Development of Nanovectors for the Targeted Drug Delivery of Antimalarials

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Development of Nanovectors for the Targeted Drug Delivery of Antimalarials Development of nanovectors for the targeted drug delivery of antimalarials Patricia Urbán ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized neither its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service is not authorized (framing). This rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. DEVELOPMENT OF NANOVECTORS FOR THE TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY OF ANTIMALARIALS Patricia Urbán Departament de Físicouímica Facultat de Farmàcia Universitat de Barcelona 2012 Programa de Doctorado de Biotecnología Molecular Departament de Físicouímica, Facultat de Farmàcia Universitat de Barcelona DEVELOPMENT OF NANOVECTORS FOR THE TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY OF ANTIMALARIALS Memoria para optar al título de Doctor por la Universitat de Barcelona Los resultados experimentales de esta tesis han sido obtenidos en el Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya y en el Centre de Salut Internacional de Barcelona Patricia Urbán Autora Dr. Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets Dr. Joan Estelrich Latràs Director Co-director A mi familia, la española y la italiana. “Caminante no hay camino, se hace camino al andar.” Antonio Machado TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 11 1. MALARIA ............................................................................................................. 13 2. PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ............................................................................. 15 2.1 Cellular structure of Plasmodium falciparum ................................................... 15 2.2. Plasmodium life cycle ..................................................................................... 18 2.3. Plasmodium-infected red blood cells ............................................................. 20 3. FIGHTING AGAINST MALARIA .......................................................................... 22 3.1. Malaria control, elimination and eradication ................................................... 22 3.2. Vector control ................................................................................................. 25 3.3. Vaccines......................................................................................................... 26 3.4. Treatment of malaria ...................................................................................... 27 3.4.1. Antimalarial drugs ................................................................................... 27 3.4.2. Drug resistance ....................................................................................... 34 3.4.3. WHO guidelines for the treatment of malaria .......................................... 36 3.4.4. Need for better drug delivery strategies .................................................. 37 4. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE .................................................... 38 4.1. Nanotechnology ............................................................................................. 38 4.2. Nanomedicine ................................................................................................ 40 5. TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS .......................................................... 41 5.1. Liposomes for drug delivery ........................................................................... 48 5.2. Polymers for drug delivery ............................................................................. 52 5.2.1. Polyamidoamines family ......................................................................... 53 5.2.2. Dendrimers .............................................................................................. 57 6. NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO MALARIA .................................................. 59 6.1. Microfluidics and biosensors for diagnostics .................................................. 59 6.2. Nanobiosensors for the discovery of new potential drugs .............................. 61 6.3. Drug delivery strategies for antimalarials ....................................................... 62 6.3.1. Lipid-based carriers in malaria ................................................................ 65 6.3.2. Polymer-based nanocarriers ................................................................... 67 TABLE OF CONTENTS OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 71 RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 75 ARTICLE 1 ............................................................................................................... A nanovector with complete discrimination for targeted delivery to Plasmodium falciparum-infected versus non-infected red blood cells in vitro ........................... ARTICLE 2 ............................................................................................................... 5 Study of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs when delivered inside targeted immunoliposomal nanovectors ............................................................................. ARTICLE 3 ..............................................................................................................7 Demonstration of specific binding of heparin to Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells by single-molecule force spectroscopy ........................................ ARTICLE 4 .............................................................................................................. Nanomedicine against malaria: use of poly(amidoamine)s for the targeted drug delivery to Plasmodium ....................................................................................... OTHER RESULTS .................................................................................................. Study of the stability of immunoliposomes ........................................................... Study of the efficacy of immunoliposomes in P. yoelii-infected mice ................... In vivo therapeutic eficacy of liposomal cloroquine in humanized mice ............... Encapsulation of antimalarial drugs with dendritic derivatives ............................. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 1 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................. 1 ANNEX I: RESUMEN ..................................................................................... ANNEX II: REVIEW ........................................................................................ ANNEX III: PATENT ....................................................................................... ANNEX IV: INFORME DEL DIRECTOR ........................................................ REFERENCES ............................................................................................... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACTs artemisin-based combination therapies AFM atomic force microscopy AM artemether CQ chloroquine CS chondroitin sulfate DDT dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ED effective dose G generationalgro GAGs glycosaminglycans G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase GSK GlaxoSmithKline HMEC-1 human
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