The knowledge – The Urban World Subtopic AO1 - Key knowledge/processes Global pattern  Urbanisation: The proportion of the world’s population who live in cities. of urban  Causes of Urbanisation: Natural Increase & Rural to Urban migration change  Migration – Push & Pull theory  HIC’s >60% of the population live in cities.  Largest growth of urban population by 2050: China, India and Nigeria (NEE’s)  Rapid urbanisation occurs in LIC’s & NEE’s (e.g. Brazil, Rio)  Megacity: A city that has a population over 10 million people  2015, 28 Megacities by 2050 approx. 50 megacities (e.g. London) Urban case study – Rio de Janeiro (NEE) Rio de Janeiro  Continent: South America  Country: Brazil (East)  The coast sits alongside the Atlantic Ocean  Population: 6.5 million (12.5 million surrounding area)  Was the Capital of Brazil until 1960 (Brasilia is the new capital) Regional,  International - Christ the Redeemer (One of the 7 wonders of the world) National &  International – 5 ports and 3 airports International  National - Industrial facilities (Steel – largest in S America) importance  Regional - The city now provides 6% of all Brazil’s employment  Regional - Rio 2nd most important industrial centre after Sao Paulo Land uses in  Rio has mountains, a coast and large squatter settlements (Favelas) Rio  Rio is split in to 4 zones; North Zone – City’s main industrial and port area, the city’s international airport West Zone – Main Olympic Stadium 2016, Barra da Tijuca (changed from lower class to wealthy area) Centro – Oldest part (historic buildings), CBD, HQ of Petrobas South Zone – Main tourist hotspot, Copacabana beach, overlooked by Rochina (S.America’s largest favela) Causes of  Natural increase: When birth rates are higher than death rates urban growth  Migration: Push & Pull theory

How urban growth has created challenges. Social  Water – 12% have no running water Challenges in  Education – 50% of 14 year olds continue education Rio  Energy – Frequent blackouts/illegal tapping  Health – In 2013, only 55% of the city had access to a local health clinic. Economic  Employment – More than 20% unemployed in the favelas Challenges in  Avg. income £65-75 per month Rio  Crime – Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in many of the favelas Environmental  Air pollution – 5000 deaths per year Challenges in  Water pollution – 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours in the day every day Rio  Waste pollution – Poor access to the steep sided favelas, waste dumped and pollutes the water systems. How urban growth has created opportunities. Social  Water – 7 new treatment plants (300+ km pipes laid) opportunities  Education – giving school grants to poor families to keep their children in school in Rio  Energy – Installing 60km of new power lines.  Health – Medical staff took health kits to people’s homes, they detected 20 different diseases and treated them. Economic  Employment – The Schools of Tomorrow programme opportunities  Crime – Pacifying Police Unit (UPP’s) to reclaim the favelas from drug dealers in Rio Environmental  Air pollution – Expansion of the Metro system opportunities  Water pollution – 12 new sewage works (2014) costing $68m in Rio  Waste pollution – Bio gas plant consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish to generate electricity for 1000 homes. How urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor. Challenges of  Construction – Built on steep slopes, landslide killed 224 & destroyed 13’000 homes the growth of (2010) squatter  Services – 12% have no running water settlements  Unemployment – Unemployment rates are 20%  Crime – Drug gangs dominate the favelas  Health – Waste cannot be disposed of creates diseases (e.g. Cholera) Improving the  Favela Bairro Project – quality of the - Installation of cable car system urban poor - 100% mortgages available - Access to a water supply - UPP set up (safer) >>>>> The knowledge – Urban change in the UK <<<<< Population  82% of people live in urban areas. distribution in  32% live in London and South East the UK  Sparsely populated areas in Wales and Scotland

Urban Change in the UK case study – Location and  Bristol: South west England importance of  M4 link to global city of London Bristol  Bristol Airport links to Europe and wider world  Avonmouth shipping to and from all over the world  High level of foreign investment in aerospace (airbus) and manufacturing (BMW, Siemens)  Bristol Uni attracts people from all over the world Impacts of  Population doubled between 1851-1891 people looking for work national and  Now mainly come from Poland (EU expansion 2004), Somalia, Spain and Jamaica international (wider Caribbean) migration  Pressures on housing – 220,000 new houses needed in next 20 years  Provide education for EAL children  Cultural integration Opportunities in Bristol Economic  Government grant of 100 million to increase internet speeds opportunities  Present focus on quaternary industry (ie: Aardman Animation) and tertiary (EE – call centres) and hi tech secondary (Aerospace, defence) Environmental • Bristol European Green Capital 2015. opportunities • energy efficiency: reduce energy use by 30% by 2020 • 30% of city to be covered with trees, • Over 300 parks Social  Plans to build UWE Stadium + redevelopment of Ashton Gate to attract more opportunities events  & : cabot opened in 2008 and cost £500 million Challenges in Bristol Environmental • Journey time in morning 31% longer than any other time of day challenges • Former industrial areas in inner city left derelict e.g. Stokes Croft Perry’s Carriage, tobacco factories • City produces half a million tonne of waste per year. One of the worst cities in UK for food waste Social & economic Stoke Bishop Filton challenges Housing   81% of housing in owner occupied.  50% owner occupied Health   Life expectancy is 83 years.  Life expectancy 78 years. Deprivation   Less than 300 crimes per year.  1,300 crimes per year. Employment   Less that 3% unemployment.  33% unemployment. Education   50% of people went to University  36% of students got top grades at GCSE in English and Maths (2013 Urban Sprawl  Rapid population growth + many houses being bombed in WW2 (3200 lost) meant on the urban building on urban fringe and greenfield sites (hartcliffe – 43 families per week) rural fringe  Growth of Bradley Stoke, Harry Stoke extended city in the north (1200 homes with a further 2000 planned 16/17)  Solution: 2006-2013: only 6% of new housing on greenfield, by 2026: 30,000 new homes to be built on Brownfield instead e.g. Charlton Hayes on Filton Airfled Bristol Why did it go into decline: harbourside  overtook Bristol as it was a bigger port regeneration  Boats grew too big to fit down Avon  Heavily bombed in WW1 and 2 Features of regeneration:  SS Great Britain, , Lloyds HQ, MShed Success: • 1 million visitors per yr since 2000, • 3000 new jobs, Failures: • Nothing to improve traffic congestion. • New houses are very expensive >>>> The knowledge – Urban sustainability <<<<< Sustainable  Reducing its use of water. Urban Living 1. Roof water harvesting In Freiburg  Increasing its production of renewable energies and reducing its use of energy. 2. Installation of 400 solar panels (10million K/w of solar energy)  Increasing the amount of green spaces in the city. 1. 44,000 trees have been planted Sustainable  Integrated Transport System: Congestion charge – reduced cars in London by 21% Transport in 3 year In London  Park & Ride: London has 55 park and ride car parks on the outskirts of the city  Cycle routes: Cycle super highways/Cyclists London increased from 1% to 15% in the past 50 years  Bus improvements: 2600 hybrid buses used in London. These are quieter, cleaner and reduce emissions by 30-40%.