The knowledge – The Urban World Subtopic AO1 - Key knowledge/processes Global pattern Urbanisation: The proportion of the world’s population who live in cities. of urban Causes of Urbanisation: Natural Increase & Rural to Urban migration change Migration – Push & Pull theory HIC’s >60% of the population live in cities. Largest growth of urban population by 2050: China, India and Nigeria (NEE’s) Rapid urbanisation occurs in LIC’s & NEE’s (e.g. Brazil, Rio) Megacity: A city that has a population over 10 million people 2015, 28 Megacities by 2050 approx. 50 megacities (e.g. London) Urban case study – Rio de Janeiro (NEE) Rio de Janeiro Continent: South America Country: Brazil (East) The coast sits alongside the Atlantic Ocean Population: 6.5 million (12.5 million surrounding area) Was the Capital of Brazil until 1960 (Brasilia is the new capital) Regional, International - Christ the Redeemer (One of the 7 wonders of the world) National & International – 5 ports and 3 airports International National - Industrial facilities (Steel – largest in S America) importance Regional - The city now provides 6% of all Brazil’s employment Regional - Rio 2nd most important industrial centre after Sao Paulo Land uses in Rio has mountains, a coast and large squatter settlements (Favelas) Rio Rio is split in to 4 zones; North Zone – City’s main industrial and port area, the city’s international airport West Zone – Main Olympic Stadium 2016, Barra da Tijuca (changed from lower class to wealthy area) Centro – Oldest part (historic buildings), CBD, HQ of Petrobas South Zone – Main tourist hotspot, Copacabana beach, overlooked by Rochina (S.America’s largest favela) Causes of Natural increase: When birth rates are higher than death rates urban growth Migration: Push & Pull theory
How urban growth has created challenges. Social Water – 12% have no running water Challenges in Education – 50% of 14 year olds continue education Rio Energy – Frequent blackouts/illegal tapping Health – In 2013, only 55% of the city had access to a local health clinic. Economic Employment – More than 20% unemployed in the favelas Challenges in Avg. income £65-75 per month Rio Crime – Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in many of the favelas Environmental Air pollution – 5000 deaths per year Challenges in Water pollution – 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours in the day every day Rio Waste pollution – Poor access to the steep sided favelas, waste dumped and pollutes the water systems. How urban growth has created opportunities. Social Water – 7 new treatment plants (300+ km pipes laid) opportunities Education – giving school grants to poor families to keep their children in school in Rio Energy – Installing 60km of new power lines. Health – Medical staff took health kits to people’s homes, they detected 20 different diseases and treated them. Economic Employment – The Schools of Tomorrow programme opportunities Crime – Pacifying Police Unit (UPP’s) to reclaim the favelas from drug dealers in Rio Environmental Air pollution – Expansion of the Metro system opportunities Water pollution – 12 new sewage works (2014) costing $68m in Rio Waste pollution – Bio gas plant consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish to generate electricity for 1000 homes. How urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor. Challenges of Construction – Built on steep slopes, landslide killed 224 & destroyed 13’000 homes the growth of (2010) squatter Services – 12% have no running water settlements Unemployment – Unemployment rates are 20% Crime – Drug gangs dominate the favelas Health – Waste cannot be disposed of creates diseases (e.g. Cholera) Improving the Favela Bairro Project – quality of the - Installation of cable car system urban poor - 100% mortgages available - Access to a water supply - UPP set up (safer) >>>>> The knowledge – Urban change in the UK <<<<< Population 82% of people live in urban areas. distribution in 32% live in London and South East the UK Sparsely populated areas in Wales and Scotland
Urban Change in the UK case study – Bristol Location and Bristol: South west England importance of M4 link to global city of London Bristol Bristol Airport links to Europe and wider world Avonmouth shipping to and from all over the world High level of foreign investment in aerospace (airbus) and manufacturing (BMW, Siemens) Bristol Uni attracts people from all over the world Impacts of Population doubled between 1851-1891 people looking for work national and Now mainly come from Poland (EU expansion 2004), Somalia, Spain and Jamaica international (wider Caribbean) migration Pressures on housing – 220,000 new houses needed in next 20 years Provide education for EAL children Cultural integration Opportunities in Bristol Economic Government grant of 100 million to increase internet speeds opportunities Present focus on quaternary industry (ie: Aardman Animation) and tertiary (EE – call centres) and hi tech secondary (Aerospace, defence) Environmental • Bristol European Green Capital 2015. opportunities • energy efficiency: reduce energy use by 30% by 2020 • 30% of city to be covered with trees, • Over 300 parks Social Plans to build UWE Stadium + redevelopment of Ashton Gate to attract more opportunities events Cabot Circus & Cribbs Causeway: cabot opened in 2008 and cost £500 million Challenges in Bristol Environmental • Journey time in morning 31% longer than any other time of day challenges • Former industrial areas in inner city left derelict e.g. Stokes Croft Perry’s Carriage, tobacco factories • City produces half a million tonne of waste per year. One of the worst cities in UK for food waste Social & economic Stoke Bishop Filton challenges Housing 81% of housing in owner occupied. 50% owner occupied Health Life expectancy is 83 years. Life expectancy 78 years. Deprivation Less than 300 crimes per year. 1,300 crimes per year. Employment Less that 3% unemployment. 33% unemployment. Education 50% of people went to University 36% of students got top grades at GCSE in English and Maths (2013 Urban Sprawl Rapid population growth + many houses being bombed in WW2 (3200 lost) meant on the urban building on urban fringe and greenfield sites (hartcliffe – 43 families per week) rural fringe Growth of Bradley Stoke, Harry Stoke extended city in the north (1200 homes with a further 2000 planned 16/17) Solution: 2006-2013: only 6% of new housing on greenfield, by 2026: 30,000 new homes to be built on Brownfield instead e.g. Charlton Hayes on Filton Airfled Bristol Why did it go into decline: harbourside Liverpool overtook Bristol as it was a bigger port regeneration Boats grew too big to fit down Avon Heavily bombed in WW1 and 2 Features of regeneration: SS Great Britain, Arnolfini, Lloyds HQ, MShed Success: • 1 million visitors per yr since 2000, • 3000 new jobs, Failures: • Nothing to improve traffic congestion. • New houses are very expensive >>>> The knowledge – Urban sustainability <<<<< Sustainable Reducing its use of water. Urban Living 1. Roof water harvesting In Freiburg Increasing its production of renewable energies and reducing its use of energy. 2. Installation of 400 solar panels (10million K/w of solar energy) Increasing the amount of green spaces in the city. 1. 44,000 trees have been planted Sustainable Integrated Transport System: Congestion charge – reduced cars in London by 21% Transport in 3 year In London Park & Ride: London has 55 park and ride car parks on the outskirts of the city Cycle routes: Cycle super highways/Cyclists London increased from 1% to 15% in the past 50 years Bus improvements: 2600 hybrid buses used in London. These are quieter, cleaner and reduce emissions by 30-40%.