A publication of the North American Lake Management Society ake ine L L Volume 32, No. 4 • Winter 2012

Lakes of the

Great Lakes States

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Interactive Lake Ecology Through the Looking Glass...A Field This workbook, created by the New Hampshire Dept. Guide to Aquatic Plants of Environmental Services, introduces students to This book from the Wisconsin Lakes Partnership elements of a lake ecosystem, including basic scientific contains detailed and highly accurate information concepts of water, the water cycle, how lakes are needed to identify aquatic plants. This 248-page guide formed, food chains & watersheds and introduces contains over 200 original illustrations of North American students to problems facing lakes. The workbook also aquatic plants. The precise pen and ink drawings that looks at monitoring lakes for water quality. grace these pages combined with detailed descriptions, Appropriate for grades 5-8, but adaptable to lake natural history and folklore of many aquatic plants found associations and volunteers. in North America make this guide one of a kind. Student Workbook: $4 NALMS Members / $5 Non- $20 NALMS Members / $25 Non-Members Members + $6 shipping & handling Teachers’ Reference: $6 NALMS Members / $7 Non-Members + $4 Shipping & Handling Receive 1 free Teachers’ Reference with each order of 20 Student Workbooks

Managing Lakes and Reservoirs The Lake Pocket Book Third edition of a manual originally titled The Lake and The Lake Pocket Book is a 176-page guide that provides Reservoir Restoration Guidance Manual, this 382-page explanations of aquatic chemistry; lake ecology and biology; edition builds on and updates the material in the original collecting lake information and how to use it; developing to include new state-of-the-art information on how to lake management plans and organizing a lake association– manage lakes and reservoirs. Many of today’s experts all presented in plain English. This easy-to-understand in the field of lake management authored chapters in style combined with its in-depth information has made The this book. Lake Pocket Book an extremely popular publication among citizen lake lovers. $45 + $6 shipping & handling $8 NALMS Members / $10 Non-Members + $4 shipping & handling

Your Lake & You! Remote Sensing Methods for Lake This tabloid size NALMS publication has been described Management as “simply incredible.” The 8-page publication explains how Remote sensing holds great promise for lake homeowners can do their part to protect their lake. It is also assessment. While remote sensing cannot, in all loaded with descriptions of resource publications. cases, replace on the ground sampling it can serve 75¢ per copy to complement existing sampling programs and often Bulk rates available. Contact the NALMS Office for allow for broader extrapolation of existing information. details. This manual provides detailed explanations of the various platforms currently in use, discusses preferred applications, limitations, costs and other factors that will assist those who are considering the use of remote sensing to select the platform that best suits their data needs. Manual: $49 + $6 Shipping & Handling CD w/PDF of Manual: $15 + $3 Shipping & Handling

How’s the Water? Visit www.nalms.org for complete information on back issues of NALMS’ two One of the top issues facing our lakes involves quarterly publications... recreational use conflicts. With an increase in use comes a growing concern with the quality of the recreational experience. This informative 306-page LAKELINE manual from the Wisconsin Lakes Partnership LakeLine Magazine is NALMS’ quarterly lakes information and education addresses the relevant issues and research on water publication. Each issue contains news, views and interesting information on recreation and related activities. This text was created lakes and reservoirs, and their watersheds and tributaries, from around your as a tool to assist in the process of building a healthy neighborhood and around the world. lake and river ecosystem and a strong lake community. $18 NALMS Members / $22 Non-Members + $6 shipping & handling Lake and Reservoir Management Lake and Reservoir Management is NALMS’ peer-reviewed journal, which includes papers on the latest lake and reservoir research issues, as well as case studies reflecting NALMS’ commitment to applied lake management.

4 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE ake ine Contents L L Published quarterly by the North American Lake Management Society (NALMS) as a medium for exchange and communication among all those Volume 32, No. 4 / Winter 2012 interested in lake management. Points of view expressed and products advertised herein do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of NALMS or its Affiliates. Mention of trade names and commercial products shall not constitute 6 From the Editor an endorsement of their use. All rights reserved. Standard postage is paid at Bloomington, IN and 7 From the President additional mailing offices. 8 2012 NALMS Symposium Highlights NALMS Officers President 12 2012 NALMS Awards Ann Shortelle Immediate Past-President 17 2012 Photo Contest Winners Al Sosiak 18 2012 Election Results President-Elect Terry McNabb Secretary Lakes of the Great Lakes States Sarah Peel Treasurer 20 An Ice Age Legacy Linda Green 31 The Birge-Juday Era NALMS Regional Directors Region I Amy Smagula 35 NLA Results for the Upper Midwest Area Region II Chris Mikolajczyk Region III Nicki Bellezza 39 East Alaska Lake, Wisconsin Region IV Michael Perry Region V Sara Peel 44 Cedar Lake – A Lesson in Persistence Region VI Julie Chambers Region VII Jennifer Graham Planning for Protection in SE Wisconsin Region VIII Craig Wolf 50 Region IX Imad Hannoun Region X Frank Wilhelm 56 Student Corner Region XI TBD Region XII Sharon Reedyk IBC Literature Search At-Large Julie Chambers Student At-Large Director Lindsey Wittthaus

LakeLine Staff Editor: William W. Jones Advertising Manager: Philip Forsberg Production: Parchment Farm Productions Printed by: Metropolitan Printing Service Inc.

ISSN 0734-7978 ©2012-2013 North American Lake Management Society 4510 Regent Street Suite 2A Madison, WI 53705 (All changes of address should go here.) Permission granted to reprint with credit.

Address all editorial inquiries to: William Jones 1305 East Richland Drive Bloomington, IN 47408 Tel: 812/334-3485 joneswi@indiana.edu Advertisers Index Address all advertising inquiries to: Philip Forsberg On the cover: Aquarius Systems, Inc. 11 NALMS Hach Hydromet 3 PO Box 5443 Sunset on Genevieve Lake, Wisconsin. Photo Madison, WI 53705-0443 by Christopher Noll. Morgan & Associates, Inc. IFC Tel: 608/233-2836 Fax: 608/233-3186 NexSens Technology 58 [email protected] PhycoTech 49

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 5 From the Editor Bill Jones

LakeLine encourages letters to the editor. s many of you know, I’m a Do you have a lake-related question? Or, In our “Student Corner” this issue, Wisconsin native. As such, I spent have you read something in LakeLine Ryan Largura writes about his interest much of my youth playing along in marl lakes, the use of this mineral, and A that stimulates your interest? We’d love the shores of local to hear from you via e-mail, telephone, or how marl mining shaped the morphology wetlands and lakes – of many northern Indiana lakes. postal letter. catching pollywogs, We get to know new NALMS looking at aquatic President Ann Shortelle and learn of her bugs, and generally understanding of the lakes of the Great goals for the Society in her first “From the exploring. These Lakes States, I asked Paul Garrison for President” column. We also summarize youthful experiences help. He and colleagues, Caitlin Carlson, the highlights from the 32nd Annual no doubt led me to my Ralph Bednarz, and Steve Heiskary NALMS Symposium held last November career in limnology. summarize the 2007 NLA results for in Madison, Wisconsin. This successful So it is with great Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota in meeting featured outstanding keynote anticipation that we finally get to address their article. speakers, scores of interesting technical the lakes of the Great Lakes States in our Case studies are effective vehicles for papers, helpful exhibitors, our annual winter LakeLine that has featured different exploring specific topics or lakes in more awards banquet, and lots of fun. We finish regions of the United States in recent detail. We have three case studies in this off this issue of LakeLine with “Literature years, and lakes of Canada and Mexico issue. First, Tim Hoyman describes the Search.” before that. diagnostic process and the development Enjoy! The landscape of the Great Lakes of an ambitious implementation plan that area was shaped and re-shaped many included an alum application for East times by the advancement and retreat of Alaska Lake, near Lake Michigan in east William (Bill) Jones, CLM, is LakeLine’s glaciers, as Steve Brown, Don Luman, central Wisconsin. Next, we turn to a lake editor and a former NALMS president, and Bill Shilts detail in our lead article. very dear to my heart. You never forget and clinical professor (retired) from Lake genesis is a fascinating topic. There your “first lake” and that lake for me is Indiana University’s School of Public and are so very many lake creation forces at Cedar Lake in Northwestern Indiana. I Environmental Affairs. He can be reached at: work in the world. Limnology in North “cut my teeth” on early diagnostic studies 1305 East Richland Drive, Bloomington, IN American is often traced back to the we completed there. Nearly 30 years 47408; (812) 855-1600; e-mail: joneswi@ early work of Birge and Juday, largely in later, and after many more studies, the indiana.edu. x Wisconsin. I thought it fitting to include a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers came to brief biography of these two limnological the rescue of Cedar Lake with a National pioneers in this issue. For that, I turned to Ecosystem Restoration Plan and federal a chronicle of their careers written in 1966 funding to implement it. David Bucaro by David Frey in the book, Limnology tells this interesting story of the lake Have a question about your in North America, published by the community that just wouldn’t quit. membership or need to update University of Wisconsin Press and used The final case study also comes with their permission. from Wisconsin and reinforces the truism your contact information? Please Teams around the country just that “lake management begins in the contact the NALMS office by completed sampling for the second round watershed.” Thomas Slawski, Jeffrey of the nationwide survey spearheaded Thornton, and Hebin Lin write about the e-mailing: membershipservices@ by U.S. EPA called the National Lakes development of a watershed protection nalms.org or by calling at Assessment (NLA). It will be several plan that maintains ecosystem services years before all the samples are processed for the Mukwonago River watershed in 608-233-2836. and the data analyzed. To develop a better southeastern Wisconsin.

6 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE From the Bill Jones President Ann Shortell

am writing this at year’s end, and it’s In mulling all of this over, I am struck in our toolbox to fix lakes. It is time a time of reflection on the past year by parallels to the North American Lake to improve our communication and – what worked and what didn’t, and Management Society. NALMS members, education and outreach! This is a goal I what I want to strive whether professionals in the field or a for all of us at NALMS in the new year! to improve in the new member of a lake or watershed group, are It is directly related to the success of year. My professional passionate about our water resources and NALMS’ mission which states: list includes an struggle daily with adaptive management “The purpose of the Society is to forge exciting job change, options to keep our water resources partnerships among citizens, scientist, and with opportunities and healthy while providing for the water professionals to foster the management challenges to really needs of people. and protection of lakes and reservoirs for “make a difference” One of the reasons I have always today and tomorrow.” to the water resources loved working within NALMS is the By the way, effective and citizens in 15 north Florida counties. applied nature of the Society. We come communications also promotes the At the Suwannee River Water together with a common mission but healthy growth of NALMS and mentoring Management District (one of five very diverse points of view – from the of our growing student membership. such Districts in Florida), we have highly scientific to the volunteer taking Please join us in these efforts, and responsibilities including water supply, water samples at the end of their dock. solution-based suggestions are always water quality, flood protection, and As a Society, we have worked together welcome! natural systems. We are balancing the for feasible, effective, realistic solutions various water needs and uses of our to water resource challenges. NALMS citizens and our water resources: the strives to “make a difference.” How do we Ann Shortelle, Ph.D., is executive intensely beautiful springs, rivers, and heal an ailing lake? How do we sustain director of the Suwannee River Water lakes throughout the District. Florida, on healthy conditions? Management District. She has over 25 average, receives a lot of rainfall. The Many of us who are practitioners years of professional experience in lake, problem is that conditions are seemingly strive to bridge new answers from pure riverine, and reservoir management for never “average,” but rather either very research into practical and affordable water quantity and quality, surface water/ wet (think hurricanes, tropical storms, and actions to improve field conditions. wetlands restoration enhancing water quality flooding) or very dry (think drought). So Many in lake organizations volunteer and source water protection, surface water we have a water storage problem, too. to collect data, provide education, and modeling, permitting, and environmental I spend the majority of my time organize forums with local officials. This assessments. You can reach Ann at ABS@ working with diverse groups, listening diversity is our greatest asset and our srwmd.org. x (hmm… I should work on this skill in the greatest challenge! How do we effectively new year) and educating, and encouraging communicate with one another and with shared, collaborative solutions. Does this decisionmakers, to improve or conserve sound like the limnologist you know? our water resources? Are we doing an My technical knowledge remains one effective job in leveraging our diversity to of my most formidable assets, but I am achieve our goals? How do we improve playing catch-up with my communication the relevance of NALMS to our affiliates? skills for diverse groups. These shared How do we effectively join like-minded solutions must be understood by all, so individuals and organizations to more plain English, please! But the key answers effectively provide solutions for our are often technically and scientifically common challenges? complicated, and thus challenging for the NALMS has the strength of our lunch presentation to a community group. applied science; we have a lot of tools

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 7 Symposium Highlights

by Philip Forsberg

NALMS returned home to Madison, Wisconsin (Figures 1 and 2) for its 32nd International Symposium. NALMS and the local host committee welcomed approximately 616 attendees from 41 states, six Canadian provinces, Australia, China, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, and Northern Ireland to the 2012 Symposium, held November 7–9.

The Madison skyline at night. Photo: ©BigStock Photography

8 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Thank you to our 2012 symposium Thank you to our 2012 symposium Thank you to the 2012 symposium sponsors and supporters! exhibitors! host committee! Clean Lakes Alliance Abraxis LLC Jeffrey Thornton, Chair Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources All Things Water Thomas Slawski, Cochair Aquarius Systems Applied Biochemists Tim Asplund, Program Committee Chair Freese and Nichols, Inc. Applied Polymer Systems Jennifer Hauxwell, Program Committee Cochair The Georgia Lakes Society Aquarius Systems Jeff Schloss, Conference Advisory Chair HAB Aquatic Solutions Aquatic Eco-Systems, Inc. Philip Forsberg The Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies BioSonics, Inc. Greg Arenz Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems Blue Water Satellite, Inc. Martha Barton PhycoTech Clean Lakes, Inc. Alison Coulson Princeton Hydro Contour Innovations, LLC Marcia Hartwig Sweetwater Technology, Div. of Teemark Derma-Safe Company/Lake Bottom Blanket Don Heilman Corporation ECO Oxygen Technologies Susan Jones Tennessee Valley Authority Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc. Peter Nowak University of Wisconsin Extension For Love of Lakes Eric Olson US Geological Survey General Environmental Systems, Inc. Dale Robertson Water Resource Services Golden Sands Resource Conservation & Carroll Schaal Development Council, Inc. Lori Tate Great Lakes Bio Systems, Inc. Susan Tesarik GreenWater Lab/CyanoLab James Tye HAB Aquatic Solutions Hach Hydromet International Lake Environment Committee Kasco Marine Measurement Specialties The Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies PhycoTech, Inc. Princeton Hydro, LLC SePRO Corporation SolarBee, Inc. SonicSolutions Taylor & Francis Tennant’s Industrial Dredging Turner Designs Vertex Water Features YSI

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 9 track of special sessions entitled, “Yahara Lakes: Implementing a Vision,” which kicked off with a breakfast hosted by the Clean Lakes Alliance, followed by an opening plenary session with presentations by Richard Lathrop, recently retired from the University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Jeff Bode of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Friday’s program also featured a day-long special session on the Wisconsin Lakes Partnership, a unique collaboration of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin- Extension and Wisconsin Lakes (formerly the Wisconsin Association of Lakes). The annual Clean Lakes Classic 5K Run/Walk was held on a route along the shores of Lake Monona and attracted approximately 40 participants. For the Figure 1. The Wisconsin State Capitol as seen from the Monona Terrace Convention Center. second year in a row, Paul Gantzer from Kirkland, Washington, was the overall winner. He bested his time from last year he week kicked off on Tuesday with This year’s symposium offered a by about 3 minutes with a time of 17 eight pre-symposium workshops on chance to continue the discussion of the minutes, 25 seconds. Madison’s own Kris a variety of topics including aquatic Yahara lakes in the Madison area that Stepenuck led the women with a time of Tplant identification, bacteria monitoring began at the 2001 and 2005 symposia. 20:24. and internal phosphorus loading, among Friday’s program featured a day-long others. The now-traditional Tuesday evening welcome activities included a reception for new NALMS members and first-time NALMS symposium attendees that reconvened at the locally famous, Great Dane Pub & Brewing Company, for the official symposium welcome reception. The theme for this year’s symposium was “Lakes in the Landscape: Values > Visions > Actions,” and was kicked off by a plenary talk by the 2011 laureate of the Stockholm Water Prize and NALMS member, Stephen Carpenter, titled “Global Change in Fresh Waters.” Following the tradition of previous NALMS symposia in Madison, plenary sessions were also held on subsequent days. Thursday’s plenary session featured talks by John Lenters, University of Nebraska and Patricia Soranno, Michigan State University. The symposium program included an impressive array of 54 sessions, with 206 oral presentations and 30 poster presentations. Featured session topics included fisheries, harmful algal blooms, climate change, and integrated basin management, in addition to many other Figure 2. The Monona Terrace Convention Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, sits along the topics. shore of Lake Monona. Limnologists should notice the Langmuir circulation visible on the water.

10 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 10 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Wednesday evening’s Exhibitors’ Reception and Poster Session gave attendees an extended opportunity to visit the exhibit booths as well as take in the poster presentations and interact with the poster presenters (Figure 3). On Thursday, NALMS’ Annual Awards and Recognition Banquet honored NALMS members and friends for their contributions to the society and to the field of lake management (Figure 4). NALMS’ most prestigious award, the Secchi Disk Award, went to Harry Gibbons. NALMS and the host committee would like to thank all of the companies and organizations that offered sponsorship and support for this year’s symposium. Without their generous support, as well as that of our exhibitors, we would not be able to provide the conference experience that our attendees expect. Thank you to all who attended this year’s symposium! We look forward to Figure 3. The NALMS Exhibitor Reception. seeing you in October at NALMS 2013 in San Diego, California!

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 11 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 11 Figure 4. The annual Awards Banquet.

The 2012 NALMS Awards by Dick Osgood, NALMS Awards Committee Chair; Ken Wagner, Editor, Lake and Reservoir Management; and Frank Browne, NALMS Student Paper Committee Co-chair

major highlight of this year’s annual officers during our awards ceremony. The TECHNICAL MERIT AWARDS symposium in Madison, WI, was following directors and officers whose These awards may be selected from the recognition of individuals and terms were up were recognized this year: five categories. Aorganizations for their contributions to v Successful Projects – for lake management and to NALMS. Past-President Bev Clark demonstrable success in achieving Secretary Reesa Evans lasting improvements in water quality OUTGOING DIRECTORS Region 2 Holly Waterfield or recreational utility through lake AND OFFICERS Region 6 Robert Morgan and/or watershed management in a The challenge and responsibility for Region 10 BiJay Adams cost-effective manner. Projects are keeping the NALMS ship afloat rests with Region 12 Sharon Reedyk evaluated with respect to project NALMS officers and board members. We Student At-Large Dana Bigham success, cost-effectiveness, and gratefully acknowledge the tremendous benefit duration. contribution each of these individuals has Also, Sara Peel resigned from Region made to NALMS, and while we cannot 5 to become Secretary and Julie Chambers v Volunteer Actions – for individuals recognize everyone, it is our tradition resigned as At-Large Director to take the or groups involved in documented to recognize outgoing directors and Region 6 position. grass-roots efforts to manage a lake

12 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE or watershed, with emphasis on local invaders. Since the initial discovery, involvement, creative methods of several more relatively small sites TECHNICAL MERIT AWARD FOR funding and demonstrable success. of infestation, including curly-leaf VOLUNTEER ACTIONS pond weed, were identified, but were Lake of the Woods Water Sustainability v Research Efforts – for individuals immediately controlled before they Foundation or groups performing research became major problems. Many of the sites Lake of the Woods is the sixth-largest that contributes to the science harvested remain invasive-free since the transboundary lake in North America, of lake management. Selection first or second year of control. spanning the borders of Minnesota, criteria are relevance, approach, In addition, exotic species such as Ontario, and Manitoba. In recent years, and applicability. (Copies of zebra mussels and water chestnut have there have been concerns regarding journal papers should accompany been identified on incoming boats and the water quality of the lake, including Nominations.) have been removed prior to launching anecdotal evidence that algal blooms have v Public Education/Outreach – for as a result of the launch ramp steward increased in severity over the past decade. individuals, groups or programs program. In response to a call for further action that have creatively and effectively This partnership has been critical and improved management of this unique contributed to the development for preventing Paradox Lake from aquatic resource, the Foundation was and dissemination of watershed succumbing to the same fate that established in 2005 by concerned citizens. management and/or related unfortunately many other lakes in the Its mission is to enhance and protect and educational programs, materials, and/ region have encountered. Due to proactive sustain the water quality of Lake of the or assistance. monitoring, a rapid response protocol, and Woods for generations to come (Figure 5). a progressive and coordinated education Over the past eight years, the v Jim LaBounty Award – This award and prevention program, this body of Foundation has set a precedent for is to be given for the best paper water stands a very good chance of grassroots organizations worldwide by published in Lake and Reservoir staying healthy for many years to come developing an internationally coordinated Management as determined by the (Figure 5). effort to protect the Lake of the Woods’ editor and associate editors of the water quality. They have succeeded Society’s technical journal. in elevating the lake onto provincial, TECHNICAL MERIT AWARD FOR state, national, and international policy RESEARCH EFFORTS platforms, and have initiated and This year’s technical merit awards are: There were no research efforts nominated coordinated partnerships to complete the TECHNICAL MERIT AWARD FOR this year. baseline research necessary to address the SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS water quality problems of this lake. Paradox Lake and Adirondack Ecologists LLC Paradox Lake is a beautiful and relatively pristine body of water located in the Adirondack Park of New York State. Paradox Lake possesses a diverse aquatic plant community, including a number of rare and threatened species. A partnership was developed between Adirondack Ecologists and The Paradox Lake Association in 2000 to administer a two-pronged approach to the management of exotic species – regular professional surveys were complemented by volunteers (“scouts”) to conduct kayak or canoe surveys along specific stretches of the shoreline. In the summer of 2008, a small patch of Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM) was identified by both teams. A rapid response protocol had been established and within a few weeks of the report and confirmation, hand harvesting operations began. Figure 5. Steve LeMere (left) accepts the Successful Project Technical Merit Award for the These steps have resulted in a Paradox Lake Association and Todd Sellers (right) accepts the Volunteer Actions Technical Merit successful battle against nuisance aquatic Award for Lake of the Woods.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 13 Among its accomplishments, the partnership with, Extension Services locally generated water data for use in Foundation has been the catalyst to and Systems of the nation’s Land Grant watershed management. building partnerships for: Universities. Secondarily, it provides As sources of federal funding for • establishment of a bi-national support to all citizen volunteer water support of volunteer water monitoring consensus among communities and monitoring programs (Figure 6). have been decreasing, the Network governments to create a permanent, The Network has a steering provides an important support base for international framework for managing committee with members who are directly community groups to gain information pollution and water quality involved in volunteer monitoring from and stay connected. Scores of statewide several states. The committee meets by volunteer monitoring programs and • completion of a State of the Basin conference call 10-12 times per year hundreds of local groups have benefitted Report for the Lake of the Woods to discuss ways to support volunteer by The Network’s outreach efforts. and Rainy River Basin, providing a monitoring, develop outreach materials, The data gathered by these volunteers comprehensive, baseline assessment plan conference presentations, enhance has made a lasting, positive impact on of the water quality and ecology for the website, etc. watershed management nationwide. assessing future progress The Network maintains a website • completion of the first total with relevant information for volunteer phosphorus budget for the Lake of the groups, including factsheets that provide Jim LaBounty Best Paper Award Woods and the Rainy River concise descriptions of how to recruit, The list of nominees for the annual serve and maintain groups; how to collect, Jim LaBounty Best Paper Award • organizing the International Lake process and disseminate valid water data; published in the NALMS journal was as of the Woods Water Quality Forum, and how to put the information to work follows: an annual international conference for improved watershed quality and water that has provided a platform for • Tillmanns and Pick. 2011. The policy. collaborative research and policy effect of sampling scales on the Network leadership and steering initiatives throughout the watershed interpretation of environmental committee members regularly attend drivers of the cyanotoxin microcystin. • co-founding the International Multi- water-related conferences at national, LRM 27:183-193. Agency Arrangement. Signed by regional, and local scales to promote seven government agencies, the volunteer water monitoring and share • Kraus, Bergamaschi, Hernes, Doctor, foundation, and one American tribe success stories and challenges of groups. Kendall, Downing and Losee. 2011. How reservoirs alter drinking water • Establishing an International They also frequently publish articles quality: Organic matter sources, sinks Watershed Coordinator for the in various newsletters and journals to and transformations. LRM 27:205- Lake of the Woods and Rainy River educate the public and professional 219. watershed community about the importance of As the Foundation approaches its second decade, its members will continue to be important advocates for environmental protection in the Lake of the Woods and the Rainy River watershed. The Foundation is a trusted voice, essential partner, and champion for Lake of the Woods and water quality issues. We believe their contribution to sustaining the water quality and health of this important water resource make them a well- deserving nominee for this award.

TECHNICAL MERIT AWARD FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION/OUTREACH EFFORTS Extension Volunteer Monitoring Network The Extension Volunteer Monitoring Network is an outgrowth of the USDA/ CSREES-funded, National Facilitation Project in Volunteer Water Monitoring. The Network has a primary focus on Figure 6. Kris Steppenuck, Linda Greene, and Elizabeth Herron accept the Technical Merit Award supporting programs initiated by, or in for the Extension Volunteer Monitoring Network.

14 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE • Huser, Brezonick and Newman. 2011. Effects of alum treatment on the water quality and sediment in the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes, Minnesota, USA. LRM 27:220-228 • Olds, Peterson, Koupal, Farnsworth- Hoback, Schoenbeck and Hoback. 2011. Water quality parameters of a Nebraska Reservoir differ between drought and normal conditions. LRM 27:229-234. • Chraibi, Bennett and Gregory- Eaves. 2011. Conservation of a transboundary lake: Historical watershed and paleolimnological analyses can inform management strategies. LRM 27:355-364. • Lehman, Bell, Doubek and McDonald. 2011. Reduced additions to river phosphorus for three years following implementation of a low fertilizer ordinance. LRM 27:390- 397. Figure 7. Mark Hoyer, Dana Bigham, and Roger Bachman accept the Jim LaBounty Best Paper Award. • Bachmann, Bigham, Hoyer and Canfield. 2012. Phosphorus, nitrogen and the designated uses of Florida nutrient standards that protect all uses. An Doug spent his career with the Wisconsin Lakes. LRM 28:46-58. alternative approach was developed. This DNR and was on the ground floor of • Johnson and Martinez. 2012. paper sparked considerable discussion establishing lake management as a Hydroclimate mediates effects of during the review process, covering science and profession. Doug was always a keystone species in a coldwater the difficulty of sorting out historical active in lake management. Doug’s reservoir. LRM 28:70-83. natural vs. anthropogenic influences, the practical work with lake assessments and incompatibility of common lake uses, aluminum treatments in the early years of • Wehrly, Breck, Wang and Szabo- and certain unusual features of Florida NALMS and lake management in general Kraft. 2012. Assessing local and lakes within the continuum of North were important building blocks (Figure 8). landscape patterns of residential American water bodies, leading to shoreline development in Michigan serious complications when trying to lakes. LRM 28:158-169. set standards that will drive regulatory action and rehabilitation initiatives. Yet Choosing a winner was very difficult, these papers provide considerable food and we narrowly averted a multi-way tie for thought in standard setting beyond over several ballots. All the nominees nutrients and the boundary of Florida, are commended for their outstanding and show how science should be applied contributions to the lake management to practical problems. The regulatory literature represented by LRM. The 2012 community could benefit by reading and winner of the James LaBounty Best carefully considering these papers. Paper Award was Bachmann, Bigham, Hoyer, and Canfield (Figure 7), 2012, really a three-paper set on the relation FRIEND(s) of NALMS AWARD between nutrients, support of designated “Awarded to individuals or corporations uses, and setting nutrient criteria for making major contributions to NALMS. Florida. In this set of papers, the authors Recipients do not have to be NALMS explored the sources of phosphorus in members, and ‘contributions’ extend Florida lakes, evaluated the common beyond monetary donations.” occurrence of naturally fertile lakes, examined how increased algal abundance Doug Knauer relates to the complete range of uses, Doug Knauer was recognized for Figure 8. Doug Knauer with his Friends of and discussed the difficulties of setting practical research in a successful career. NALMS Award.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 15 2012 SECCHI DISK AWARD The Secchi Disk Award is given annually to recognize and honor the NALMS member who has made the most significant contributions to the goals and objectives of the Society. The 2012 Secchi Disk Award was presented to Harry Gibbons (Figure 9). Dr. Gibbons received his Ph.D. in limnology from Washington State University, after receiving an undergraduate degree in biology from Gonzaga and a master’s in environmental engineering, also at WSU. Harry has 37 years of experience in applied limnology, lake, reservoir, river, stream, and wetland restoration. Harry has specifically planned/ designed management and restoration programs for over 232 lakes/reservoirs and 33 stream/river systems. His expertise includes lake and watershed management, lake restoration, integrated aquatic plant management, aquatic invasive species Figure 9. Harry Gibbons accepts the 2012 Secchi Disk Award from 2011 winner, Dick Osgood. management, stream assessment, fish passage, aquatic habitat assessment, • Aquatic Plant Management Society of the Cyanotoxin, Microcystin, in Fish wetland restoration, and stormwater Harry has also actively mentored Muscle Tissues.” The 2012 honorable management. students and has presented numerous mention award winner is Maureen Ferry Harry is a recognized leader in NALMS workshops. from the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery the development and implementation Research Unit for her paper “Examining of in-lake activities for techniques like Jody Connor Student Awards Zebra Mussel Habitat Preference and phosphorus inactivation (alum), dredging, – 2012 Population Dynamics within and among hypolimnetic aeration, aeration and Each year NALMS presents student Lakes in Northeast Wisconsin and Upper complete circulation, AIS management, awards to the best student presentation Michigan.” and integrated aquatic plant management. and best student poster at the annual The 2012 first-place winner of the In addition, he has conducted NALMS symposium. The awards are student poster session was Laura Sefton comprehensive river and reservoir sponsored by Hach International. The from the University of Wisconsin for limnological studies in several major river NALMS Board renamed the student her poster “Rapid Response to Control systems. award as the Jody Connor Student Award Myriophyllum spicatum in Blackhawk Harry’s service to NALMS and in memory of Jody Connor, a long-time Lake, Wisconsin.” Laura is the daughter similar organizations is substantial. Here friend of NALMS who was active on the of long-time NALMS member Donna is a summary of many of his elected and Education Committee and participated in Sefton. Donna used to bring Laura to volunteer positions: the reviews of student presentations and NALMS conferences when Laura was posters. just a baby. Honorable mention for the • North American Lakes Management The first-place winner receives a poster session was Jania Chilima from Society, Immediate Past President check for $200 and a plaque. Honorable the University of Saskatchewan for her 2010 mention or second-place winners receive poster “Applying Community-Based • President 2009 a plaque. The Student Awards Committee Participatory Research Approach to • President Elect 2008 is co-chaired by Alex Horne and Frank Water Resources Management: The Case • Director 2004-2006, 1992-1994 Browne. Members of the committee of Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan, • Served on several Society include Amy Smagula, Harry Gibbons, Canada.” Committees and Dana Bigham. The awards are based Students are encouraged to present • Washington State Lake Protection on scientific merit, research design, scientific papers at the NALMS Association, Past President visual aids, clarity, and presentation. The symposium; it provides an excellent way • Western Aquatic Plant Management, 2012 first-place winner of the student to present research data and maybe win an Past Director presentation award was Ellen Preece award. We thank Hach International for • American Society of Limnology and from Washington State University for sponsoring the student awards. x Oceanography her paper “Detection and Quantification

16 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE The 2012 NALMS Photo Contest

he annual NALMS Photo Contest showcases not only many beautiful lakes from around North America but also the talents of our Tmember photographers. Eleven photographers submitted entries. We awarded prize money in two categories: 1. Delegates’ Choice – as voted on by delegates attending the Annual NALMS Symposium. 2. Editors’ Choice – chosen by LakeLine Editor-in-Chief Bill Jones and LakeLine Production Editor Cynthia Moorhead for the entry that would make the best cover for LakeLine. We considered composition, image and color quality, and general aesthetics. This year’s winners are show here. We thank all the great photographers who submitted this year and encourage all NALMS members to keep their cameras with them as they work, recreate, and travel.

Delegates’ Choice First Place – “Morning Mist” by Bev Clark Delegates’ Choice Second Place – “Mintz Pond” by Wendy Dunaway

Delegates’ Choice Third Place – “Sunlight Streak” by David Rosenthal Editors’ Choice – “Duck Parade” by Amy Smagula

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 17 The 2012 NALMS Election Results

he annual election for officers and difficulties and he was instrumental in She currently serves as the president of directors is an important way for bringing their financial condition back the Indiana Lakes Management Society NALMS members to provide input into the black and helped form their (ILMS), is a board member on the Tin the management of the Society. Our successful student endowment program Indiana Water Monitoring Council, and officers and directors are all volunteers that now offers $40,000 scholarships is a representative to the Indiana Lakes who serve without pay. Thank you to all every two years. He then served three Nutrient Criteria Work Group. of the candidates for their dedication to years on their board of directors and was NALMS and thank you to all NALMS elected the president of that professional Region 2 Director – members who participated in this year’s society in 1996. He has served at Chris Mikolajczyk election! the invitation of the Washington and Chris Minnesota State Legislatures on select Mikolajczyk has President-elect – committees to help formulate statewide been a senior project Terry McNabb programs for management of invasive scientist for the Terry McNabb aquatic species. He taught the Lake and past 13 years for was born in Madison, Aquatic Plant Management Seminar Princeton Hydro, Wisconsin in 1954 for the Golf Course Superintendents LLC, a water and as his father was Association of America from 1996 wetland resource completing his Ph.D. through 2006. He is an honorary member firm located in New in aquatic botany of the Washington Weed Association and Jersey. Prior to that, Chris spent nearly at the University a past member of their board. He is an nine years managing an environmental of Wisconsin. appointed member of the Klamath Basin water and wastewater laboratory. He Being the son of a Water Quality Working Group to Evaluate is also currently certified as a NALMS limnologist, McNabb worked summers Nutrient Reduction Strategies. He just Certified Lake Manager, a duty that on the lakes in Wisconsin, the Mississippi completed serving two four-year terms sees him manage New Jersey’s two River near Winona, Minnesota, and on as a member of the Whatcom County largest public recreational waterbodies the lakes in Michigan during his time at (WA) Noxious Weed Control Board. He on a day-to-day basis. Chris possesses UW-Whitewater, the UW Pigeon Lake has for years participated in NALMS an associate’s degree in ecology and Limnology Camp, St. Mary’s College in conferences, sparked a program of environmental technology (limnology) Winona, Minnesota, and finally Michigan giving NALMS memberships to key lake from Paul Smiths College, as well as State University. In 1970 Eurasian association clients at Christmas and has bachelor’s and master’s degrees from watermilfoil was making inroads in sponsored the annual hockey game for a Rutgers University in geography. In both Michigan and he began working on the number of seasons. programs at Rutgers University, Chris management of this and other noxious focused on water quality issues, as well as aquatic weeds on research and operational Secretary – watershed land use planning. programs in the region. He completed Sara Peel a degree in water resource management Sara Peel, CLM, Region 6 Director – from Michigan State University and has currently serves as Julie Chambers run a lake management business in the the Region 5 Director Julie Chambers years since based in the Western United on the NALMS has worked in the States. He has over 40 years of experience Board of Directors. Water Quality mitigating the impacts of eutrophication Sara is the director Division of the and managing invasive aquatic species for of watershed projects Oklahoma Water clients in the West. for the Wabash Resources Board In addition to managing a successful River Enhancement since 1999. As the business during this timeframe, he was Corporation, a nonprofit focused on Lakes Monitoring selected to serve as the first president of improving ecological, economic, and Coordinator for the Western Aquatic Plant Management social conditions within the Wabash River the Board, she manages all activities Society and managed the formation and basin. Sara received her B.S. in biology related to the statewide lake monitoring start of that professional society. He and chemistry from Alma College and and assessment program, which assesses was asked to serve again as president in her M.S. in environmental science from the health of approximately 130 of the 2004. The International Aquatic Plant the Indiana University School of Public state’s largest lakes and reservoirs. Julie Management Society appointed him the and Environmental Affairs (SPEA). also serves on several state technical chair of their finance committee in 1988 Sara has over 14 years of water quality when that group was having financial and watershed management experience. (Election Results continued on page 49 . . . )

18 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Great Lakes States’ Lakes

An Ice Age Legacy Steven E. Brown, Donald E. Luman, & William W. Shilts

Introduction lying beds of Paleozoic age – sandstone, now have small, narrow streams, and vast mong the most striking geographic siltstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite lowlands that house wetlands. Within this features of North America are – that, through time, have eroded into a landscape are many different types of the Great Lakes. Any map of the dendritic drainage pattern (Figure 2). In lakes. AMidwestern region of the United States this well-developed drainage pattern on prominently displays their shape. For bedrock, there would have been no or Lake Types example, the distinctive mitten shape of very few lakes. In northern Minnesota and Glacial processes resulted in the Michigan with the thumb is a product part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, creation of tens of thousands of lakes of the Ice Age, created during a time Precambrian bedrock – hard igneous and in the Great Lakes area. Most of these called the Quaternary Period. Cycles of metamorphic rocks – may have formed lakes can be classified into categories glaciation, coinciding with cycles of cool rugged hills and even small mountain that reflect their origin and, in many and warm periods, occurred a number ranges. River systems forming the upper cases, their shape and size. In many of times during the Quaternary Period, reaches of the ancestral Saint Lawrence ways, the types of lakes influence how roughly the last 2 million years. Just as River probably existed in the areas now we interact with them as we exploit the Great Lakes are a legacy of the Ice occupied by the Great Lakes. The Great their recreational, natural resource, or Age, so are most of the natural lakes Lakes occupy areas where rock was industrial value. Types of natural lakes within the Great Lakes states (Figure 1). more easily eroded, and their present-day include bedrock erosion, kettle or ice- Nearly all the lakes of the Great Lakes shapes are related directly to the regional block depression, enclosed depression, states have an evolutionary relationship bedrock geology of adjacent states and landform-controlled, raised-beach, to the history of glaciation. Most of the Canada. and karst lakes. In the parts of the Great natural lakes are located within the limit Glaciation changed the preglacial Lakes area that remained unglaciated, of continental glaciation and have a landscape and its drainage pattern in such as the Driftless Area of southwest natural history seated in the Ice Age. The two profound ways: (1) the underlying Wisconsin (Figure 1), or in glacial terrain geometry and physical characteristics of bedrock of much of the area of the Great remnants from the earliest part of the Ice lakes, and, in many cases, the ecosystems Lakes states was eroded to varying Age, such as southern Illinois, artificial that have established plant and wildlife degrees, and (2) the eroded debris impoundments, such as farm ponds and communities within and around them, are was transported and deposited by the reservoirs, are abundant. Areas that have related to geologic processes that occurred glaciers and meltwater streams and then been developed by humans have borrow when glaciers occupied the landscape redistributed across the landscape in pits (for sand and gravel extraction) and or because of landscape evolution in hills, plains, river valleys, and glacial detention basins or ponds, many of response to glaciation. lake bottoms. In the most simplistic view, which are a significant component of the glaciers eroded rock, ground it up, and suburban landscape. Finally, the glacial The Landscape Before and After moved it south. The erosion processes landscape includes remnants of ancient the Ice Age and the creation of a completely new glacial lakes, ones that no longer exist, Rewinding the geologic time clock landscape had the effect of creating a new and there is abundant geologic evidence to preglacial times would present a very hydrologic system. Unlike the organized that ancestors to the modern Great Lakes different view of the Great Lakes region: drainage patterns in unglaciated regions, once existed. The Great Lakes would not have existed. the drainage patterns in glacial landscapes The landscape of eastern Wisconsin, are typically chaotic because not enough Ancient and Ancestral Lakes the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most time has elapsed since the last glaciers Lakes that no longer exist occupied of Illinois and Indiana, and most of melted away for erosion to undo the parts of the landscape during the Ice Age. northern, western, and northwestern Ohio disruption of the preglacial landscape by Some of these lakes were ancestors to would have looked much like Kentucky, glacial deposits. The processes of glacial modern lakes, which are now remnants of Tennessee, and southwest Wisconsin. erosion and sediment deposition created once larger lakes (Figure 3). These former These areas are underlain by nearly flat- enclosed depressions, wide valleys that lakes owe their existence to their direct

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 19 20 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Figure 1. Shaded relief image map of the Midwestern region of the United States, emphasizing lakes and streams (shown in blue) in the Great Lakes states. The extent of continental glaciation is shown by red lines; note the Driftless Area, or unglaciated area, of southwest Wisconsin. Parts of southeastern-most Minnesota and northeastern-most Iowa have a highly dissected topography and appear unglaciated. Red numbers with adjacent red shaded boxes refer to subsequent figure numbers and geographic areas, respectively.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 21 Ice-walled lake plains are remnants of lakes that formed on top of a glacier or on a remnant piece of the glacier left on the landscape. The top of the glacier remnant would have appeared like the surface of Swiss cheese, with many circular depressions filled with water, similar to the landscape developed at the end of the Bering Glacier in Alaska today. The lakes melted downward until the lake bottom became connected with the ground surface under the glacier; the size of the lakes grew as the ice that formed their shores melted. Today, evidence of these former glacial lakes consists of flat- topped, circular-shaped hills that typically have steep surrounding hillslopes and that are composed of the sediments deposited in the vanished lakes. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of these landforms in the Great Lakes region. They can occupy any position in the glacial landscape and many are in high places, such as the tops of moraines. Slack-water lakes formed when large volumes of meltwater loaded with glacial sediment occupied large river valleys, such as the Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio, and Wabash valleys. The aggrading sediment and high glacial flood stages dammed water in tributary valleys, causing water to back up and flood the tributary valleys. Remnants of these lakes are revealed today as high and, in places, expansive flat terraces adjacent to smaller tributary rivers and streams. Commonly, they are underlain by sand, silt, clay, or a combination thereof. In southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana, they also occur beyond the glacial limit (Figure 3). Figure 2. Dendritic drainage pattern and oxbow (meander cutoff) lakes, southwest Wisconsin. Ancestral glacial lakes are those that Upper panel: Shaded relief image map of a part of Lafayette County (see Figure 1 for location). were formed during glaciation but have The Pecatonica River is shown in blue. The light blue part of the river is the segment shown in the a modern lake in the same or an adjacent photograph below. Perspective of photo outlined by red line. Lower panel: Low-angle, oblique place. The ancestral lake or lakes typically photograph of the Pecatonica River and oxbow lakes, viewpoint from the southeast viewing had a different shape or size from their northwest. Photograph courtesy of Louis J. Maher Jr. present configuration, and some extended many miles inland of their modern interaction with glaciers. The shape of glacial meltwater. The ancient lake beds extent. All the Great Lakes had ancestral some lakes was constrained by the shape can form unique ecological environments. counterparts. Through many advances of the ice margin and a pre-existing high They typically occur in low places in and retreats, glacial ice filled all or parts topographic position on the landscape, the landscape, are flat or have low local of the Great Lakes basins, blocking the such as a glacial moraine (a glacial relief, and are typically underlain by silt, connections they have today to the Saint ridge that formed along the edge of the clay, sand, or water-scoured glacial till Lawrence River and causing them to glacier). Typically, they formed when the (unsorted mixture of gravel, sand, silt, overflow southward into the Mississippi advancing glacier front or margin blocked and clay deposited by a glacier). Because and the Susquehanna and Hudson River water that drained an existing watershed. of their low relief and low landscape systems. The sizes of the lakes were In addition, these ancient and ancestral position, they may be occupied by controlled by the position of ice margins, lakes grew in size as they were fed by wetlands.

22 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Figure 3. Distribution of sediment in former lake beds of ancient and ancestral glacial lakes. The red lines represent the limit of glaciation. The geology shown is from Fullerton et al. (2003), Gray (1989), and Lineback (1979).

the volume of meltwater filling the moved through the lowest parts of the in Ontario, and parts of the Superior proglacial lake areas, and the elevation preglacial landscape. The shapes of the National Forest in northern Minnesota of outlets. As the ice margins melted Great Lakes, and of the many lakes in share the Boundary Waters international northward, or as outlets were cut through bedrock depressions around them, were area, where more than 4,000 of these rock or sediment, the height of lake levels controlled by the distribution and type lakes are located in Minnesota alone! changed. At times, when glacier margins of solid bedrock Thus, the advancing fluctuated northward, the Great Lakes glaciers followed the path of least Kettle Lakes drained to lower levels than they are resistance – through old river valleys or Kettle lakes are named after their today. The altitudes of lake outlets, and lowlands where the bedrock was most typical shape, that of a circular kitchen therefore lake levels, were also controlled easily eroded. Geologists speculate kettle. Also named ice-block depressions, by isostatic depression as the weight of that the process of glacial advance and they are typically round with a bowl the glacial ice pressed the crust of the erosion through the Great Lakes basins shape, are steep-sided, and can be very earth downward, then rebounded as the occurred many times throughout the deep. Kettle lakes range in size and ice melted off the landscape. cycles of glaciation during the Ice Age. A can be large or very small (e.g., fewer large number of smaller bedrock erosion than 5 acres). These lakes occupy space Bedrock Erosion Lakes lakes are very common in northeastern created by blocks of ice that were buried Bedrock erosion lakes occupy Minnesota and Canada, where the by glacial sediment, so their shape depressions carved into solid rock cover of glacial debris is thin or absent mimics the shape of the former block by glaciers, with the most prominent and where the underlying bedrock is of glacier ice. Blocks of ice can become being the Great Lakes. Glacial ice composed of very old and structurally detached from the glacier by a variety flowed radially away from ice caps in complex igneous and metamorphic rocks of processes. One way occurs when a Canada, and in the area of the Great (Figure 4). Voyageurs National Park glacial outburst of meltwater happens Lakes, the southward-flowing ice first in Minnesota, Quetico Provincial Park very quickly. Blocks of ice can be carried

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 23 Figure 4. Shaded relief image map of a part of northeastern Minnesota adjacent to the U.S.-Canada border (see Figure 1 for location), emphasizing lakes in glacially eroded bedrock depressions. The linear pattern of the hills and low-lying areas is an expression of the varying resistance of various types of bedrock to glacial erosion. away from the glacier margin, then buried by sand and gravel carried by the meltwater. Larger tracts of ice may detach along thrust planes in the ice or become separated from the glacier when the ice begins to flow in a different direction. In some places, the glaciers readvanced over blocks of ice and encased them in finer- grained glacial till. Kettle lakes encased in sand and gravel may be connected to the groundwater flow system, whereas kettle lakes encased in clayey glacial till may be perched and receive water primarily from rainfall and snowmelt. In addition, depending on the local hydrology, a kettle may be dry with no lake at all. Although kettle lakes occur throughout the glaciated terrain surrounding the Great Lakes, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and northern Wisconsin (Figure 5) have the greatest concentrations, with some counties having hundreds of these lakes. The Kettle Moraine region in eastern

Figure 5. Example of kettle lakes. Upper panel at right: Shaded relief image map of a part of Vilas County, Wisconsin (see Figure 1 for location) with abundant ice-block depressions. Note that many depressions contain smaller lakes or no lakes at all. Lower panel: Complex ice-front environment around a retreating glacier margin on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada. Small kettle lakes are ice free, and a large, ice-covered lake dammed by morainic deposits rests against the front of the glacier. Location: 73°12’13’’N; 79°44’37’’W. Photograph courtesy of William W. Shilts.

24 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Wisconsin, an area formed between two ice lobes, takes its name from the abundant kettles, both with and without lakes.

Enclosed Depression Lakes Many lakes and small bodies of water are contained within shallow, enclosed depressions or basins that are not kettles. Different from kettles, the land surrounding these lakes may have gentle relief and roll. These lakes occur in landscapes formed by varying accumulations of debris that melted directly out of the glaciers, called glacial till, which can range from impermeable to slowly permeable.

Landform-Controlled Lakes Landform-controlled lakes are Figure 6. A small lake, or “pan,” surrounded by dunes within the Indiana Dunes National dammed naturally by glacial or Lakeshore. The surrounding area has been greatly affected by urban and industrial development. postglacial landforms or are created by Photograph courtesy of Steven E. Brown. other geomorphic processes. Some of these processes are ongoing today and may not be directly related to activity of sediment supply because rock fragments Other lakes are dammed between the former glaciers. Oxbow lakes (Figure that have been ground to silt and sand are positive relief landforms. Opposite 2) form in the former channel of a river. abundant. of kettle lakes, these lakes are not in When a river meander loop closes on Less common, although distinctive, depressions made by ice, but are in places itself, a cutoff occurs: The meander loop are lakes that occupy long, linear troughs between high landforms constructed by is abandoned, and the river segment is sculpted into rock, older glacial deposits, the glacier. For example, “drumlins” shortened. Oxbows can be ephemeral, or both. Instead of ice, the sculpting are one of the most distinctive glacial filling with water seasonally or in agent has been suggested to be subglacial landforms in the Great Lakes area. response to weather events. The most meltwater. Because the subglacial water Notable in Wisconsin, Michigan, and New notable oxbow lakes are those in large would have been under pressure, the York, the teardrop-shaped hills typically river valleys with low gradient rivers, lake bottoms do not follow a gradient. In occur in large belts. Lakes may occupy such as the Mississippi River in Illinois or addition, these types of lakes are typically the low places between drumlins (Figure the Wabash River in Indiana. very deep. Examples of lakes in these 9). The Great Lakes states host some meltwater-sculpted lake basins include of the most distinctive dune systems the Finger Lakes of New York State Raised-Beach Lakes in the world. For example, dune fields (Figure 7). Raised-beach lakes (Figure 10) can characterize large segments of the Sedimentation lakes form when occur in the low areas, or swales, between Lake Michigan shoreline (Figure 6). sediment transported by flowing water or beach ridges that represent former Migrating dunes can create enclosed wind fills in a space where a river would shorelines of the ancestral Great Lakes basins that contain wetlands or small flow. Common along the Michigan coast and where the land has risen because dune-controlled lakes, which, in some of Lake Michigan, these lakes are found of the release of the weight of glaciers instances, have been described as “pans.” at the mouths of many of the major rivers (isostatic rebound). The lakes can be very short-lived, that end at Lake Michigan. Two geologic depending on dune activity. Many of the processes created these lakes. First, during Karst Ponds or Lakes dune fields are active today, with ongoing low stages of the ancestral Great Lakes, The term “karst” applies to blowouts accompanied by dune migration. rivers incised their channels downward landscapes that are underlain by soluble Although they continue forming as a to adjust to the lower lake level. The carbonate rock, limestone, or dolomite, modern geologic process, their geologic postglacial rise of lake levels flooded the that have distinctive landforms shaped history typically relates to landscape incised river mouths, creating drowned by the dissolution of rock. Figure 11 (left conditions established by glaciers. Three estuaries. Second, in some cases, these panel) shows potential karst areas in the important qualities are necessary: (1) an drowned estuaries became closed from Great Lakes region. The fracture system available sand-rich sediment source; (2) Lake Michigan when longshore currents in the rock, combined with the ability of accommodation space; and, of course, and dune migration filled the connection the rock to dissolve with slightly acidic (3) wind. Glacial deposits provide the with sand (Figure 8). rainwater, creates a network of land

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 25 Figure 7. Shaded relief image map of a part of the Finger Lakes region of New York State. The distinctive linear troughs in which the lakes are situated may have been carved by meltwater flowing under the glacier with tremendous pressure. The fields of linear features are the famous New York drumlin fields (see Figure 1 for location).

Figure 8. Lakes dammed by coastal dunes adjacent to Lake Michigan. Left panel: Shaded relief image map of a part of the Lake Michigan coast, approximately 7 miles north of Muskegon, Michigan (see Figure 1 for location). White Lake (dark blue, top) and Duck Lake (light blue, bottom) are adjacent to Lake Michigan (dark blue, left). Right panel: Low-angle oblique photograph of the Lake Michigan coast and Duck Lake. Note that sand dunes block the connection of Duck Lake to Lake Michigan. Viewpoint from slightly north of west to slightly south of east. Photograph courtesy of Louis J. Maher Jr. surface sinkholes or circular depressions more appropriately be classified as farm supply, and provide water for generation linked to underground cave systems. In ponds. of electric power. The reservoirs created areas where karst has been overridden by for use as a water supply are typically glaciers, the glacial deposits may create Reservoirs, Farm Ponds, Detention built where groundwater resources are an impermeable or semi-impermeable Basins, Borrow-Pits, Quarries, & Mines scarce or not available. Typically, these layer within the sinkhole. A karst pond or Reservoirs are large engineered are in the public domain and also serve a karst lake may then form in the sinkhole structures that have been designed to secondary purpose for recreation. Many (Figure 11, right panel). Some of these control flooding, capture surface water include public access through a state or have been artificially modified and may runoff for use as a consumptive water federal park or designated recreation area.

26 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE storm water runoff in urban areas (Figure 12). Increasingly, these have become havens for unwanted wildlife, such as large populations of Canada geese. Borrow-pit lakes are minor elements of the landscape and are typically very small. Created from the excavation of material for construction fill, these are common along the interstate highways. Quarry or gravel pit lakes and surface coal mine lakes (Figure 13) are prominent in excavations for the extraction of sand and gravel aggregate or coal. After the resource is extracted, they are often remediated to form major recreation areas and support ecosystems that formerly did not exist in that location. The locations of gravel pit lakes are directly related to regions where sand and gravel, deposited by glacial meltwater rivers, were thick enough to mine. Lakes in quarries are generally, though not always, near urban areas, and coal mine lakes are found in areas where geologic processes have brought coal seams very close to the land surface. More than 100 surface coal mine lakes in western Indiana, where there are few natural lakes, are now managed for public use by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.

Lakes – Shaping Midwestern History and Culture Lakes are a significant part of the geography of the Great Lakes region: The cultural characteristics of the region are linked to the physiography of the glacial landscape and the lakes within that landscape. The exploration and settlement history of the Great Lakes region is tied to the unique characteristics Figure 9. Lakes located in low places between drumlins. Upper panel: Shaded relief image map of the Midwestern glacial landscape. of a part of Charlevoix and Antrim Counties, Michigan, east of U.S. Route 31 and north of County The Great Lakes themselves provided Highway C-48 (see Figure 1 for location). The teardrop-shaped hills are glacial drumlins and the earliest transportation route from the trend north-northwest to south-southeast. The lakes shaded in light blue are Cunningham Lake Atlantic Ocean to the continental interior. (left) and Skinner Lake (right). Lower panel: Low-angle oblique photograph of drumlins and Exploration of the Great Lakes coastal Cunningham (closer) and Skinner (farther) Lakes in depressions between drumlins. Viewpoint is areas and later discoveries of connections from northwest to southeast. Photograph courtesy of Louis J. Maher,Jr. to major rivers and water bodies, such as the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Farm ponds are typically very small unglaciated areas or areas covered only by Mexico, opened trading routes and access ponds or lakes that have been created the oldest glacial deposits where there is to midcontinent natural resources long to hold water for livestock or small- more incision of the landscape, they may before western population expansion. scale irrigation. They may or may not have been created by dams across gullies. The discovery of natural resources, such be connected to groundwater flow and These also rely on surface water runoff for as copper and iron ore, and opportunities typically rely on surface water runoff replenishment. Some are located near a for wealth facilitated early occupation to sustain their level. In glaciated areas, natural spring or seep and are fed by both by Europeans. As major strategic, they may be constructed in a pre-existing surface water runoff and groundwater. trading, and transportation centers such enclosed depression in glacial till. In Detention basins are constructed for

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 27 Great Lakes states via the Great Lakes shipping industry. The growth of mining, manufacturing, and agriculture brought hundreds of thousands of people to the Midwest during the 19th and early 20th centuries. By the middle of the 20th century, inland lakes became increasingly important for their recreational and wildlife value. The “lake country” states of Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin became popular summer recreation areas. By the 1950s and 1960s, accessible inland lakes, particularly those close to cities, were populated by shoreline cottages. In the early and middle parts of the 20th century, many of the state and national park and recreation areas in the Midwest were established around both natural and human-constructed lakes, facilitated by a growing recognition of Figure 10. Raised beach lakes between beach ridges near the north shore of Lake Michigan about their significant natural heritage. Today, 10 miles northwest of St. Ignace, Michigan. The ridges and lakes have risen because of glacial many lakes provide places for fishing and isostatic rebound. Viewpoint is from west to east. U.S. Route 2 parallels the shoreline, adjacent to Pointe aux Chenes Bay (see Figure 1 for location). Photograph courtesy of Louis J. Maher Jr. hunting, and states depend on the tourism value of lakes for their economies. On many lakes that are near major population as Chicago and Detroit grew, so did have provided efficient transportation of centers, such as Minneapolis, Milwaukee, the importance of the Great Lakes for the raw materials that fed the industrial Chicago, and Detroit, lake communities commerce and industrial development. complexes that grew on the shores of the have year-round residents. To some During the Industrial Revolution, steel lakes of the Midwest. The prairie soils extent, all the lakes in the Great Lakes mills and related factories were built in of the southern Great Lakes states, rich region face ongoing challenges related to protected coastal harbors, and in some with minerals from rocks pulverized by intense human use, including pollution, areas, such as the vast steel mill complex glaciers and nutrients derived from the nutrient loading, and degradation or in northwestern Indiana, harbors were extensive prairie vegetation, attracted displacement of natural flora and fauna, built to connect the Great Lakes shipping farmers, who developed a thriving particularly by invasive plant and animal industry to the land-based railroad agricultural industry. They traded food species. network. The lakes and their tributaries for timber from the forests of the northern

Figure 11. Area of potential karst and karst lakes. Left panel: Distribution of carbonate rocks susceptible to karst in the Great Lakes states (geology from Tobin and Weary 2004). Location of the photograph is shown as the pink box. Right panel: Low-angle oblique photograph of karst ponds about 5 miles west of Waterloo, Illinois (see Figure 1 for location). A veneer of glacial sediment covers the landscape and the sinkholes in the karst landscape. Viewpoint is from southwest to northeast. Photograph by Joel Dexter. ©2012 University of Illinois Board of Trustees; used courtesy of the Illinois State Geological Survey.

28 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Lineback, J.A. 1979. Quaternary Deposits of Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey, 1:500,000-scale map. Maher Jr., L.J. 2001. Geology by Lightplane [a website of more than 350 geological aerial photographs from the central and western United States, with comments and references and the means to download high-resolution digital copies that can be used free for noncommercial educational purposes]. http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~maher/ air.html, accessed November 15, 2012. National Atlas of the United States. 2012. National Atlas Data Download [a website that provides data access and download of broad subject categories that correspond to the chapters of the National Atlas: Agriculture, Biology, Boundaries, Climate, Environment, Geology, Government, History, Map Reference, People, Transportation, and Water]. http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ atlasftp.html, accessed December 4, 2012. Tobin, B.D. and D.J. Weary. 2004. Digital Engineering Aspects of Karst Map: A GIS Version of Davies, W.E., Simpson, J.H., Ohlmacher, G.C., Kirk, W.S. and Newton, E.G., 1984, Engineering Aspects of Karst. U.S. Geological Survey, National Atlas of the United States of America, Scale 1:7,500,000. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2004-1352. http://pubs.usgs.gov/ of/2004/1352/, accessed November 21, 2012. United States Census Bureau. 2012. 2010 Census TIGER/Line® Shapefiles [a website that provides data access Figure 12. Human-made urban lakes are built to capture storm water runoff and add aesthetic and download to geographic and value for home owners. Upper panel: Shaded relief image map of a part of the City of Champaign, Illinois. Lower panel: Low-angle oblique photo of southwest Champaign, Illinois. Suburban cartographic information from the ® development straddles Interstate 57. Viewpoint is from northeast to southwest. Photograph by Joel Census Bureau’s MAF/TIGER (Master Dexter. ©2012 University of Illinois Board of Trustees; used courtesy of the Illinois State Geological Survey. Address File/Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) database]. http://www.census.gov/geo/ The origin and location of lakes in References www/tiger/tgrshp2010/tgrshp2010. the Great Lakes region are intricately Fullerton, D.S., C.A. Bush and J.N. html, accessed December 4, 2012. tied to their Ice Age legacy. Indeed, Pennell. 2003. Map of Surficial United States Geological Survey. our interaction with the lakes and their Deposits and Materials in the Eastern 2012. The National Map Viewer and landscapes has been profoundly shaped and Central United States (east Download Platform [a website that by this legacy. Understanding the of 102 degrees west longitude). provides data access and download to complexities of lake formation can only U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic the National Map primary data themes: lead to better stewardship of our lake Investigations Series Map I-2789, scale Elevation, Orthoimagery, Hydrography, environments, and to leaving an additional 1:2,500,000. Geographic Names, Boundaries, legacy for future generations. Gray, H.H. 1989. Quaternary Geologic Transportation, Structures, and Land Map of Indiana. Indiana Geological Cover]. http://nationalmap.gov/viewer. Survey, Miscellaneous Map 49, scale html, accessed December 4, 2012. 1:500,000.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 29 Steven Brown is a senior geologist and head of the Quaternary and Engineering Geology Section at the Illinois State Geological Survey, a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois. He has more than 20 years of experience mapping glacial deposits and landscapes in the Great Lakes states. Over the course of his career, Steven has focused on helping those in the public and private sectors use geologic information and maps to solve societal issues and needs. Recently, he was a presenter in the History Channel’s How the Earth Was Made series in the episode “America’s Ice Age.” He can be contacted at [email protected].

Dr. Donald Luman is a principal geologist in the Quaternary and Engineering Geology Section at the Illinois State Geological Survey, a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois. He has more than 35 years of combined experience in using satellite and airborne remote sensing technologies for natural resource applications, conducting research in remote sensing and GIS, and teaching at the university level. Donald can be contacted at [email protected].

Dr. William Shilts, executive director of Figure 13. Lakes created during coal surface mining dot the coal mining regions of Illinois and the Prairie Research Indiana. Upper panel: Low-angle oblique photograph of coal mine lakes near Danville, Illinois. Institute at the Viewpoint is from northwest to southeast. Photograph courtesy of Illinois Department of Natural University of Illinois Resources, Abandoned Mine Lands Division. Lower panel: USDA-Farm Service Agency National since 2008, is a Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial photograph of the Danville, Illinois area acquired on native of Hudson, August 25, 2011. Interstate 74 crosses the lower left part of the photo. Perspective of photo above outlined by red line. Ohio, and a graduate of DePauw, Miami of Ohio, and Syracuse Universities. Before Please take a moment to ensure moving to Illinois in 1995 to become chief of the Illinois State Geological Survey, one NALMS has your correct email and mailing address. of five State Scientific Surveys in the Prairie Log into the member-only area of www.nalms.org Research Institute, William was a research scientist at the Geological Survey of Canada, to view the information we currently have on file. where he specialized in glacial geology, environmental/exploration geochemistry, and the impact of seismic events on lakes. Send any corrections to [email protected]. He can be contacted at [email protected]. x

30 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Great Lakes States’ Lakes

The Birge-Juday Era David G. Frey

[Editor’s Note: The following article was and for the extensive survey of water arising from this total effort closely adapted from Frey, David G. LIMNOLOGY chemistry and plankton in northeastern parallels the general development of the IN NORTH AMERICA. © 1963 by the Board Wisconsin” (Mortimer 1956). To this science of limnology, as reflected by of Regents of the University of Wisconsin should be added the pioneering studies of changing rationale, methods of attack, System. Reprinted courtesy of The University Birge and Juday and their associates on and problems being investigated. of Wisconsin Press.] transmission of solar radiation by water. Another important consideration is The Men remarkable chapter in the that Birge and Juday developed a program E.A. Birge (Figure 1) was born in development of the science of in limnology in which persons of many 1851 in Troy, New York. He received limnology extends from 1875, different primary interests participated his A.B. and A.M. degrees from nearby Awhen the young E.A. Birge became an – chemists, physicists, bacteriologists, Williams College in Massachusetts, instructor at the University of Wisconsin, algologists, plant to the early 1940s. Chancey Juday, who physiologists, was Birge’s close associate for more than geologists, etc. four decades, retired in 1942 and died Most of these in 1944. Birge lived until 1950, just 15 persons were months short of his 100th birthday. staff members The accomplishments of these two men and students from and their associates are outstanding. the University Since a mere listing of their more than of Wisconsin, 400 publications occupies 21 printed but during the pages, I cannot aspire in a single chapter operation of to give a critical appraisal of this vast the Trout Lake effort in terms of its overall impact on the Laboratory more development of limnology. and more persons The studies of Birge and Juday, from outside the although they are largely what is known state and even today as descriptive limnology, are of from outside the interest not merely for their limnological United States descriptions of Wisconsin lakes but also became associated for their significant contribution to our with the program. understanding of limnological processes Hence, the story in general. “To summarize their impact of limnology in on limnology in a few words is difficult; Wisconsin is not but I believe he [Birge] will be chiefly merely that of remembered because he laid bare the Birge and Juday, mechanics of stratification, and showed although they were (with Juday) how the living processes the motivating of photosynthesis, respiration, and force, but also decay combine to produce a concurrent that of their stratification of the dissolved gases. many associates. The Wisconsin partners will further A chronological be remembered for their chemical listing of the analyses and crop estimates of plankton; papers and reports Figure 1. Edward Birge, 1928. Photo courtesy of the UW-Madison archives.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 31 where he had already started working on Cladocera. “His early interest in the planktonic crustacean and the chance which brought him to the shores of Mendota combined to start him on an exploration of the world in which lake plankton live” (Mortimer 1956). Promotions were more rapid in those times. Birge became a professor at Wisconsin in 1879 after only four years as an instructor, including time off to complete his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1878. During 1880-81 he studied at Leipzig with Carl Ludwig, working on the nerve fibers and ganglion cells in the spinal cord of the frog. On his return to Wisconsin he constituted a one-man department of biology, teaching courses in zoology, botany, bacteriology, human anatomy, and physiology. Later when a separate Department of Zoology was organized, he served as its first chairman until 1906. Birge became more and more Figure 2. Chancey Juday, ca. 1930-39. Photo courtesy of the UW-Madison archives. involved in administrative work at the university. Among other responsibilities, he was appointed dean of the College of established a biological station on Turkey from 1931) he taught and directed the Letters and Science in 1891, and he served Lake (now known as Lake Wawasee) only training of graduate students in limnology as acting president of the university from a few miles from Juday’s home. It was and fisheries. 1900-05 and as president from 1918-25. perhaps inevitable that Eigenmann and The early efforts of Birge and Juday His early studies on the plankton Juday should get together, and that Juday as a team were concentrated on the Crustacea of Lake Mendota represent should participate in the summer research Madison lakes, especially Lake Mendota, the first real beginning of limnology in program at Turkey Lake. Juday’s first and on other lakes of southeastern Wisconsin and of Birge as a limnologist. papers are concerned with Turkey Lake Wisconsin. These studies were either His earlier studies were primarily and Winona Lake, to which the station problem-oriented or lake-oriented. The faunistic. The study on the seasonal was relocated in 1899, and with Lake volume on dissolved gases Mortimer distribution of the plankton in lakes Maxinkuckee, where he spent some time (1956) regards as “the most outstanding led him directly into an investigation in 1899 studying the amount of plankton single contribution of the Wisconsin of thermal stratification and chemical in the water and the diel movements of the School.” This study led directly into changes in the hypolimnion. plankton Crustacea. quantitative studies of plankton standing Fortunately, through the Juday was appointed biologist of the crops and still later to an investigation establishment of the Wisconsin Geological Wisconsin Geological and Natural History of the dissolved organic content of and Natural History Survey in 1897, of Survey in 1900. His first assignment, lake waters as a means of studying the which Birge served as director until 1919, appropriately, was to study the diel differences among lakes in their ability to he was able to initiate a broad program migration of zooplankton in Mendota and produce organic matter. of obtaining basic morphometric data other lakes of southeastern Wisconsin, After 1917, their effort shifted on the lakes of southeastern Wisconsin, but after only a year he had to withdraw away from the Madison region. During and he was then able to hire a full-time because of health, and for the next few the period 1921-24 they carried out biologist to help direct and carry out the years he served on the biology or zoology an intensive chemical and biological limnological activities of the survey. This staffs of the universities of Colorado and investigation of Green Lake, the biologist was Chancey Juday. California. During these years he studied deepest (72 m) lake in the state and also Juday (Figure 2) was born in 1871 the fishes and fisheries of Colorado and the deepest lake in the United States at Millersburg along the northern edge of Lake Tahoe and the marine Cladocera and (exclusive of the Great Lakes) between the lake district in Indiana. Very likely as ostracods of the San Diego region. the Finger Lakes of New York and the a boy he was stimulated by lakes and by In 1905 he rejoined the Wisconsin mountain lakes in the West. Unfortunately, the excitement of discovering the diversity Geological Survey as biologist, a position the results were never completely of life they contain. At Indiana University, he held until 1931. In 1908 he was analyzed and published. where he obtained the A.B. and A.M. appointed lecturer in limnology in the The study on dissolved gases was degrees (in 1896 and 1897) and much later Department of Zoology at the University based mainly on lakes in southeastern an honorary LL.D., he came into contact of Wisconsin, and from this time until Wisconsin, although many lakes in the with Carl Eigenmann, who in 1895 had 1941 (serving as professor of zoology northeastern and northwestern lake

32 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE districts were examined briefly. Birge and Juday believed it might be desirable to shift their base of activities from near Madison to the northern part of the state. Birge had previously spent part of the summer of 1892 in northern Wisconsin and a preliminary survey in August 1924 showed the lakes in the northeastern district to be diversified both in biology and in chemistry. Accordingly, in June 1925 a summer field station was established on Trout Lake (Figure 3) with the close cooperation of the State Forestry Headquarters there. Juday served as the director of this laboratory until his retirement in 1942. The approach here Figure 3. Stillman Wright, E.A. Birge, and Chancey Juday pictured by their state research was not so much problem-oriented or vehicle at Trout Lake, 1925. Photo courtesy of the UW-Madison archives. lake-oriented, but rather it was concerned with surveying large numbers of lakes for various chemical and biological properties limnologists and limnological laboratories or second year’s work it would have been and studying the range of variation of in Europe and in February 1910 he visited much more definite in its conclusions these properties and their presumed some lakes in Guatemala and Salvador. and explanations than is now the case. controls, especially as related to drainage The resulting paper represents one of the The extension of our acquaintance and seepage categories. first studies in tropical limnology. Birge with the lakes has been fatal to many Many students, both undergraduate and Juday together investigated the Finger interesting and at one time promising and graduate, were involved in these Lakes of New York and likewise made theories.” Without such “extension of studies. Many senior investigators from a brief study of Lake Okoboji in Iowa. acquaintance” they might never have the University of Wisconsin and from Other studies in which the field work was achieved that insight into the mechanisms other states or nations were attracted to carried out by their associates, concern of stratification, interplay of sun and the Trout Lake Laboratory to conduct lakes of the northwestern United States wind, and the quantitative bonds between studies of interest. Some of the persons and Karluk Lake, Alaska. plankton activities and dissolved gases, associated with this period of research Both men were active in national which form the unique and really valuable are Manning, Pennak, Hasler, Twenhufel, affairs, serving variously as president core of their work (Mortimer 1956). Whitney, Woltereck, Kozminski, Wilson, of the American Microscopical Society, These are good words to remember at Potzger, and others. Regardless of one’s American Fisheries Society, Ecological a time such as the present, when there is opinion concerning the value of survey- Society of America, and the Wisconsin so much emphasis on speed of publication type programs, he must admit that a large Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters. and length of personal bibliographies. volume of basic information concerning Moreover, Juday was one of the persons limnology derived from these efforts. instrumental in bringing about the birth References “If the aim of limnology is the better of the Limnological Society of America, Frey, D.G. (Ed.). 1966. Limnology in understanding of the environmental and he was elected president for its North America. The University of control of living processes, it is a first two years. Juday was awarded the Wisconsin Press, Madison. debatable point whether, for a given Leidy Medal by the Academy of Natural Mortimer, C.H. 1956. An explorer of effort, more knowledge is to be gained Sciences of Philadelphia in 1943, and lakes, p. 165-211. In G.C. Sellery, E.A. by concentrating on a problem selected Birge and Juday together were awarded Birge. University of Wisconsin Press, for one lake or organism, or by the wider the Einar Naumann Medal by the Madison. survey of the kind we are reviewing. Or, International Association of Limnology in stated differently, did Birge [and Juday] 1950 in recognition of their important and advance more on the narrow front on Lake numerous contributions to the field. David G. Frey was a Mendota or in the wider campaigns in They were not summer vacation doctoral student of northeastern Wisconsin? This is a matter limnologists; their approach was the Chancey Juday’s at the of opinion. . . . No doubt the future will opposite of dilettante. They were by no University of Wisconsin show that both methods of attack, in their means averse to speculation; but first where he earned his time and place, have value” (Mortimer of all they assiduously collected the Ph.D. in 1940. He was 1956). facts. The complexity of the questions the founding editor of Although Birge and Juday did most of (in the dissolved gases study) have the journal Limnology their research in Wisconsin, separately and “become more and more manifest as our and Oceanography together they carried on some short-term experience has extended to numerous and was a Professor of Limnology at Indiana studies outside the state. From October lakes and to many seasons. If this report University from 1950 until his retirement in 1907 to June 1908 Juday visited various had been written at the close of the first 1986. David died in 1992. x

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 33 Great Lakes States’ Lakes

NLA Results for the Upper Midwest Area

Paul J. Garrison, Caitlin Carlson, Ralph Bednarz, & Steve Heiskary

National Lake Assessment (NLA) Results 2007 macrophyte surveys, more detailed shoreline habitat assessments, and n recent years the U.S. EPA has two-meter integrated sample for water sediment cores in additional lakes to instituted a National Aquatic Resource chemistry, chlorophyll-a, microcystin, analyze the diatom community. Assessment program. The program and algal identification; dissolved oxygen, Iassesses aquatic resources on a five-year pH, and temperature profiles; zooplankton Key Findings for the Upper Midwest rotational basis. Lakes were assessed tow; and sediment core sample for diatom Lake Condition Stressors in 2007 followed by rivers and streams reconstruction of selected chemical The assessment measured a set in 2008-09, nearshore coastal waters in variables, e.g., total phosphorus (based of key stressors to lake condition to 2010, and wetlands in 2011. Starting in on top and bottom slices from the core) determine their extent across the nation 2012 the cycle is being repeated. This and surface sediment sample for mercury as well as each ecoregion. Each stressor article presents results from the 2007 lake (Figure 1). In addition, ten random near- or indicator was assessed as “good,” assessments for the Upper Midwest states. shore sites were qualitatively assessed “fair,” or “poor” relative to the set of The goal of the lakes survey is to for various littoral and riparian habitat- reference conditions established for the address two key questions about the related measures quality of the nation’s lakes, ponds, and and a sample for a reservoirs: bacterial indicator • What percent of the nation’s lakes are was collected. in good, fair, and poor condition for key In addition to indicators of trophic state, ecological sampling extra lakes, health, and recreation? the three states also collected additional • How widespread are major stressors parameters to that impact water quality? strengthen the The sampling design for this survey individual state is a probability-based network that will assessments. provide statistically valid estimates of Mercury was the condition of all lakes with known analyzed from confidence. Samples sites were randomly surface water selected throughout the conterminous in all the states. U.S. A total of 1,028 lakes were sampled. Minnesota analyzed The three states in this article, Michigan, microcystin from Minnesota, and Wisconsin, sampled 50 a nearshore site lakes in each state. This number was in addition to the greater than originally selected by the index site, assessed EPA, but the additional lakes strengthened macrophyte the statistical inferences for each state. composition at the The lakes that were chosen were at least 4 pHab sites (physical hectares in size and had a maximum depth habitat or pHab), of at least 1 meter. and sampled for Typical sampling effort at each a complete suite site included a variety of samples and of pesticides at measurements collected at a mid-lake the index site. index site, which is often at the deepest Wisconsin also Figure 1. Example of the sample collection at the index site. Caitlin has just collected a sediment core. point in the lake. Samples included a conducted detailed

34 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE NLA assessment. Nationally, the most widespread stressors were those that affect the shoreline and shallow water areas and the highest relative risk was lakeshore habitat disturbance. In the Upper Midwest states (MI, MN, WI) the most widespread stressors were those that affect the shoreline and shallow water areas (Figure 2). In these states, the most widespread stressor was lakeshore habitat. This metric measures how the riparian shoreline has been altered from reference conditions. Based on this metric, 40 percent of the lakes in Michigan and Minnesota were in poor condition. It was lower in Wisconsin – but still over 20 percent. Physical habitat complexity was also in poor condition in about 40 percent of the lakes in all three states. This indicator combines the data from the lakeshore and shallow water interface and estimates the amount and variety of all cover types at the water’s edge. The number of lakes in poor physical habitat condition in the Upper Midwest states was greater than the national average, which was about 35 percent. Wisconsin had many more lakes that had good scores for lakeshore habitat but a smaller number of lakes that had good scores for physical habitat complexity and minimal lakeshore disturbance. In all three states, 25-30 percent of lakes scored poor for shallow water habitat. Michigan had the most lakes that were in good condition for this stressor. This metric measures non-submergent macrophyte coverage and physical substrate. Nutrients as a stressor were much less widespread than nearshore habitat. Nationally, only 20 percent of the lakes Figure 2. Relative extent of stressors nationally and in the Upper Midwest states. were in poor condition. In the Upper Midwest states, fewer lakes were in poor condition. Michigan had very few lakes in as sediment diatoms. The phytoplankton average, while Michigan and Minnesota poor condition while Wisconsin exceeded and zooplankton communities were had many more lakes in good condition in the national average for phosphorus but combined into an observed vs. expected comparison. Michigan had fewer lakes in not for nitrogen (Figure 2). Among the metric (planktonic O/E), while the diatom poor condition followed by Minnesota. In three states, Michigan had the highest community was used to develop a lake Wisconsin, one-quarter of the lakes were number of lakes in good condition diatom condition index. Both metrics in poor biological condition, which was followed by Wisconsin. gave generally similar results and only the similar to the national average. planktonic O/E metric will be discussed. Biological Health Nationally, 24 percent of the Trophic Condition The biological condition of the lakes were in poor condition while 50 Another approach to assessing the nation’s lakes was assessed using percent were in good condition (Figure condition of the lakes is to look at lakes the phytoplankton and zooplankton 3). Wisconsin had a few more lakes in with respect to their trophic condition. communities in the water column as well good condition compared to the national Lakes with the lowest biological

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 35 Midwest only 6 percent of the lakes are man-made. The EPA found that man-made lakes tend to be more eutrophic compared with natural lakes. This likely is because man-made lakes usually have larger watersheds, which results in a higher nutrient delivery rate and thus greater biological activity. Another reason may be that fewer lakes are in an agricultural landscape in the Upper Midwest.

Recreational Condition Another aspect of lake condition is the suitability for recreational use. Three indicators were used with respect to recreational condition: (1) microcystin – an algal toxin, (2) cyanobacteria – algal type that often produces toxins, and (3) chlorophyll-a – a measure of algal biomass. The U.S. EPA does not have water quality criteria for these indicators but the World Health Organization (WHO) has established recreational Figure 3. Biological condition determined by the planktonic community. exposure guidelines for these three metrics (Table 1). While microcystin was detected in productivity are classified as oligotrophic different from chlorophyll. There are 30 percent of the nation’s lakes (Figure while the lakes with the highest many more oligotrophic lakes both 5), it was nearly always present in low productivity are hypereutrophic. The EPA nationally and regionally and fewer concentrations. In the Upper Midwest it report (U.S. EPA 2009) characterized mesotrophic lakes. Wisconsin had fewer was detected in more lakes, e.g., over 50 trophic state with chlorophyll-a. This is hypereutrophic lakes while Minnesota and percent in Minnesota lakes, but levels a measure of the algal population as all Michigan have similar numbers whether were very low. Part of the reason for the algae possess abundant amounts of this phosphorus or chlorophyll was used low concentrations was that samples pigment. for the classification. Nationally, there were only taken in the deep area of the Nationally, oligotrophic lakes are similar numbers of lakes in all four lake and not in the nearshore area where were the least common followed by classifications. algal scums often accumulate. Minnesota hypereutrophic lakes (Figure 4). The Why are lakes in the Upper Midwest analyzed microcystin in the nearshore most common were mesotrophic lakes, in better trophic condition than nationally? area of their lakes, as well as the mid- although eutrophic lakes were almost as Part of the reason is that there are far lake site. They found that when Index common. In the Upper Midwest states, fewer man-made lakes in the Upper Site concentrations were above 1 µg L-1 the largest number of lakes was in the Midwest. Nationally, 45 percent of the they were higher in the nearshore area, as mesotrophic classification. Michigan lakes are man-made while in the Upper compared to the mid-lake site. had the greatest number of these lakes followed by Wisconsin. There were fewer oligotrophic lakes in the Upper Table 1. World Health Organization (WHO) Thresholds of Risk Associated with Midwest compared with nationally. Potential Exposure to Cyanotoxins. Michigan had almost no hypereutrophic lakes, while Minnesota was near the Indicator Low Risk Moderate Risk High Risk national average and Wisconsin was close (units) of Exposure of Exposure of Exposure behind. Minnesota and Michigan had a similar number of lakes in the eutrophic Chlorophyll-a classification as the national average (µg L-1) <10 10 - <50 >50 while Wisconsin had less. Another common way to Cyanobacteria < 20,000 20,000 – >100,000 cell counts (# L-1) <100,000 characterize trophic state is phosphorus concentrations. This is the nutrient that Microcystin most frequently limits algal growth. (µg L-1) <10 10 - <20 >20 The phosphorus results were somewhat

36 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE lakes with poor habitat. Even though lakes – in Michigan had greater habitat alteration than Wisconsin and Minnesota and even nationally, the biological condition of Michigan lakes is much better. This implies that nutrients may be a more important stressor of biological condition than nearshore habitat. However, this survey did not assess the fish community and, based on the literature, it is likely shoreline development and habitat alteration does have a direct negative impact on a lake’s fishery. Recreational indicators were much better in Michigan compared with the other two states and nationally. Michigan

had no lakes that were at high risk based – on chlorophyll. Michigan lakes had lower phosphorus levels, which accounts for the lower chlorophyll values. Of the three states, recreational indicators were worse in Minnesota and were worse than the national average. At least part of the reason that Michigan lakes had lower nutrient concentrations is because nearly all of their lakes are in the forested Upper Midwest ecoregion. In contrast, Wisconsin and Minnesota had several lakes that are in the Temperate Plains ecoregion, which is characterized by cultivated and pastured land uses. These land uses yield higher sediment and nutrient loads which result in more eutrophic lakes. Figure 4. Trophic status measured by chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations.

Although none of the lakes in the Upper Midwest had microcystin in the high or moderate risk range, both cyanobacteria and chlorophyll metrics were present at the moderate risk range. Minnesota and Wisconsin were above the national average for moderate risk from cyanobacteria but Michigan and Wisconsin were below the moderate risk for chlorophyll.

What are the Data Telling Us? Lakes in the Upper Midwest generally have lower nutrient levels than lakes nationally. This was especially true for nitrogen. Among the three states, Michigan had lower phosphorus concentrations than the other two states. Lakeshore habitat was least disturbed in Wisconsin, although Minnesota has more Figure 5. Recreational condition based on chlorophyll, cyanobacteria, and the algal toxin lakes with good habitat but also more microcystin.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 37 How Did These States Benefit from Changes for the 2012 Assessment U.S. EPA. 2009. National Lakes the 2007 Assessment? The lake survey that was conducted Assessment: A collaborative survey of in 2007 was repeated in 2012. Several the Nation’s lakes. EPA 841-R-09-001. Michigan improvements were made in the second U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Since this survey was probability- survey as a result of the previous Office of Water and Office of Research based, it provided a baseline for past experience. For example, microcystin, and Development. Washington, D.C. and future monitoring. This survey chlorophyll, and cyanobacteria samples April 2010. 103pp. East Alaska Lake, Wisconsin provided a context against which to were collected at one randomly chosen evaluate other nonrandom state water nearshore site to better assess the quality surveys. Another benefit was recreational impairment. This may be a Paul Garrison is a Tim Hoyman that this survey provided a biological better site than the index station since research scientist condition assessment, nearshore physical more recreational activities often take with the Wisconsin habitat assessment, and recreational place in nearshore areas. To better assess Department of Natural suitability indicators that were not how well the diatom community in the Resources. He was in- previously available to lake managers. An bottom core samples represent pre- volved in the 2007 and important result of this survey was that it settlement conditions, radiochemical 2012 National Lake supported the importance of low impact analysis is being done on these Assessments. development since habitat alteration is the samples. major stressor in Michigan lakes. While analysis will not provide Caitlin Carlson is a dates, it will enable analysts to estimate research scientist with Minnesota if the samples were deposited more the Wisconsin Depart- As with Michigan, this probability- than 100 years ago. A more detailed ment of Natural Re- based survey provided a complement to assessment of the macrophyte community sources and participat- targeted data collection programs. This was done in 2012. The structure of the ed in the 2012 National statistically valid dataset allows for the macrophyte community was estimated Lakes Assessment. extrapolation of the results statewide and along a transect from at least five of the defined regions of the state. This survey pHab sites. A pesticide screen was added Steven Heiskary is also provided a useful perspective for for 2012 to estimate the occurrence of a long-time member evaluating water quality standards. The common pesticides in the nation’s lakes. of NALMS, a Past survey also provided valuable insights Water samples were also collected for President and recipient into spatial patterns in microcystin and methane, dissolved carbon, and stable of NALMS Secchi Disk allowed for the first statewide assessment isotopes. The bottom sediment samples Award. He served on of pesticide concentrations in lakes. will be analyzed for mercury and carbon the national steering to estimate changes in mercury deposition committee for the 2007 Wisconsin during the last century. Zooplankton and 2012 NLA studies. Several enhancements that were and phytoplankton analyses are being included in the survey benefited state enhanced to provide more information Ralph Bednarz is lake managers. Detailed macrophyte about these important communities in our currently working surveys were conducted on many of nation’s lakes. with the Michigan the lakes. This information was used to Department of References develop baseline monitoring protocols Environmental for macrophytes (Hauxwell et al. 2010; Hauxwell, J., S. Knight, K. Wagner, A. Quality (DEQ) Water Mikulyuk et al. 2010). The survey Mikulyuk, M. Nault, M. Porzky and S. Resources Division as also resulted in macrophyte surveys in Chase. 2010. Recommended Baseline a senior environmental reference lakes, which strengthened the Monitoring of Aquatic Plants in employment program understanding of the impact of stressors Wisconsin: Procedures, Data Entry, and enrollee. He retired from the DEQ in 2011 on the macrophyte community and led to Analysis, and Applications. Wisconsin after a 35-year career in environmental the development of impairment metrics. Department of Natural Resources protection and water resources management The information in the diatom community Bureau of Science Services. PUB- in Michigan.Ralph coordinated both the from the additional sediment cores SS-1068 2010. Madison, Wisconsin. 2007 and 2011 NLA implementation in was used to develop state phosphorus USA. Michagan. x standards. As with the other states, Mikulyuk, A., J. Hauxwell, P. Rasmussen, the statistically valid survey provided S. Knight, K.I. Wagner, M.E. Nault broader context for volunteer and satellite and D. Ridgely. 2010. Testing a monitoring activities. Information for methodology for assessing plant individual lakes in this survey was used to communities in temperate inland lakes. leverage additional state lake grants. Lake and Reservoir Management, 26:54-62.

38 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Great Lakes States’ Lakes

East Alaska Lake, Wisconsin

Tim Hoyman

The Path to a Successful Lake Restoration was not the primary source of nutrient pollution, like so many other lakes in Beginning the Process with same area. In fact, Kewaunee County this area of Wisconsin. In fact, during Baseline Studies and is second only to its neighbor, Brown the late 1990s when the first planning Creating a Management Plan County, for supporting more concentrated studies were being conducted, less than 15 ast Alaska Lake is a 53-acre animal feeding operations (CAFOs) than percent of the land in the lake’s 325-acre drainage lake located less than any county in the state. With intense watershed was in agricultural row crops. 1.5 miles from the shores of agriculture comes high levels of nutrient Furthermore, all of that acreage drained LakeE Michigan in Kewaunee County, loading to lakes, rivers, and streams; through the upstream West Alaska Lake, WI. In the late 1990s, spurred on by therefore, the easy answer to East Alaska reducing the phosphorus content through poor lake health as shown by frequent Lake’s water quality woes must have sedimentation, before it reached East and severe algal blooms, the Tri-Lakes been agricultural runoff – right? Well, this Alaska Lake. Association was created by a group of really wouldn’t be much of a story if it The 1999 studies suggested that concerned citizens. Within a year of its were just that easy. East Alaska Lake’s unexpectedly high creation, the association teamed with While dairy-related agriculture phosphorus concentrations were not only town officials, hired a consultant, and unquestionably played a role in the brought on by external sources that were successfully applied for a Wisconsin deterioration of East Alaska Lake over impacting the lake at the time, but also Lake Management Planning Grant to help the years, run-off from agricultural lands by the latent affects of historical sources, fund the creation of a management plan for East Alaska Lake. The management planning project, which focused upon the lake’s water quality, aquatic plants, and watershed, was completed in 1999 (NES 1999). The studies associated with that first planning project confirmed the concerns over poor water quality raised by East Alaska Lake stakeholders, including eutrophic conditions brought on by high nutrient levels that resulted in frequent pelagic and filamentous algae blooms (Figure 1). Documentation of the lake’s poor water quality conditions continued into the 2000s with summer phosphorus levels often exceeding 0.030 mg/L, which is higher than the median value of 0.017 mg/L for deep, headwater drainage lakes in Wisconsin (WDNR 2009). While Wisconsin is home to some of the most beautiful lakes in the world, it is also known as the Dairy State for a reason. So, finding an unnaturally productive lake in one of Wisconsin’s farm-rich eastern counties is about as easy as finding a dairy cow in that Figure 1. Algae bloom on East Alaska Lake. Photo by Patrick Robinson.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 39 many of which were curbed years before. These studies indicated that while both An Alum Treatment Plan is Developed One intense impact was runoff from a the inlet and the drain tile each delivered Following the minimization of sizeable farm’s feedyard that drained approximately 57 lbs of phosphorus to external loads the Tri-Lakes Association, directly to the lake for decades and was the lake annually, the impact of the drain in 2010, applied for and received its finally diverted to a concrete manure tile was more severe because basically fourth grant from the State of Wisconsin storage facility in 1995. An additional no flushing of the lake was associated to fund the development of an alum significant phosphorus source impacting with the drain tile phosphorus input as treatment plan for East Alaska Lake to the lake until approximately 1960 was it discharged only 6 percent of the flow inactivate sediment phosphorus. The wash water and whey discharge from an delivered by the inlet. Mass-balance project entailed the extraction of sediment adjacent cheese factory that entered the modeling of spring, summer, and fall in- cores to develop an alum dosing plan for lake only after flowing through an inline lake phosphorus concentrations indicated the lake, the creation of a cost estimate settling tank and gravel filter. And during that the lake could potentially be receiving for the alum application and subsequent the mid-1990s, county staff investigated over 280 lbs of phosphorus annually water quality monitoring, the presentation many of the private onsite wastewater via internal loading. While this estimate of the plan to the association and treatment systems (POWTS) on East was believed to be an exaggeration, it surrounding community, documentation Alaska Lake. Of particular interest were was still considered a strong indication of their support, and development of a 16 homes along the southern basin of the that internal loading was a significant fifth and final grant application to fund the lake, the majority of whose POWTS were source of phosphorus fueling the lake’s treatment. found to be failing. With the exception of production. During the summer of 2010, two, all of these systems were replaced Although the 2004 studies confirmed Wisconsin Department of Natural with a holding tank within five years. internal loading to be significant in East Resource (WDNR) researchers extracted The 1999 management plan Alaska Lake, the resulting report stopped sediment cores from eight locations contained four water quality-related short of recommending an alum treatment within East Alaska Lake (Figure 2). recommendations; (1) divert two because of the unchecked drain tile load The sediment cores were delivered to stormwater discharge pipes draining a and continued uncertainties associated Bill James of the U.S. Army Corps of section of county highway to an adjacent with impacts of lakeshore POWTS. Engineers Eau Galle Aquatic Ecology ditch and downstream wetland, (2) create Instead, it recommended additional septic Laboratory in Spring Valley, Wisconsin a nutrient and pesticide management plan system inspections and reiterated the need and were analyzed for different fractions for a golf course partially draining to the for a sedimentation basin for the treatment of sediment phosphorus. The core analysis lake, (3) create a sedimentation basin to of the agricultural drain tile discharge. results indicated that under anaerobic intercept and treat water being discharged The Tri-Lakes Association followed conditions, all of the sites released to the lake by an agricultural drain tile, through on the recommendations stated phosphorus to the overlaying water with and (4) investigate the significance of in the report and in 2006, with assistance the rates ranging from 0.7-11.5 mg/m2- internal loading on the lake’s phosphorus from Kewaunee County and the US day. The sediments from the northern budget. The latter recommendation Fish and Wildlife Service, completed basin had the greatest release rates, was prompted by the historical nutrient construction of a 1-acre sedimentation yet the sites in the southern basin also loading impacts to the lake, the lake’s basin on the lake’s west shore to exhibited significant release. The alum long retention time of just over a year, treat water entering the lake from the treatment would target two fractions of and high hypolimnetic phosphorus values agricultural draintile. Furthermore, phosphorus found within the sediment: exceeding 300 µg/l. in 2007 the association prompted the loose-P, and Fe-P. Loose-P is essentially county to inspect all POWTS around the phosphorus that is loosely bound to other Implementing the Plan lake, with the inspections resulting in 11 chemicals or particulate matter. Fe-P is and Learning More corrective actions. iron-bound phosphorus. Together, these The first two recommendations were Over the course of a decade, the two phosphorus fractions are considered implemented immediately following Tri-Lakes Association, with help from Redox-P, or the phosphorus fraction that the completion of the lake management private consultants and town, county, and is susceptible to being released from the plan, while the second two, being more state agencies, discovered that the lake’s sediment into overlaying waters during complicated and costly, took a bit more poor water quality was not only brought anoxia. time. In 2004, the Tri-Lakes Association on by existing external loads, but also by Based upon the sediment core received a second and a third grant from the on-going affects of historical external analysis, the application plan was to dose the State of Wisconsin to complete studies loads that had been shut off years earlier. the areas of the lake with depths equal to to quantify the phosphorus loading to The association worked to minimize and greater than 10 feet (33.0 acres) at the lake through its inlet from West the remaining external loads and by the a rate of 132 g/m2 Al. Following advice Alaska Lake, the agricultural drain tile mid-2000s, had met its objective, leaving provided by Sweetwater Technologies, described above, and internal nutrient only internal phosphorus loading as the the contractor chosen to complete the loading (Onterra 2005). The project primary culprit impacting the lake’s alum application, the treatment area was design was essentially an alum treatment health. At that point, the association set expanded to include the bottom area feasibility study for East Alaska Lake. out to implement an alum treatment on the between the depths of 5-10 feet (7.6 lake.

40 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE those risks would be minimized if the treatment were to move forward on East Alaska Lake. As a result, the community was prepared for what they were going to hear at the meeting and achieving their buy-in was assured. The Tri-Lakes Association voted unanimously to proceed with the alum treatment. By mid-summer, the association was notified that their fifth grant application was successful and they would receive 75 percent funding from the State of Wisconsin to complete the alum application and post treatment monitoring.

The Alum Treatment is Implemented After 20-plus years of study and planning, the East Alaska Lake alum treatment was implemented in mid- October 2011 and included the application of nearly 84,000 gallons of aluminum sulfate over a two-day period (Figure 3). It is quite a spectacle to have a 24- foot stainless steel barge with a 60-foot boom span sweep back and forth across a 53-acre lake. Add in a constant convoy of tanker trucks bringing aluminum sulfate to the lake’s small landing and the characteristic milky turquoise appearance of the lake water during application (Figure 4) and you have something people are likely to go out of their way to see. Figure 2. Sediment coring sites at East Alaska Lake. The results of the phosphorus fraction In anticipation of this possibility, analysis on the core samples lead to the determination of the alum dose used to restore the lake. the WDNR notified local news outlets acres) at a moderate dose of 40 g/m2. The treatment of depths between 5-10 feet was selected in order to reduce filamentous algae growth, which frequently reaches nuisance levels in East Alaska Lake and is a primary concern of lake stakeholders. In early spring 2011, the alum treatment plan and cost estimate of $165,000 was presented to the members of the Tri-Lakes Association and interested members of the community. However, before that meeting, two press releases were published in local papers describing the issues on East Alaska Lake, disclosing the possible use an alum treatment and announcing the public meeting. In addition to the newspaper exposure, area residents were provided with a factsheet outlining the risks of implementing an alum treatment and how Figure 3. Barge applying alum to East Alaska Lake during October 2011.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 41 and Onterra, the consultant managing the project, mailed a notice to area residents describing the upcoming treatment and what to expect. Further, a sign was posted at the landing two-weeks prior to the treatment to alert transient users (Figure 5). The greatest risk of environmental harm resulting from an alum treatment is when pH values fall below 5.5. Below that level, dissolved aluminum concentrations can reach toxic levels to fish and other wildlife. This risk was explained to the community during the alum treatment Figure 4. Treatment monitoring crew on East Alaska Lake. Notice the milky turquoise water resulting from the alum treatment occurring that day. planning process along with the fact that pH levels would likely not drop below 6.0 due to the lake’s high alkalinity,

which often exceeds 200 mg/L as CaCO3. The alkalinity works to buffer the lake against the pH drop associated with the hydrolysis of aluminum sulfate during the application. Still, to lessen public concern, Onterra staff monitored pH and dissolved oxygen values at numerous sites on East Alaska Lake during the two-day application. The lowest value recorded during the application was 6.3, with most sites remaining at 6.5 or higher. Two days following the treatment, pH values rebounded to 7.1 and greater throughout the lake.

East Alaska Lake – One Year Post-Treatment Figure 5. Informational sign posted at East Alaska Lake boat landing two weeks prior to A single growing season’s data have treatment. been collected at East Alaska Lake post alum treatment. Casual observations throughout the summer were positive as no filamentous algae was noted and near surface total phosphorus values were lower than previously measured (Figure 6). During early fall 2012, a core was extracted from the deep hole where the full dose rate of 132 g/m2 was applied, a distinct layer was found near the surface of the sediment, indicating a substantial barrier to sediment phosphorus flux had been created (Figure 7). A phosphorus profile collected during the same October visit is also strong evidence of the success of the treatment, especially when compared to profiles collected the two previous years (Figure 8). During the two years prior to the treatment, total phosphorus concentrations in the anoxic hypolimnion ranged from 0.1 to 1.24 mg/L, while the post treatment samples Figure 6. East Alaska Lake summer (June, July, and August) near-surface total phosphorus spanned from 0.040 to 0.088 mg/L. concentrations from 2002-2012. The alum treatment occurred during October 2011.

42 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Acknowledgments Special thanks to Paul Garrison, WDNR for his valuable guidance and assistance throughout the project. Also, thank you to Bill James, formerly of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, now at University of Wisconsin-Stout, for graciously analyzing the sediment cores and determining the proper treatment dose. Finally, thank you to my staff at Onterra: Brenton Butterfield, Dan Cibulka, Eddie Heath, and Todd Hanke, for their help in collecting samples and analyzing data.

Literature Cited NES. 1999. Lake Management Plan for Figure 7. Bottom core extracted from the deepest location in East Alaska Lake approximately one East Alaska Lake, Kewaunee County, year after the alum treatment. The white section is the alum layer that has settled approximately WI. NES Project No.: 13168002. two inches into the soft bottom sediments. Onterra, LLC. 2005. East Alaska Lake, Kewaunee County, WI, Alum Treatment Feasibility Study. [WDNR]. 2009. Wisconsin 2010 Consolidated Assessment and Listing Methodology (WisCALM). PUB WT- 913.

Tim Hoyman, CLM, is the founder of Onterra, LLC, a lake management planning firm based in De Pere, WI. As the company’s lead aquatic ecologist, Tim is involved with all of the firm’s projects, but his specialty is water quality monitoring and assessment. Tim first became a member of NALMS in 1992 while studying limnology at Iowa State University. Tim can be reached at thoyman@onterra- Figure 8. Total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen profile results from October 2010, 2011, and eco.com. x 2012. The alum treatment occurred after the October 2011 samples were collected.

While the environmental data are Lake; however, time will tell if the great to see, especially for a professional treatment effects last for the 20 or more limnologist that has worked on the lake years for which the Tri-Lakes Association for over a decade, the most satisfying hopes. After the professional water quality evidence was when long-time Tri-Lakes monitoring ends in 2013, volunteers will Association President, Bill Iwen, called be relied upon to collect samples through to say, “People are actually swimming in Wisconsin’s Citizen Lake Monitoring East Alaska Lake again!” Network. Data resulting from that program will be useful in determining the The Future of East Alaska Lake longevity of the alum treatment; therefore, The one-year post treatment results it is essential that the association be certainly look promising for East Alaska consistent in providing volunteers to collect the samples.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 43 Great Lakes States’ Lakes

Cedar Lake – A Lesson in Persistence

David Bucaro

s we all know, lake management is not for the faint of heart. It can be a long, drawn-out process of Alengthy planning and consensus-building, fundraising, and finally, implementation. Results, as demonstrated by visible lake improvements, may take many more years. Plans often change or require regular updating. This is a story about one small lake community that has worked for over 40 years to improve the condition of their lake. After many small successes, they are on the verge of the “Big One.”

Background Cedar Lake is a 781-acre kettle lake located in northwest Indiana, just 18 miles south of the shores of Lake Michigan (Figure 1). The lake is shallow with a maximum depth of only 14 feet and a mean depth of 7.9 feet. Cedar Lake’s watershed is small (4,800 acres), largely because the north-south Continental Drainage Divide lies immediately to the north of the lake. Thirty-six percent of the watershed is in agricultural use. The Town of Cedar Lake and adjoining residential areas make up 31 percent of the watershed. The “Lake of the Red Cedars” was impacted by humans as early as the early 1870s when ditches were cut to lower the lake to better drain local farmlands. The Indiana Commission of Fisheries began stocking the lake with black bass and northern pike as early as 1905. With the establishment of a railway in the 1870s, Cedar Lake rapidly became a popular resort area, with many vacationers arriving via rail from Chicago. The resident local population in 1950 was estimated as 3,900 but as many as 25,000 tourists would visit the lake on a typical summer day. By 1960 the permanent population had grown to over 5,700. All of the residences had Figure 1. Location Map of Cedar Lake, Indiana.

44 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE on-site sewage septic systems and raw or management, an in-lake alum treatment, non-point source sediment and nutrient inadequately treated sewage entering the and a complete fisheries renovation. inputs to the lake. Through these efforts lake was a common problem, resulting in Dredging for nutrient control was not watershed loadings have continued to disagreeable algal blooms and high fecal recommended because tests demonstrated dramatically decline. coliform bacteria counts. Sanitary sewer that although removing enriched The Cedar Lake Enhancement lines were installed around the lake and in surficial sediments would reduce internal Association is a non-profit grass roots Cedar Lake the town in 1972 but infiltration and other phosphorus loading, the lake would organization with the goal of making – A Lesson in Persistence problems caused untreated sewage to continue to be highly eutrophic due to Cedar Lake a more valuable resource enter the lake for many years following. residual internal phosphorus release and and has been a long standing advocate watershed loadings. The recommendations for ecosystem restoration within the David Bucaro Previous Studies in the completed Phase I Report could not watershed. Over the past three decades, At the urging of local residents, the be implemented due to lack of local, state, they have implemented a number of Indiana Legislature appropriated funds and federal funds. projects through locally-raised money in 1979 for a comprehensive study to A 1991 study funded by the Indiana and an aggressive and constant pursuit diagnose Cedar Lake’s water quality Department of Natural Resources Lake of state and federal restoration grants. problems. This study and another in and River Enhancement (LARE) Program Projects implemented include bank 1982 funded by the U.S. Environmental focused on diagnosing specific watershed erosion protection (wetland creation, Protection Agency (USEPA) Clean Lakes sources and identifying solutions (Jones enhancements and plantings), inlet Program were both undertaken by the and Marnatti 1991). Recommendations channel stabilization, and lakeshore or Indiana University School of Public and included agricultural and urban BMPs, streambank stabilization, all of which Environmental Affairs (Echelberger and correction of sewer system surging and have reduced watershed loadings and Jones 1984). This effort found that: overflows, wetlands enhancements, improved conditions within the Lake and • Cedar Lake has a meromictic rerouting a previously diverted inlet back its tributaries. circulation – no permanent thermal into the lake, repairs to the lake’s outlet stratification was detected. A long fetch control structure, and a carp management Current Feasibility Study of 2.1 miles and shallow water depths program. In 2002, the Cedar Lake keep the lake well-mixed by prevailing A 2001 Section 319 watershed study Enhancement Association partnered winds. (Harza 1998) focused on identifying with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, specific sources of non-point source Chicago District to evaluate opportunities • Sediment accumulation exceeded 17 pollution in the five subwatersheds to restore the aquatic ecosystem of Cedar feet from the original glacial bottom. draining into Cedar Lake. This study Lake. Based upon the significance of the Surficial sediments were enriched with identified priority watersheds to focus resource, the Corps identified a federal organic matter, phosphorus, lead and remediation efforts on. Remediation interest in conducting a comprehensive zinc. The latter two were likely airshed recommended included constructed feasibility study to address ecosystem effects of the steel industry along Lake wetlands for NPS control, streambank degradation within the lake (USACE Michigan. stabilization, agricultural BMPs, and 2002). • Brief periods of calm, even as short golf course nutrient management among The overall problem within as overnight, allow the bottom waters others. Cedar Lake is the holistic decrease in to go anoxic due to high BOD and biodiversity due to a history of dramatic Local Efforts nutrient enrichment of the surficial manipulations to functional processes and sediments. This allows temporary State and federal resources, along physical habitat structure. Cedar Lake internal phosphorus release that mixes with limited local monies, have funded is a vulnerable system due to its small throughout the water column when these many studies to characterize drainage area and its natural condition winds and recreational boat traffic the lake and diagnose its problems. as an oligotrophic lake. These factors resume. However, funds to implement study limit natural processes from repairing recommendations have been in hard to past damages to physical and chemical • Modeling and direct measure come by. In the meantime, local efforts components. The lake efficiently traps determined that areal internal have undertaken a number of ambitious watershed inflows that contain sediment phosphorus loading rates were as high projects to improve the lake and its and nutrient loads that are both physically as 2.0 g/m2-yr (86 percent of total areal environs. and chemically unsuitable to the natural phosphorus loading). In addition to making significant system. The result is an ecosystem that • Total phosphorus concentrations in the improvements to the sanitary sewer exhibits a host of problems including the water exceeded 300 µg/L; 60 percent system to prevent surcharges to the lake, absence of suitable substrates for aquatic were in soluble form. Ammonia- the Town of Cedar Lake completed macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and nitrogen concentrations exceeded 1.8 a comprehensive plan in 2007 that fishes; absence of submerged aquatic mg/L. Chlorophyll-a concentrations outlines a long-term plan for controlled macrophyte beds and emergent marshes exceeded 130 µg/L. development within the lake’s watershed. within the littoral zone; absence of The Town also passed stormwater a functioning native glacial lake fish This study recommended a management and zoning ordinances along assemblage; and overall physical and remediation plan that included watershed with a stormwater user fee to address chemical impairments that allow for non-

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 45 native invasive species including algae to dominate. Even though several studies had been conducted on Cedar Lake, the mechanisms causing nutrient recycling were not entirely understood. Additional detailed studies were performed in order to establish baseline conditions for restoration. In partnership with Sandia National Laboratories, a three- dimensional hydrodynamic, sediment transport, and water quality EFDC model was developed of the lake with the goal of accurately reflecting how boundary- condition perturbations affect sediment resuspension, water quality, and overall lake health (Figure 2). A significant amount of field work was done that fed the modeling analyses, which included a new bathymetric survey, sediment core and grab sampling to determine physical and chemical characteristics (Figure 3), measuring potential sediment erodibility using a portable ASSET flume (Figure 4), biological sampling, and conducting long- term water quality sampling (Figure 5). The model illustrates the strong correlation between sediment phosphorus concentrations, algal concentrations, dissolved oxygen, and ecosystem Figure 2. 3-D Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) Model developed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL).

health, which reinforces the phosphorus in the surficial sediments was identification of phosphorous measured as much as 200 mg/kg. Many as the nutrient of concern of the sediment samples collected had in the Cedar Lake system. a thick (up to several inches) coating of Internal phosphorus loadings algae growing on them (Figure 6). There were determined to account was a distinct gradient of algae from the for nearly 90 percent of north basin to the south basin, with the the total annual loading greatest growths observed in the south followed by 9 percent from basin, which coincides with the prevailing the watershed and 1 percent wind direction to the south. Microscopic from atmospheric deposition analysis revealed the algae present in (James 2007). Internal the overlain sediments to be mainly phosphorus loadings are cyanobacteria, which are associated due to advection-diffusion with water column blooms (specifically, from the bed and sediment Microcystis and Planktolyngbya), not the resuspension from both wind expected benthic growths that should be and boat induced waves. The present. After the algal layer was removed Carlson Trophic State Index (Figure 7), sediments were shown to was used as an indicator of be very light and lumpy in most cases, ecosystem health, which having the appearance of cottage cheese, varied over the year with a which are easily resuspended. maximum reaching 76 in the Through these detailed modeling and late summer corresponding field analyses a clear restoration strategy to hypereutrophic conditions. for Cedar Lake was established to include Over most of the year the lake addressing the internal nutrient recycling, displays either eutrophic or further reducing watershed loadings, and Figure 3. Sediment core sampling taken 7/13/2005; pictured hypereutrophic conditions. restoring the physical aquatic habitat. are Dirk O’Daniel, SNL and David Bucaro, USACE. Available sediment Several restoration plans were formulated

46 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Figure 4. Sediment erodibility testing using a Mobile Adjustable Figure 5. Deploying a YSI Water Quality Sonde in the lake Shear Stress Erosion and Transport (ASSET) Flume taken taken 7/13/2005. Pictured is Casey Pittman, USACE. 7/13/2005. Pictured is Jesse Roberts, SNL. to address ecosystem degradation of the the National Ecosystem lake. Specific habitat types targeted for Restoration (NER) Plan that restoration are fringe marsh, shallow and most efficiently achieves deep littoral zones, and the bathypelagic the restoration goals for zone in order to improve biodiversity. Cedar Lake and could be Alternatives were derived from several Federally supported. restoration measures including sediment removal, nutrient inactivation, dilution Recommendations of the and flushing, creation of in-lake Ecosystem Restoration structures, littoral vegetation restoration, Management Plan fish community management, and The recommended institutional controls. All plans were NER plan (Figure 8) evaluated for completeness, effectiveness, includes a combination of efficiency, and acceptability. A habitat six restoration measures suitability index was developed to that address both the estimate the benefits of each plan on functional and structural ecosystem impairments Figure 6. Algal coating taken from the surface of bed sediments; biological function and habitat structure taken 4/01/2008. within the laucustrine ecosystem. A total existing at Cedar Lake: of 396 alternative plans were formulated • Sediment Removal – based upon 14 restoration measures. 3 Mechanical dredging of 140,000 yd of and clarification cells and a temporary A cost-effective and incremental cost the highest phosphorus-concentrated treatment facility. Upon completion, the analysis was performed on the suite of sediments and algal layers in the south placement site would be developed for plans and determined there were nine basin. Material would be slurried using recreational use including ball fields. “best buy” plans that would provide the recycled effluent and hydraulically greatest increase in output for the least pumped 8,000 feet to a 96-acre • Nutrient Inactivation – Treating 400 increase in costs. From these plans that sediment dewatering facility that acres across the lake with aluminum have the lowest incremental costs per unit encompasses containment dikes, storage sulfate (alum) with spatially varying of output, a single plan was identified as dosages in order to target residual

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 47 Figure 7. Cedar lake sediments after algal coating removed; taken 4/1/2008.

available sediment phosphorus concentrations to less than 20 mg/kg. • Dilution and Flushing – Reconnect Founders Creek back to its historic connection to Cedar Lake by rerouting 1,400 feet of the channel and creating a 100-foot riparian stream corridor. • Littoral Macrophyte Restoration – Restore 35 acres of emergent and 95 acres of submergent aquatic vegetation along the shoreline of the lake with depths up to 4 feet. • Fish Community Management – Renovate the fish community through a single treatment of Rotenone and the Figure 8. Layout map of National Ecosystem Restoration Plan. introduction of predatory and native glacial lacustrine fish species.

• Institutional Controls – Increase no treatment, increasing no-wake zones, Next Steps wake zones along the perimeter of the planting littoral aquatic vegetation and The feasibility study is scheduled lake from 200 to 400 feet and place restocking of native fish species. to be complete in 2013. Design and additional marker buoys. The total first cost of the NER Plan implementation would follow execution is estimated to be $20 million, which of a formal partnership agreement. The Implementation of the ecosystem would be cost-shared 65 percent federal first phase of the restoration plan is restoration management plan would be and 35 percent non-federal. The Town of anticipated to begin in 2015. The entire phased over four years beginning with Cedar Lake has requested consideration community has been working toward construction of the sediment dewatering of an additional $7 million in dredging be implementation of a comprehensive facility, rerouting Founders Creek, performed, that would be a 100 percent restoration plan for decades and is very applying a single Rotenone treatment, non-federal responsibility. excited to see the work of so many over dredging, applying a single alum so long come to fruition. Their long-

48 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE lasting commitment to Cedar Lake is remarkable and the U.S. Army Corps of ( . . . Election Results continued from page 18) Engineers is proud to be a partner in the workgroups related to assessment of and examining the role of Mysis in restoration of this valuable resource. lakes and field protocol development. lake food webs. He attends NALMS She was recently appointed as president- conferences, is a CLP, presents References elect for the Oklahoma Clean Lakes workshops, and is an associate editor Echelberger, W.F. and W.W. Jones. and Watershed Association (OCLWA), of Lake and Reservoir Management. 1979. Cedar Lake Restoration Oklahoma’s state affiliate of NALMS. Since 2008, he has served as the chair Feasibility Study. Prepared for Indiana Julie graduated from the University of of the scholarship committee on the Department of Natural Resources. Central Oklahoma in 1995 with a BS in board of WALPA. Indiana University School of Public biology. and Environmental Affairs (SPEA), Student At-large Director – Bloomington, Indiana. Region 10 Director – Lindsey Witthaus Echelberger, W.F. and W.W. Jones. 1984. Frank Wilhelm Lindsey’s love Cedar Lake Restoration Feasibility Frank Wilhelm of lakes began at Study – Final Report. ESAC-84-01. earned BS and young age with Prepared for Clean Lakes Coordinator, MS degrees from frequent family trips State of Indiana. Indiana University Trent University, to local reservoirs SPEA, Bloomington, Indiana. and a Ph.D. from and grew during her Harza Engineering Company, Inc. the University of undergraduate career (Harza). 1998. Cedar Lake Engineering Alberta. After a Feasibility Study. Prepared for Cedar at the University of NSERC post-doc Pittsburgh, where Lake Enhancement Association, Inc. at the University of (CLEA). September. she studied past climate using lake Otago he joined the faculty at Southern James, S., Alhmann, M., Jones, C., sediments from the Yukon Territory. Illinois University in 2001. In 2007, Bucaro, D. and Roberts J. 2007. Recently, she completed her MS degree he moved to the University of Idaho, Development of a Hydrodynamic, in environmental science utilizing where he is currently an associate Sediment Transport, and Water Quality in-lake nutrient empirical models. professor in the Department of Fish Model for Evaluation of Ecosystem Currently, she is a doctoral student and and Wildlife Sciences. Frank teaches Restoration Measures at Cedar Lake, NSF IGERT Fellow at the University freshmen limnology and current issues Indiana. Sandia National Laboratories. of Kansas in the Environmental in the aquatic sciences to seniors, and Jones, W.W. and J. Marnatti. 1991. Science Program studying the advanced limnology to graduates. Cedar Lake Enhancement Study – implications of extreme climate events Final Report. Prepared for Cedar Research with graduate students focuses on water quality in Kansas reservoirs. Lake Chamber of Commerce. Indiana on using large mesocosms to examine Lindsey’s first interaction with University SPEA, Bloomington, the remediation of cyanobacteria; NALMS was at the fall 2010 meeting. Indiana. June. the use of experimental flumes to Following the fall meeting, Lindsey U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). examine methods to reduce Didymo; worked with Dana Bigham and others 2002. Section 206 Preliminary in the NALMS student committee. Restoration Plan, Cedar Lake, Indiana, Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration. December.

David Bucaro is a civil works planner and civil engineer for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. For nearly 15 years he has worked on several large flood risk management, navigation, and environmental restoration planning studies within the Chicago District. He enjoys the challenges associated with helping engineer solutions to the many water resources problems facing our nation. He can be reached at: david.f.bucaro@usace. army.mil. x

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 49 Great Lakes States’ Lakes

Planning for Protection in SE Wisconsin

Thomas M. Slawski, Jeffrey A. Thornton, & Hebin Lin

Planning for Protection: Southeastern Wisconsin’s Mukwonago River Basin

A Hidden Gem he Mukwonago River, a tributary stream to the Illinois-Fox River, is a hidden gem in the rapidly urbanizing Tlandscape of southeastern Wisconsin. With significant portions of this river system designated as Outstanding and Exceptional Resources Waters under Wisconsin’s Administrative Code, the Mukwonago River represents a rare resource in the metropolitan-Milwaukee area. From its spring-fed headwaters in Walworth County, through Lulu, Eagle Spring, and Phantom Lakes, to its discharge into the Illinois-Fox River near the Village of Mukwonago in Waukesha County, the Mukwonago River fulfills a variety of ecosystem services, ranging from provisioning and regulating services to cultural services. While there has been varying emphases on specific ecosystem services over time, the net outcome of the recognition of the value of the Mukwonago River environment has been the protection and preservation of a unique system within the urbanized metropolitan Milwaukee region. The river links a number of communities, in both Walworth and Waukesha Counties (Figure 1). These communities include the Villages of East Troy, Eagle, North Prairie, and Mukwonago, and the Towns of Eagle, East Troy, Genesee, LaGrange, Mukwonago, Ottawa, Palmyra, Troy, and Vernon. While the towns remain largely rural in character, the Villages have traditionally served as centers of commerce and trade. Incorporated around 1900, the majority of the Villages are located in proximity to the river, Figure 1. Project location map showing the position of the Mukwonago River watershed within whose waters served to power the mills the Greater Milwaukee region, Wisconsin, USA.

50 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE of this agricultural activity gave way The United Nation’s Millennium Ecosystem Assessment introduced the concept of to less intensive land uses and the ecosystem services that has been widely adopted as a mechanism to link our human reestablishment of the riparian corridor uses of the ecosystem to the natural resources. Four levels of services have been than can be seen today, as depicted in generally defined, including: the 2005 aerial photography (Figure 2). • Provisioning services — those attributes of the natural environment that support This withdrawal of human activities Planning for Protection in SE Wisconsin fisheries, provide irrigation water, and otherwise provide the basis for the supply of from the riverbanks has undoubtedly food and water to our communities; contributed to the resurgence of native • Regulating services — those attributes of the natural environment that regulate floods, vegetation, restoration of natural habitat, contribute to the “self-purification” of our waters, and benefit human societies; and protection of water quality in the Thomas M. Slawski, Jeffrey A. Thornton, & Hebin Lin stream that has led to the exceptional and • Cultural (and aesthetic) services — those attributes of the natural environment that inspire poets and authors, artists, and sculptors, and provide the natural beauty that outstanding resource water classifications. we all admire; in the case of water resources these attributes also include the waters An abundance of groundwater, linked of life vital to many of the world’s religions; and, in part to the deep bedrock valley in which the river basin sits also has minimized the • Sustaining services — that encompass those attributes relating to the existence of the warming of the waters of this stream and natural world, including the creation of soils and occurrences of minerals and other has sustained the populations of brook elements. trout that contribute to the high values of

associated with the dams that were built to impound Eagle Spring Lake, Beulah Lake, and (Lower) Phantom Lake. In the words of the World Lake Vision, these waterbodies form “the pearls along a chain of river.” Over time, the working lakes gave way to their current roles as recreational waters. During this transition, these waterbodies largely avoided the fates of other lakes in the region and remained relatively natural in character (aside from the impoundments that augmented their volumes). The relatively low population densities of this portion of southeastern Wisconsin limited the human impacts associated with the waste and stormwater discharges that degraded so many of the larger lakes located closer to the major urban centers – Madison, Milwaukee, and Chicago – that are all located within an hour or two of these lakes.

Changing Roles This is not to say that the lakes and the river that links them have always been free of human disturbances. Reference to 1940 aerial photographs shows that there was considerable agricultural development along the Mukwonago River, much of it in close proximity to the stream. This development, as well as subsequent development of recreational facilities such as the Rainbow Springs Golf Course and Resort, led to some of the ditching and straightening of the stream course that characterizes so many Figure 2. Land use adjacent to the mainstem of the Mukwonago River downstream of Eagle of the streams in this region. However, Spring Lake showing conversion of agricultural lands in 1941 to naturally vegetated riparian for reasons that remain obscure, much corridor in 2005. Source: SLWRPC.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 51 the Index of Biotic Integrity reported from concern: the lake chubsucker, pugnose The groundwater inflows may also sustain sampling sites along this stream system. shiner, greater redhorse, longear sunfish, the high population of mussels found in Almost 50 species of fish are found in this and starhead topminnow (Figure 3). More this river system. Sixteen species of native system, including five species considered than 25 species within any given reach of mussels have been found, including the to be endangered, threatened, or of special a stream is considered to be exceptional. only known remaining viable population of the rainbow shell mussel.

Figure 3. Selected fish and mussel species found within the Mukwonago River. Source: SLWRPC.

52 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE In fact, the mussel populations were historically so abundant that prior to 2006, when the mussel fishery was closed, an almost unlimited number of these shellfish could be removed from the waters of the state. Notwithstanding, the river and its lakes have not been free of human interferences. As previously noted, three of the five natural lakes along the river have been impounded to augment their water levels, while Eagle Spring Lake has been modified further by the creation of two new bays that were formerly wetland. All of the lakes have had some level of development, although Lulu Lake upstream of Eagle Spring Lake is probably the least disturbed and is now in the protective ownership of The Nature Conservancy and the State of Wisconsin. Many areas of the lake shorelines have been hardened to minimize the erosional effects of a regulated water level, and the buildable shorelines developed Figure 4. The Mukwonago River system supports a variety of recreational activities. for residential (and some commercial) uses. Yet these disturbances are highly recognized by the testimony of the high working with the local lake organizations localized, and the extensive conservancy quality environmental lands within this to develop a water supply strategy that lands offset these human intrusions into watershed. In addition, the creation of is cognizant of the ecosystem values the natural environment to a large extent. voluntary governmental bodies – public inherent in the aquatic environment of the That said, the Mukwonago River inland lake protection and rehabilitation Mukwonago River and its lakes. and its lakes are actively utilized for districts – around Eagle Spring, Beulah, While each of the public inland lake a wide variety of active and passive and Upper and Lower Phantom Lakes protection and rehabilitation districts has recreational uses. The larger lakes – Lulu, speaks loudly of the recognition by the worked independently to formulate and Eagle Spring, Beulah, Upper Phantom, citizens of the unique quality of this implement lake management plans for and Lower Phantom Lakes – are heavily watershed. These lake districts have the lakes within their jurisdictions, the utilized for recreational boating during proven instrumental in controlling, to joint efforts of the three lake districts, the open water season and support the extent possible, the occurrences of in concert with the efforts of The considerable vehicular traffic during the nonnative species in the lakes as well as Nature Conservancy and the Wisconsin ice-bound season. Angling is an important limiting the contamination of the lake Department of Natural Resources, have year-round activity, and numerous local waters. Long before onsite sewage system led to the creation of the Mukwonago and state natural areas and recreational inspections became the law, the lake River Partnership, a citizen-led initiative lands surround the river and its lakes districts were contracting with county conducted in partnership with the (Figure 4). government to conduct annual inspections Friends of the Mukwonago River, that is of such systems to ensure their adequate dedicated to protecting and preserving Individual and Collective Stewardship functioning to protect lake water quality. the entire river system. This effort, while Perhaps because of this convergence In addition, local governments supported recognizing the presence of humans on of high-value natural landscape these citizen-led efforts through adoption the landscape, is designed to minimize and intensive human activity, the of building standards requiring setbacks the environmental footprint of the people, communities in the watershed have and open space. Notably the Town of while promoting and protecting the human sought to provide protections for this Mukwonago, as an example, voluntarily use of this unique environment. This valuable set of resources. Individual limited further urban density growth unusual combination of organizations has citizens, the landowners, have taken it within the Town for the expressed created a unique cooperative framework upon themselves to locate residences purpose of protecting and preserving the within which the Southeastern Wisconsin and other domestic buildings away quality of life represented by the natural Regional Planning Commission has from the riverbanks, allowing for the environmental corridors and good water been able to formulate a strategic plan to resurgence of the natural vegetation quality around and in the streams and guide the communities in their efforts. that defines the river’s course. Their lakes. In this same vein, the Village One outcome of this effort has been the stewardship is acknowledged, and of Mukwonago water utility has been recognition of the fact that the river is a

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 53 system, linking the lakes located along its course into a cascade of waters sharing an interconnection that, during the regional floods of 2008, resulted in actions being taken by the Eagle Spring Lake community to reduce floodwater flows through the Eagle Spring Dam in an (successful) effort to protect the impoundment on Lower Phantom Lake which was in danger of being washed away by the high runoff volumes created by the 1:250 year or greater recurrence interval river flows.

The Mukwonago River Watershed Protection Plan The strategic plan is based upon three primary concepts, namely, restoring connectivity along the main stem of the Mukwonago River, Figure 5. Three-tier prioritization strategy within the Mukwonago River watershed. restoring and maintaining connectivity of the tributary streams to the this end, as has been noted, the protection 1900s. Downstream of this confluence, main stem of the Mukwonago River, and of groundwater recharge and discharge the Lake Beulah Management District, protecting and expanding riparian buffers areas is of paramount importance for in cooperation with the Town of East (Figure 5). maintaining the biodiversity along the Troy, has been tireless in their efforts to While the plan does not suggest main stem of the river. protect groundwater. Research associated removal of the main stem dams, creating An important finding of this planning with their groundwater protection efforts Lower Phantom Lake and Eagle Spring project was that Jericho Creek, long has highlighted the important role that Lake, consideration of fish and aquatic thought to be of minor importance, groundwater inflows play in regulating organism passage is proposed at such actually plays a major role in maintaining available phosphorus concentrations in time as the structures are repaired or the ecological health of the system. Lake Beulah and in moderating other replaced. The studies associated with Currently, the riparian land owners have aspects of the lake environment. the formulation of the plan clearly individually worked to preserve the documented the occurrence of populations stream corridor that buffers the Creek The Value of Ecosystem Services is of aquatic organisms scattered throughout from surrounding development. At the Recognized and Realized the watershed which might benefit from headwaters of this Creek, the Village of The individual and combined actions connection with other populations both North Prairie should be recognized as of all of the stakeholders present in and up and down stream. In this regard, having taken direct action to preserve the surrounding the river have been the key SEWRPC staff noted that species important riparian buffers, and ensure ingredients in protecting and preserving dependent upon the numerous springs adequate setbacks from the watercourse. this exceptional and outstanding resource discharging into the Mukwonago River Upstream of this confluence, The water. While an unconventional example may be limited in their distribution by Nature Conservancy and Wisconsin of the Payments of Improving Ecosystem water temperatures, so due cognizance Department of Natural Resources Services in the Watershed, these efforts must be given to these constraints. have worked cooperatively to acquire, have resulted in investments in ecosystem However, the Illinois-Fox River forms restore, and reconnect tributary waters protection being made by stakeholders a diverse end point for the Mukwonago to the river, most recently removing both within and without the watershed. system as well as a natural reservoir of two small constructed ponds that had State government has invested in the aquatic species native to the region. To been used for fish rearing in the mid- acquisition of the Rainbow Springs Golf

54 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Course and Resort, now the Mukwonago the district but not necessarily owning Southeastern Wisconsin Regional River Unit of the Kettle Moraine State property). Such actions are a direct and Planning Commission Community Forest. This acquisition made with public dedicated investment in this resource. Assistance Planning Report No. 309. funds has provided the opportunity to 2010. Mukwonago River Watershed remove obstructions to organism passage A Bright Future Protection Plan; http://www.sewrpc. and navigation along a major portion of The heightened awareness of the org/SEWRPCFiles/Publications/CAPR/ the middle reaches of the Mukwonago quality of the Mukwonago River and capr-309-mukwonago-river-watershed- River. Likewise, The Nature Conservancy, its watershed created as an outcome protection-plan.pdf?. through dedicated donations, membership of the planning project has resulted in fee investments, and use of State and an engaged and active citizenry, and a other grants, has invested in acquisition recognition of the river and its lakes as Thomas M. Slawski and restoration projects in the headwater a valuable resource, both in terms of is a principal specialist areas of the river system. In this regard, traditional economic systems of valuation biologist in the the activities of the many volunteers and in terms of ecological importance Natural Resources who work with The Nature Conservancy in an increasingly urbanized area of Planning Division of staff and the Friends of the Mukwonago Wisconsin. The river protection plan the Southeastern River should be recognized for their has supported the formation of both Wisconsin Regional “sweat equity” invested in protecting and governmental and nongovernmental Planning Commission restoring key areas within the watershed. mechanisms to ensure the longevity and (e-mail: tslawski@ Their work has real value both in continuity of this high quality natural sewrpc.org). He specializes in fisheries accomplishing the protection aspects of resource. For this reason, the Mukwonago biology and the restoration of structure the strategic plan as well as in informing River, its multiple lakes, and geographic and function within disturbed flowing and engaging citizen and governmental basin, including the people for whom this water ecosystems through remeandering stakeholders in the process of watershed river has real and spiritual value, is likely channelized streams, reconnecting protection. These contributions often are to remain rare and precious gem in the floodplains, and restoring ecological integrity. overlooked. landscape. He is the principal author of the Mukwonago Beyond these organizational efforts, River Protection Plan. the actions of individual landowners, as For Further Reading previously noted, have been and remain International Lake Environment Jeffrey A. Thornton, essential for maintaining and improving Committee Foundation and United CLM, is a principal the state of the waters. Historically, these Nations Environment Programme. 2003. planner in the actions have been engaged through the World Lake Vision: A Call to Action. Environmental three public inland lake protection and The International Lake Environment Planning Division of rehabilitation districts that exist around Committee Foundation, Shiga the Southeastern Eagle Spring Lake, Lake Beulah, and the Prefectural Government, and United Wisconsin Regional Phantom Lakes. For reasons of geography, Nations Environment Programme- Planning Commission these three special purpose governmental International Environment Technology (e-mail: jthornton@ units are strategically located in the Centre., Japan. ISBN 4-9901546-0-6; sewrpc.org). He specializes in lake upper, middle, and lower reaches of the http://www.ilec.or.jp/eg/wlv/complete/ management. river system; the Lake Beulah district wlv_c_english.PDF. being located on a tributary stream that Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Hebin Lin is a Ph.D. enters the middle reaches of the river. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: candidate in the These districts have played a major role Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, Graduate School of in informing the public about nonnative DC. ISBN 1-59726-040-1; http://www. Global Environmental species, control of aquatic invasive millenniumassessment.org/documents/ Studies at Kyoto species, and lake-friendly shoreland document.356.aspx.pdf. University (e-mail: living. In addition, these districts have Research Center for Sustainability and Hebin.Lin@gmail. undertaken active programs of aquatic Environment – Shiga University com). She has plant and fisheries management, notably and International Lake Environment developed the method associated with the control of introduced Committee Foundation. 2011. of Payments for Ecosystem Services at the carp, as well as onsite sewage system Development of ILBM Platform Watershed Scale (PES-W) which has been inspection and management. Much of Process: Evolving Guidelines through incorporated into the annual training course the water quantity, water quality, and Participatory Improvement. Otsushigyo on Integrated Lake Basin Management ecological monitoring undertaken in this Photo Printing Co. Ltd; http://www. (ILBM), co-organized by the International watershed has been at the initiative of, and ilec.or.jp/eg/pubs/ILBMplatform/ Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) and coordinated by, the lake districts and their Development_of_ILBM_Platform_ the Japan International Cooperation Agency respective commissioners, landowners, Process_amendment.pdf. (JICA), and held in Japan. x and electors (registered voters living in

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 55 Student Corner Ryan Largura

Marl Lakes and Marl Mining in Indiana

efore accepting a position as a student research assistant at Indiana University’s School Bof Public and Environmental Affairs with the Indiana Clean Lakes Program two summers ago, I had not traveled along northeast Indiana’s country roads extensively. The rolling landscape and winding roads occasionally gave the impression that all roads led back to our initial starting point, but only if you ignore a few wrong turns along the way. Nevertheless, it quickly became apparent on the initial lake sampling trip into this region why Blatchley and Ashley (1900) called the lakes of northern Indiana “the brightest gems in the corona of the State.” One of the little gems we sampled, named Lake Gage, reflected an alluring turquoise hue. Later, I was informed that Lake Gage held marl deposits (Figure 1). A quick Internet search revealed a report entitled “The Lakes of Northern Indiana and Their Figure 1. Lake Gage, a marl lake (and kettle lake) in Steuben County, Indiana. Estyer Photo. Associated Marl Deposits,” courtesy of the Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources (Blatchley and Ashley, Indiana’s topography was formed less by glacial drift. Marls of the Great Lakes 1900). Blatchley was the state geologist successive glaciations of the pre-Illinoian region differ in geologic formation at the time and was also a nationally and Illinoian drifts, but ultimately by the from “greensand” marl found in New important entomologist. It turned out final retreat of the Wisconsinan drifts. Jersey, which contains the mineral that marl deposits were the cause of the Research conducted by the Indiana glauconite and a high ratio of phosphorus. turquoise color in Lake Gage and marl Academy of Science indicates the Common descriptions of marl are of was also a mineral mined in Indiana lakes prevailing reason for kettle lake formation soft, amorphous, calcareous clay, and in beginning in the 19th century. What began in northeast Indiana was from the slow the title of Michigan’s 1903 geological as a curiosity about the color of a lake deterioration of the Saginaw Lobe as survey they refer to it as “bog lime.” Its eventually lead me to information about part of the Wisconsinan drift. Quicker actual composition may also contain marl and discoveries about historical recession of the neighboring Michigan varying amounts of shells, sand, and figure Willis S. Blatchley. and Erie Lobes created outwash channels organic matter in addition to other that cut off the Saginaw Lobe and allowed constituents such as magnesium and Marl Formation and Composition burial of fragmented ice blocks in the silica. Marl deposits in Indiana lakes, Discussion of lakes both present and glacial drift to later form kettle lakes. present and extinct, are up to 45 feet thick historic in northeast Indiana inevitably Marl derives its chemical and are often associated with springs begins during the Pleistocene Epoch when composition from the high percentage that percolated up through glacial clays glaciers sculpted the landscape seen today. of calcium carbonate left behind from and limestone in the drift. The springs

56 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE dissolved and became saturated with calcium carbonate. The precipitation of marl within littoral zones arises from the reduced solubility of calcium carbonate as a result of macrophytes’ uptake of carbon dioxide, a process called biogenic decalcification. Backscattering of light through the calcium carbonate floc Ryan Largura suspended in the water of marl lakes give the water its characteristic turquoise color (Figure 2). Marl beds are found in the New England states and in New York. Deposits are frequent and important in Michigan and in the northern portions of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. They occur in Wisconsin and Minnesota, but deposits in these two states haven’t been exploited much (Eckel,1905). Lakes of the Great Lakes region that harbor marl deposits are considered to be of low productivity. Wetzel (1970) found that photosynthesis rates were lagging in Figure 2. Typical turquoise water color of a northern Indiana marl lake. these lakes having low levels of dissolved organic compounds, high concentrations of divalent cations, and increased manufacturing made its way stateside and marl was mined from nearby lakes around

alkalinity. The particulate CaCO3 opened the first U.S. plant in the state of the University of Notre Dame’s campus. found in marl causes the adsorbtion Pennsylvania in 1872. Five years later Marl mining in northern Indiana re- and complexion of some dissolved in South Bend, Indiana, a father-and-son shaped the morphology of many glacial organic compounds so they are no duo, Thoms and Duane Millen, were lakes. In the late 1800s, it was common longer available for use. Photosynthetic joined by John H. Leslie to establish the for companies to own the lakes they production is hindered by the buffering first portland cement plant in the state. extracted marl from. Big Turkey Lake in capacity in these lakes because of the Another son, Homer, soon joined them Steuben and Lagrange Counties is but one lack of carbon accessible to algae and and the company became known as example. The Wabash Portland Cement macrophytes. Millen and Sons. Their stake in history Company owned both Big Turkey and was the first plant to use marl and clay in Little Turkey lakes and had their cement Marl Use the manufacture of portland cement. The works nearby. Figure 3 shows an 1899 Marl was used in Indiana as early as 1834 as a flux in the blast furnaces of the “St. Joseph Iron Works,” a five-to-six block area that would later become the city of Mishawaka. Other documented uses of marl in the state include its enduring role as a fertilizer and as a component of mortar if first it was burned to create lime. This predates its later use in the production of portland cement. As the story goes, the oӧlitic building stone found on the Isle of Portland, England, inspired Joseph Aspdin to name his newly created artificial cement after the island in 1824. Fittingly, Joseph worked in the construction industry as a bricklayer who lived in Leeds and no doubt shared with many other great inventors, little appreciation for how widespread his creation would become. Nearly 50 years passed, however, before portland cement Figure 3. Big Turkey Lake, Indiana (l) 1899 with marsh and drained lake area containing marl deposits in black; water surface area was 250 acres, and (r) the lake today at 450 acres.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 57 map from Blatchley and Ashley (1900) of References the two-basin lake before marl extraction Blatchley, W.S. and Ashley, G.H. 1900. compared with a current aerial image of The Lakes of Northern Indiana and the lake. Blatchley and Ashley’s 1900 Their Associated Marl Deposits. Indiana report listed 32 lakes in the northern three Department of Geology and Natural tiers of Indiana counties that had workable Resources, 25: 31-321. marl deposits. Many of these were worked Eckel, E.C. 1905. Cement Materials and by marl mining operations. Industry of the United States. Bulletin The fine texture of marl made it an No. 243, United States Geological ideal raw material for cement production, Survey, Department of the Interior, but economics proved to be the deciding Washington, D.C. factor when compared to the use of Hale, D.J. 1903. Marl (Bog Lime) and cheaper crushed limestone. The variation Its Application to the Manufacture of of marl deposits in both quantity and Portland Cement. Geological Survey of quality ended marl mining in Indiana for Michigan Vol. 8, Part 3. Water monitoring has never been portland cement in 1940. The agricultural Wayne, W.J. 1971. Marl Resources easier. NexSens buoy-based use of marl, however, continued and of Indiana. Department of Natural systems simplify the setup and allowed companies to mine marl on a Resources Geological Survey Bulletin operation of real-time underwater relatively large scale. Self-reported data 42-G. Bloomington, IN. sensor networks. by marl mining companies to the Indiana Wetzel, R.G. 1970. Recent and Postglacial Geological Survey between 1954 and Production Rates of a Marl Lake. Lake Stratification Studies 1980 showed the largest annual amount, Limnology and Oceanography 15: 491- Thermal Discharge Monitoring corrected for inflation, to be worth about 503. Wave and Current Monitoring $620,000 in 1958. The largest volume mined came in 1964 at 97,898 cubic Water Quality Profiling yards. In 2010, only four sites reported Ryan Largura was marl production to the USGS, three were a December 2012 Visit nexsens.com in South Carolina and one in Michigan. MSES graduate of Collectively, the quarries output in sales Indiana University’s totaled $21.4 million. School of Public and Environmental Affairs. He now resides in St. Louis, MO with his wife and daughter. x Next Issue – Spring 2013 We'd like to hear from you!

LakeLine Tell us what you think of LakeLine. The spring issue will have the theme, “Lake Management for We welcome your comments about specific articles and Fish and Wildlife.” about the magazine in general. In addition to fisheries, What would you like we’ll explore birds’, turtles’, and to see in LakeLine? otters’ use and impacts upon Send comments by letter lakes, and we’ll see how or e-mail to editor shoreland management Bill Jones can enhance wildlife use. (see page 6 for contact information). x x

58 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE Literature Search Bill Jones

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Applied Science International Journal of Water Resources Development Bird, D.F., B. Brylinsky, C. Huirong, D.B. Donald, D.Y. Gastelum, J.R. 2012. Analysis of Arizona’s water resources Huang, G. Alessandra, K. David, K. Hedy, B.G. Kotak, P.R. system. Internat J Water Resour Dev, 28(4): 615-628. Leavitt, C.C. Nielsen, S. Reedyk, R.C. Rooney, S.B. Watson, R.W. Zurawell and R.D. Vinebrooke. 2012. High microcystin Journal of Applied Ecology concentrations occur only at low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios Elizabeta, B., C.J. Wiley, S.A. Bailey and F. Chris. 2012. Role in nutrient-rich Canadian lakes. Can J Fisheries Aquat Sci, of domestic shipping in the introduction or secondary spread 69(9): 1457-1462. of nonindigenous species: Biological invasions within the Laurentian Great Lakes. J Appl Ecol, 49(5): 1124-1130. Ecology Letters Remmel, E.J. and D.K. Hambright. 2012. Toxin-assisted Journal of Plankton Research micropredation: Experimental evidence shows that contact Beisner, Beatrix E. 2012. A plankton research gem: The probable micropredation rather than exotoxicity is the role of Prymnesium closure of the Experimental Lakes Area, Canada. J Plankton Res, toxins. Ecol Letters, 15(2): 126-132. 34(10): 849-852.

Freshwater Biology Mello, M.M.E., M.C.S. Soares, F. Roland and M.T. Lrling. 2012. Battarbee, R.W., N.J. Anderson, H. Bennion and G.L.Simpson. Growth inhibition and colony formation in the cyanobacterium 2012. Combining limnological and palaeolimnological data to Microcystis aeruginosa induced by the cyanobacterium disentangle the effects of nutrient pollution and climate change Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. J Plankton Res, 34(11): 987- on lake ecosystems: problems and potential. Freshwater Biol, 994. 57(10): 2091-2106. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry Battarbee, R.W. and H. Bennion. 2012. Using Caron, J.A., R.H. Germain and N.M. Anderson. 2012. palaeolimnological and limnological data to reconstruct the Parcelization and land use: A case study in the New York City recent history of European lake ecosystems: Introduction. watershed. North J Applied Forestry, 29(2): 74-80. Freshwater Biol, 57(10):1979-1985. Regions and Cohesion Korosi, J.B. and J.P Smol. 2012. Contrasts between dystrophic Berry, K.D., L. Saito, D. Kauneckis and K.A. Berry. 2012. and clearwater lakes in the long-term effects of acidification on Understanding perceptions of successful cooperation on water cladoceran assemblages. Freshwater Biol, 57(12): 2449-2464. quality issues: A comparison across six western U.S. interstate watersheds. Regions & Cohesion, 2(2): 57-82. Global Change Biology Taranu, Z.E., R.W. Zurawell, F. Pick and I. Gregory-Eaves. Restoration Ecology 2012. Predicting cyanobacterial dynamics in the face of global Rogers, M. W. and M.S. Allen. 2012. An ecosystem model change: The importance of scale and environmental context. for exploring lake restoration effects on fish communities and Global Change Biol, 18(12): 3477-3490. fisheries in Florida. Restor Ecol, 20(5): 612-622.

Hydrological Processes River Restoration Applications Ehsanzadeh, E., K. Garth and S. Christopher. 2012. The impact Sanderson J. S., N. Rowan, T. Wilding, B.P. Bledsoe, W.J. Miller of climatic variability and change in the hydroclimatology of and N.L. Poff. 2012. Getting to scale with environmental flow Lake Winnipeg watershed. Hydrol Process, 26(18): 2802-2813. assessment: The Watershed Flow Evaluation Tool. River Res Applications, 28(9): 1369-1377. W. Lei and Y. Jaehyung. 2012. Modelling detention basins measured from high-resolution light detection and ranging data. Hydrol Process, 26(19): 2973-2984.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 59 City of San Diego 33rd International Symposium of the North American Lake Management Society Lake Management in an Era of Uncertainty October 29th to November 3rd, 2013 San Diego, California

Planned Special Sessions: Climate Change and Lake Management Invasive Species West of the 100th Meridian Sustainability of our Lakes and Reservoirs Salton Sea Management and Restoration Inter-basin Water Transfers NPS USBR Lake & River Management in Arid Regions

Educational and Recreational Activities: Reception at the Scripps Birch Aquarium Tour of the Salton Sea Tour of Advanced Water Purification Plant Lake Elsinore restoration

San Diego Zoo & Safari park Town and Country Resort Whale Watching NASA Earth Observatory Deep Sea Fishing

For sponsorship or general information contact the conference committee at: [email protected] 60 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE