Mucor & Rhizopus
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Fungi-Rhizopus
Characters of Fungi Some of the most important characters of fungi are as follows: 1. Occurrence 2. Thallus organization 3. Different forms of mycelium 4. Cell structure 5. Nutrition 6. Heterothallism and Homothallism 7. Reproduction 8. Classification of Fungi. 1. Occurrence: Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water soil and on plants and animals. They prefer to grow in warm and humid places. Hence, we keep food in the refrigerator to prevent bacterial and fungal infestation. 2. Thallus organization: Except some unicellular forms (e.g. yeasts, Synchytrium), the fungal body is a thallus called mycelium. The mycelium is an interwoven mass of thread-like hyphae (Sing, hypha). Hyphae may be septate (with cross wall) and aseptate (without cross wall). Some fungi are dimorphic that found as both unicellular and mycelial forms e.g. Candida albicans. 3. Different forms of mycelium: (a) Plectenchyma (fungal tissue): In a fungal mycelium, hyphae organized loosely or compactly woven to form a tissue called plectenchyma. It is two types: i. Prosenchyma or Prosoplectenchyma: In these fungal tissue hyphae are loosely interwoven lying more or less parallel to each other. ii. Pseudoparenchyma or paraplectenchyma: In these fungal tissue hyphae are compactly interwoven looking like a parenchyma in cross-section. (b) Sclerotia (Gr. Skleros=haid): These are hard dormant bodies consist of compact hyphae protected by external thickened hyphae. Each Sclerotium germinates into a mycelium, on return of favourable condition, e.g., Penicillium. (c) Rhizomorphs: They are root-like compactly interwoven hyphae with distinct growing tip. They help in absorption and perennation (to tide over the unfavourable periods), e.g., Armillaria mellea. -
Classifications of Fungi
Chapter 24 | Fungi 675 Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation into a population of fungi. In fungi, sexual reproduction often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions. During sexual reproduction, two mating types are produced. When both mating types are present in the same mycelium, it is called homothallic, or self-fertile. Heterothallic mycelia require two different, but compatible, mycelia to reproduce sexually. Although there are many variations in fungal sexual reproduction, all include the following three stages (Figure 24.8). First, during plasmogamy (literally, “marriage or union of cytoplasm”), two haploid cells fuse, leading to a dikaryotic stage where two haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell. During karyogamy (“nuclear marriage”), the haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus. Finally, meiosis takes place in the gametangia (singular, gametangium) organs, in which gametes of different mating types are generated. At this stage, spores are disseminated into the environment. Review the characteristics of fungi by visiting this interactive site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ fungi_kingdom) from Wisconsin-online. 24.2 | Classifications of Fungi By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Identify fungi and place them into the five major phyla according to current classification • Describe each phylum in terms of major representative species and patterns of reproduction The kingdom Fungi contains five major phyla that were established according to their mode of sexual reproduction or using molecular data. Polyphyletic, unrelated fungi that reproduce without a sexual cycle, were once placed for convenience in a sixth group, the Deuteromycota, called a “form phylum,” because superficially they appeared to be similar. -
Identification of Phoslactomycin E As a Metabolite Inducing Hyphal Morphological Abnormalities in Aspergillus Fumigatus IFO 5840
J. Antibiot. 60(12): 762–765, 2007 THE JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS TO THE EDITOR ANTIBIOTICS Identification of Phoslactomycin E as a Metabolite Inducing Hyphal Morphological Abnormalities in Aspergillus fumigatus IFO 5840 Naoko Mizuhara, Yoshinosuke Usuki, Masaki Ogita, Ken-Ichi Fujita, Manabu Kuroda, Matsumi Doe, Hideo Iio, Toshio Tanaka Received: November 12, 2007 / Accepted: December 1, 2007 © Japan Antibiotics Research Association Abstract In our survey for antifungal compounds, a drugs with new mechanisms of action. Morphological fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. HA81-2 was found deformation of fungal hyphae is often induced by to inhibit the in vitro growth of Aspergillus fumigatus IFO antifungal drugs [3]. As this phenomenon is specific to 5840 accompanied by hyphal morphological abnormalities. fungi, it could be used to screen for selective antifungal One of the isolated antibiotics was identified as antibiotics [4]. In addition, this hyphal deformation is phoslactomycin E based on LC-MS and NMR spectral expected to reflect the disruption of cell wall biosynthesis, data. In a preliminary assay using the membrane fractions which is a specific target of antifungal agents. Moreover, of A. fumigatus, phoslactomycin E was found to inhibit the investigating the mechanism of antifungal-induced hyphal activity of 1,3-b glucan synthase. morphological abnormalities is potentially useful for understanding the morphogenesis of fungal hyphae. Keywords antifungal activity, phoslactomycin E, In the course of our search for antifungal antibiotics, Aspergillus fumigatus, hyphal morphological abnormalities, we found that a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. 1,3-b glucan synthase HA81-2 exhibited antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus IFO 5840 accompanied by hyphal abnormalities. -
Calcium Oxalate Crystal Production in Two Members of the Mucorales
Scanning Electron Microscopy Volume 1985 Number 1 1985 Article 19 10-2-1984 Calcium Oxalate Crystal Production in Two Members of the Mucorales M. D. Powell The University of Texas at Arlington H. J. Arnott The University of Texas at Arlington Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/electron Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Powell, M. D. and Arnott, H. J. (1984) "Calcium Oxalate Crystal Production in Two Members of the Mucorales," Scanning Electron Microscopy: Vol. 1985 : No. 1 , Article 19. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/electron/vol1985/iss1/19 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Electron Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY/1985/I (Pa gu 183- 189) 0586-5581/85$1 . 00+. 05 SEM In c.. , AMF O'Ha1te_ (Chic.a go ), IL 60666 USA CALCIUMOXALATE CRYSTAL PRODUCTION IN TWOMEMBERS OF THE MUCORALES M. 0. Powell* and H.J. Arnott Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, TX 76019-0498 (Paper receiv ed March 12 1984, Completed manusc r ipt received October 2 1984) Abstract Introduction Calcium oxalate crystals are found in Calcium oxalate formation occurs commonly association with the sporangia of Mucor in a variety of fungi (Hamlet and Plowright, hiemalis and Rhizopus oryzae. Crystals 1877). Calcium oxalate has been found in observed in each species vary in morphology association with the sporangia of the from simple crystals consisting of single Mucorales, e.g., the spines on the sporangia of spines in M. -
16. Plants.Pptx
2/27/11 Class announcements Simulation #3-#5 – Class results 1. Next Friday – HW5. Diffusion homework due. Available at GAE homeworks link 2. Next Friday’s GAE – bring 2 calculators for each circle 4 group. Particles past Concentration gradient = ΔC (Particle number) Δx (Distance of 4 circles) Fick’s First Law of Diffusion Simulation #6 – Class results ΔC area J = -D J Δx Not enough Δx e.g., a membrane data for 80 s J = flux (“diffusion rate”) D = diffusion coefficient ΔC = concentration difference Δx = distance € (Negative sign means down the gradient, but biologists often drop Two (of many) possibilities include: the sign.) 1) t is directly proportional to x (the plot of t vs. x is a straight line) 2) t is directly proportional to x squared (the plot is parabolic) 1 2/27/11 Movement of small diffusible molecules 2 Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion For example, glucose - 2 ∂C ∂ C ( x) = D molecular weight: 180 Da Δ 2 t = t x -6 2 ∂ ∂ diffusion coefficient: 7.0 x 10 cm /sec 2D Einstein’s solution - “time-to-diffuse equation” Distance (Δx) Time (t) Typical Structure 10 nm 100 ns Cell membrane 2 (Δx) 1 µm 1 ms Bacteria € t = 10 µm 100 ms€ Eukaryotic cell HELP ME, 2D 207! 300 µm 1.5 min Sea urchin embryo t = time 1 mm 16.6 min Volvox Δx = mean distance traveled D = diffusion coefficient 2 cm 4.6 days Human heart wall 10 cm 82.7 days Squid giant axon Adapted from www.npl.co.uk/educate-+-explore/beginners-guides-posters/einstein-and-blackboard€ The Evolution of Plants - They Made the Land Green The “easy” life of an aquatic alga • Bathed in nutrients -
Evidence for Equal Size Cell Divisions During Gametogenesis in a Marine Green Alga Monostroma Angicava
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evidence for equal size cell divisions during gametogenesis in a marine green alga Monostroma Received: 18 March 2015 Accepted: 03 August 2015 angicava Published: 03 September 2015 Tatsuya Togashi1, Yusuke Horinouchi1, Hironobu Sasaki2 & Jin Yoshimura1,3,4 In cell divisions, relative size of daughter cells should play fundamental roles in gametogenesis and embryogenesis. Differences in gamete size between the two mating types underlie sexual selection. Size of daughter cells is a key factor to regulate cell divisions during cleavage. In cleavage, the form of cell divisions (equal/unequal in size) determines the developmental fate of each blastomere. However, strict validation of the form of cell divisions is rarely demonstrated. We cannot distinguish between equal and unequal cell divisions by analysing only the mean size of daughter cells, because their means can be the same. In contrast, the dispersion of daughter cell size depends on the forms of cell divisions. Based on this, we show that gametogenesis in the marine green alga, Monostroma angicava, exhibits equal size cell divisions. The variance and the mean of gamete size (volume) of each mating type measured agree closely with the prediction from synchronized equal size cell divisions. Gamete size actually takes only discrete values here. This is a key theoretical assumption made to explain the diversified evolution of isogamy and anisogamy in marine green algae. Our results suggest that germ cells adopt equal size cell divisions during gametogenesis. Differences in sperm and egg size are evident in many animals and land plants1. However, variable mat- ing systems are also found in green algal taxa: 1) isogamy, where gamete sizes are identical between the two mating types, 2) slight anisogamy, where the sizes of male and female gametes are slightly different, and 3) marked anisogamy, where their sizes are markedly different2,3. -
Evolution of the Two Sexes Under Internal Fertilization and Alternative Evolutionary Pathways
vol. 193, no. 5 the american naturalist may 2019 Evolution of the Two Sexes under Internal Fertilization and Alternative Evolutionary Pathways Jussi Lehtonen1,* and Geoff A. Parker2 1. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; and Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 New South Wales, Australia; 2. Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Submitted September 8, 2018; Accepted November 30, 2018; Electronically published March 18, 2019 Online enhancements: supplemental material. abstract: ogy. It generates the two sexes, males and females, and sexual Transition from isogamy to anisogamy, hence males and fl females, leads to sexual selection, sexual conflict, sexual dimorphism, selection and sexual con ict develop from it (Darwin 1871; and sex roles. Gamete dynamics theory links biophysics of gamete Bateman 1948; Parker et al. 1972; Togashi and Cox 2011; limitation, gamete competition, and resource requirements for zygote Parker 2014; Lehtonen et al. 2016; Hanschen et al. 2018). survival and assumes broadcast spawning. It makes testable predic- The volvocine green algae are classically the group used to tions, but most comparative tests use volvocine algae, which feature study both the evolution of multicellularity (e.g., Kirk 2005; internal fertilization. We broaden this theory by comparing broadcast- Herron and Michod 2008) and transitions from isogamy to spawning predictions with two plausible internal-fertilization scenarios: gamete casting/brooding (one mating type retains gametes internally, anisogamy and oogamy (e.g., Knowlton 1974; Bell 1982; No- the other broadcasts them) and packet casting/brooding (one type re- zaki 1996; da Silva 2018; da Silva and Drysdale 2018; Han- tains gametes internally, the other broadcasts packets containing gametes, schen et al. -
Plants and Fungi Evolved Together As Life Moved Onto Land Over 400 Million Years Ago
4/30/2014 The lives of modern plants and fungi are intertwined •We depend on plants and indirectly, fungi for much of our and the Colonization of Land food. •Plants are often harmed by fungi. •On the other hand, nearly all plants in the wild are aided by mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizae are rootlike structures made of both fungi and plants. The fungi help plants obtain nutrients and water, and protect plant roots from parasites, in exchange for food the plants make by photosynthesis. •Modern agricultural practices , such as killing parasitic fungi with fungicides, may disrupt micorrhizal fungi, forcing the need for fertilizer. Plants and fungi evolved together as life moved onto land over 400 million years ago. This is supported by the earliest plant fossils having micorrhizae. What is a plant? •Life on land imposes problems. Water and nutrients are concentrated in the ground, while carbon dioxide and light •In the two-kingdom system, Linnaeus classified algae as are most abundant above the ground. Air provides no plants. In the five-kingdom system, algae are protists. support against the forces of gravity and will dry out reproductive cells. •The definition of plants as multicellular, eukaryotic photosynthesizers also describes multicellular algae. •Adaptations to terrestrial environment in plants include the following (a) Discrete organs: roots, stems, leaves, and •Multicellular seaweeds, the most complex algae, are gametangia specialized for anchorage and absorption, support, adapted for life in water, while plants are adapted for life on photosynthesis and reproduction, respectively. (b) Mycorrhizal land. All the resources, including water, carbon dioxide, fungi to increase the efficiency of absorption of their roots. -
Chapter 12: Life Cycles: Meiosis and the Alternation of Generations
Chapter 12 Life Cycles: Meiosis and the Alternation of Generations LIFE CYCLES TRANSFER GENETIC INFORMATION Asexual Reproduction Transfers Unchanged Genetic Information through Mitosis Sexual Reproduction Produces New Information through Meiosis and Fertilization ALTERNATION BETWEEN DIPLOID AND HAPLOID GENERATIONS Plants Vary in the Details of Their Life Cycles Sexual Cycles Can Be Heterosporic or Homosporic Only One Generation Is Multicellular in Zygotic or Gametic Life Cycles The Diploid Generation Has Become Dominant over Evolutionary Time SUMMARY 1 KEY CONCEPTS 1. Life perpetuates itself through reproduction, which is the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. This transfer is our definition of life cycle. Reproduction can be asexual or sexual. 2. Asexual reproduction requires a cell division know as mitosis. Asexual reproduction offers many advantages over sexual reproduction, one of which is that it requires only a single parent. A significant disadvantage of asexual reproduction is the loss of genetic diversity and the likelihood of extinction when the environment changes. 3. Sexual reproduction involves the union of two cells, called gametes, which are usually produced by two different individuals. Another kind of cell division, known as meiosis, ultimately is necessary to produce gametes. 4. Every species in the kingdom Plantae has both diploid and haploid phases--that is, plants whose cells are all diploid or all haploid. These phases are called generations, and they alternate with each other over time. 5. The fossil record reveals that the most recent groups to evolve have sporic life cycles, in which the gametophyte (haploid) generation is relatively small and the sporophyte (diploid) generation is dominant in terms of size, complexity, and longevity. -
Structure and Life Cycle of Rhyzopus Taxonomic Position of Rhizopus Mycota Eumycotina Zygomycetes Mucorales Mucoraceae Rhizopus
COURSE: B.Sc Botany SEMESTER: II PAPER: Mycology and Phytopathology / BOT CC 203 TOPIC: Structure and life cycle of Rhyzopus FACULTY: Dr. Urvashi Sinha Email id: [email protected] Taxonomic position of Rhizopus Mycota Eumycotina Zygomycetes Mucorales Mucoraceae Rhizopus stolinifer General characters: 1. Common fungi growing on stale bread, therefore, also called Bread mould. 2. Lives as a saprophytes 3. Grows on damp decaying fruit, vegetables, pickles etc. 4. Under certain conditions it lives as facultative parasite on strawberry fruit causing leak and soft rot disease 5. This widespread genus includes at least eight species. Structure of thallus: 1. The vegetative plant body is eucarpic and consists of white cottony, much branched mycelium. 2. The mycelial plant body is differentiated into nodes and internodes 3. The internodal region is the aerial and arching hyphae, known as stolon, which when touches the substratum forms the nodal region. 4. The nodal region bears much branched rhizoid grows downward, inside the substratum for anchorage and absorption of food. 5. The hyphal wall is microfibrillar and consists mainly of chitin-chitosan. In addition to chitin- chitosan, other substances like proteins, lipids, purines and salts like calcium and magnesium are also present in the hyphal wall. 6. Inner to the cell wall, cell membrane is present which covers the protoplast. The protoplast contains many nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, oil droplets, vacuoles and other substances. The size of the vacuole enlarges with age by coalescence of smaller vacuoles. Reproduction in Rhizopus: Rhizopus Stolonifer reproduces by vegetative, asexual and sexual mode. 1. Vegetative reproduction: It takes by fragmentation. -
Mucormycosis: Botanical Insights Into the Major Causative Agents
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 June 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0218.v1 Mucormycosis: Botanical Insights Into The Major Causative Agents Naser A. Anjum Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 (India). e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] SCOPUS Author ID: 23097123400 https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23097123400 © 2021 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 June 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0218.v1 Abstract Mucormycosis (previously called zygomycosis or phycomycosis), an aggressive, liFe-threatening infection is further aggravating the human health-impact of the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, a great deal of mostly misleading discussion is Focused also on the aggravation of the COVID-19 accrued impacts due to the white and yellow Fungal diseases. In addition to the knowledge of important risk factors, modes of spread, pathogenesis and host deFences, a critical discussion on the botanical insights into the main causative agents of mucormycosis in the current context is very imperative. Given above, in this paper: (i) general background of the mucormycosis and COVID-19 is briefly presented; (ii) overview oF Fungi is presented, the major beneficial and harmFul fungi are highlighted; and also the major ways of Fungal infections such as mycosis, mycotoxicosis, and mycetismus are enlightened; (iii) the major causative agents of mucormycosis -
Plants, Fun Gi,And the Colonization of Land
Plants,Fun gi,and the Colonizationof Land Objectives Introduction Explain the significanceof mycorrhizae to plant health. l7.l Compare the structure of multicellular algae and plants. Explain how plants are adapted to life on land. Plant Evolutionand Diversity 17.2 Explain how the first terrestrialplants evolved. Describe the structureof charophyceans and the plantscalled Coolcsonia. 17.3 Distinguishbetween bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnospenns, and angiosperms. 17.3 Describethe four key adaptationsfor life on land that evolvedin plants. Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles 17.4 Describe the alternation of generationslife cycle. Explain why this cycle appearsto have evolved independentlyin different $oups of plants. 17.5,17.6 Describe the key eventsof the moss and fern life cycles. 17.7 Explain how coal formed. 17.7 Describe the conditions in which the gymnospermsbecame dominant. 17.8 Describe the stagesof the pine tree life cycle. 17.9 Describe the parts of a flower and list their functions. t7.t0 Describe the stagesof the angiospermtree life cycle. t7.tl Describe examplesof adaptationsthat promote seed dispersal. 17.12 Describe the significanceof angiospermsto humans. 17.t3 Explain how flowers are adapted to attract pollinators. L7.14 Describe the human impact on plant diversity. Explain the significance of this loss for humanity. Fungi 17.15 Describethe importantroles of fungi in naturalsystems. Explain why the mutualistic relationshipbetween plants and fungi was vital to the movementof both groupsonto land. 17.16 Describethe main traitsof fungi. 17.17 Describethe most coilrmonlife cycle of fungi. 17.18 Describethe sffuctureand characteristics of lichens. 17.19 Explain how parasiticfungi harmplants and animals.