Impact-Of-Refugees-On-Hosting-Communities-In-Ethiopia-A-Social-Analysis.Pdf
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Impact of Refugees on Hosting Communities in Ethiopia Communities in onHosting Refugees of Impact A SOCIAL ANALYSIS SOCIAL A Impact of Refugees on Hosting Communities in Ethiopia A SOCIAL ANALYSIS © 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 202-473-1000 | www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accu- racy of the data included in this work. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, World Bank Group, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax 202-522-2625; email: [email protected]. Cover photo: Photo: Natalia Cieslik / World Bank The State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF) is a global fund to finance critical development operations and analysis in situa- tions of fragility, conflict, and violence. The SPF is supported by Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms..................................................vii Acknowledgements .........................................................viii Key Findings ................................................................ix Part I. Impact of Refugees on Hosting Communities in Ethiopia 1 Introduction.............................................................. 2 Background to the Report ............................................................................2 Structure and Organization ...........................................................................5 2 Methodology and Limitations . .6 Defining and Measuring Social Impact ..................................................................6 Fieldwork and Preparation of Case Reports . .8 Limitations and Caveats ..............................................................................8 3 A Brief History of Displacement in Ethiopia and Its Refugee-Hosting Regions . 10 A Brief History of Displacement in Ethiopia . 10 Displacement and the Refugee-Hosting Regions ........................................................13 4 Understanding Refugees and Hosts in the Ethiopian Context ....................23 5 Economic/Material Impacts ................................................26 Economic Transformation of the Refugee-Hosting Areas . .26 Livelihoods, Jobs, and Trade . .28 Remittances and Inflation . .34 Pressures on Land and Environmental Degradation ......................................................36 Contents | iii 6 Social Impacts of Displacement .............................................38 Overall Relationships Between Refugees and Hosts . .39 Patterns of Interaction ..............................................................................40 Intermarriage ......................................................................................41 Insecurity and gender-based violence . .42 Changing Forms of Social Organization and Gender Roles ................................................44 7 Access to Services and Development Responses ..............................46 Increase in Access to Services as a Response to Displacement . 46 Inequity in Access ..................................................................................47 8 Policy Implications . .49 Work and Livelihoods . 49 Provision of services ................................................................................50 Local Integration ...................................................................................51 References . 52 Part II. Case Studies A Addis Ababa . .2 B Benishangul-Gumuz ......................................................49 C Gambella ...............................................................84 D Somali Region ......................................................... 130 iv | Contents Boxes 1.1 Ethiopia’s Nine Pledges .............................................................................4 3.1 Changing Citizenship..............................................................................16 3.2 “Double” Refugees ................................................................................20 5.1 A Codependence Underpinned by Legal Status and Bureaucratic Obstacles ................................34 5.2 Refugees and Addis Ababa’s Housing Market..........................................................35 6.1 Cultural Proximity in the Somali Region...............................................................39 7.1 Development Responses to Displacement ............................................................47 A.1 Community Consultation Highlights Misunderstandings About Inflation . .30 A.2 A Focus Group Discussion on the Tensions Around Rental Prices . 31 A.3 A Semistructured Interview ........................................................................32 A.4 A Community Consultation: “There is no place where people do not interact” . 42 B.1 The Trajectory of Double Refugees in Sherkole . 59 B.2 Formal and Informal Conflict-Resolution Mechanisms ..................................................74 B.3 Building a Relationship of Mutual Trust Through Refugee-Host Exchanges . 75 C.1 Blurred Lines: Citizens and Refugees and the Acquisition of Services.....................................107 Figures 1.1 Refugees by Country of Origin (percent of total) ........................................................2 2.1 Life History Collection of a Sudanese Refugee Living in Addis Ababa . 9 3.1 Displacement in and from Ethiopia: A Timeline of Selected Events ........................................11 3.2 Historical Tensions Between the Anywaa and the Nuer in Gambella . 15 5.1 Bole Michael (magnified—bottom left) showing changes between 2004 and 2020 ..........................27 5.2 Sources of Livelihood Currently and Before Displacement ...............................................29 5.3 Labor Force Participation and Employment Status . .29 5.4 Environmental Degradation Between 2015–20 Around Nguenyyiel Refugee Camp, Gambella . 36 6.1 Interpersonal Relationships Between Refugees and Host Communities....................................38 Contents | v A.1 Refugee Ecosystem Model, Addis Ababa . .12 A.2 Host Community Ecosystem Model, Addis Ababa ......................................................14 A.3 Lifeline of a Host Community Member, Addis Ababa . .33 B.1 Refugee Ecosystem Model, Sherkole.................................................................55 B.2 Host Community Ecosystem Model, Sherkole . .57 B.3 Lifeline of a Host Community Member, Benishangul–Gumuz . 58 C.1 Refugee Ecosystem Model, Gambella . 99 C.2 Host Community Ecosystem Model, Gambella........................................................100 C.3 Lifeline of a Host Community Member, Gambella .....................................................105 D.1 Refugee Ecosystem Model, Somali Region . 141 Maps 1.1 Refugees and Refugee-Hosting Regions in Ethiopia .....................................................3 3.1 Refugee Camps in Ethiopia . 13 C.1 Gambella Detailed Operational Overview” (as of January 2018) ..........................................87 Tables 2.1 Research Questions . .7 A.1 Economic Indicators for Addis Ababa: Comparison Across Groups .........................................5 D.1 Somali Region: Demographics . .130 vi | Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ARRA Agency for Refugee and Returnee Affairs NGO nongovernmental organization CC community consultation NRC Norwegian Refugee Council CRRF Comprehensive Refugee Response NRDEP National Resource Development and Framework Environmental Protection Department DICAC Development and Inter-Church Aid RCC Refugee Central Committee Commission RDPP Regional Development and Protection FGD focus group discussion Programme ID identification SPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ Army IRC International Rescue Committee SSI semistructured interview KII key informant interview UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for LLI Life line interview Refugees MSF Médecins Sans Frontières Currency Br = Ethiopian birr Abbreviations | vii Acknowledgements This study was undertaken by a World Bank team led by research possible, and we would like to specifically thank Varalakshmi Vemuru and comprising Aditya Sarkar and the numerous people interviewed—refugees, members of Andrea Fitri Woodhouse. Aditya Sarkar led the writing of the host community, and officials alike who, regardless of this report. Samuel Hall conducted the field research and their situation, generously shared their knowledge, experi- wrote the case studies that are being published with this ences, attitudes, and hopes with us. overview. The team would like to especially acknowledge the contributions of Nassim Majidi, Rebecca Frischkorn,