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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.42.06.13 How to Cite: Ovcharenko, R., Goncharova, O., Kondratenko, E., & Maltseva, O. (2021). State policy in the field of in . Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.42.06.13

State policy in the field of innovation in Russia

Государственная политика в сфере инноваций в России

Received: April 9, 2021 Accepted: May 23, 2021

Written by: Roman Ovcharenko57 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-4962 Olga Goncharova58 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1566-9367 Evgenia Kondratenko59 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0286-5131 Olga Maltseva60 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-0031

Abstract Аннотация

The current stage of development of the entire Современный этап развития всего мирового world community, including Russia, is сообщества, в том числе России, связан c associated with the transition to the sixth переходом к шестому технологическому technological order, the development of укладу, развитием индустрии 4.0, развитием Industry 4.0, and the development of the цифровой экономики. Важность решения digital economy. The importance of solving проблемы перехода России на the problem of Russia's transition to an инновационный путь развития очевидна, innovative path of development is obvious; этому посвящены многочисленные научные numerous scientific publications of the last публикации последних двух десятилетий. two decades have been devoted to this. Однако реальные результаты политики However, the real results of the policy of the российского государства в сфере инноваций Russian state in the field of innovation are достаточно противоречивы. В рамках данной rather contradictory. Within the framework of статьи рассмотрена эволюция this article, the evolution of state policy, its государственной политики в сфере current trends and problems in the field of инноваций РФ, ее современные направления in the Russian Federation are и проблемы. Целью данного исследования considered. The purpose of this study is to является выявление особенностей и identify the features and prospects of the перспектив инновационной политики РФ. В innovation policy of the Russian Federation. этой связи были поставлены следующие In this regard, the following tasks were set: to задачи: определить место России в determine the place of Russia in the modern современном мире по показателям развития world in terms of the development of the инновационной системы, а также ее innovation system, as well as its potential, to потенциал, выявить особенности, сильные и identify the features, strengths and weaknesses слабые стороны государственной политики of the state policy of the Russian Federation in РФ в сфере инноваций, определить the field of innovation, and to determine возможные направления ее корректировки в possible directions for its adjustment in order целях преодоления отставания страны в to overcome the country's lag in the инновационной сфере. По итогам innovation field. Based on the results of the исследования предложены направления study, directions of economic development экономического развития. Выводы,

57 Doctor of Sociology, Professor, South-Russian Institute of Management of RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. 58 PhD, Associate Professor, South-Russian Institute of Management of RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. 59 PhD, Associate Professor, South-Russian Institute of Management of RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. 60 PhD, Associate Professor, South-Russian Institute of Management of RANEPA, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.

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Yakymchuk, I.P., Olhgovetskyi, S.M., Rashkovska, I.V., Bevz, H.M., Martseniuk, M.O. / Volume 10 - Issue 42: 125-141 / June, 2021

Ovcharenko, R., Goncharova, O., Kondratenko, E., Maltseva, O. / Volume 10 - Issue 42: 141-148 / June, 2021 142 have been proposed. The conclusions obtained полученные в ходе исследования, могут быть in the course of the study may be of interest to интересны научному сообществу, the scientific community studying the изучающему опыта и проблемы организации experience and problems of organizing and и управления инновациями стран, решающих managing innovations in the countries solving задачу преодоления отставания от лидеров the problem of keeping pace with the leaders инновационного развития за счет овладения of innovative development by mastering the преимуществами и возможностями перехода advantages and possibilities of transition to a к новому технологическому укладу, new technological order, the fourth industrial четвертой промышленной революции и revolution and digitalization of the economy. цифровизации экономики.

Keywords: innovation, the sixth technological Ключевые слова: Инновации, шестой order, digitalization, the fourth industrial технологический уклад, цифровизация, revolution, innovative development, четвертая промышленная революция, innovation policy. инновационное развитие, инновационная политика.

Introduction

In modern conditions, an innovative namely, on the possible directions of improving development strategy is typical for all levels of the state innovation policy giving it a the economy and management: the level of comprehensive character. First of all, it is individual companies, individual industries and necessary to form a clear and unified territories, the national economy as a whole, understanding of the model of the economy integration associations and economic ties of the which will replace the raw material model, to global economy (Ignatova et al, 2014). ensure consistency of measures of state policy in the field of innovation, which implies the In recent decades, scientists, practitioners and coordination of measures of innovation, government officials have considered the structural, financial, monetary, and social relevance and necessity of the transition of the policy, as well as to improve the quality of Russian economy to an innovative path of training and implementation of strategic development as the most important problem documents dedicated to the problems of (Kudrin & Gurvich, 2014). The presence of an innovative development in Russia. innovative national system is the most important indicator of a country's development level Literature Review (Aghmiunia et al, 2020). Researchers consider this problem in conjunction with the problems In the scientific literature, there are various, of the transition to the sixth technological order, often diametrically opposed, points of view the fourth industrial revolution, and the regarding: formation of the digital economy. (Kiraz et al, 2020; Shayganmehr et al, 2020; Chauhan et al, 1) the reasons for Russia's growing lag behind 2020). developed countries in terms of the development of an innovative economy and The purpose of this study is to identify the ways to change the current situation. Thus, current directions of the state policy of Russia in according to Akindinova et al. (2016), the the innovation sphere. In this regard, the future model of Russia's economic following tasks were set: to analyze the development (in the context of falling evolution of the state policy of Russia in the energy prices and, consequently, reducing field of innovation; identify the reasons for the state budget revenues) should be focused on lack of effectiveness of this policy; identify the option of gradual development based on possible directions for improving Russia's the advantages of a market economy and innovation policy taking into account domestic competition. First of all, according to and foreign experience. Kudrin & Gurvich (2014), modernization of the Russian economy requires, a radical Within the framework of this article, of course, reduction in the non-market sector of the it is impossible to cover all the components of economy, continuation of reforming the the problems of innovative development in budgetary sectors of the economy, refusal Russia. It is advisable to dwell on some aspects to raise wages in the public sector if such an of the state policy in the field of innovation, increase is not a consequence of

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productivity growth, borrowing advanced prospects for the development of the digital foreign technologies and embedding, albeit economy in Russia is necessary in in a secondary role, in international conditions when mechanical engineering, technological chains to attract foreign instrument making, electronics, and other investment. At the same time, according to high-tech industries form no more than 6- the developers of the concept of 7% of GDP against 70-80% in the USA, reindustrialization (Bodrunov, 2014), new Japan and developed EU countries industrialization (Ryazanov, 2014), neo- (Goncharova & Sidorenko, 2011). industrialization (Gubanov, 2014) to According to a number of researchers, overcome the crisis in the innovation sphere digitalization in Russia can be effective in Russia, it is necessary, first of all, to only if the manufacturing industry is restore the role and place of the processing restored in the country, primarily industry in the economy, the connection of mechanical engineering (Radulescu et al, the extractive and processing industries on 2014); the basis of vertical integration and the 3) regarding the reasons for the insufficient creation of intersectoral chains of effectiveness of the state policy of Russia in production of final products, as well as the the field of innovation. As noted above, in elimination of threats to the reproduction of Russia the idea of moving to an innovative human capital; track has been relevant for about two 2) regarding the transition of Russia to decades. During this time, many regulatory Industry 4.0, to the sixth technological documents, concepts, strategies, road maps order and the development of the digital have been adopted; objects of innovation economy in Russia. These processes are infrastructure have been created, etc. undoubtedly interrelated. The fourth However, the position of our country in the industrial revolution is characterized, first world ratings of innovative development of all, by the development of artificial does not change dramatically. According to intelligence, robotics, the Internet of things, The Global Innovation Index 2020 (Cornell biotechnology, 3D printing, University, INSEAD, and WIPO, 2020) in nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials the 2020 ranking compared to 2019 Russia with specified properties, etc. (Bonaccorsi climbed from 46th to 42nd place, according et al, 2020). The sixth technological order, to The Global Competitiveness Report which is currently being formed, is based 2019 (World Economic Forum, 2019) on artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, Russia retained 43rd place in the ranking in genetic engineering, cellular technologies, 2019 compared to 2018. Russia lags behind global information networks, etc. Within developed and many rapidly developing the framework of the sixth technological countries (15 leading innovative order, there will be a significant decrease in development countries and 45 EU, OECD, the energy and material consumption of BRICS countries) in almost all parameters production (Khanzode et al, 2021). As for of innovation development, especially in the development of the digital economy, it terms of performance (Gershman et al, is seen as an accelerator for the 2018); development of global industry, business 4) regarding the reasons for the low demand and society, capable, according to the for innovations on the part of Russian World Economic Forum, to bring additional producers. An opinion is expressed about a income of over $ 30 trillion US dollars by system-forming contradiction of the current 2025 (Uskov, 2018). However, for Russia, stage of development of Russia: between which at the end of the 20th century was the course declared at the state level for the unable to take advantage of the capabilities innovative development of the Russian of the fifth technological order based on economy and the weak demand for microelectronics, and in which the innovations from industrial enterprises production of electronic products per capita (Romanov, 2017). According to is 90 times less than in the United States Golichenko & Samovoleva (2011) the low and almost 36 times less than in EU demand for innovations in Russia is countries (Seleznev & Sosnilo, 2016) , it is associated, first of all, with the absence of necessary to clearly understand whether it market mechanisms for stimulating is possible to create elements of a new, innovation activity; they are trying to sixth technological order if the previous one compensate for their absence by was not developed. In addition, an development institutions created by the unambiguous understanding of the state that support innovative projects at all

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stages. According to Wang (2018) there is a Innovation System until 2010 was adopted, in relationship between the degree of 2006 – The Strategy for the Development of government intervention in the innovation Science and Innovation in the Russian sphere and indicators of innovation Federation until 2015, in 2011 – The Strategy of development in the country's economy: Innovative Development of the Russian government support for innovation Federation for the Period up to 2020, in 2014 – accelerates the development of the State programmes on Economic Development innovation sphere, but leads to the and Innovative Economy, on Strategy for concentration of resources at key Scientific and Technological Development of companies. Insufficient government the Russian Federation for the Period up to intervention leads, on the one hand, to 2024, National Project on Science (2018- 2024) lagging behind in terms of the development and others. of the innovation sphere, but on the other hand, the innovative potential of private Similar state acts were adopted in the field of entrepreneurship remains. digitalization of the economy, for example, Federal target programme on Electronic Russia Thus, the stated problems are very topical and (2002–2010), on Strategy for the Development controversial and directly related to the issues of of the Information Society in the Russian ensuring the national security of the country and Federation, state programme on Information its existence as a sovereign state in the future. Society for 2011– 2020, on Strategy for the The latter presupposes the need for a radical Development of the Russian Segment of the modernization of the economic system, Information and Communication Network of the improvement of state policy in the field of Internet and Related Sectors of the Economy, innovation in order to meet the changes and state programme on Digital Economy of the challenges of the world socio-economic order. Russian Federation. At the same time, it is important to coordinate efforts of state innovation policy at the federal Similar strategic documents have been adopted and regional levels, which in modern and are being implemented in many states and conditions, as the experience of developed within the framework of integration countries shows, is being transformed (Wilson associations. Examples include the Digital & Souitaris, 2002). Europe 2020 Strategy (adopted by the EU in 2010), the Internet plus Strategy (adopted in Methodology in 2015), Industry 4.0 (adopted in Germany in 2011), etc. The research is based on a dialectical, historical- systems approach, analysis, synthesis and However, there was no innovation boom in comparison, induction and deduction. The study Russia. Let's consider the reasons. analyzed domestic and foreign literature on the topic of state innovation policy in the context of According to a study by Patanakul & Pinto the development of Industry 4.0, the transition (2014), government policies and regulations can to the sixth technological order and the promote or hinder innovation. Strong and development of the digital economy. The study focused policies and regulations have the used data from The Global Innovation Index potential to drive significant and fundamental 2020 (Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO, changes in product and process technology. 2020), The Global Competitiveness Report However, policies and regulations can create 2019 (World Economic Forum, 2019), National barriers and constraints that sometimes inhibit report on innovation in Russia 2017 innovation. That is, in order to develop an (Andrushchak et al, 2018), and the Federal effective state policy in the field of innovation, Service of State Statistics of Russia. it is necessary to develop various government measures and test them, and those that Results and Discussion contribute to the development of innovations should be left, but those that do not should be Since the 2000s, the Russian authorities have cancelled. been actively adopting various regulatory legal acts, development programmes, and state According to Greco, Locatelli & Lisi (2017), an development strategies in the field of important factor in the development of innovation. For example, in 2005, a state act innovation in the modern world is stimulating The Main Directions of the Policy of the the development of "open innovations". "Open Russian Federation in the Development of the innovations" imply the development of new

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technologies, products and services not only field of innovation between firms, within the framework of their own internal entrepreneurs, research institutions and the corporate R&D, but also through the active public sector in such a way that small and involvement of innovations and competencies medium-sized businesses, innovations were outside the company (Chesbrough, 2003). affordable and profitable. Whereas, big business gives small innovative companies Borrás & Laatsit (2019), based on the study of integrated with it the opportunity to attract state innovation policies of 28 EU countries, the necessary financial resources and found that a systematic approach to innovation reduce risks, it gives them long-term policy allows for the formation of a more contracts, technical assistance, etc. (Leckel sustainable innovation development programme et al, 2020). but this approach requires systemic knowledge and organizational capabilities. These problems lead to the fact that Russia shows a significant lag, its share in the global But it is precisely the consistency in the state innovation system is less than 1% (Lebedeva, innovation policy in Russia that is lacking; in 2017). According to The Global Innovation addition, it has a number of significant Index 2020 (Cornell University, INSEAD, and shortcomings, namely: WIPO, 2020), Russia climbed in the ranking in 2020 compared to 2019 from 46th to 42nd  there is no analysis of the results of the place, according to The Global Competitiveness implementation of previous strategies, Report 2019 (World Economic Forum, 2019) concepts or programmes (Mindeli, 2011); Russia retained 43rd place in the ranking in  a significant number of innovation policy 2019 compared to 2018. Such indicators are low priorities in the absence of a mechanism for enough. It is necessary to state that Russia lags implementing the planned measures significantly behind developed countries in (Chmykhalo & Abushaeva, 2015); terms of funding for research and development  the desire to copy Western models of projects. So, according to UNESCO, according education, science, innovation environment, to the ratio of investments to GDP, Russia is not and innovation financing without taking even among the first fifteen countries (in Russia into account domestic experience and the this figure is 1.12%), whereas the average value specifics of the Russian innovation system, of this indicator is 1.7% of GDP, and in the which inevitably leads to temporary and developed countries of Western Europe it is financial losses, especially at the first stage 1.75% and in North America it is 2.04% (Suslov, 2011); (UNESCO, 2015).  unlikeliness of a number of goals set (Gershman et al, 2018); When developing measures to stimulate  the vagueness of the goals and objectives of innovative development, the experience of other the state innovation policy (as a rule, they countries should be taken into account. In are formulated using the phrases like China, the innovation tax incentive system “create conditions”, “create opportunities”, promotes innovation creation, diffusion and “form a system”, “promote formation”, implementation. These include a reduced “create a model”, etc.). The degree to which income tax rate for new and high-tech such goals and objectives have been enterprises, deduction of R&D expenses for achieved cannot be assessed; in this case, corporate income tax purposes, exemption from adjustment and analysis of the results income tax, etc. Businesses benefit from achieved are unlikely. On the other hand, operating in such conditions accelerating the there is a real threat of loss of time and, as a diffusion of innovations and receiving some result, an increase in Russia's lagging benefit from implementation innovation by behind in the innovation sphere lowering product prices (Wanga & Lic, 2019). (Semyonov, 2019);  little attention is paid to the integration of In the United States, government and large innovative businesses with small and government agencies work effectively with medium-sized ones. Small and medium- startups and investors. A common way sized innovative entrepreneurship is an government supports startups is through direct essential element of the national innovation funding, for example, the US SBIR is run system, ensuring its flexibility, adaptability, through agencies (DOE and DOD) that are the possibility of cost savings, etc. tasked with allocating a portion of their budget Governments of developed countries are to support innovative small firms. Government effectively expanding cooperation in the organizations can also work directly with

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146 startups and support entrepreneurship advantages of the third and fourth technological (Doblinger et al, 2019). modes, the experience of China which has created its own unique and one of the most In addition, the United States is actively effective models of economic development in implementing measures aimed at enhancing the modern conditions. The period that Russia is capabilities of the domestic market, supporting going through is a time of opportunities the demand for the products of domestic including opportunities for solving the problems producers which includes raising the standard of of overcoming the lag behind developed living of the population, reducing property countries in the innovation sphere, as well as in differentiation, developing institutions for the development of the digital economy. The transforming savings into investments, etc. future of Russia as a sovereign prosperous state Market conditions are the most important factor which was able to realize itself and its truly determining the development of innovation in enormous economic potential depends on manufacturing (Cumming, 2007). whether in the next 10-15 years Russia will be able to master technologies and take advantage Conclusions of the new technological order, while simultaneously developing those elements of the A significant part of the strategic documents of previous one the absence of which made our the Russian Federation (state strategies for the economy vulnerable to economic sanctions from development of sectors of the Russian economy, Western countries. the social sphere, the information economy, etc.) provide for measures to develop Bibliographic references innovations, modernize the economy, and the social sphere. Of course, it is impossible and Aghmiunia, S.K., Siyal, S., Wang, Q., & impractical to combine all measures to Duan, Y. (2020), Assessment of factors modernize, digitalize the economy, social affecting innovation policy in biotechnology. sphere, and the civil service system in a single Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 5(3), 179- document. However, it is necessary to have a 189, unified understanding of the ultimate goal of https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo innovative transformations, to overcome the =7612722 manifestations of inconsistency, internal Akindinova, N., Kuzminov, Ya. & Yasin, E. inconsistency, disconnectiveness, state policy in (2016). Russia’s economy: Before the long the field of innovation, to ensure the possibility transition, Economics, 6, 245-258, of taking into account different points of view, https://ideas.repec.org/a/nos/voprec/2016-06- and using the domestic and world experience of 1.html (in Russian). implementing an innovative breakthrough in an Andrushchak, G.V., Artemov, S.V., adapted form. Vakhshtayn, V.S. et al. (2018). National report on innovation in Russia 2017. : Russian At the same time, the outlined milestones Venture Company Publishing House (in should be quantitatively defined, realistic and Russian) consistent with the dynamics of development, Bodrunov, S.D. (2014) Russian Economic primarily of the EAEU and BRICS countries, System: the Future of High-tech Material which, ultimately, will give an additional Production. Economic revival of Russia, 40, impetus to the development of the real sector of 5–16 (in Russian). the Russian economy, reduce the severity of the Bonaccorsi, A., Chiarello, F., Fantoni, G., & problem of attracting investments, and ensure Kammering, H. (2020). Emerging technologies the participation of foreign investors in and industrial leadership. A Wikipedia-based domestic infrastructure and transport projects, strategic analysis of Industry 4.0. Expert as well as potential sales markets for the Systems with Applications, 160, 113645, products of the manufacturing industries of the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113645 Russian Federation. Borrás, S. & Laatsit, M. (2019). Towards system oriented innovation policy evaluation? It is equally important to study the domestic and Evidence from EU28 member states. Research foreign experience of overcoming the lag Policy, 48(1), 312-321, behind developed countries in the scientific and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.020 technical sphere, modernizing the economy, and Chauhan, C., Singh, A., & Luthra, S. (2020). mastering the advantages of new technological Barriers to industry 4.0 adoption and its structures. This is the domestic experience of performance implications: An empirical modernizing the economy and mastering the investigation of emerging economy. Journal of

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