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Dosage Forms, Routes of Administration, and Dispensing Medications 81 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett4 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dosage Forms, Routes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof Administration,NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and Dispensing © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTMedications FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVES © Jones & BartlettAfter Learning,reading this chapter,LLC you will be able to: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR• Outline DISTRIBUTION the components of a prescription, includingNOT FOR commonly SALE used OR abbreviations. DISTRIBUTION • Understand the “rights” of correct drug administration. • Describe common dosage forms. • Explain the most common routes of administration. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, • LLCSummarize the factors that ©influence Jones the & effectsBartlett of drugs, Learning, particularly LLC in elderly NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONand pediatric populations. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Explain the difference between dosage form and route of administration. • Describe the properties of solid, semisolid, liquid, inhalation, and transdermal dosage forms. © Jones• Describe & Bartlett inactive ingredients,Learning, various LLC tablet coatings, and their© functions. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT• FORDescribe SALE various OR delayed-release DISTRIBUTION dosage formulations. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Compare and contrast different types of emulsions such as ointments, creams, and gels. • Discuss the advantages of a transdermal dosage form. © Jones & Bartlett• ExplainLearning, the major LLC routes of administration and© Jonesthe advantages & Bartlett and disadvantages Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORassociated DISTRIBUTION with each route of administration.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Explain the correct techniques for administration of eye drops, metered-dose inhalers, vaginal medications, and injections. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 32267_ch04_5954.indd 79 9/20/11 4:02:01 PM 80 UNIT ONE Foundation © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONKEY TERMS NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Additives Immediate-release Rectal Aerosol Incontinence Ring Alcoholic solution Infection Route of administration © JonesAqueous & suspension Bartlett Learning,Infusion LLC Signa© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTAromatic FOR SALE water OR DISTRIBUTIONInhalation SoluteNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Binders Inscription Solution Bolus dose Intradermal Solvent Buccal Intramuscular Sprinkles Caplet Intravenous Subcutaneous © Jones & BartlettCapsule Learning, LLC Irrigating solution© Jones &Sublingual Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEChewable OR DISTRIBUTION tablet Lotion NOT FOR Sugar-coatedSALE OR DISTRIBUTION Controlled-release Lozenges Suspension Cream Nasal Spansule Delayed-release Noncompliance Spirit Depot Oil-in-water (O/W) Spray © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Diluents LLC © Jonesemulsion & Bartlett Learning,Sprinkles LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONDispersion OintmentNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONSuppository Dosage form Ophthalmic Sustained-release Elixir Oral disintegrating Syringe Emulsion tablet (ODT) Syrup Emulsifying agent Order Tablet © JonesEnteric-coated & Bartlett Learning,Otic LLC Tincture© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTExcipients FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONParenteral solution TopicalNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Extended-release Paste Transdermal patch Extract Peroral (PO) Urethral Film-coated Polypharmacy Vaginal Gel Powder Water-in-oil (W/O) © Jones & BartlettGranules Learning, LLC Prescription © Jones & Bartlettemulsion Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEHomogenous OR DISTRIBUTION Preservatives NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Hydroalcoholic solution Reconstitution © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCChapter Overview © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION77 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The legal form that a prescriber utilizes to order a medication, medical device, or piece of medical equipment to be dispensed to a patient by a licensed pharmacist is called a prescription. A valid prescription must contain all the information necessary for a pharmacist to complete the prescriber’s order. A pharmacy technician plays a key role © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC in the preparation and dispensing of prescription products. This chapter covers the NOTlegally FOR required SALE elements OR DISTRIBUTION of a prescription, as well as many of NOTthe common FOR SALE abbrevia OR- DISTRIBUTION tions used by prescribers to create prescription orders. To effectively read prescriptions and prepare prescription orders, it is essential for a pharmacy technician to possess a thorough understanding of common prescription abbreviations. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 77The Prescription A prescription is a legal order for a specific product, to be dispensed to a patient by a licensed pharmacist. A prescription order can be made by any healthcare profes- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,sional LLC with prescribing authority.© Jones Although & Bartlett the most Learning,common issuer LLC of prescription NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONorders is a physician, prescriptionNOT orders FOR canSALE also OR be issued DISTRIBUTION by dentists, podiatrists, optometrists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and veterinarians in all 50 states. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 32267_ch04_5954.indd 80 9/20/11 4:02:02 PM CHAPTER 4 Dosage Forms, Routes of Administration, and Dispensing Medications 81 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEAdditionally, OR DISTRIBUTION some states have granted limited NOTP FORatient SALEName OR DISTRIBUTIONPerscription Number prescribing authority to clinical psychologists and pharmacists. Physicians have broad pre- scribing authority, which means there are no REFILLS: (123) 456-7890 limitations to what prescription products they PHARMACY Pharmacy # 123 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCWEGMANS FOOD MARKETS, INC. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC may prescribe. Other healthcare professionals 1 MAIN STREET Rx# 6000561 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONROCHESTER, NY 14624A W-6116861NOT(123) FOR 456-7890 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION may have limited prescribing authority, which SMARTFILL, MARY JANE 01/18/10 123 MAIN STREET, ROCHESTER, NY 14620 means there are specific restrictions in place TAKE ONE TABLET BY MOUTH EVERY 8 for these prescribers. These restrictions are HOURS AS NEEDED FOR PAIN. related to each professional’s individual scope of© practice Jones and & Bartlettvary from Learning,state to state. LLC For ex- IBUPROFEN© 800 Jones MG TABLET & Bartlett Learning, LLC ample,NOT aFOR dentist SALE cannot OR order DISTRIBUTION a medication for NOT FOR SALE ORQTY DISTRIBUTION: 90 a patient’s back pain and a veterinarian cannot ANDREW SMITH 2 REFILLS BY 01/18/11 order medications for a human patient. Prescription orders are sometimes given to patients by their prescriber. A patient might Number of Refills Remaining © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC then mail or hand-deliver a prescription to FIGURE 4.1 The essential components of a prescription. NOT FOR SALEa pharmacy. OR DISTRIBUTION Other times, prescriptions are NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION transmitted by the prescriber or an agent of the prescriber (for example, a nurse in the prescriber’s practice) directly to the phar- macy. A prescriber has several options for transmitting prescription orders to a phar- macy. Prescribers© may Jones mail &prescriptions Bartlett Learning, to the pharmacy, LLC relay them via telephone,© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC transmit them viaNOT fax, FORor use SALEan e-prescribing OR DISTRIBUTION service, which is a secure system NOTthat FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION utilizes an Internet connection to deliver prescriptions directly to the pharmacy com- puter. Written prescription orders, whether given to the patient, faxed, or mailed to the pharmacy, must be signed by the prescriber. Telephone orders and e-prescribing orders are valid as long as they are relayed to the pharmacy by the prescriber or by an© authorizedJones & Bartlettagent of the Learning, prescriber. LLC There are many special laws© Jonesthat relate & Bartlettto pre- Learning, LLC scriptionNOT FOR orders SALE for controlled OR DISTRIBUTION substances, but these vary from stateNOT to state.FOR For SALE more OR DISTRIBUTION information on these regulations visit your state board of pharmacy’s Web site. In an institutional setting, the term prescription is not used. Instead, the prescriber’s request is referred to as an order or a medication order. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEThe ComponentsOR DISTRIBUTION of a Hard-Copy PrescriptionNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Prescription components may vary from state to state, but typically should contain the following information FIGURE 4.1 : 7 The prescriber’s name, address, and
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