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An Effective Detection Strategy and Determining Critical Habitat Characteristics for Boreal Felt Lichen (Erioderma Pedicellatum) in Newfoundland, Canada

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An Effective Detection Strategy and Determining Critical Habitat Characteristics for Boreal Felt Lichen (Erioderma Pedicellatum) in Newfoundland, Canada An effective detection strategy and determining critical habitat characteristics for Boreal Felt Lichen (Erioderma pedicellatum) in Newfoundland, Canada By © Patrick Norman Lauriault A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Science Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland May 2020 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador Abstract Boreal felt lichen (Erioderma pedicellatum) is a rare lichen that is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. On the island of Newfoundland, Canada, the Central Avalon Forest Ecoregion is a hotspot for this species. The population in this region is relatively abundant, providing an opportunity to study its habitat requirements. I used occupied and unoccupied plots (each 5 m radius) to test critical habitat for boreal felt lichen. To ensure I effectively detected lichens in our plots, I developed a decoy lichen experiment to test the detection probability of these lichens. I applied the results from the decoy experiment to the habitat study. Although I could not consider time in the study, I discussed how the shortened lifespan of the host tree may constrain the temporal niche of boreal felt lichen. I identified critical habitat for boreal felt lichen, which will contribute to informed land use to help protect this population. i Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Yolanda F. Wiersma for generous recommendations, support and time to consult over the duration of my research program. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Luise Hermanutz and Dr. Troy McMullin, for providing ideas and guidance during our annual committee meetings as well as their edits on my thesis throughout the writing process. I want to acknowledge John Godfrey and Jessika Lamarre as volunteer seekers for Chapter 2: Reducing the rates of false absences in cryptic species inventory and sampling work, without them, we would have no insight for inter-seeker variability when searching for rare and cryptic lichen species. I also thank the Memorial University Botanical Gardens for allowing us to use their grounds for some of our plots. I acknowledge Brian Ronayne for tremendous help with data collection in the summer of 2018. Finally, I would like to thank my colleagues Rachel Wigle, Tegan Padgett, Travis Heckford and Isabella Richmond in the Landscape Ecology and Spatial Analysis lab who provided productive conversations during the development of this project as well as a supportive working atmosphere. This research was supported by funding from NSERC and Environment Climate Change Canada’s Habitat Stewardship Program to YFW and under Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Research Permit 2018/19-14 issued by the Department of Fisheries and Land Resources. ii Abstract........................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... ii List of Tables .................................................................................................. v List of Figures ............................................................................................. vii 1 Introduction and Overview ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Species’ Description ...........................................................................................1 1.2 Threats to Cyanolichens ....................................................................................4 1.3 Avalon Forest Ecoregion Description ...............................................................5 1.4 Thesis Objectives ................................................................................................6 1.5 References .........................................................................................................10 1.6 Coauthorship Statement ..................................................................................14 2 Reducing the rate of false absences of cryptic species in inventory and sampling work .............................................................................................. 16 2.1 Abstract .............................................................................................................16 2.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................17 2.3 Methods .............................................................................................................20 2.4 Results ...............................................................................................................26 2.5 Discussion ..........................................................................................................31 2.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations ....................................................34 2.7 Literature Cited ................................................................................................34 3 Substrate dynamics over time influence the rarity of tree-dwelling cyanolichens .................................................................................................. 38 3.1 Abstract .............................................................................................................38 3.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................38 3.3 Methods .............................................................................................................45 iii 3.4 Results ...............................................................................................................46 3.5 Discussion ..........................................................................................................49 3.6 References .........................................................................................................53 4 Identifying critical habitat for boreal felt lichen (Erioderma pedicellatum) in Newfoundland, Canada ................................................... 59 4.1 Abstract .............................................................................................................59 4.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................60 4.3 Methods .............................................................................................................65 4.3.1 Study area ............................................................................................................ 65 4.3.2 Data collection ..................................................................................................... 66 4.3.3 Statistical Analyses .............................................................................................. 68 4.4 Results ...............................................................................................................71 4.5 Discussion ..........................................................................................................74 4.6 References .........................................................................................................78 5 Summary ................................................................................................... 83 5.1 Thesis Summary ...............................................................................................83 5.2 Limitations ........................................................................................................86 5.3 Management Implications ...............................................................................89 5.4 References .........................................................................................................90 Appendices .................................................................................................... 92 Appendix A: AIC tables for Chapter 4 habitat analyses ....................................92 Appendix B: Tree spatial distribution of boreal felt lichen ..............................101 Appendix C: Protocol for Field Season 2018 (Chapter 4) ................................105 iv List of Tables Table 4.1 List of working hypotheses to be used in the AIC(c) analyses grouped by scale. In this table, boreal felt lichen is abbreviated as BFL, the predictions are the direction of habitat suitability (positive: more suitable, negative: less suitable) as the hypothesized factor increases. Suitability will be indicated by presence/absence of BFL, abundance and reproductive output. 64 Table A.1. Corresponding to Figure 4.2A, the tree level AIC table that includes tests the presence/absence of boreal felt lichen, with points taken on boreal felt lichen presence plots (N = 125). “+” indicates the addition of variables to the model, “:” is the model that includes the interaction of the two variables. 92 Table A.2. Corresponding to Figure 4.2E, the AIC table showing the top-ranked models out of all explanatory parameters tested for plot level using boreal felt lichen abundance as the response metric (N = 25). “+” indicates the addition of variables to the model, “:” is the model that includes the interaction of the two variables. 93 Table A.3. Corresponding to Figure 4.2C, The AIC table for beyond plot analyses looking at various parameters that exceed the constraints of the plot area. This table is for the logistic regression models using presence and absence of boreal felt lichen
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