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Cultural Differences in Appreciating Humor: a Pragmatic Exploration MA

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Cultural Differences in Appreciating Humor: a Pragmatic Exploration MA Cultural Differences in Appreciating Humor: A Pragmatic Exploration MA Thesis in Linguistics Language and Society (English track) Graduate School of Humanities University of Amsterdam Student: Haojie Hong (Ricky) Student Number: 12236527 Main Supervisor: Anne Bannink Second supervisor: Manon van der Laaken August 2019 2 Abstract Humor occurs frequently in daily interpersonal communication, and there is an increasing interest in analyzing humor from various aspects in academia, such as linguistics, psychology, etc. However, most of the studies focus on the functions of humor and neglect the linguistic construction of a humorous utterance, as well as its pragmatic force. Since humor is always conveyed by the implied meaning of an utterance, this thesis analyzes the conditions and features of a humorous utterance and the reasons for failed humor in intercultural context within the framework of pragmatics. A modified taxonomy of wit is proposed after a synthesis of the relevant concepts of humor. A pragmatic model of wit emphasizing the necessary components of verbal humor is proposed on the basis of the Cooperative Principle, speech act theory, and politeness theory. Suls (1972)’s incongruity- resolution model and Raskin (1979)’ s Script-Based Semantic Theory of Humor (SSTH) are used to explain how humor is processed cognitively and understood by the hearer. Among different humor styles, Chinese people do not appreciate aggressive humor in particular, because Chinese culture embraces collectivism and cares more about others’ face. Failed humor between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers is attributed to pragmatic failure, which is often caused by insufficient English knowledge, negative L1 pragmatic transfer, and cultural differences. Key words: humor, pragmatics, failed humor, pragmatic failure 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 4 2. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 5 2.1. The Cooperative Principle ............................................................................................. 6 2.2. Speech Act Theory ........................................................................................................ 8 2.3. Politeness Theory ........................................................................................................ 9 2.4. Intercultural Pragmatic Failure ................................................................................... 12 3. What is Humor? ......................................................................................................13 3.1. Definitions of humor .................................................................................................. 14 3.2. Types of humor: jokes and wit .................................................................................... 17 4. The Taxonomy of Wit ..............................................................................................20 4.1. Irony .......................................................................................................................... 21 4.2. Teasing & insulting ..................................................................................................... 22 4.3. Self-deprecation ........................................................................................................ 23 4.4. Miscommunication of speech acts .............................................................................. 24 4.5. Quote & roleplay ....................................................................................................... 25 4.6. Wordplay................................................................................................................... 26 5. Styles of Humor .......................................................................................................27 6. A Pragmatic Perspective on Wit ...............................................................................28 7. Cultural Differences, Pragmatic Failure and Failed Humor ........................................42 7.1. Cultural differences in appreciating humor ................................................................. 43 7.2. Failed humor and pragmatic failure ............................................................................ 49 7.2.1. Pragmalinguistic failure ................................................................................................................. 50 7.2.2. Sociolinguistic failure .................................................................................................................... 52 8. An Example of a Witty Utterance and Possible Failed Humor ...................................55 9. Conclusion...............................................................................................................60 4 Cultural Differences in Appreciating Humor: A Pragmatic Exploration 1. Introduction Humor is a very important component of interpersonal communication. People may use humor to foster solidarity between parties or exert power over others (Hay,1995; Dynel, 2008). In academic disciplines such as linguistics, psychology and sociology, research on humor is becoming more prolific with the emergence of some more detailed issues derived from the interests in humor, like failed humor, cultural differences in appreciating humor, etc. Even though humor has been approached from different angles in academia, most of the studies focus on the types and functions of humor with only a few studies that really discuss what constitutes a humorous utterance and why an utterance can create a humorous effect. In verbal communication, a speaker often tries to express more than the literal meaning of his1 words, whereas the hearer needs to understand the implied meaning of the utterance by linking its literal meaning with the context. Since humor is always conveyed by the implied meaning of an utterance rather than the literal meaning (Long & Graesser, 1988), and pragmatics exactly explains how people understand the meanings that are not uttered explicitly by connecting literal utterances with contextual factors and the shared background knowledge between interlocutors, it could be argued that humor could and should be explained in the framework of pragmatics. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how humor is constructed and understood from the perspective of pragmatics in intercultural communication between Chinese and native English speakers. In particular, it zooms in on the reasons why Chinese EFL2 learners sometimes fail to appreciate an intended humorous utterance by a native English speaker. 1In this thesis, the masculine embraces the feminine. 2 EFL stands for English as a Foreign Language. 5 Three research questions will be answered in this thesis: 1) What is humor? 2) How is humor constructed and why can it induce a humorous effect? 3) What are the reasons for failed humor between Chinese people and people from Western cultures? Although there are various methods to induce a humorous effect, this thesis focuses solely on verbal humor without paralinguistic elements, e.g. a wink, that can have an auxiliary effect on a successful humorous utterance. In order to answer the research questions, this thesis consists of three parts. Part one is a synthesis of the concepts related to humor, which identifies the terminologies, types, styles, and the definitions of humor adopted in this thesis with a modified taxonomy of wit proposed. Part two is a pragmatic model of wit explaining the linguistic construction of humorous utterance through its necessary conditions and features, as well as the reasons why people may find wit humorous. Part three explores the reasons for cultural differences in appreciating humor between Chinese and Western cultures and the causes of failed humor between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers within the pragmatic model proposed in part two. The clash between Chinese and Western cultures in the embracement of collectivism vs. individualism and different levels of attention attached on others’ face and self’s face lead to differences in appreciation of different styles of humor. Pragmatic failure is proposed to be the primary source of failed humor, which is a novel point of view in academia. 2. Theoretical Framework Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and contextual factors. It analyses how context contributes to the meaning of words, which includes the knowledge of physical and social world, time and space factors, and socio-psychological factors. It focuses on how interactors communicate more information than the literal meaning of the words which they use, based on an assumption that some knowledge is shared by both participants 6 of a conversation: the speaker intends a meaning through composing a linguistic message; the hearer infers the meaning by interpreting the message according to the context. However, since pragmatics is a very broad and complex subfield of linguistics, only some key concepts that will be used to analyze humor are explained in this thesis. 2.1. The Cooperative Principle The foundation of pragmatics is the assumption that interlocutors in a conversation will behave in a logical way. Philosopher Herbert Paul Grice (1975, 1978) elaborates this assumption and proposes the Cooperative Principle (CP). He suggests that in a conversation, interlocutors always make their
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