Modeling the Lamellipodium of Motile Cells
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UCSD MOLECULE PAGES Doi:10.6072/H0.MP.A002549.01 Volume 1, Issue 2, 2012 Copyright UC Press, All Rights Reserved
UCSD MOLECULE PAGES doi:10.6072/H0.MP.A002549.01 Volume 1, Issue 2, 2012 Copyright UC Press, All rights reserved. Review Article Open Access WAVE2 Tadaomi Takenawa1, Shiro Suetsugu2, Daisuke Yamazaki3, Shusaku Kurisu1 WASP family verprolin-homologous protein 2 (WAVE2, also called WASF2) was originally identified by its sequence similarity at the carboxy-terminal VCA (verprolin, cofilin/central, acidic) domain with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and N-WASP (neural WASP). In mammals, WAVE2 is ubiquitously expressed, and its two paralogs, WAVE1 (also called suppressor of cAMP receptor 1, SCAR1) and WAVE3, are predominantly expressed in the brain. The VCA domain of WASP and WAVE family proteins can activate the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, a major actin nucleator in cells. Proteins that can activate the Arp2/3 complex are now collectively known as nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs), and the WASP and WAVE families are a founding class of NPFs. The WAVE family has an amino-terminal WAVE homology domain (WHD domain, also called the SCAR homology domain, SHD) followed by the proline-rich region that interacts with various Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain proteins. The VCA domain located at the C-terminus. WAVE2, like WAVE1 and WAVE3, constitutively forms a huge heteropentameric protein complex (the WANP complex), binding through its WHD domain with Abi-1 (or its paralogs, Abi-2 and Abi-3), HSPC300 (also called Brick1), Nap1 (also called Hem-2 and NCKAP1), Sra1 (also called p140Sra1 and CYFIP1; its paralog is PIR121 or CYFIP2). The WANP complex is recruited to the plasma membrane by cooperative action of activated Rac GTPases and acidic phosphoinositides. -
Microtubule Nucleation Remote from Centrosomes May Explain
Microtubule nucleation remote from centrosomes may INAUGURAL ARTICLE explain how asters span large cells Keisuke Ishiharaa,b,1, Phuong A. Nguyena,b, Aaron C. Groena,b, Christine M. Fielda,b, and Timothy J. Mitchisona,b,1 aDepartment of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and bMarine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 This contribution is part of the special series of Inaugural Articles by members of the National Academy of Sciences elected in 2014. Edited by Ronald D. Vale, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of California, San Francisco, CA, and approved November 13, 2014 (received for review October 6, 2014) A major challenge in cell biology is to understand how nanometer- aster growth in large cells, such as microtubule sliding, tread- sized molecules can organize micrometer-sized cells in space and milling, or nucleation remote from centrosomes. time. One solution in many animal cells is a radial array of Previously we developed a cell-free system to reconstitute microtubules called an aster, which is nucleated by a central cleavage furrow signaling where growing asters interacted (5, organizing center and spans the entire cytoplasm. Frog (here 12). Here, we combine cell-free reconstitution and quantitative Xenopus laevis) embryos are more than 1 mm in diameter and imaging to identify microtubule nucleation away from the cen- divide with a defined geometry every 30 min. Like smaller cells, trosome as the key biophysical mechanism underlying aster they are organized by asters, which grow, interact, and move to growth. We propose that aster growth in large cells should be precisely position the cleavage planes. -
Profilin and Formin Constitute a Pacemaker System for Robust Actin
RESEARCH ARTICLE Profilin and formin constitute a pacemaker system for robust actin filament growth Johanna Funk1, Felipe Merino2, Larisa Venkova3, Lina Heydenreich4, Jan Kierfeld4, Pablo Vargas3, Stefan Raunser2, Matthieu Piel3, Peter Bieling1* 1Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany; 2Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany; 3Institut Curie UMR144 CNRS, Paris, France; 4Physics Department, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany Abstract The actin cytoskeleton drives many essential biological processes, from cell morphogenesis to motility. Assembly of functional actin networks requires control over the speed at which actin filaments grow. How this can be achieved at the high and variable levels of soluble actin subunits found in cells is unclear. Here we reconstitute assembly of mammalian, non-muscle actin filaments from physiological concentrations of profilin-actin. We discover that under these conditions, filament growth is limited by profilin dissociating from the filament end and the speed of elongation becomes insensitive to the concentration of soluble subunits. Profilin release can be directly promoted by formin actin polymerases even at saturating profilin-actin concentrations. We demonstrate that mammalian cells indeed operate at the limit to actin filament growth imposed by profilin and formins. Our results reveal how synergy between profilin and formins generates robust filament growth rates that are resilient to changes in the soluble subunit concentration. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.50963.001 *For correspondence: peter.bieling@mpi-dortmund. mpg.de Introduction Competing interests: The Eukaryotic cells move, change their shape and organize their interior through dynamic actin net- authors declare that no works. -
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT Dr Krishnendu Das Assistant Professor Department of Zoology City College
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT Dr Krishnendu Das Assistant Professor Department of Zoology City College Q.What are the intermediate filaments? State their role as cytoskeleton. How its functional significance differs from others? This component of cytoskeleton intermediates between actin filaments (about 7 nm in diameter) and microtubules (about 25 nm in diameter). In contrast to actin filament and microtubule the intermediate filaments are not directly involved in cell movements, instead they appear to play basically a structural role by providing mechanical strength to cells and tissues. (Figure 1: Structure of intermediate filament proteins- intermediate filament proteins contain a central α-helical rod domain of approximately 310 amino acids (350 amino acids in the nuclear lamins). The N-terminal head and C-terminal tail domains vary in size and shape. Q.How intermediate filaments differ from actin filaments and microtubules in respect of their components? Actin filaments and microtubules are polymers of single types of proteins (e.g; actin tubulins), whereas intermediate filaments are composed of a variety of proteins that are expressed in different types of cells (as given in the tabular form) Type Protein Size (kd) Site of expression I Acidic keratin 40-60 Epithelial cells II Neutral or basic keratin 50-70 Do III Vimentin 54 Fibroblasts, WBC and other cell types Desmin 53 Muscle cells Periferin 57 Peripheral neurons IV Neurofilament proteins NF-L 67 Neurons NF-M 150 Neurons NF-H 200 Neurons V Nuclear lamins 60-75 Nuclear lamina of all cell types VI nestin 200 Stem cells, especially of the central nervous system Q.How do intermediate filaments assemble? (Figure 2) The central rod domains of two polypeptides wind around each other in a coiled-coil structure to form dimmers. -
Medical Cell Biology Microfilaments 1 Thomas J
MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY MICROFILAMENTS September 24, 2003 Thomas J. Schmidt, Ph.D. Department of Physiology and Biophysics 5-610 BSB, 335-7847 Reading Assignment: Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed..), 2001, by B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts, and P. Walter; Chapter 16, pp. 907-925, 927-939, 943-981 Key Concepts: 1. The cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein filaments (actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules) that traverses the cell cytoplasm and performs many important and diverse cellular functions. 2. Thin actin filaments, which are present in all cells, are composed of two helically interwined chains of G-actin monomers. 3. A variety of proteins including spectrin, filamin, gelsolin, thymosin, profilin, fimbrin and α-actinin regulate the dynamic state of actin filaments 4. The spectrin membrane skeleton, which is composed primarily of actin filaments located at the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane, is essential for maintaining cellular shape and elasticity as well as membrane stability. 5. Cell motility is mediated by actin-filaments organized into specific cellular projections referred to as lamellipodia and filopodia. Medical Cell Biology Microfilaments 1 Thomas J. Schmidt, Ph.D. Email: [email protected] September 24, 2003 Key Terms: cytoskeleton cytochalasins actin filaments (actin) phalloidins intermediate filaments (vimentin, spectrin membrane skeleton lamin) spectrin microtubules (tubulin) actin microfilaments ankyrin F-actin band 4.1 G-actin glycophorin myosin II band 3.0 myosin I hereditary spherocytosis actin microfilaments hereditary elliptocytosis treadmilling sickle cell anemia actin-binding proteins spectrin supergene family spectrin spectrin filamin α-actin fimbrin dystrophin α-actinin microvilli gelsolin terminal web thymosin lamellipodium profilin filopodia villin stress fibers contractile bundles Medical Cell Biology Microfilaments 2 Thomas J. -
Patterning and Polarization of Cells by Intracellular Flows
Author Accepted Manuscript - A published version of this article is available. Illukkumbura, R., Bland, T., and Goehring, N.W. (2020). Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 62, 123–134. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.005. Patterning and polarization of cells by intracellular flows Rukshala Illukkumburaa, Tom Blanda,b, Nathan W. Goehringa,b,c aThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK bInstitute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK c MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK Abstract Beginning with Turing’s seminal work [1], decades of research have demonstrated the fundamental ability of biochemical networks to generate and sustain the formation of patterns. However, it is increasingly appreciated that biochemical networks both shape and are shaped by physical and mechanical processes [2, 3, 4]. One such process is fluid flow. In many respects, the cytoplasm, membrane and actin cortex all function as fluids, and as they flow, they drive bulk transport of molecules throughout the cell. By coupling biochemical activity to long range molecular transport, flows can shape the distributions of molecules in space. Here we review the various types of flows that exist in cells, with the aim of highlighting recent advances in our understanding of how flows are generated and how they contribute to intracellular patterning processes, such as the establishment of cell polarity. (Word Count: 3200) Keywords: advection, cortical flow, membrane flow, actomyosin, cell polarity, self- organization © 2019. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 1. -
Actin Filament Organization in the Fish Keratocyte Lamellipodium J
Actin Filament Organization in the Fish Keratocyte Lamellipodium J. Victor Small, Monika Herzog, and Kurt Anderson Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria Abstract. From recent studies of locomoting fish kera- Quantitative analysis of the intensity distribution of tocytes it was proposed that the dynamic turnover of fluorescent phalloidin staining across the lamellipo- actin filaments takes place by a nucleation-release dium revealed that the gradient of filament density as mechanism, which predicts the existence of short (less well as the absolute content of F-actin was dependent than 0.5 Ixm) filaments throughout the lamellipodium on the fixation method. In cells first fixed and then ex- (Theriot, J. A., and T. J. Mitchison. 1991. Nature tracted with Triton, a steep gradient of phalloidin stain- (Lond.). 352:126-131). We have tested this model by ing was observed from the front to the rear of the investigating the structure of whole mount keratocyte lamellipodium. With the protocol required to obtain cytoskeletons in the electron microscope and phalloi- the electron microscope images, namely Triton extrac- din-labeled cells, after various fixations, in the light mi- tion followed by fixation, phalloidin staining was, sig- croscope. nificantly and preferentially reduced in the anterior Micrographs of negatively stained keratocyte cyto- part of the lamellipodium. This resulted in a lower gra- skeletons produced by Triton extraction showed that dient of filament density, consistent with that seen in the actin filaments of the lamellipodium are organized the electron microscope, and indicated a loss of around to a first approximation in a two-dimensional orthogo- 45% of the filamentous actin during Triton extraction. -
Arxiv:1105.2423V1 [Physics.Bio-Ph] 12 May 2011 C
Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility Thomas Risler Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, UMR 168 (UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS), 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France Article Outline C. Macroscopic phenomenological approaches: The active gels Glossary D. Comparisons of the different approaches to de- scribing active polymer solutions I. Definition of the Subject and Its Importance VIII. Extensions and Future Directions II. Introduction Acknowledgments III. The Diversity of Cell Motility Bibliography A. Swimming B. Crawling C. Extensions of cell motility IV. The Cell Cytoskeleton A. Biopolymers B. Molecular motors C. Motor families D. Other cytoskeleton-associated proteins E. Cell anchoring and regulatory pathways F. The prokaryotic cytoskeleton V. Filament-Driven Motility A. Microtubule growth and catastrophes B. Actin gels C. Modeling polymerization forces D. A model system for studying actin-based motil- ity: The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes E. Another example of filament-driven amoeboid motility: The nematode sperm cell VI. Motor-Driven Motility A. Generic considerations B. Phenomenological description close to thermo- dynamic equilibrium arXiv:1105.2423v1 [physics.bio-ph] 12 May 2011 C. Hopping and transport models D. The two-state model E. Coupled motors and spontaneous oscillations F. Axonemal beating VII. Putting It Together: Active Polymer Solu- tions A. Mesoscopic approaches B. Microscopic approaches 2 Glossary I. DEFINITION OF THE SUBJECT AND ITS IMPORTANCE Cell Structural and functional elementary unit of all life forms. The cell is the smallest unit that can be We, as human beings, are made of a collection of cells, characterized as living. which are most commonly considered as the elementary building blocks of all living forms on earth [1]. -
Prednáška 1 Mikrofilamenty I the Cytoskeleton a Fibroblast Stained with Coomassie Blue Microfilaments (Actin Filaments): 5-9 Nm
Prednáška 1 Mikrofilamenty I The cytoskeleton A fibroblast stained with Coomassie blue Microfilaments (actin filaments): 5-9 nm Microtubules: 25 nm Intermediate filaments: 10 nm Actinomyosin complex is not limited to muscle cells „To see what everyone has seen, but think what no one else has thought.“ 1927: C6H8O6 Ignose Godnose Kyselina askorbová Albert Szent-Györgyi Alžbetínska univerzita (1893-1986) (1914-1919) Description of two forms of myosin in muscle Banga & Szent-Györgyi (1942) Muscle myosin 20 min salt extraction overnight salt extraction myosin A myosin B (low viscosity) (high viscosity) +Boiled muscle juice myosin A myosin B (low viscosity) (low viscosity) fibres unchanged +shortened fibres Difference between myosin A and B preparations? +/- ACTIN Substance in boiled muscle juice? ATP Wilhelm Kühne (1864): first description of myosin in muscle Needham, J. et al. (1942). Nature 150: 46-49. Microfilaments (actin filaments; ø5-9 nm) Cellular structures containing microfilaments are involved in cell motility Michael Abercrombie Abercrombie & Heaysman (1953): Observation on the social behaviour of cells in tissue culture. Exp. Cell Res. 5: 111-131. JohnAbercrombie Abercrombie Cell Motility Video 1 Oriented movement of a cell toward an attractant Various forms of actin microfilaments in animal cells lamellipodium Leading edge Various forms of actin microfilaments in metazoan cells Filopodium Lamellipodium Ruffle Lamellum Microvillus Cortical actin Podosome Endosome Phagocytic cup Stress fibre Endocytic pit Golgi ass.-actin Cadherin-based -
Tropomyosins Are Present in Lamellipodia of Motile Cells Louise Hillberga,1, Li-Sophie Zhao Rathjea,1, Maria Nyakern-Meazza( A, Brian Helfandb, Robert D
ARTICLE IN PRESS European Journal of Cell Biology 85 (2006) 399–409 www.elsevier.de/ejcb Tropomyosins are present in lamellipodia of motile cells Louise Hillberga,1, Li-Sophie Zhao Rathjea,1, Maria Nyakern-Meazza( a, Brian Helfandb, Robert D. Goldmanb, Clarence E. Schuttc, Uno Lindberga,Ã aDepartment of Cell Biology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden bDepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA cDepartment of Chemistry, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA Received 10 October 2005; received in revised form 21 December 2005; accepted 21 December 2005 Abstract This paper shows that high-molecular-weight tropomyosins (TMs), as well as shorter isoforms of this protein, are present in significant amounts in lamellipodia and filopodia of spreading normal and transformed cells. The presence of TM in these locales was ascertained by staining of cells with antibodies reacting with endogenous TMs and through the expression of hemaglutinin- and green fluorescent protein-tagged TM isoforms. The observations are contrary to recent reports suggesting the absence of TMs in regions,where polymerization of actin takes place, and indicate that the view of the role of TM in the formation of actin filaments needs to be significantly revised. r 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Keywords: Arp2/3; Actin; Lamellipodia; Tropomyosin; VASP Introduction ization at the advancing cell edge is responsible for the formation of lamellipodial actin -
9.4 | Intermediate Filaments
354 9.4 | Intermediate Filaments The second of the three major cytoskeletal Microtubule elements to be discussed was seen in the electron microscope as solid, unbranched Intermediate filaments with a diameter of 10–12 nm. They were named in- filament termediate filaments (or IFs ). To date, intermediate filaments have only been identified in animal cells. Intermediate fila- ments are strong, flexible, ropelike fibers that provide mechani- cal strength to cells that are subjected to physical stress, Gold-labeled including neurons, muscle cells, and the epithelial cells that line anti-plectin the body’s cavities. Unlike microfilaments and microtubules, antibodies IFs are a chemically heterogeneous group of structures that, in Plectin humans, are encoded by approximately 70 different genes. The polypeptide subunits of IFs can be divided into five major classes based on the type of cell in which they are found (Table 9.2) as well as biochemical, genetic, and immunologic criteria. Figure 9.41 Cytoskeletal elements are connected to one another by We will restrict the present discussion to classes I-IV, which are protein cross-bridges. Electron micrograph of a replica of a small por- found in the construction of cytoplasmic filaments, and con- tion of the cytoskeleton of a fibroblast after selective removal of actin sider type V IFs (the lamins), which are present as part of the filaments. Individual components have been digitally colorized to assist inner lining of the nuclear envelope, in Section 12.2. visualization. Intermediate filaments (blue) are seen to be connected to IFs radiate through the cytoplasm of a wide variety of an- microtubules (red) by long wispy cross-bridges consisting of the fibrous imal cells and are often interconnected to other cytoskeletal protein plectin (green). -
These Three Filamentous Proteins Are Made up of Subunits, Actin
1 These three filamentous proteins are made up of subunits, actin monomer for actin filaments, alpha and beta tubulin for microtubules, and desmin or vementin for intermediate filaments. 2 These filamental proteins are amazingly versatile and participate in the movement of cells. The way that the filament proteins form and assembly is regulated by a host of enzymatic proteins that guide and direct the assembly process as well as special organelles that help to spatialy direct or stabilize the process. 3 These filaments are in constant flux of subunits (monomers) being added on or taken off. There are specially proteins that help add subunits, remove subunits, cleave a filament in the middle, or protect a filament from disassembly. Chemical Kinetic . # Added to filament = kon * Free Concentration (C) # Removed to filament = koff As filament grows, Free Concentration drops until it reaches a critical value, C c (critical concentration). At this equilibrium: kon * C = koff Cc = koff / kon This is a steady-state of treadmilling where units are being added and removed, but the overall length remains at a steady-state. If you label an actin monomer, you can watch as it is added to the fast growing end and then eventualy falling off from the slow-growing end. 4 Recall that ATP is the primary energy carrier for cells and is generated by the metabolic activity of mitochondria. GTP is also generated by mitrochondira . 5 Initially believed to be only found in muscle cells, actin was later found to be in nonmuscle cells. In cells approximately 50% of actin is F -actin (filamentous actin), which is a helical double stranded structure.