of the various possible solar car configurations. We therefore made several 1/5 scale models, each representing a different design concept. For each model we first calculated the solar power that would be generated over the World Solar Challenge course. Then, several variations were made of each model, and each of these was tested in a wind tunnel fitted with a moving-belt floor.

As a result of these tests, the final shape chosen was a solar panel with three facets which maximised the generated power. Full size wind tunnel testing of the actual car yielded values of Cd = 0.125; A = 1.07 m2.

Description of the models.

The seven models investigated are shown in figures E. 1 to E.7. Results.

Model Drag (CdA) A CD Power Speed (m2) (m2) (W) (km/hr)

A 0.201 1.322 0.152 1005 64.8 F 0.211 1.128 0.187 968 63.4 I 0.140 0.954 0.146 979 72 K 0.677 1.419 0.477 1274 48.5 L 0.232 1.336 0.174 1236 66.2 M 0.847 1.523 0.556 1236 45 N 0.732 1.3 0.563 1570 51.2

Notes: 1. All data were calculated for the full size car, not the 1/5 scale model. 2. Power was calculated by taking the racing and charging times specified in the World Solar Challenge 1993 regulations, and using the figures for average November sunshine at Alice Springs. Cell efficiency was assumed to be 19%; module efficiency at operating temperature was assumed to be 17%. No account was taken of the losses associated with matching solar cells on a curved surface. 3. Speed was calculated for a flat road and zero wind.

Conclusions.

When the shape is simple, it is straightforward to find changes which improve the Cd further. With more complex shapes, simple changes can often produce a worse result than before. However, the dramatic improvement in going from, say, model K to model L shows the potential of the method.

There is no ultimate shape. For each design concept, different solutions can be found. Figure Captions.

Figure E.l Model A. Solar panel with five facets. This model was created as the benchmark for comparison with the other models (cf GM Sunraycer 1987, Honda Dream, Maryland 1990, Cal. Poly. Pomona 1990, Sofix 1993, etc.).

Figure E.2 Model F. Flat solar panel. We searched for the simplest possible solar panel arrangement. We found that the frontal area finished up larger than expected (cf Spirit of Biel II & III, Nissan SunFavor 1993, Sonderberg Teknikum 1993).

Figure E.3 Model I. Solar panel with three facets. Keeping the simple solar panel arrangement in mind, we tried to make the frontal area as small as possible (cf Kyocera Son of Sun, CSULA 1990 Solar Eagle [without canopy], 56).

Figure E.4 Model K. Symmetric thin wing with large side panels (cf NTU Desert Rose 1990, Waseda 1993 with side panels, Villanova 1993).

Figure E.5 Model L. Modified type K. Special attention was paid to the pressure differences in the "tunnel” section (cf Michigan 1990, Crowder College 1990).

Figure E.6 Model M. Flat panel with large side panels (cfHoxan 1987, Hokkaido, Cal. Poly. Pomona with large side panels).

Figure E.7 Model N. We searched for the largest possible solar panel allowed by the regulations. Consideration was given to the balance of the car, and the suspension layout (cf Mana La 1987).