THE MINIATURE VOTIVE POTTERY DEDICATED AT THE 'LAGHETTO DEL MONSIGNORE' , CAMPOVERDE

MARIANNE KLEIBRINKl Grol/inger ll/srirllllr voor Archeologie, Gronil/gel/, Nerherlands

ABSTRACT: Although many objects ofthe rescue excavation carriedout by the Soprintendenza per ilLazio in a smal! lake called the 'Laghetto del Monsignore ' were stolen, the remaining miniature pots merit a catalogue, especial!y because these miniature votive pots date from the 10th to the 6th century BC and thus the deposit is one of the earliest known. Apart from offering a catalogue, this study tries to ascribe the littIe pots to their proper ware and use categories by comparing their fabrics and forms with normal sized pots manufactured in Lazio. The Iron Age votive deposits at lakes and springs clearly continue votive habits of old: firstly, during the Bronze Age, practised in caves far away from settlements, secondly, during the early lron Age, dedicated at cl'emation burials which took place neal' the settlements, and thirdly during the infill ofthe urban landscape at open-air springs and lakes near the settlements. The votive deposit at Campoverde contains many jars, which, perhaps, may be interpreted as a fe male dedication to the supematural power thought to be present at the lake.

KEYWORDS: Lazio, Campoverde, early lron Age, religion, water offerings, votive deposits, miniature pottery, pottery fabric analysis, pottery shapes analysis.

artefacts, mostly ceramic vessels but also a fe w bronze Albano. sheet figurines, fibulae, glass and amber pearls, o constitutes probably only a very small portion of a much largerquantity of ancient votive objects dedicated at the spring. The spring at Campoverde must be considered an open votive deposit, the gifts were directly thrown into the water and they remained there for a long time as can be concluded from the streaks of scale • Ardea (limonite) on the little pots. The spring may be called a " ,Ol 'deposito volontario' or favissa.2 At the moment of the rescue-excavation the area aIready had been illegally plundered, but still a few hundred small votive vessels Salricum could be stored.3 Today, only the here published • Borgo Montello (Conca) �mpo,,"', miniatures are available for further study because robbers struck again in the storerooms of the Soprinten­ � �' denza per il Lazio at Tivoli. A In the same period, a team of archaeologists from -( --- "- Groningen University, inc\uding the present au thor, ---. o�-�-� 10 km To�re Astura still noticed many fragments of full-sized and minia­ turized impasto pots in the neighbourhood of the lake. Fig. I. Map of soulhem Lazio wilh lhe ancienl siles of Campoverde This Groningen equip visited the Campoverde site and Sarricll/lI (drawing Huib Walerbolk). regularly because new excavations at nearby Borgo le Ferriere (Satricum) had just been started and we were curious about our surroundings. Previously we had l. NOTES ON THE 'LAGHETTO DEL studied the litenuy sources, particularly Livy on the MONSIGNORE' incessant wars between powerful conquerors like Etru�cans, Romans and Volscians, trying to overpower In 1977-1 978, at Campoverde, a smal! vil!age c. 60 km the Latins, who had colonized the area since the 9th south ofRorne,the Archaeological Soprintendenzaper century BC or even earlier4 (for an overview of the i l Lazio rescued a fair quanti ty of miniature and normal ancient sources Maaskant-Kleibrink, 1989: pp. 13- 17). sized ancient artefacts from a small lake with a spring More appea1ing reading material were the reports on at its heart, today called the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' the area of Campoverde, alias Campomorto, by De La (fig. l) (lGM map of Italy, F 158, I S01601 1 13). These Blanchere, who produced most impressive descrip-

44 1 442 M. KLEIBRINK tions of the landscape (De la Blanchere, 1883; 1885). Campoverde, Satricum and Borgo MonteJlo probably He studied the landscape south of Rome in a period belonged together: the miniatures from Campoverde when the characteristics that made it so famous were strongly resemble the ones from the old votive deposit stiJl largely intact.5 It was formerly known as the at SatricllnI (Crescenzi, 1978: pp. 51-55; Bouma, 1996: Campagna Romana and inspired artists from e.g. the pp. 52, 133 with many references). For Rome it has been Dutch italianisante painters to Goethe's Italienische concluded that the hut compounds of the earlier Latin Reisen. His and other 19th century descriptions of the families will have stretched out over an area of c. 6 km2, surroundings of CampomOl·to made us expect to while the group Iiving at the former lake of Castiglione encounter during our wanderings at least some rem­ must have occupied an area of c. 4 km2 (Bietti Sestieri, nants of ancient tombs, castles Ol' roads. Reportedly the 1992: p. 235). The area of control wiJl have been very 'casale di Campomorto' was builtover ancientremains much larger, PacciaJ'eJli and BetteJli even think of c. 100 and near that big house in the 19th century still a stretch to 150 km for the major sites (Bettelli, 1997: p. 218). 2 of an ancient road, paved with polygonal basalt blocks These cultural unities elsewhere indicate that the Latin with many tombs alongside it, had been present (Waar­ group living at Campoverde/Satricum/Borgo MonteJlo senburg, 1995, p. 151). The name of CampomOl·to is may have occupied an aJ'ea of c. 5 km2 while controJling even said to derive from the presence of these ancient a much laJ·gerregion. AtSatricum settlement presumably tombs, although today the local inhabitants explain itas was divided over three or more low hiJls along the refening to the many untimely malaria-deaths in the Astura: in use were at least the Poggio delle Ferriere, the times before Mussolini' s reclamation. Whatever the Macchia S. Lucia and Macchia Bottacci, as these hills explanation, we discovered that most archaeological were caJled before the 1960's when almost the entire features had disappeared from view during the drastic ancient morphology of the region was destroyed for the changes for modem viticulture. The only area with planting of vines. The low hiJl at Borgo MonteJlo at a ancient sherds we easily spotted were the sUIToundings distance of 1.5 km from Satricum, as the crow f1ies, may of the smaJl bubbling water of the 'Laghetto del Mon­ also have been part ofthe Iron Age occupational system, signore ' , with its depth of c. 1.50 m and its rim of although as yet no settlement finds are repOI'ted from re1atively high vegetation in the midst of an immense this earlier period. The landscape in between these low new vineyard (fig. 2). Later on even this unique small hiJls wiJl have been waterlogged for most of the year, oasis was f1attened out and the impasto pots and sherds the 19th century name 'Conca' for Borgo MonteJlo largely disappeared. indicates a low area and the vaJley of the Astura be­ In the Early Iron Age hut-settlement period, tween Campoverde and Satricum lies low as well. In

Fig. 2. The 'Laghetto del Monsignore', 1978. Miniature vOfive pOffery af fhe 'Lagheffo del Monsignore' 443 any case this southern Astura-centred settlement area to together with these archaeologists set up, much under the southeast must have bordered on the marshes of the the influence of the proposals for the classification of Pontina. The similarities noted between the artefacts ceramics by Adams and Adams (Adams & Adams, from Campoverde and Safricum and the resemblances 1991), a Lazio pottery project, in order to establish the between those from Caracupa and Safricum/Campo­ various pottery fabrics and wares for southern Lazio.12 verde indicates that at least in certain aspects the Latin The catalogue presented below is the first in which our groups living in southern Lazio manifested a common system fo r the identification of wares is tested on an cultural identity.6 The dedications of large quantities of extant group ofvessels from a single context. Below, it votives demonstrate that one of those com mon cultural will be attempted to date the miniature pots from traits must have been the pelformance of rituals at Campoverde not only according to their types, but also sacred springs and lakes. Although these rites are also according to their fabric and ware characteristics. It is noted elsewhere, here the veneration may have been hoped thatafter a numberof such studies we will be able linked to the marshy character and hence the liminality to produce a 'Manual of Early Iron Age ceral1lic \Va res of the landscape. for southern Lazio', useful in all field work. In the The votive deposits of Le Feniere and Campoverde mean time we would be grateful to those archaeologists both contain biconical miniature jars datable to the 10th who would care to help us with critique, suggestions century as well as miniatures that imitate fu ll-sized and comments. corded jars datable to the 9th century BC.7 The evidence for religious activities right at the start of the Iron Age is most we\come as specialists concluded that it was 3. THE MANUFACTURE OF THE MINIATURE largely absent from the rest of Latium, although this POTS may be due to lack of registration of dataS Ol' a general tendency to down-date the dedications. For Campo­ Complementary to pottel} typology, pottery fabrics verde a Bronze Age beginning is generally accepted and and wares can be useful as dating evidence. For minia­ based on the presence of decorated late Middle Bronze tures this is fo rtunate since it is a way to test the general Age Ol' Late Bronze Age incised fragments of full-sized idea that they maintained traditional shapes very much vessels found in the lake.9 longer than pottery used in daily life. Guidi rightly remarked that early types of miniature vessels can only be called old-fashioned if they are made of a more 2. CERAMIC STUDIES recent fabric Ol' ware (Guidi, 1989- 1990). In ancient Lazio the manipulation of clays necessary At an early stage of the Safricum-research project a for the produetion of pots depended either on the group of Groningen archaeologists have undertaken function of the ceramic artefact to be produced Ol' on the studies of early Latin ceramics1o; in the first place production technique involved (Nijboer, 1998). As to because settlement stratigraphy for this pottery is needed functional manipulation Nijboer points for instance to as almost all evidence stems from tombs. Furthermore experiments by Schiffer and Skibo which showed that it was fe lt that pottery studies could hel p sol ve technologi­ sand added to a percentage of 30/40% is a good temper cai, socio-economic, subsistence and religious questions. for cooking pots because it reduces thermal shock and We were thus glad to have the opportun ity to not only also reduces the drying time of the clay paste. With a study the stratified material from the Satricum excavation number of the em'lier Latial impasto jars a large per­ but also the pottery rescued at Campoverde and the centage of sand indeed is present (see below). Later il1lpasto finds from the old Sa fricum excavations in the augite was added to the clay for cooking pots in Lazio storerooms of the Villa Giulia Museum. 1 1 in order to improve the thelmal shock resistance of the In the beginning, our attention was directed at the clay. morphological developmentofthe pottery types through Obviously most miniature vessels were not used to stratigraphical study of the Satricul1l settlement (Maas­ really pelfOIm the tasks of the fu ll-sized vessels they kant-Kleibrink, 1 989; 1991; 1992). Next, various imitate. Therefore, if the miniature jars do contain archaeologists took on special subjects: ArnoldBei jer tempering such as for instance large quantities of sand studied the il1lpasfo pottery produced on the site itself or augite, this would indicate thatitwas tried to faithfully (Beijer, 1991a; 1991b; 1992), while Albert Nijboer imitate the fu ll-sized cooking pots. Also, ifwe find such excavated and published the newly discovered kilns faithful imitations, which fu nctionally must be regm'ded and their productions (Nijboer, 1998). Jelle Bouma as useless, it becomes likely that the miniatures were constructed a convincing typo-chronology for the wares made together with the fu ll-sized specimens. It is found in the votive deposit No. 2 at Satricum (Bouma, troublesome to add large quantities of quartz or augite 1996) and subsequently Peter Attema started to process to the small clay balls from which the miniatures were data from the large quantities of small fragments from produced. At Campoverde there indeed is proof that the his surveys in the Pontine region (Attema, 1993 and this miniature vessels were actually produced together with volume). A number of years ago the present author the normal sized pottery made for daily use, because 444 M. KLEIBRINK most miniature vessels with a shape datable to the 9th are visible with the naked eye. Experiments to imitate and 8th centuries BC are made from a relatively pure the impasfo vessels from Osteria dell'Osa by Pulitani clay which contains small quantities of FeMn just like have shown that the lustrous brown Ol' black surface of the fu ll-sized ones. EspeciaIly the small vessels with the impasfo vessels was obtained by burnishing the good shapes fou nd in the spring are made from clay surface several times during the drying stage and tempered with many small FeMn particles, which in eventually by polishing it with a piece ofleather (Bietti these usually darkly burnishedmin iature pots stand out Sestieri, 1992b: pp. 439-446).lmpasfo c1ays with a fair by their fiery red colours. The presence of relatively amount of coarse inclusions of relatively large sizes are pure clay with fairly large particles of FeMn implies not suited to wheel-throwing because of their rigidity that the clay was chosen and prepared by the same (Nijboer, 1998). In Lazio wheel-made pots, especiaIly experienced potters as clay used for the fu ll-sized Greek drinking sets, were imported long before potters vessels. A second argument to consider the production in the region started to use the throwing wheel for the of the miniatures as a by-product of potters responsibie manufacture oflocal household pottery. The ware which for the fu ll-sized vessels is that with the studied probably caused the transition to wheel-production Campoverde and Safl'icum miniature pots the chronolo­ may have been the impasfo 1'0sso. The original inspiration gical development of the clay fabrics, established with for this widespread c1ass of red ware came, it seerns, a typo-chronology of the miniatures, resembles the from Phoenicia, from where beautiful, glossy red plates general development of full�sized pottery and tiles. A were imported. Red ware became very popular in 7th third argument is that the moment the nOlmai pots were century BC Etruria but had its moments in Lazio toa made on fast wheel s miniatures immediately copy them (Rathje, 1983: pp. 7-29). Plates and jars were made in this respect toa; obviously the skilful throwing oftiny from a special impasfo to imitate this appealing pottery, miniatures is something only an experienced potter can sometimes by hand, but gradually more frequently on do. the potter' s wheel. As the earlier brown impasfo From the above observations we may conclude that produetion, the red ware manufacture also knew a large the miniature pots were manufactured with the purpose variety of shapes and decorations, which all disappear offaitl1fully imitating nOImal sized vessels. !tis therefore during the next, Archaic, period, in which for household extra noteworthy that not all full-sized types were use wheel-made pottery of coarse ware was introduced. reproduced in mini size; miniaturization was limited to For this Archaic period it has been established that a few pottery types only. The fact that only certain types coarse pastes were made to especiaIly suit wheel­ were thought fit for miniaturization connects with their throwing. During the late seventh and early 6th century ritual functions. Therefore in the catalogue below, I will BC pots made of coarse ware, manufactured on a wheel link categories of miniatures to full-sized prototypes in and made in workshops, gradually substituted the orde r to subsequently discuss the possibie symbolic manufacture of impasfo pots, which had been made in functions. households, whether by the women of the household or A number of miniature pots found at Campoverde in a family workshop with more members at work. The and at Safl'icum were made by pinching and pressing pastes fit for wheel-throwing contain less and also soft clay balls into simple shapes. This technique was smaller inclusions than impasfo c1ays, because other­ especiaIly used for bowls, mugs and other miniatures wise the coarse particles would cut the potter's hands. with simple shapes. Pinching is easily detectable since In Lazio wheel-thrown coarse ware was not common the depressed areas left by the potter's finger tips can before the 6th century BC, it comprised jars, trays and always be seen Ol' fe lt. At Campoverde only the minia­ bowls and was predominantly made in viIIage work­ tures datable from the Archaic period onwards were shops (Nijboer, 1998). In the beginning the coarse ware wheel-thrown, so the rest must have been made in the household pots are still made of (light) red firing c1ays, coiling technique as the pots are toa tiny for slab butsubsequently much ofthe COal'se ware was produced building. In fact coiling can be detected (I think) from in the 'paie Wal'e ' tradition which probably derived the good angles the walls of the miniature pots make from the manufacture of roof ti les and is anyway with the bases and, of course, also from the correct contemporary with the production of paie tiles and curvatures of bellies and necks, which are not possibIe architectural terracotta's of the later 6th and entire 5th with pinching. centuries BC (Nijboer, 1998). An orange COal'se ware produced with characteristics similar to paie ware stal·ts In the long and standardized tradition of pottery slightly earlier. In the households wheel-thrown coarse manufacture in Lazio the c1ays are not only related to kitchen and table pots must have been accompanied in the types of pots but also to the ways of manufacture. the earlier days by bucchel'o and depurated fine ware The undepurated impasfo c1ays with large inclusions drinking sets. For the common household pots depurated like small stones or pellets of FeMn, used in the Iron c1ays became only popular during the later 5th century Age 1-3 periods (traditionally dated 1050-730 BC) BC and subsequent periods in which coarse wares were worked by hand or coiled. The telm impasto is became rare. The above knowledge on the development used for fabrics with a fair amount of inclusions which of clay pastes in use for the manufacture of pots in Miniature votive pOffery at the 'Lagheffo del MO/Jsignore' 445 eombination with the examination of the pas tes of the (lO-8th BC) extends over the whole of Lazio; full-sized Campoverde miniatures has made clear that the vessels as well as the popular grave gift miniatures were miniatures generally follow the technological made from il. The ware is easily identified, other than by developmentof the full-sized pots found at Campoverde the brown surfaces, by its coiling or slab building and SatricI1m , so perhaps of Lazio as a whole. The faet technique. We have split this brown impasto according that miniatures follow in many aspeets normal pots is to the different functional types and different finishing, further proof that miniature pots eould be obtained the or Gestalt, of the pots into different groups; here are same way as the full-sized ones. Henee the rituals for relevant: whieh the pots were needed were widespread and Ll. Well bumished bro\Vn impasto \Vare, which regular not secret and private, whieh of eourse is exaetly contains lustrously burnished vessels with asilky sheen. what one would expect with open-air rituals. The paste of these pots must have originated from relatively pure clay beds: the fabrics are well to medium sorted, dominance of a single type of mineral inclusion 4. W ARE ANAL YSIS is absent, although occasionally a few larger inelus ions occur. The sUlface burnishing is soapy and sticks to the A proper ware analysis hinges on a pot's appearance sherd, when broken the burnished skin always is broken whieh is not only related to its fu netion but also to its more sharply than the internal part of the sherd. The technological level and its degree of sophistication. The brown colours of the pots vary enormously, also within archaeologist ean enlist quite a number of faetors which a single specimen. The inegular colours indicate that add up to a vessel's Gestalt: the most importani are the for firing open kilns have been used. In the Satricl./m vessel's form, the colour of its paste, its tempering, stratigraphy pots belonging to this ware were fairly firing and finishing, and its decoration. For the pottery abundant in trench alpha and scarcely present in pits I, wares of Lazio, fortunately, recent studies by Giovanni 2 and 3, which means that it is not ordinary kitehen Colonna as well as by Paolo Carafa, came up with ware. We found that only a few miniature pots of the similarresultsas the Groningen pottery project(Colonna, Campoverde find were well burnished, evidently with 1988: pp. 292-316; Carafa, 1995). To reduee confusion small pots it is a hard thing to do: Cal.Nos 3, 64-68, 73- to a minimum, we therefore deeided to describe the 76, 218-219. wares of southern Lazio as much as possibie in the telms 1.2. COl1ll1lo/J bro\V/J bIlrnished impasto \Vare, is developed by these Italian scholars. Below a short made of a paste that contains far more inclusions of ovelview of the various wares in use over five centuries various kinds than LI : especially tufa, lava, grog, and of pottery produetion in Lazio (lOth to 5th centuries FeMn. Burnishing is far less successful, often resulting BC), as relevant for the dating of the Campoverde in a thin superficial skin, which often is crackled. The miniature pots is discussed. Below only a very basic group originally must have differed from our first introduetion to the wares of southernLazio is neeessary, group, because at Satrictll/J the sherds were found under because the miniatures largely imitate standard local, the same circumstanees, but have reacted differently to household pots. post-depositional processes. The firing of these pots is uneven. The ware group seems to contain especially jars: these were all made by hand and mostly have a 4.1. Short introduetion to the early Latin household sharp internal ridge at the transition from lip to neck. In pottery wares many of the fabrics quartzlfeldspar tempering is pre­ As elsewhere the stratigraphically eollected sherds at sent; although still we have to study the amount af Satricum demonstrate that red firing clays are dominant quartz added to these pots, most af them will have been from the Early lron Age till the end of the 6th century cooking pots. The high percentage af quartz would have BC. In the early days of impasto produetion all vessels increased thermal shock resistance considerably. See were baked in open fires and because of burnishing a Campoverde Cal.Nos 11-22, 54-63, 77-80, 107-108, reduction of the colour of the red paste to a brown or 173-175, 1 82-183, 189-193, 209-212. blackish hue oecurred. The red firing clays thus aetually 1.3. Common brown 'sandy' impasto \Vare, with fine resulted in brown or blackish pottery wares (Munsell to medium sorted sandy clay fabrics. This ware was 7.5YR 4/4, 2.5R 2.5/0). For the brown impasto wares especiaIly used to manufacture larger shapes: dolia, the label chosen by Colonna and Carafa 'impasto bruno' jars, bowls, etc. At Satricul1I fragments were abundant or brown impasto will be maintained, but sub-groups in treneh alpha plus stratum IlB. This ware group seems will be discerned. In discerning and dating the various to be a kitehen ware, over time containing increasingly ware categories the stratigraphical evidence from more' quartz. The ware is only smoothened with the Satricum has been useful (Maaskant-Kleibrink, 1989; hands ar a stick. Beeause af the rougher skin it is not 1991; 1992). always clear whether firing is uneven ar more even with these larger pots. At Campoverde a fair number af r. BROWN IMPASTO WARE (Colonna, 1988: p. 304; miniatures belong to this ware: Cat.Nos 23-33, 83-86, Carafa, 1995: pp. 18 ff.). The family of brown wares 109-111, 115, 139- 142. 446 M. KLEIBRINK

1.4. Black slip \Vare. At Satricum it was noted that in (Waarsenburg, 1995: pp. 500ff.) and may be considered the hut fe atures and trenches from the Iron Age and an import categOlf In fine red slip ware shapes like especiaIly in strata IlA and B, a small amount of bowl s, plates, globular jm's with long out-turning lips fragments belong to an especiaIly fine product, easily and holmoi were manufactured. These pot shapes were recognized by a silky and dark gloss and asharp contrast all present in the Sa tricum settlement. In the Campoverde between its dark glos sy skin and a reddish sandy fabric catalogue below, Nos 50-5 I, 95-98, 124- 125, 153, 179, underneath. The ware comprises drinking cups, bowls 180, 185 belong to fine red slip ware. and amphorae, the latter often decorated with comb or 11.2. Th e C0l11111 0n red slip ware contrasts sharply spiral motifs. The sherds are nem'ly always thin, the with the fine red slip ware, because it is a relatively thin firing is mostly even. Such black shiny products conti­ walled com'se pottery covered with a soapy red slip that nue into the Orientalising period (Carafa, 1995: pp. 74 easily IUbs off. This ware category in Satricul11 is ff.). It must be noted that this 'black slip' category is not exclusively known with small jars, al most the size of separated from 'brown impasto wm'e ' by Colonna and mugs, as well as plates and bowls. There the paste Carafa, probably because it is not always clear whether contains many FeMn nodules. It is a traditional ware, the glos sy skin actually is a slip or here and there also a simply substituting brown burnish with a red one, it skilful burnishing. What is clear though, is that this perhaps was still home made. On the other hand a 'black slip ware ' stands out from the earlier 'brown variant of this ware also was used to produce dolia, of burnished' and 'well burnished ware' because it is fm' large globular shapes. These wear the same soapy red glossier and also has a thinner sherd and more sophisti­ slip that easily IUbs off. Compare Campoverde Cat.Nos cated pot shapes. The black or darkly slipped pots seem 99-1 00, 154, 201 -202. to imitate metal forms, whether directly or indirectly by imitating fine bucchero. These pots may have undergone III. COARSE W ARE (7th-5th centuries BC). Carafa re­ the same treatment as the category of the red slipped introduced this name for mainly wheel thrown pottery illlpasto (see below). On the Campoverde miniature made from a paste that con tains a fair amount of quartz, pots a substitute for the dm'k slip or burnish was in use, augite, or temper of diffe rent nature (Colonna, 1988: the potters covered the miniatures with a thin high ly pp. 304 ff. ; Carafa, 1995: pp. 126 ff.). Com'se ware is lustrous black slip, which made the miniaturesresemble mostly fired hm·d. The fOlm s produced in it are fairly fine black ware. The slip, however, is definitely diffe­ standard: jars, lids, bowls, trays, dolia and tiles. Com'se rent from burnish.It may be that burnishing was difficult wm'e production starts (in Rome) early in the 7th century to carry out on small sUJfaces and a substitute was BC, but its production diffuses over southern Lazio invented. Compare Campoverde Cat.Nos 41-49,69-7 1 , only in the second qumter of the 6th century BC and 89-94, 116-123, 149- 152, 176- 178, 184, 198-200, 204- increases from that period onwards. 208. III.l. Slippecl coarse ware, is a thin-walled well smoothened product which ofte n carried a th in slip, II. RED IMPAS TO W ARES (7th century BC) (Colonna, al most a wash, of red or diluted brownish colour. The 1988, pp. 304 ff.; Carafa, 1995: pp. 91 ff.). During the paste often is fired toa light red. lm's, a numberofbowls, early decades of the 7th centUJ'y BC the brown impasto as well as dolia often m'e decorated with concentric vanishes almost completely and is substituted by red circles, which demonstrates that the productionwas still ware or impasto rosso. Th is ware shows that traditional influenced by Orientalising styles. At Campoverde the pottery making underwent influences of new technolo­ miniatures Cat.Nos belong to this ware 102, 105, 106, gies. As in some cases new clays are contemporm'y with 126, 127, 131-132, 138, 157, 181, 186. the introduction ofwheel-throwing we may assume that III.2. COl11mol1 red coarse ware. The dolia which the entire pottery manufacture moved largely away were made of a paste with very much qum·tzlfelclspm· from household production to spy,cialists. The fact that, and tuff tempering, are mostly fired red or reddish in contrast to the well burnished brown wm'es the well orange. They sometimes m'e covered with a thin slip. burnished red slip is mostly fired to an even red, also Also small bowls with an upturnedbase ring belong to points to specialist production, since such even ly th is category as well as many tiles with a sanded reverse. coloured surfaces can only be obtained through firing in See Campoverde Cat.Nos 52-53, 159-160, 203. a proper kiln (Nijboer, 1998). On the basis of its fabric III.4. PaIe coarse \Vare (Cm'afa, 1995, pp. 232 ff. ). and appearance the ware can be subdivided in the All ofthe above products in a markedly more aclvanced folIowing groups: style and in a paIe firing clay. In miniature the later pots II.l. Fine red slip ware (real impasto rosso), has a often m'e made in paIe coarse ware: Campoverde Cat.Nos large fabric variability, which I will not treat here. 101, 104, 120, 128, 129, 132, 134, 136, 137, 155, 156. Usually the slip is red: Munsell 2.5YR 4/8. (The fabrics IIL5. Orange com'se ware.All of the above products, for a number of wheel-thrown pots in this period often in a more advanced sty1e than the paie firing fabrics are lava/or tuff dominant, while another group is augite (noteworthy for instance are the shm'ply out-turning dominant.) At Sa tricll/71 red slip fine ware is rm'ely rims with thickening lips). This fabric is not present present either in the settlement features or in the tombs among the preserved Campoverde miniatures which Miniature votive pottery at rhe 'Laghetfo del MOllsigllore' 447 indicates that they were no longer dedicated in the 5th dedicated also in open-air sacred locations, at lakes or century Be. near springs. They are not completely lacking in house­ hold contexts either (Maaskant-Kleibrink, 1995: p. NB. UNTREATED WARES. The description 129; 1997: p. 70) .In theFinal Bronze Age in Etruria and 'untreated' is limited to vessels which we know llsually in the Early lron Age in Lazio the mini pots appeal' again were surface treated, but for some re asons with the in graves, while dedications of mini pots in the open, miniatures were not and a second desCl'iptive term, i.e. often in deposits which contain other artefacts as well, 'paIe' or 'coarse' is added to indicate the ware family continue. The Iron Age ritual areas are now much closer the pot would have belonged to if it would have been to settlements than in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. In treated. Lazio and elsewhere, the miniatures occur over a long time and at specific disposal areas, showing that they must have been continuously used in a ritual com mon 5. NOTES ON THE MINIATURE POTTERY OF to indigenous societies. Generally such ritualistic LAZIO behaviour can be associated with societies knowing tightsocial control (Douglas, 1970; Whitehouse, 1992). In Italy, at least from the Neolithic onwards many types Careful analysis of the miniatures thus may deliver of vessels were manufactured in miniature. The locations knowledge'on the social organization ofthe early Latins. where such miniature vessels usually are found - caves, The fact that the miniature pots imitate certain springs, lakes and tombs - indicate that the small pots household vessels indicates that the little pots must were special. It is obvious that they were deposited in have had a function connected with the uses of the full­ places from where retrieval would be difficult and was sized pots in daily life. This link, which would have not intended. The little pots clearly were definitively been apparent from the ritual practised, is now lost. We disposed of, either containing substances, or as objects can only try to retrieve it by engaging in a task recently per se. In both cases the miniatures had a ritual function described as: "to approach ritual from the point of view and were either used as equipment in rites, or were of the material landscape in which it takes place, the containers for offerings (Whitehouse, 1992: p. 72). knowledgeable activity of the participants, and the Since one may presurne that with respect to the dispositions, the habitus, which it creates in them" supernatural world Italic tribal and early state societies (Smith, 1996: p. 75). In the case of the rituals in which dedicated gifts "to bring something of onese1f to the Latial miniatures were used, this is a vast undertaking Other'sexistence, so that a strong bond is tied" (Van der because of their frequent and various occurrence. In Leeuw, 1933: section 50)13 and notquite operated under order to be able to offer an interpretation for the the do-ut-des principle advocated by Tyler, such dis­ Campoverde miniatures first a chronological overview posals will mainly have taken place in order to get the of the most important aspects of the depositing of attention of a supernatural power and only secondary miniatures in Lazio will be given. This overview must perhaps also to receive something in return. Questions serve to reconstruct the 'biography' ofthe smal I vessels. are whose attention the dedicants sought, what they The recent theory on the biography of things may be wanted to receive in return and which supernatural described as follows: in order to survive, human groups powers were thought to be able to provide that. There aredependenton the survival oftheircu1ture (institutions are no inscriptions on the smal I pots, so the �rchaeo10gist ofpower, knowledge, food providing), which is socially must try to reconstruct the meaning of the dedications transmitted. Social reproduction for the Im'ger part from the miniatures themselves and the locations where takes place with the aid of objects. In past societies, like they were found. today, objects frequently did not stand for themselves, Archaeo10gy oftoday has become very interested in but took their meaning from the use that was made of the reconstruction of the human landscapes of the past them in their past, consequently much of their meaning and. especially the sacred or ideplogjcal landscapes. depended on their biographies (Appadurai, 1986; Hoeks­ Miniature ex-votos are for the first time seriously studied. tra, 1997: pp. 47-63; Hoekstra, 1999). In other words From a number of recent studies (e.g. Malone, 1985; the function of the pots in the rituals can only be Catacchio, 1989-1990; Fenelli, 1989-1990; Miari, 1995; understood from the value people earlier had attached to Guidi, 1989-1990; Whitehouse, 1992), it has become the vessels, whether they stand for fu ll-sized pots still in clear that, although miniature pots appear aIready be­ use Ol' for objects out of use. This value was not in the fare the Neolithic, a noteworthy concentration occurs first place economic, but symbolic, although differences especiaIly in that period while they conti nu e in the between the economic and the symbolic will not have Bronze Age. The Neolithic small pots stem pre­ been 'perceived in the same way as today. Still, the dominantly from caves, especiaIly caves with water symbolic functions of miniature objects, is not at all cults, for instance near sulphurous and thermal springs, mysterious, even if we are far from understanding their defined 'abnormal water' by Whitehouse, and also in arganization. It is best to consider the symbolic miniature " funerary contexts (Whitehouse, 1992: fig. 4.6). Later, vessel as autonomous and as productive as any norn1al from the Bronze Age onwards, miniatures were tool, because all tools are mediators ofhuman behav iour, 448 M. KLEIBRINK whether to help individuals and communities handling made (Trump, 1966: pp. 117-118; Barker, 1981: pp. practical reality (as in the case of visible tools Iike 193-195; Whitehouse, 1992: pp. 62, 71; Hoekstra, hammers) or whether to help them to handle mental 1999). At the entrance more dedications had taken reality (as in the case of congratulations) (Mol ino, place, not only from the Bronze Age butcontinuing into 1992: p. 18). The task at hand then in the fo Jlowing Roman Imperial times. The cave seems to represent an overview is to reconstruct the symbolic biography of open votive deposit in use over a thousand years. the miniatures. This can be done by looking at a longer Recently Flavia Trucco re-analysed the votive material life span than only the Early Iron Age and overview the from this cave (Trucco, 1991-1992), she noted that 55% production and dedication of miniatures in earlier times. of the miniatures consisted of one-handled cups (the so­ called attingitoi), the rest of the miniatures consisted of bowls, cups, mugs and a number of c10sed vessels with 5.1.Caves a handle; the entrance dedications contained 80% Miniature vessels in Neolithic wares, called Serrad'Alto, attingitoi.Metal dedications consisted of an EBA axe, Marmo Ol' Diana, occur in caves with human remai'ns 3 MBA daggers and a sword, I LBA dagger and 2 knifes (Malone, 1985: pp. 129 ff. ; Whitehouse, 1992: p. 74). as well as fibulae, pins, a bracelet, a razor and chisels Whitehouse defines cave religion as 'underground' from the period LBA/EIA.In a useful overview of the religion, which would have been characterized by Bronze Age caves with miniatures Monica Miari initiation rites into male seeret societies and used as a concludes that attingitoi together with mugs, medium source of power, exercised by men over women and by sizedjru's and bowls were directly connected with water older men over younger ones (Whitehouse, 1992).The cults. She thinks that many of these vessels constituted caves, mostly farremoved from settlements and difficult the votive gifts, while a second group of vessels, large to find and to enter, from early times onwards certainly trays with handles on the rim, plates and large r c10sed had a sacred function, either connected to burial or to vessels had served as containers of gifts (Miari, 1995: especiaJly perforrned rites Ol' both. Rock art, fe male pp. 11-29). It seems likely that the bowls, cups and figurines, painted pebbles, pintaderas and carefully mugs which Miari considers to be gifts may have been decorated pots indicate these sacred functions used first to drink from, as observed in other instances (Whitehouse, 1992). New theOl'y intel-prets the caves (Whitehouse, 1992: p. 134). In the case of the Grotta with human remains more convincingly as used for Lataia (Milkmaid cave) where white stillicide water is particular ancestor rites pelformed by high-ranking, dripping from the cave walls adrinking ritual is attested. competitive men (Hoekstra, 1999). Unfortunately there The preserved tale says that drinking from the cave are very fe w indications to help us understand whether water guaranteed nursing mothers abundant milk. The the Neolithic cave cults were directed at ancestors, Roman layers of ex-votos include terracotta models of initiation, hunting or healing. In the case of the breasts which confirm the legend for that time, but it combination of water and miniatures Ruth Whitehouse wiJl be much older. makes a strong case for the special veneration of Caves in Lazio, such as the newly discovered 'abnormal' water: su I phureous and thermal spri ngs and Sventatoio cave, a thermal cave with a temperature of other types of underground phenomena connected with 18°C which steams perceptibly in winter (Guidi, 1989- water frequently received littIe pots. Clearly it was fe lt 1990: pp. 406-407; 1993: p. 460; Whitehouse, 1992: p. that super-natural powers were at work and that these 132) seems to also have been used for food offerings; could benefit the dedicant, probably with the tasks of wheat, beans, and a cake made of wheat and barley were raising animaIs and growing food. For the Bronze Age found near a hearth together with sherds of many the evidence is clearer and a number of the cave rituals miniature pots (9000, as far as known hitherto indeed must have been connected with the storage and unpublished; the objects date from a developed stage of production of food, other rituals may have served the MBA). Three youngsters, partly incinerated, were ancestor veneration Ol' other, diffe rent purposes (for a buried in this cave, which may have had ritual list of ritual caves in central Italy, 1700-1350 BC: significance. Pots with carbonized seeds were also Guidi, 1989-1990: p. 404). The cave at Latronico, in found in the cave of Vittorio Vecchio near Sezze. In southern Italy, with its large spaces and sulphureous Etruria miniature pots dating from the Bronze Age are springs of 23 degrees Celsius, for instance certainly frequently present in caves, for instance in the Poggio la offers an example of a food ritual. Three pots with wild Sassola cave, in combination with carbonized seeds, or apples, sloes, sorb apples and wheat were deposited, in the GrottaNuova where prepared food and cru'bonized together with other pots, in the cave. From the entrance vegetables were put in pots, which were aligned along of the Pertosa cave, situated in a steep slope of the the underground water COUl'se; the famous Misa cave in Tanagro valley, a natural stream cascades into the the province ofViterbo, made by an underground brook Tanagro river neru'by. Along the underground stream running trough travertine bedrock, also held miniature 324 smaJl pots were piled up in the rock crevices, wild pots with prepared foodstuffs and cru'bonized vegetables fruits were dedicated too, as for instance black-ben'ies arranged in groups containing one species only (Cocchi and comel-berries, from which fermented drinks can be Genich & Poggiani Keller, 1984): the Riparo Miniature votive pottery at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 449 deJl'Ambr a; Grotto del Beato Benincasa; Grotta become more comprehensible by the excavations at dell'Orso; Grotta S. Francesco; Antro delia Noce and Osteria dell 'Osa directed by Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri, Grotta del Re Tiberio are other caves with Bronze Age who alsohas extensively explained the particular sets of miniature pots and seeds, vegetables or/and prepared small vessels (Bietti Sestieri, 1992a; 1992b). Osteria foods (Negroni Catacchio, Domanico & Miari, 1989- dell 'Osa presently is a small town c. 20 km to the east 1990: pp. 586 ff.). ofRome on the edge ofthe now dry Lago di Castiglione. These dedications show offerings of foodstuffs that Here nuclei of small Iron Age settlements developed were important In the daily diet of the Bronze Age (for from the 10th/9th centuries BC onwards, wh ich around literature Miari, 1995). Guidi explains these cults as 600 BC c1ustered into Archaic Gabii. In the 9th century propitiatory and connected with the agricultural and BC miniature grave gifts were especiaIly found in pastoral practices ofthe communities. However, many cremation burials of young males with a special status of the caves contain secondarily buried human remains (labelled type a cremation by the excavator). Women and it seems not toa far fe tched to see these as venerated and other males, buried in contemporary tombs near the ancestral remains (Hoekstra, 1999). EspeciaIly in the cremations, were mainly interred with fu ll-sized vessels. cases where male-centred bronze offerings are present The information that at Osteria dell 'Osa miniature pots in the caves a more complicated pattem of veneration mostly go together with cremation and apparent ritual emerges. In the earlier ph ases of the Bronze Age the status, while full sizes go together with inhumation and metal dedications in the caves predominantly consisted nonnal status is of great importance. In the first place it of cutting weapons: axes and swords and sometimes a excludes the often expressed idea that miniature votive dagger. They are to be explained as symbols of male offerings aJ'e a cheap substitute for fu ll-sized pottery competition. The dedicated foodstuffs in the caves with and demonstrates that such explanations aJ'e anachronis­ weapomy, which ofte n were combined with a hearth, tic and dependent 'on modem economic reasoning.14 probably were connected with male ritual consumption. Secondly, the information obtained at Osteria dell 'Osa During the later stages of the Bronze Age fibulae, indicates that miniaturization expresses a special status chisels and razors became more common than weapons in death ofa number ofmen, otherwise buried normally in the caves, while the weapons were often dedicated in amidst their families. Sets of miniature gifts in early lakes and rivers (Trump, 1966: p. IOS, fig. 34; Bianco Latin tombs aJ'e fairly standaJ'd, although never identical: Peroni, 1978- 1979: p. 323; Hoekstra, 1999), which thus miniature pots compaJ'able to those at Osteria dell 'Osa became the focus of the competitive male chiefs. In are also known from tombs elsewhere in Latium, for these later periods as well as in the cases where under­ instance from tombs in the ColIi Albani and the Roman ground brooks received large amounts of miniature Forum. Here the meaning of the miniature tomb gifts pots, thus forming an open deposit for many hundreds may have differed because tombs with miniatures are of years, male activity seems unlikely and female inte­ known to have contained spindles and spools, which rest a better explanation, perhaps by fe maIes in a indicate female burials. The chronology of the early transitional ph ase of life in which ancestral help was southem Etrurian and Latial tombs with miniatures still needed. From the published material it seems that is the subject of much debate. Bietti Sestieri (Bietti during the later Bronze Age not only for the weapons Sestieri, 1 986; 1992) criticized the chronological system the function of the caves was taken over by water sites, invented by Helmann Muller-Karpe in the 1960's in either lakes orrivers, butalso in the case ofthe miniature which he uses an association table in which the graves pots. are arranged according to the presence/absence of chronologically significantobjects (Muller-KaJ'pe, 1962: pp. 22-30). In this system six cremation tombs of the 5.2. Graves small cemetery in front of the Antoninus and Faustina The practice of offering mlntature grave-gifts was tempIe on the Forum Romanum are dated to the first continuous from the Neolithic into the early Iron Age, phase of the Iron Age in Latium (Stufe I, last decades of after which it ceased fairly abruptly. The practise seems the 10th century BC) and twelve other inhumation to have beenespeciallyconnected with cremation burials. tombs quite near to the cremation burials aJ'e dated to Most archaeologist working in Lazio consider the phase IlA from the 9th century BC. On bases of the data extensive use of miniature grave goods, especiaIly in at Osteria dell'Osa where cremations and inhumations cremation graves, as one of the most distinctive belong chronologically together but are socially diffe ­ archaeological features of the Early Iron Age culture in rent, Bietti Sestieri sees the two gro ups from the Forum Lazio (Formazione, 1980: pp. 57, 62). This is not quite Romanum also as contemporary and contempOl'aJ'y toa COlTect because slightly eaJ'lier it had occurred during witI1 the oldest tomb groups at Osteria dell'Osa the Final Bronze Age in southem Etruria (Hoekstra, (beginning of the 9th century BC). Marco BetteIIi 1999). Evidently over time the tradition ofthe deposition (1997: p. 162) also explains the diffe rences between of miniatures had tumed into a detailed symbolicaI cremation and inhumation as ritual differences, but system. The meaning of the sets of miniature vessels dates the maJority of the Osteria dell'Osa cremation offered as grave gifts in early Latial tombs recently has tombs later than the cremation tombs in the Alban hills 450 M. KLEIBRINK and the Roman Forum, because the latter demonstrate reticulate pattem. Th is shape does not occur in southem more traditional outfits. TI1e earliest inhumation graves Etruria and is unique for Lazio. Interestingly the shape are dated to phase IlA l in Bettelli's system (Bettelli, occurs ofte n in pairs Ol' sets, both in tomb C of the 1997: tab. 2). His dating ofthe C1'emation tombs in Lazio cemetery in front of the Antoninus and Faustina tempIe makes a link with the cremation tombs in southern and in tomb 21 of the cemetery at LaviniulII.We find a Etruria chronologically more plausible while their dating group of three identical pots which clearly copy a by Bietti Sestieri in the 9th centUI'y BC would leave a standard set of reticulate jars (Hoekstra, 1999); com pare gap of over a century between the two regions. also Grottafenata, V. Cavalletti T. 6, Nos 6-7 (CL?, p. The following comparison of miniatures in the earlier 75) h. 13.5/13); T 2, Nos 5-7 (CL?, p. 76) h. c. 8 cm. Final Bronze Age tombs in southernEtruria and Early 5. lars of globular shape and incUI'Ving rim, plain or lron Age tombs in Latium indicates that we are dealing decorated with one, three or even more lugs below the with a long standing burial ritual with a wide geographical rim - ol/etta in Italian. The decorated type was aIready distribution (the references stem mainly from the Civilta known in impasto in the Final Bronze Age and an del Lazio ?rimitivo (CL?) where indications to Gierow example is known where the knobs are pierced by a 1964, 1966 will be found; the southernEtrurian tombs small bronze ring (Poggio La Pozza cemetery cf. Peroni, will be further commented upon by Hoekstra, 1999): 1960: p. 352, No. 5, fig. 12) an adornmentthat reminds l.Amphora, a globular Ol' broad pot with two vertical us how c10sely this shape of jar resembles a bronze handles; the shape does, as far as I know, not occur in cauldron. In the region around Rome the pot is often earlier tombs of the Final Bronze Age in southern associated with objects associated to the male sex, Etruria and is unique in early Iron Age tombs in Lazio: serpentine fibulae and razors (Hoekstra, 1999). The e.g. Grottafenata, Villa Cavalletti T. 6, No. 4 (CL?, p. ol/etta was a popular gift in tombs in Lazio: at leas t 25 75), h. 7 cm; V. Cavalletti T. 4, No. 4 (CL?, p. 78), h 9.5; tombs contain it, e.g. a plain example: V. Cavalletti T 6, V. Cavalletti T. 7, No. 4 (CL?, p. 78) h 10.5 - Forum NO. 5 (CL?, p. 74) h. 5.3 cm - decorated with lugs: V. Romanum T. Y , No. 3, h. 5.7/6.5 cm (CL?, p. 112), Cavalletti T. 2, No. 4 (CL?, p. 76) h. 5.5); S. Lorenzo compare Betelli, 1995: p. 169 (references to the speci­ Vecchio T. 10, No. 5 (CL?, p. 82) h. 4.5 cm, with four mens in cremation tombs in Lazio, no measurements lugs (Forum Romanum T. 3, Nos 3-4 (h. 6/ 6.4 cm) and given); tombs A, C, N, Q, U and Y (CL?, pp. 108 ff.) from the 2. Askos, a squat pot with an asymmetrical spout and burial plot in front of the tempIe of Antoninus and a vertical ring handle. It usually is interpreted as a Faustina; Lavinium T. 24 (h. 5.6), compare BetteIIi, pottery imitation of a leather bag that was designed to 1995: p. 166; contain Iiquids. Askoi are often miniaturized. The shape 6. Small jars with globular body decorated with a occurs in cremation tombs of the Final Bronze Age in single lug and high distinct neck - termed biconico in southem Etruria and seems to be associated with typically Italian. These pots are biconical jars with adistinet neck male objects, Iike serpentine fibulae, razors and funnel and an out-curving rim, despite the term the transition shaped lids (Hoekstra, 1999). It occurs less frequently from base to shoulder is often smooth. In a number of in Latium and gender association here seems not as tombs a single biconical pot was extant, but in the st.rict as in Etruria: Rocca di Papa, S. Lorenzo Vecchio majority of tombs pairs of bicollici were found (23 T. 10, No. 8 (CL?, p. 83) h. 9.8 cm; Velletri, Vigna examples) and from the finds we get the impression that d' Andrea, Nos 14, 15 (CL?, p. 84) Forum Romanum T. the biconico often substitutes a reticulate jar, a type of 3 at the Arc of August (CL?, p. 109) h. 10.5 cm, jar that also often occurs in pai I'S. These vases in the compare Bettelli, 1995: p. 169 (specimens in C1'emation funerat·y ritual consequently may have had a similar tombs); fu nction in the cO''I'edi see especially the tomb on the 3. lug with a vertical ring handle sometimes with a Palatine neal' the House of Livia in which a pair of double loop - brocchetta in Italian. The Final Bronze biconici was discovered together with a reticulate jar of Age brocchette in southern Etruria strongly remind us the same shape and size (Hoekstra, 1999); see S. Lorenzo of the askoi just discussed and again the vase shape Vecchio T. 10, Nos 3-4 (CL?, p. 82) h. 8/7.5 cm, occurs much more frequently in southern Etruria than in Lavinium T. 21,Nos 4-5 (h. 10.5/1 0.05; Lavinium T. 7, Lazio. It seems the cremation burials in southem Etruria No. 5 (h. 7), Campofattore (CL?, p. 81), Vigna d' either contain askoi Ol' brocchette but never both, which Andrea Nos 4-5 (CL?, p. 84), compare BetteIIi, 1995: indicates that in the mOItuary ritual these pots fulfilled p. 4O; similar functions. However, the brocchetta is more 7. Cup with a distinct neck and a vertical handle with frequently associated with fe male instead of male gra­ a single or a double loop - tazzina. This shape enjoyed ves; thus it will have been the female counterpart of the a great popularity, especiaIly in tombs in Lazio. The askos in male tombs (Hoekstra, 1999; e.g. Poggio La vessels occur often in pairs and ofte n also in pairs with Pozza cemetery). Forum Romanum plotat the Antoninus a different type of cup or bowl. In Etruria - and perhaps and Faustina tempIe Tomb C No. 3 (CL?, p. 109) h. 6.9 also in Lazio - the combination of a tazzilla and a cm, Tomb Q, No. 10, h. 12.7 cm; diffe rent type of small cup, e.g. a miniature carinated 4. lars with incurving rim, decorated with cords in a cup or even a semiglobular bowl occurred frequently Miniature votive pottery at the 'Laghetto del MOllsigllore' 45 1

(Hoekstra, 1999: Poggio La Pozza cemetery; tumu1us 13. Mug - boccale/bicchiere, with a cylindrical grave of Campaceio, Le Caprine cemetery at Casale del body and relatively high in relation to the width. The Fosso) neither the single nor the paired tazzine may difference between these vessels is that the boccale is confidently be linked with either male or female tombs. equipped with a vertical ring handle and the bicehiere In Lazio e.g.: Grottaferrata, V. Cavalletti T. 7 (CL?, p. carries no handle. The vessels never occur together in 79) Nos 8-9; h. 8.5 + 5.5 together with a semiglobular the same tomb and will have been interchangeable. The cup; S. Lorenzo Vecchio; T. 10, No. 6 (CL?, p. 83) h. 4.5 vessels occur more frequently in female than in male cm; Forum Romanum T. 3, Nos 7-9, (CL?, p. 108) h. c. tombs;

5.4 cm; Forum Romanum T. Q, No. 2 (CL?, p. 1 10) h. 14. Vessel in the shape of a small boat - barchetta. 6.8; Lavinium T. 24, No. 3 (h. 3.8, D 7) - BetteIIi, 1995: It is an oval-shaped bowl or dish with lugs on the rim at p. 170; the short sides V. CavaIletti T. 2, No. II(h. 5, I. 7.5 cm); 8. Round bowl with incurving rim; this type ofbowl Forum R. T. Q, No. 3; often was used as a lid, it sometimes has a horizontal 15. Stands. The stand or calefattoio seems to be a handle. The shape is popular both in the corredi of typical Latin dedication, to my knowledge it is not southem Etruria and Lazio. Eight tombs of the Monti known in the Final Bronze Age cremation tombs in della Tolfa and fOUl1een from Latium Vetus comprise southem Etruria; just one miniature rounded bowl but there are quite a 16. Hut-ums. A shape that occurs much more number of tombs in which more than one specimen was frequently in Lazio, and is not frequent in southem found. In many of the tombs in Lazio the bowls are not Etruria (Bartoloni et al., 1987). In votive deposits it is miniaturized to very small proportions, the diameter unknown, although house models do occur in the 7th! often circling around 10 cm (Grottaferrata, Villa 6th century deposits; Cavalletti T. 2, No. 9 (CL?, p. 76) h. 5,8; from the 17. Statuettes. The difference between the statuettes Antoninus and Faustina tempIe lot: T. C, No. 9, h. 4 cm dedicated in graves and the majOl'ity of the statuettes (CL?, p. 1 10), T. Q, No. 7, h. 7 cm (CL?, p. 111), tomb dedicated in votive deposits is that the first are made of

Y, No. 5, h. 6 cm (CL?, p. 112), T. CG, No. 4, h. 4.7 cm il1lpasto while the latter are eithercutoutofsheet bronze (CL?, p. 1 15); Lavinh/l11. T. 21, No. 8 (h. 3, D 6.9); or fused in bronze (Galestin, 1987; 1992: pp. 97 ff. ; 9. Carinated bowl; it is a conicaI bowl with a lug, a 1995: pp. 16 ff.). The impasto statuettes traditionally narrowed neck and an out-curving rim, thus with an are interpreted as symbol ic representations of the angul ar profile. In southem Etruria five tombs contained deceased, new theOl'y interprets them as substitutes for such a small bowl, except for the Final Bronze Age a double burial (Hoekstra, 1999). tomb of the Casale del Fosso cemetery, they were all found in graves around the Monte Rovello (Hoekstra, Among these miniatures quite a number (Nos 10-14) do 1999). For an example from Lazio see the Boschetto not copy clay vessels but refer to ceremoni al metal Tomb No. 6, h. 3.8 cm (CL?, p. 80); objects, as tripods, stands, cauldrons and helmets, which 10. Bowls or plates on three legs - three-Iegged had been in use in an earlier period. The famous miniature piatello. It consists of a small plate on three legs and hut-U1'ns generally are considered to copy the may be inspired by bronze tripods which were found in contemporary huts ofthe living (Bartoloni et al., 1987). contemporary bronze hoards. It seems a male gift: However, the ums demonstrate quite a number of Tomb 7 atLavinium T7, No. 4 (h. 3.9) and tomb 1 ofthe simplifications and anomalies when compared to actual burial plot at the Pascolaro of Marino in the Colli huts, and for that reason the identification as normal Albani, the cremation tomb 135 at Osteria dell'Osa huts is problematic. The ums, Iike the tripods, boats, etc. (Bietti Sestieri, 1992a: p. 132); rather seem to be changed into ritual objects (Olde

II. Bowls or plates on solid profiled foot - piatello Dubbelink, 1994: pp. 24-30), which I hold true for the su piede. It consists of a small plate on a relatively high statuettes as well, because in a later stage they are cylindrical foot resting on a broader base. In Etruria it dedicated in water (e.g. the votive deposit at the mouth occurs in 3 graves, in Lazio in 10. With possibly two of the Garigliano). However that may be, from the exceptions the pia telia is associated with male objects: Osteria dell 'Osa grave-gifts we learn that the system of Lavinh/lll T. 21, No. 8 (h. 3.9 cm), tomb N and Y from miniature offerings in Lazio was complicated. In itself the burial plot in iron of the tempIe of Antoninus and the small pots cannot have had any real value; each Faustina; Lavinium T. 7, No. 3 (b. 2.6, D 4.6); family easily could have offered in each con'edo an 12. Truncated conicaI vessel (cup/bowl), plain; this entire set of miniature pots. The fact that the various is a simple, small vase with a widening diameter from types of miniatures were very carefully distributed and base to rim. Most examples have an oblique lug or knob speci"al types reserved for special burials demonstrates pulled out of the lip - Forum Romanum Tomb 3 of the the highly symbolic value of the little pots. The Arc of August cemetery; Tomb N of the Antoninus and miniatures together will have fOlmed a symbolic tool­ Faustina cemetery, the Boschetto tomb and V. Cavalletti kit in which each object had a specific meaning and T. 2, No. 10 (h. 4, D 9.3). Thus in Latium this shape is when grave-rituals or other rituals took place, were put common, in Etruria it is seldom found; to use according to their meaning, probably mostly 452 M. KLEIBRINK referring to differences in gender, in age class and 5. Miniatures oecurring only in a few tombs and status. indicating a special function of the interred individual: In the Latial cremation tombs burials with similar a) The miniature terracotta statuette of a human being rites have different tool-kits. Bietti Sestieri was able to holding a small cup or bowl. Such terracotta statuettes discem among the gifts donated in typea male cremation are also known from tombs in the Alban hills; at Osteria burials at Osteri a dell'Osa sets with various different dell 'Osa two tombs contained one each (Bietti Sestieri, meanings (Bietti Sestieri, 1992; compare also Olde 1992a: p. 129). The excavator remarks that the size of Dubbelink, 1992: pp. 91 ff.). Two examples of burials the terracotta human being wou1d fit the hut um and at Osa with miniature gifts will make this clear: consequently she thinks that with the figure the deceased l. Tomb 126, belonging to a male of20-30 years old is represented in an actof worship; b) A miniature knife (l992b: pp. 130, 564-565, fig. 3a 20-2 1). The burial pit which oecurs rarely and which in the ancient world is of 0.95 m was marked by a number of tufa blocks, a connected with sacrifice; c) Miniature pots, entirely do/hl/n which was found on the bottom of the pit with different from the miniatures buried in the tombs and beneath it a statuette which will have been buried first. resembling miniatures found in votive deposits in Lazio Between the dolium and the wall of the pit an inten­ (De Santis & La Regina, 1989-1990: pp. 65 ff. ; Bietti tionally broken full-sized amphora was found, a hut um Sestieri, 1992a; 1992b). containing the cremation was buried on the bottom of From the above analyses of miniatures in caves and the dolium. At the height of its roof three miniature tombs the function of at least some of the miniatures has cordedjars and an ovoidaljar with 5 1ugs were present, become clearer: at Osteria dell'Osa the corded jar and furthermore ajar on a foot with two handles, a cup with the jar with inverted rim probably refer to storage double loop handle, a knife, a fibula, a deer's bone, a vessels. The globular jar with distinct foot is, Iike the low cylindrical bowl, a bowl with inverted rim and a amphora, associated with cups and together they form tmncated conicaI jar with out-turning rim together drinking sets. In the Osa-graves the mugs are associated closed the mouth of the large dolium and the burial with children and young girls. The Iittle cups, either itself; plain or with homed handles, found on top ofthe graves 2. Grave 87, an inhumation, probably of a male and are votives per se, they are very much smaller than the certainly of a mature adult, dating to the second half of pots in the graves. These cups, plain and with handles, the 9th century BC (1992b: pp. 124-25, 658-659, fig. 3a as well as mugs, bowls and jars have a long tradition, 216). The burial was covered with a large lavabloekand they were aIready frequently dedicated in the Bronze contained a truncated conicai amphora, a globular jug, Age (Miari, 1995: figs 8-11). The dedications of a cup with double loop handle and a fibula; furthermore miniature cups and bowls on top of special tombs a knife and a statuette. The tom b is exceptional because indicate a personal, commemorative act. Members of on top of the closed grave unidentifiable sherds of the family especiaIly honoUl'ed these burials, an act impasto pots were found and among these miniature which to my mind seems to reeall ancestor veneration. vessels: a cylindrical bowl of 1 .6x3 cm and a cylindrical At the same time the presence of these different and bowl with homed handles 1.5x3.4 cm. mueh smaller miniaturized pots shows that different sets of miniature pots were manufaetured eontempontry The excavator concluded that the Osteria dell'O sa with the grave miniatures. Two very different deposits miniature gifts should be divided in the folIowing sets, of miniatures were found at Osteria dell'Osa toa; one all with a different social meaning: contained a dog saerifiee buried beside an area whieh 1. Exclusively, or al most exclusively, miniatures, was used for Period III burials (Smith, 1996) and the such as the hut-ums or roofed globular ums; other dates from period IVA, a period when no grave­ 2. The mini lamp, mini three-Iegged table and the miniatures at Osteria del! 'Osa are known. This mini perforated stand, which were only present in a interesting votive deposit, eomprising of 60 vessels Iimited number of type a cremation burials. These buried 4 to 5 cm deep, oeeurred on the northem edge of objects seem to belong to the class of males with the neeropolis. The excavators state that the vessels, possessions of land (Nos 14-16 above); among which miniatures, are identieal to those used in 3. The corded jars and the jar with in-tumed rim, votive deposits used elsewhere in Lazio and suggest which are seen as "apparently reprodueing specialized that the dedieation marked the closing of the Osteria types of storage vessel" (Bietti Sestieri, 1992: p. 87), dell'Osa eemetery (Bietti Sestieri & La Regina, 1989- which makes them indicative again for individuals with 1990: p. 76; Bietti Sestieri, 1992a: pp. 34-35; 873-874). possessions (Nos 4-5 above); Thus at Osteria dell'Osa in the third Latin period the 4. Miniatures which copy "real sets of objects the giving of miniature gifts changes considerab1y: on the deceased possessed in life, possibly in a more complete one hand miniatures beeame used in different votive form as they were espeeiaIly made for burial" (Bietti gift rituals sueh as the deposit closing the Osteria Sestieri, 1992: p. 104). To this category the pots listed dell'Osa cemetery (Smith, 1996: pp. 73-90) and on the above with Nos 1-9 must be reckoned, obviously they other miniaturization was replaeed by a different are mostly Iiquid containers; symbolic act, that of smashing pots at burial. Smashing Miniature votive pOffery at tlie 'Lagheffo del Monsignore' 453 is as effective as miniaturization because it also makes behaviour, but this deposit never will have been close to the pot unfit for use. In Lazio a number of special a settlement as the sulphur prohibits human presence deceased individuals by burial were delivered to arealm (Guidi, 1989-1 990: p. 409) and its veneration must be where nOlmal sized pots were not thought to be effective, seen in the light of the em' lier veneration of special water evidently it was hoped that by miniaturization or by in caves. All other open-air votive deposits of the Early smashing this realm could be reached. Bietti Sestieri Iron Age m'e connected to hut settlements, whether the concluded for tDe type a cremations at Osteria dell 'Osa depositions m'e directly in their neighbourhood, nem' that the individuals whoreceivedextra miniature objects their burial areas or near the boundaries of their territories. were themselves cult performers or intermediaries It is a phenomenon known in S. Italy and Etruria as well dealing with the supematural. For Osteria dell 'Osa this (Edlund, 1987). At Osteria dell 'Osa a votive deposit of is likely. However, in view of the many miniature miniature and fu ll-sized pots was probably used to mark objects referring to Late Bronze Age metal status objects, the boundary of the necropolis or even to mark its the earlier cremation graves in southem Etruria and the closing down at the moment the cult activities moved Alban hills will have been more closely connected with with the community to a diffe rent, more centralized ancestor veneration. Cremation as a burial rite in itself settlement site. Here at the new settlement site in the 7th was connected with the ancestors, as has become century BC the dedication ofvotives steadily continued, particularly clem' from the difference between the burial but now 'was carried out at a central open-air, sacred plots at Osteriadell 'Osa: on the one hand the cremations spot, where eventually in the 6th centUl'y BC a tempie of important males together with miniature weapons, m'ose (Smith, 1 996). The archaeological datasetobtained tools and symbolic, miniature pots and on the other the at Osteria dell'Osa makes it necessary to sepm'ate the inhumations of women and children. The important burial ofvotives nem' necropolis from the votivedeposits men had to be cremated or buried elsewhere because nem' settlements: for instance, the votive deposits on the their ties with the ancestors would have made them Esquiline hill which m"e near burial plots, from the dangerous, especiaIly when inhumated with full-sized deposit at S. Omobono which at a later stage was weapons in burial plots near the settlements, the replaced by a tempie. In both cases the votive deposits inhumated individuals were not considered to have that in open-air may be seen as markers of the proto-urban power (Hoekstra, 1999). The cremation and minia­ phase in em'ly Latin society, but in the case of the turization really was a good solution to a problem, cemeteries the ancestors are still important, in the case because for the sense of continuity in the extended of the centralized settlement spots different lU/mina or families the ancestors had to be venerated nearby. In supernatural powers receivedthe votive gifts. Both acts anthropological theOl'y "tombs are the symbols of are indicators of a transitional phase, from th e veneration continuity of the group not only because they m'e the of (ancestral) burial sites to the veneration of higher containers of the ancestors but because they are the supernatural powers in or near settlements. In general, containers of the ancestors fixed in a pm"ticulm" place" water cults played an important part in this transitional (Bloch, 1976: p. 208). In other words, the cm"eful crema­ phase, in the fOlmative period of the larger villages. tion ritual accompanied by miniature status objects Edlund (1987: p. 141) discems three diffe rent fu nctions reserved for a number of special men indicates that the for sacred places outside villages Ol' towns: l) The ritualistic behaviour ofthe early Latin communities still sacred places in nature dependent on the setting in the was tightly connected with ancestors. As the use of landscape rather than on a settlement; 2) The rural grave miniatures at Osteria dell'Osa is later than, for sanctum'ies which both incorporate natura I fe atures instance those in tomb C of the Roman Forum (Bettelli, such as springs, and m'e set within the context of 1997: p. 160), the cremation graves with theirreferences individual falms or clusters of rural activities: 3) The to old status utensils must primarily have been resel"Ved extra-urban sanctuaries belonging to the sphere of the for status ancestor burials, which in alater phase, like at city. For instance sanctuaries which were connected Osteria de li 'Osa, may have bee!}trapsf Ol;med into more with water and purification were usually extramural. linear burials of pelformers of ancestral rites like Anna The more common form is a sanctuary sepm"ated from Maria Bietti Sestieri suggested. the city only by a wall or an equivalent boundm·y. In Latium one ofthe first open-air deposits we know of is the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' here under 5.3. Dedications of miniatures in open-air deposits discussion; the deposits near the mouth of the river From the appearance of many votive deposits with Gm'igliano and two on Monte Cassino were next (for miniatures in open country it is clear that at some point lists and references: Guidi, 1989-1 990, p. 412; Bouma, in Latin history the hidden cave cults as well as the grave 1995: vol. 3). It seems that the Gm'igliano and Monte cults expanded into different ones, which may be Cassino deposits contained statuettes similar to those described as village-based, open-air cults. Special or from the cremation graves. The deposits at Cassino and 'abnormal ' water in open country, such as the Campoverde also continue practices of earlier times, sulphureous spring at the Lago delle Colonelle nem" because at Cassino the 8th century BC deposits ofPietra Tivoli in the Bronze Age aiready had attracted ritual Panetta and S. Scolastica are near Fontino all' Eremita 454 M. KLEIBRINK

(Guidi, 1989-1 990: p. 409) which had received accompany female burials, in those cases either the dedications in the Bronze Age. We saw that the spring dedicants or the supernatural power will have been at Campoverde had also received a number of earlier female. Many deposits oecur where slightly later temp­ dedications before a more steady stream of dedications les arose: for instance at Satricum, in Rome on the indicates more regular cult aetivities by a larger group Campidoglio, on the Forum Boarium, and at the Vesta of people. It would seem that the scarce, earlier votives tempie on the Forum. Thus a number of the deposits - from the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age - indicate the start of tempIe cults in Rome itself as well appear at sacred places high in the mountains as well as as in the Latin towns, emerging during the 7th and 6th at low Iying special water places. Cults for numina or centuriesBC. The spread ofthe Roman cults is attributed deities, later on venerated with temples, obviously to the power of the Tarquins (Bettelli, 1997). started in this way. From later historicaI sources it is The miniaturization in the tombs almost entirely known that in Latium water nymphs Iuturna and ceases after period II; the miniaturization of votive Calmentis played a major role: both had their own vessels in open-air deposits for the greater part only fe stivals, the Iutumalia on the l ith of January and the start during this per iod and continues, even well into Cmmentalia on the 15th of Janum'y; Iutuma is impor­ Republican times, while the number ofvotive miniatures tant at Ardea, Lavinium and Rome and Carmenta is in Lazio steadily increases. The many pots dedicated at espeeiaIly eonneeted with the Palatine. She hadher own e.g. the spring at Campoverde shows that individual jlamen in Rome and eould propheey. The nymph Egeria aets of worship occurred at sacred loeations. For the was eonneeted with the lake at Nemi with its Diana eult users of the miniatures the diffe rence between grave and in Rome she was also venerated together with miniatures and dedieatory ones must have been clear, Diana; the literary sourees mention offerings of clear not only types but also sizes differ. The grave gift water and milk in herease (Muthmann, 1975: pp. 36 ff.). miniatures m'e larger, mostly over 7 cm (see list above) Veneration on mountains is known from the sanetum'y and better made than the ve ry small votive miniatures. IS for Feronia near Capena on the Soraete, where first fruits of agrieulture were offered (Muthmann, 1975: p. 45). The Latins and Romans venerated rivergods as 6. DISCUSSIONS OF TYPES AND FUNCTIONS well and moreover a general water god, named Fons. The gift-giving to these nurturing numina or open-air In general for the purpose of dedication only a fe w deities, espeeiaIly miniature vessels, weaving sets and pottery types were in use: at Campoverde were found female jewellery by the inhabitants ofearly Latin villages storage jars, cooking jars and jars for liquid, amphorae generally starte d in the 8th eentUI'y BC. The deposit at and cups aecompanied by a fe w bow Is, dishes, trays and Satricum shows a few dedieations from the 9th century stands. At Lavinium also eooking stands are frequent BC, a much larger amount dates from the 8th century among the miniatures. This complies with the general BC. A number of deposits in Rome, for example the one pieture of miniatures found in Lazio, all other eate­ near the S. Maria delia Vittoria on the Quirinal, m'e gories ofvessel types dedicated in the deposits m'e small dated to the 8th centUI'y BC toa (Bm·toloni, 1989-1 990: or of uncertain identification exeept for the so-ealied p. 753), but certainly also had received a few earlier Iibation tablet and fo cacce and other imitations of dedications (Bettelli, 1997: p. 217). The deposit on the foodstuffs whieh elsewhere, for instance at Tivoli, have Capitoline hill flourished in the 8th century BC been found in larger quantities than at Campoverde. (Bmtoloni, 1989-1990: p. 753; Bettelli, 1997: p. 217; Cm'afa, 1995: p. 14), the period in which also the first 6. 1. Storage jm's traces of the Vesta-cult m'e detectible (Cm'afa, 1995: p. 14 with lit.). The other Roman deposits e.g. nem' the In order to detect the fu netion of the miniatures we must Villa Hiiffer, near S. Antonio on the Cispius, below the compare the extant miniature jars with full-sized types. Lapis Niger on the Roman Forum, nem' S. Omobono, A minordifficulty stems from the faet that itis sometimes near the Aedes Safumi on the Oppius, near the Porta unc1ear to what specific category miniature jars belong, Esquilina as well as the Porta Portese seem to because of a sloppy manufaeture. In the earliest predominantly contain materials from the 7th and 6th cremation graves in the Alban hills and the Roman centuries BC (Bartoloni, 1989-1 990: p. 749; for a fu ll Forum dolia are exclusively used in combination with list with starting dates, Bouma, 1995: vol. 3). Many of male adult burials (Olde Dubbelink, 1992: p. 91). Full­ these deposits contain small jars, miniature kemoi and sized storage jars: small wheat cakes imitated in tenaeotta and the so­ Typ e l. In the em'ly tombs in Lazio storage jars with called fo cacce, as well as statuettes either cut out of very pronounced profiles were in use. They have a small bronze sheet or fused of bronze. The deposit near S. base diameter and distinct neek with out-curving rim Omobono contained many foodstuffs (Costantini & and a large body diameter t() whieh often handles m'e Costantini Biasani, 1989: pp. 61-64; Tagliacozzo, 1989: attached (recently BetteIIi, 1997: pp. 167-68: types 1,2 pp. 65-69). Gilda Bartoloni noted that many of the and 3, with references). These handles show that it was Roman deposits contained gifts which in graves not customary to dig the pots in. These vessels could be Miniature votive pofte,y at the 'Laghefto del Monsignore' 455 lifted by cords applied around their necks which for that which the identification by Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri is purpose often were 'collared' at the spot where the cord followed. In a number of cases though the wide shapes was applied (com pare e.g. dolilln/ Bettelli, 1997: pI. 80, in relation to the diameter seems against this identifica­ l,dating from his phase IlA I) while the areas below and tion and these miniatures must be identified as imitations above were made to excessively protmde to prevent the of cauldrons. Whether referring to cauldrons Ol' to cord from slipping: thus many rims of these vessels are storage jars the miniatures with in-turning rims and very sharply ou.t-turning and the shoulder starts with a little lugs underneath those in the tombs are associated sharp ridge. The notched cord decoration on the neck of with male burials. many fu ll-sized pots stands for this way oflifting. In the Storage jars: Nos 3-18, 23-3 1, 34-37, 41-46, 50-5 1; miniature imitation the cord is missing and we may probable cau Idrons Nos 107-114 (here identified as hope to identify the doNa by their morphology. Below cooking pots because of their relatively late fabrics; the only Cat.No. 54 comes cJose, but the decOl'ation on that Orientalising period); pot makes it more likely that it is a water jar; Type 4. The moment it was possibie to manufacture Typ e 2. Storage jars with a cylindrical body and dolia from segments forrnedon a slow turning tabel, the fairly straight rims appeal' during the Fe'To I period and early elegant Iron Age jars were replaced by a thick are in use during period II. The type continues in 8th walled undecorated type, often of globular Ol' ovoidal­ century BC tombs of Veio. In settlements the straight globular shape with sU'ongly overhanging lip: there is jars continue well into the 7th century (Castel di Decima; only one such shape in miniature; No. 128. Lavinium; Satricum). In miniature they are sloppy The storage jars from later periods are discussed in products and rather than see them as bowls, for which Bouma, 1996: pp. 333 ff. they generally are toa high in relation to their diameter, I propose to identify Campoverde Cat.Nos 10, 19-22, 6.2. Jars 32-33, 38-40, 52-54 as storage vessels; Type 3. Together with the miniature corded jar The jar, miniature or fu Jl-sized, is the most traditional (compare miniatures 1 and 2 and the discussion of the offering in the Iron Age, Archaic and Republican votive grave gifts of this type above under No. 4), a plain deposits. At Lavinillln in the late Orientalising period similar type with inveI1ed rim decorated with lugs was thousands of small two-handled jars were dedicated; at pointed out by Bietti Sestieri among the grave gifts in Nemi jars and bowls, in fu ll-size only, were offered as the type a cremation burials as miniature storage jars. in the cult place of Juno at Gabii (from the mid 8th This globular type of miniature vessel with lugs is also centUI'y BC onwards). Elsewhere in Latium jars and present among the ex-voto miniatures. The problem is fo cacce or teglie seem to have been a standard thatamong the miniaturesdedicated in southern Euurian combination (for these, and further references, Bouma, cremation tombs, miniature vessels occur decorated 1996: p. 219). In some, Early Republican, cases they are with three Ol' more lugs below the rim, which clearly are known to have contained meat and/or lima beans and referring to bronze cauldrons (compare ab ove under peas (Bouma, 1996: p. 221). The bulk of miniatures No. 5). In view of the general height compared to the offered at Campoverde also comprises various types of largest diameter it seems the lug-decorated mini jars jars. In most Latial cases, as at Campoverde, their generally are not cauldrons but storage jars, since in contents are unknown. Latium from the Ferro I period large storage vessels of At Campoverde there are two size groups with the cylindrical shape were produced and decorated with jars: very small ovoidal (2. 113.5 cm) and cylindrical jars lugs below the rim. These fu ll-sized storage jars have a (3.6/5 cm) and a group of ovoidal (5.6/7 cm) and flat base, a narrow, ovoidal body and a plain rim. They cy lindricaI (4. 116 cm) vessels that are Im·ger. Below usually are decorated with a notched relief cord around they are treated together: . the body below the rim from which four trapezoidal lug Type I. Biconical vessels, for the history of these handles are protruding. These lugs usually have a small vessels compare my remarks above under No. 6. With central concavity and curve slightly upwards. With the the biconical miniatures handles are either absent Ol' large Latial storage jars the handles and cord decOl'ation small lugs m'e attached to the bodies. Because of the are suggestive of the way in which these large vessels small dimensions it is uncJear whether all biconical were lifted, i.e. with a cOl'd underneath the lugs. I think miniatures imitate biconical jars or a number perhaps that with the miniature pots the cords generally were Jeft the early elegant storage jars. Campoverde Cat.Nos 54- out, as they were toa complicated to reproduce well (see 55, 56, 63-64, 69; however, the Garigliano deposit, Mingazzini, 1938: pI. Type 2a. Globular jm's with more or less distinct 34, 6). The lugs, however, were added below the rim to nec·ks. By the time consumption patterns were indicate the type ofpot. As it seems likely that these pots established in em'ly Latium, a distinct type of liquid with the three lugs sitting just below the rim, in such a container was developed out of the biconical shape. It way that they could be dug in, are to be identified with was more globular, had two horizontal handles attached storage vessels, the jars with lugs below the rim in this at the broadest diameter of the vessel and a tapering catalogue are enumerated under this heading, with cylindrical neck with a wide out-tuming rim. A special 456 M. KLEIBRINK variant is set on a high conicaI foot (Osa). In the Osteria 133-138 in miniature belong to this category; dell'Osa tombs the type, with a cup, belongs to a Typ e 6. During the Late Orientalising period a type drinking set; possession of such a set must have implied ofwiderjarcame into fashion, which often was produced control over the produetion ofthe liquid poured from it, on the throwing wheel of coarse waJ·e. These later jaJ's since the vessels onlyappear in graves ofadults and old often have a wider opening than the older vessels, they men and women. Campoverde Cat.Nos 57-58, 60-62, may be tapering towaJ'ds a smaller base diameter and 66, 67-70; demonstrate two handles, often near the base resulting Type 2b. In the Orientalising period, probably deri ved in an upside down 'bell' shape, or may continue a from this kind of earlier jar (above 2a) for Iiquids, a heavier shape towards a base diameter more equal to the special globular water/liquids vessel came into use. In opening diameter, a shape we labelIed 'block jar', miniature it isbest known from Lavinium where in red because the form ofthe pot inscribes a square block (e.g. impasfo ware thousands of such miniature jars were Bouma, 1996: pp. 371 ff.); found (Fenelli, 1989-1990: pp. 487 ff.). The shape in Type 6a. The miniatures imitating bell jars are Cat.Nos votive deposits had a very long existence: Bouma, 139-141, 145-152; 1996: p. 373 ff. From the Campoverde deposit Cat.Nos Typ e 6b. The miniatures imitating block jars are 115-1 32; Cat.Nos 142- 1 44, 155-156, 160. Type 3. Globular jar with inverted rim. At Osteri a dell'Osa occasionally a jar with inverted rim, plain or 6.3. AmphOI'ae with four horizontal upturning handles appears. Elsewhere the globular jar with rim is a fairly consistent There are only a few amphorae among the miniatures type. This pot, in Lazio appearing from the earliest found in the laghetto at Campoverde (Nos 161-163). period onwards, will mainly have been used for cooking. For the history of the shape see under No. l above; it The world overcooking pots have this shape, as contents continues to be dedicated for a long time in votive do noteasily spill from it and heat remains better inside deposits in Lazio (compare Bouma, 1996: pp. 396 ff. ). than in wide mouthed pots, moreover flat Iids easily cover it. A number of such globular jarswit h inverted 6.4. Bowls rims have sets of lugs beneath the rim (Gierow, 1964: fig. 25) but most are plain. In my opinion the globular Typ e l. For the history of the shape see the remaJ'ks cooking jar with a short out-tuming rim derived from above under No. 8, the shape has a very long existence this eaJ'lier type of pot. Thus Campoverde Cat.Nos 107- in votive deposits (Bouma, 1996: pp. 334 ff.). Lid­ 114 may be cooking pots rather than doNa. Another bowls are very fewat Campoverde (Nos 193, 194- 195, possibility for this type of miniature is that it refers to a 198). These bowls must have been produced with littIe cauldron, but these will have been wider at the openings attention for their proportions and general appeaJ'ance: and less rounded; often they are only little lumps of clay in which a hole Type 4. Ovoidaljars. These vessels often aJ'e perfect­ has been made with a fingertip. Perhaps they were only ly oval although theyalso aJ'e elongated into acylindricall used for lids and not for offering anything in them. The ovoidal shape. They all have a sharply out-turning rim existence of such sloppy miniatures, to my mind indicates (the so-calle d spigolo inferno). After theinitia l periods that such pots were not presented to the deity in any of Latin culture pouring from cooking pots must have complicated, official, cult, in which they would have become important (introduetion of porridges?) as we been visible for long; find mostly ovoidal cooking pots with shaJ'ply out­ Typ e 2. Deep bowls with a single handle or without turning rims in later Latial culture, from period III any handles. The deep bowl (scodella) in Lazio in the onwards. These ovoidaljaJ's often have horizontal hand­ early Iron Age is of a standaJ'd Italic type with a half les attached to the widest diameter of the pot. In the round body and in-tuming rim(Bett elli, 1995: pI. 81/4, Orientalising period, when the throwing wheel was 84/6, 84/7-8). It is not present among the miniatures at introduced, potters must have been proud of the long Campoverde; and out-curving rims they could produce: most jars, Typ e 3. A different type is the very dee p Iittle bowl either for Iiquids or for cooking, proudly show this type with out-tuming straight wall (recently BetteIIi, 1995; of elaborate overhanging rims, often decorated with p!. 81/5-6). Campoverde Cat.Nos 189-1 92, 196-197, three ridges or grooves to show them off. In the Archaic 198-201,203 imitate this kind ofbowl. period lips and rims became simply functional, out­ curving and often thickening at the rim to give the lip 6.5. Cups solidity. In miniature this type of jar is present in the cremation graves (see above) and at Campoverde: In Latium it is the cups that demonstrate the most Cat.Nos 72-1 06; consistent morphological development (e.g. Carafa, Typ e 5. An interesting development in Lazio con­ 1995: pp. 60 ff. ; BetteIIi, 1997: pp. 62 ff.). With the cems the stamnoid globularjars, a shape tiedup with the miniature imitations, the fazzine, the morphological Orientalising 'revolution' in pottery shapes. Cat.Nos traits are less easy to follow; see for the history of the Miniatllre votive pottery at the 'Laghetto del MOlIsigno/'e' 457 form above under No. 7. Interestingly, traditional cups (Bouma, 1996: pp. 376 ff.): compru'e Campoverde with double loop handles Ol' carinated shapes did not Cat.Nos 187-1 88. continue to be offered, aIready during the Orientalising and Archaic period they gradually were replaced with 6.8. Stand all kinds of imported drinking cups: Type l. The full-sized earlier cups have a relatively At Campoverde the stand is a rare item in the votive high cylindrical Ol' truncated conicaI neck with out­ deposit, at Lavinium it occurred more often. It is part of curving rim on il fairly deep globular body and the luxury drinking sets and goes well with globular jars for standard double loop handle (e.g. Carafa, 1995: pp. 60 wine or other special liquids. Compare Campoverde ff. ; Bettelli, 1997: type 8, pI. 84/5; type 12, pI. 81/3), it Cat.Nos 2, 18-220. is found until the middle ofthe 7th century BC. Globular mini cups at Campoverde are Cat.Nos 166- 172; 6.9. Kernoiand composite vases Typ e 2. Later on in phase II and III the full-sized cups expand and are less deep but still rounded, while the These are normal equipment in later Latial deposits, at necks become shorter and straighter. The bodies of the Campoverde they are rare, compare Cat.Nos 216-217. later cups are truncated conicaI, hemispherical or squat. These three variations appear in the period 730-700 BC, 6.10. Spool all at the same time and subsequently are found in all kinds of contexts of the 7th century BC (Carafa, 1995: In contrast to the situation in Rome as noted by Bartoloni p. 60). Compare the Campoverde miniatures e.g. Nos for the votive deposits in Rome at Campoverde only one 164- 165; spool was found, the rest may have been overlooked as Typ e 3. The rounded bodies ofthe earlier cups during the object is very small. The survival rate of many the 7th centUl'y BC changed into carinated types. This objects from the votive deposit may have been very happens gradually, the earliest carinated cups with nruTOW. double loop handle are to be dated in the second quarter of the 7th century BC (Carafa, 1995: p. 60). See Campoverde Cat.Nos 182-186; 7. CONCLUSIONS Typ e 4. Bowls/cups with homed protrusions on the rim are certainly special old-fashioned products. They In Latium, after a modest start in the 8th centul)' BC, continue to imitate the Bronze Age cups which frequently votive deposits of vru'ious types increased and received were decorated with plastic protrusions on the handles. gifts eve r more regulru'ly. Many of these deposits are Such a cup was dedicated at Osteria dell 'Osa on top of found on the spots were in the 7th andearly 6th centuries a cremation tomb, and is not frequently present among BC tempIes arose. The many deposits with miniatures grave gifts, although sporadically it was offered. At in Rome, which was, judging from the contemporary Campoverde see Cat.Nos 173-181. necropoles, one of the more densely occupied areas, shows that the deposits are a sign of centralization, Ol' in more familiru' words, of ' Stadtwerdung'. They demon­ 6.6. Mugs strate that after a Final Bronze Age initial period with For the history of this shape compare above under No. only a fe w dedications, village-based ritual activities of 13. Most miniatures elsewhere listed under mugs in my a controlled society tumed into controlled tempie rituals. opinion are do lia, because they generally have no The divinities venerated with the deposits most likely handle and are not tapering, a distinct fe ature with the were fe male, probably the 'nymphs' later Latin authors fu ll-sized mugs. Here a few examples that ru'e mru'kedly write about, at a 1ater date merging with higher powers pinched at their bases have been listed as mugs, because like Mater Matuta, Iuno Sospita, FOItuna, Dea Marica. such bases are not expected with dolia: Campoverde In the eru'ly Latin periods I and II the supematural Cat.Nos 208-214. powers received miniatures although not very many yet, in period III and IV they received miniatures as well as full-sized pots, which after c. 550 BC were largely 6.7, Dishes replaced by fu ll-sized vessels. In Roman literary sources For a change the dishes and teglie are easily detectable (2nd to 1st centuries BC) cooked entrails in jars are because oftheir specific forms, However, the triangular mentioned as special offerings to fe male deities (Bouma, dish shape is not found in Iron Age settlements, Therefore 1996: p. 223) and jars, both for food and for liquids were it is likely that with the triangular miniature shape of the most frequently offered miniatures too. dish an imitation of an old fashioned metal form is As explained above, a number of open-air deposits meant, as was the case with the hom-decorated shapes. received gifts aIready in the Late Bronze Age, while the For triangular miniature dishes see Cat.Nos 204-208. bulk of the gifts came only two or three centuries later. The teglia is known from settlement excavations and Th is difference between the earlier dedication of a votive deposits of comparatively later dates in Latium numberofminiature pots and frequentritual dedications, 458 M. KLEIBRINK or between a ritual performance by a single individual fOJmulated, at the spring the miniature gift will have and the regular offerings by a group of individuals, or expressed a moment in an individual' s life which could even a crowd, is significant. ForCampoverde, there was be symbolized by the offer of the little pots and their evidence foroccasional offerings in the late Bronze Age contents, because the de ity was perceived as (in all probability the earliest period ofLatin occupation). symbolically consurning the gifts. Christopher Smith Ritual behaviour of a group of people can only be along a different line of reasoning, arrived at a sim il ar concluded for the period from the 8th to 5th centuries conclusion: "the rising importance of the votive deposit BC (compare alsoDi Gennaro, 1979: p. 151;Giovannini may be seen as a form of acquisition of a kind of & Ampolo, 1976; Bouma, 1997: 91). The later rituals in knowledge for the individual from the specialists: the Latium are village-based and start apparently the mo­ truth against which the agent measures her/his expelience ment the miniatures in graves lost their significance. Or is not the hierarchical truth, but the private truth of in other words, ancestor based veneration changed into experience" (Smith, 1996: p. 85). environment based veneration. Sporadically, as the As we saw, Bartoloni noted predominantly female excavations at Osteria dell'Osa demonstrated, special attention at the Roman deposits. In view of the male people, called intermediaries dealing with the cremation burials at Osteria dell'Osa it is uncertain supernatural, received miniatures on top of their graves whether for the earlier Latin deposits th is is likely too. as well as receiving miniatures of different morphology It is true that women in the earlier periods generally in their graves. It seems to me that it is precisely these were producing and handling pots and it is therefore intermediaries, evidently associated with dedicatory likely that they thought out the different functions, miniatures, who dedicated the first small vessels at the including the symbol ic ones. This would mean that for sacred spots, or in other words who must have started special occasions in male life miniature pots were made the open-air cults. These priests and their cremation by the women as well. Anyway the deposits which were graves are the only possibIe link between the earlier the subject of this article, are sharply contrasted by the grave cults and the later practices of open-air cults by hom·ds or ripostigli with their many metal objects as any number of individuals. well as the dedications of single swords and other As has recently been pointed out it is important to weapons in rivers and lakes, which may have resulted look for evidence of offerings only made at a certain from male competition (Hoekstra, 1997). From the time, which would imply connections with the general literature on the subject and the miniatures agricultural year (Smith, 1996: p. 85). At Campoverde dedicated at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore ' it seems no such connection is evident: the miniatures vary in safe to state that the powers venerated were fe male, and shape and in manufacture and were moreover accom­ also that the dedicants were predominantly femaIes. In panied by dedications of full-sized pots. It is also the ancient world small lakes, springs, thermal waters important to know whether the miniatures were dedicated etc. were perceived as female powers and/or nymphs one by one or in sets, because sets could be represen­ and for that reason received female objects. At tative of diffe rent daily life rituals such as meaIs, Campoverde the percentage ofjars, the vessel obviously banquets or ceremonial drinking. The depositat Campo­ associated with female toil, far outnumbers the dolium, verde cannot answer this question because it is incom­ the storage vessel associated with the male and his plete, but the discrete variation in pot types seems to protection of the household. The miniature jars and indicate that the pots were rather dedicated in sets, just cups are usually well manufactured, the storage jars are like in the graves. far les s well made. To me the dolia seem to be obligatOJ·y From the locations where miniatures are found it is additions made by femaIes in order to represent the clear that they were always directed at natural forces, males of their households, the moment they perforrned which, it must be suspected, were paradoxically enough their cult acts. Male veneration of water gods was perceived as forces, just because they demonstrated diffe rent and required metal objects, swords, axes and super-natural characteristics: thermal, sulphureous or the like, which were dedicated in rivers either as hom·ds clear water springs, lakes, small underground streams, or as single objects. All over the ancient world rivers etc. Why was food and drink or why were substitute were perceived as male deities (Muthmann, 1975). little pots offered? The miniature burial gifts symbolize continuity of a presence of a buried individual in a symbolicaI sense, this presence is expressed by pots 8. ADDENDUM because in life the best exchange with this individual occurred during meaIs, banquets and/ordrinking rituals On the significance of the cult at the spring of which are thought to continue in a symbolicaI way. The Campoverde with regard to the urbanization proces s of dedication of miniatures at a spring almost certainly is Early I:.atiumonly afew speculations are as yetavailable. directed at a similar symbolicaI presence of a super­ Lorenzo Quilici identified the site of modem natural power, whose presence also is perceived in a Campoverde with the ancient town of Polusca, commensural way and whose existence was deduced mentioned by Pliny and known to have been situated from the possibility to offer it gifts. More precisely somewhere in the Anzio region (Quilici, 1979: pp. 122, Miniature votive pOffe/)' at the 'Laghetto del Monsigllore' 459

211). In a later article (1984: pp. 130 ff.) Stefania and 2. Miniature corded storage jar Lorenzo Quilici report on finds of Archaic roof-tiles Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, short out­ pointing to a building-complex to the west ofthe spring tuming rim with intemal angle, convex lip, slightly corded Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn of the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' . An uncertain factor Colour: Exterior reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/6 strong brown 7.5YR 5/6 in the reconstruction of this south-western early Latin and verydark gray I OYR 3/ 1; interiOl' black 7.5YR N2/ dark landscape still is the Pometia question. Surveys (Melis gray 10YR 4/ 1 dark gray and strong brown 7.5YR 5/6; core & Quilici-Gigli, .1972: pp. 219-247; Attema, 1993: p. dark gray 7.5YR N4/ Ware: Common brown ill/pasto 197; Attema & Bouma, 1995: pp. 127 ff.) identified a Meas.: 5.9x6.2x lA (base) - 1.0 (wall) - 0.5 (lip); diam. base 3.2, large site north of modem Cisterna di Latina as the diam. lip 6.2 cm possibIe location of this ancient Latin town, famous Inv.: cv 18213; CV l, 8; Cal. 87., No. 16. from ancient literaJ'y sources (compare Bouma, 1996: p. 202 with note 229). If we accept the idea that a large 9.1 .2. Plain lVith inverted rim , lIIainly 8th centul)' EC settlement, perhaps Pometia, existed neal' Cisterna, 3. Miniature ovoidal storage jar then SatriculIl may have developed into its harbour, Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base with slighlly inverled rim with which would fit the many imported objects present in tapering lip, below the rim three unevenly spaced small the 7th centUJ'y Be. Smaller sites with cult places such knobs as Campoverde, withoutearly imports, may have marked Clay: Witli qUal1z1feldspar, matrix invisible territorial boundaries: the district of Ardea to the north Colour: Covered with a thick bumish in black 7.5YR III; interior very dark grey 10YR 3/ 1; core 10YR 4/ 1 definitely was different tenitory. Territorial studies in Ware: Well burnished brown iII/pas/(} combination with Latin written sources have resulted in Meas.: 7.2x7.6x6 (base) cm; diam. mouth 7x, max. diam. bod Y 7Ax, the theOl'y that most open-air cult plaees in early Lazio diam. base 4.7 cm were sacred woods plaeed at the borders of the various Comm.: Small fragmentofrim missing, traces ofscale on the interior; territories and funetioning among other things as plaees neal' perfect lillie vessel Inv.: cv 18204; Cal. 87, No. 131. where the diffe rent tribes Ol' clans could meet (Guidi, 1989-1990: p. 41 1). For Campoverde, however, new 4. Miniature cylindrical storage jar evidenee points to intensive use ofthe surroundings for Shape: Cylindrical body, flat base, spreading wall, with knobs, agriculture aIready in the Bronze Age (Veenman, 1996: slightly incurvingrim pp. 59-62). Interestingly the 14C dates together with the Ware: Unknown Com m.: Now missing (stolen) but published when fo und: Crescenzi, pollen eore taken neal' the now dry lake at Campoverde 1978: p. 53, pI. XX, I indieated a so-ealled mirrored sediment, being the ef­ Inv.: Cal. 87, No. 151. fe et of lateral erosion of the lake shores. This erosion, very likely, was caused by denudation of the sur­ 5. Miniature ovoidal storage jar Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, fl aring wall, incurving rim, with rounding landseape as a result of removal of all trees in knobs below the rim favour of eereal farm ing. This occurred around 31OO

100 BP = calibrated (l sigma) to 1414- 1272 BC, Comm.: Now missing but published when fo und: Crescenzi, 1978: whieh is fu lly in the Bronze Age (Veenman, 1997: pp. p. 53, pI. XX, I 59-62). This of eourse does not exclude a wooded cult­ Inv.: Cal. 87, No. 147. side near the spring, but it does indieate that ifthere was 6. Miniature o\'oidal storage jar such a saered wood, it was deliberately kepI. Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, flaring wall, incurving rim decorated with knobs Ware: Unknown Comm.: Now missing (stolen), but published when found: Crescenzi, 9 . CATALOGUE OF THE MINIATURE VESSELS 1978: p. 53, pI. XX, I Inv.: Cal. 87, No. 145.

9. 1. Storage jars 7. Miniature ,· tOl·age jor Shape: Conicai body on fl at base, flaring wall, straight rim with 9. 1.1. Corded, 9th century EC knobs Ware: Unknown I. Miniature corded storage jar Comm.: Now missing (stolen), but published in Crescenzi, 1978: Shape: Globular/ovoidal body on a flat base, inside conca ve, straight, p. 53, pI. XX, I slightly inverted, cylindrical rim, convex lip bevelled on the Inv.: Cal. 87, No. 146. inside, slightly corded Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn 8. Miniature o\'oidal storage jar Colour: Exterior light brown 7.5YR 6/4; interior brown 7.5YR 5/4; Shape:. Ovoidal body, raised flat base, flaring wall, with knobs or core dark gray 7.5YR N4/ lugs on widest part of body, slightly out-curving rim ill/pa.l'to Ware: Brown untreated Ware: Unknown Meas.: 7.9x 1.0 (base) - 1.0 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 5.0, diam. Comm.: Now missing (stolen), but published when fo und: Crescenzi, body 8. 1, diam. lip 6.3 cm 1978: p. 53, pI. XX, I Comnl.: Surface crackled Inv.: Cal. 87, No. 149. Inv.: cv 18315; Cal. 87, No. IO. 460 M. KLEIBRINK

9. Miniature globular storage jar Clay: With fine, well sorted quartzlfeldspar Shape: Globular body on a raised flat base, flaringwall, incurving Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR S/4; interior reddish brown rim, with knobs SYR S/4 Comm.: Now missing but published when found: Crescenzi, 1978: Ware: Common brown bumished impasto p. S3, p!. XX, I Meas.: 2.Sx3AxO.6 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.1, Ware: Unknown diam. bod y 3.0, diam. lip 2.2 cm; knobs: W lA, L 0.3, S lA Inv.: Cat. 87, No. ISO. cm In v.: cv 18281; CV II, 30; Cat. 87, No. 134. IO. Miniature globular/ovoidal storage jar Shape: Globular body, flat base, flaring wall, incurving rim 16. Miniature globular/ovoidal storage jar Comm.: Now missing, but published when fo und: Crescenzi, 1978: Shape: Globular/ovoidal body, flaringwa ll, slightly incurving rim, p. S3, p!. XX, I convex Iip, on widest part of bodY decorated with rounded Inv.: Cat. 87, No. 193. knobs, on inside strokes of bumish Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and some FeMn II. Ovoidalminiature storage jar Colour: Exterior reddish yellow 5YR 6/6, very dark gray 2.SYR N3/ Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside flat, slightly spreading and light yellowish brown I OYR 6/4; interior light brownish wall, slightly inverted rim, convex Iip, below rim attach­ gray 10YR 6/2 and gray 10YR S/ I, core gray 7.SYR NS/ ments of two horizontal ring-handles, in section rounded, Ware: Common brown bumished impasto surfaee covered with yellowish scale Meas.: 6.3x4.6xO.8 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. lip 0.6/0.7 cm; knob: L Clay: . With quartz/feldspar and FeMn 0.7, S 1.3 cm Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 and reddish yellow SYR Inv.: cv 18632; Cat. 87, No. IS3. 6/6; interior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 and reddish yellow SYR 6/6; core red 2.5YR S/6 17. Miniature ovoidal storage jar Ware: Common brown bumished impaslO Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, inside concave, flaringwall with Meas.: Height S.OxO.6 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - OA (Iip); diam. base 3.0, pronounced sIlOulder with attachments of two horizontal diam. body S.3,diam. lip4. 1 cm; handles: W (total)2.5,S 1.0 handles, cylindrical Ol neck, rim missing cm Clay: With quartzlfeldspar Comm.: Handles missing Colour: Exterioryellowish red SYR S16; interiorreddish brown SYR Inv.: cv 181S9; CV 1, 26; Cat. 87, No. 73. S/4 shifting to dark gray SYR 4/ l, core reddish brown SYR S/4 12. Miniature cy/indrical storage jar Ware: Common brown bumished impasto Shape: Cylindrical body, flat base, inside flat, slightly spreading Meas.: 3.8x4.8x 1.0 (base) - 0.7 (wall); diam. base 2.2, diam. body wall, straight rim, convex lip, on medium pal1 of body two 4.8; handles: W (total) 3.S, S c. 1.2 cm horizontal trapezoidal ring-handles (one broken) Inv.: cv 18294; Cat. 87, No. 40. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar Colour: Exterior velY dark gray SYR 3/ I

21. Mil/iature cOl/ica! storage jar handle, in section triangular and attachment of handle Shape: Con icai body, flat base, inside concave, spreading wall, Clay: With quaI1z1feldspar, FeMn and some augite straight rim, convex lip Colour: Exterior reddish yellow SYR 6/6 and light gray 10YR 7/ I; Clay: With finequartzlfeldspar, FeMn and some augite interior light gray 10YR 7/ 1; core light gray 10YR 7/ 1 Colour: Exterior very dark gray SYR 3/ I and reddish brown 2.SYR Ware: Com mon brown ill/pasto 4/4; interior reddish brown SYR 3/2; core dusky red 2.SYR Meas.: 7. 1 xl.O (base) - 0.9 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2.9, diam. 3/2 body 4.3; handle: W 1.8, L 1.1, S 0.6 cm Ware: Common brown bumished illlpasto Comm.: Worn Meas.: 3.0x4.5xO.8 (base) - 0.9 (wall) - 0.9 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, lnv.: cv 18266; Cat. 87, No. 7S. diam. lip 4.5 cm Inv.: cv 18239; Cat. 87, No. 185. 27. Mil/iature cylil/drica! storage jar Shape: Cylindrical body on irregular al most flat base, inside conca­ 22. Mil/iature cy!il/drica! storage jar ve, straight rim, convex lip, on medium partofbody with two Shape: Cylindrical body on a flat slightly raised base, inside con­ attachments of horizontal ring-handle cave, spreading wall, straight orslightly inverted rim, flattened Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and some allgite lip, on medium part of body with attachments of probably Colour: Exterior yellowish red SYR S/4 and very paie brown 10YR horizontal lugs pierced by stick 7/3; interior reddish yellow SYR 6/6; core dark gray 10YR Clay: With qual1Z/feldspar 4/ 1 dark gray Colour: Exterior brown 7 .5YR 5/2 and brown burnish7 .5YR 5/4 and Ware: Common brown ill/pasto scale reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/6; interior brown 7.5YR 5/4; Meas.: 3.3xO.6 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. base 3.0, diam. core light brown 7.5YR 6/4 lip 3.3 cm Ware: Com mon brown burnished ill/pasto lnv.: cv 18280; Cat. 87, No. 82. Meas.: 5.6x5. 1 x 1.4 (base) - 1.0 (wall) - 0.6 (Iip); diam. base 2.7. diam. lip 4.5-4.7; lugs: W 3.7, S 1.1-1.8, diam. (perforation) 28. Miniature ovoida! storage jar 0.2 cm Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, Inv.: cv 18309; Cat. 87, No. 101. slightly inverted rim, convex lip, with rounded horizontal pierced lug on medium pUl1 of body and on opposite lower 23. Mil/iature storage jar part of body horizontal triangular con icai lug; top of little Shape: Con icai body on a slightly raised flat base, inside concave, finger fits flaring wall, straight to slightly out-curving rim tapering lip, Clay: With qllartzlfeldspar, FeMn and some augite just above widest part of body semi-circular knob Colour: Exterior reddish brown 5YR S/4 shifting to dark reddish Clay: With fine quartzlfeldspar and FeMn gray SYR 413; interior reddish brown SYR 5/4; core reddish Colour: Exterior reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/6; interior reddish yellow brown SYR 5/4 7.SYR 7/6; core dark gray 10YR 4/ 1 Ware: Com mon brown ill/pasto Ware: Com mon brown ill/pasto Meas.: 2.9x3.9x 1.0 (base) - 0.7(wall) - 0.2 (Ii p); diam. base 1.9, Meas.: 3.2x3.6xO.6 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 2.4, diam. body 2.8, diam. lip 2.0 cm; lugs: W 0.9- 1.0, L O.S, diam. body 3.0, diam. lip 2.8 cm; knob: W 0.8, L 0.4, S 0.6 diam. (perforation) 0. 1-0.2 cm cm lnv.: cv 18255; CV 11, 32; Cat. 87, No. 104. Inv.: cv 18277; CV 11, 34; Cat. 87, No. 142. 29. Mil/iature cOl/ica! storage jar 24. Mil/iature ovoida! storage jar Shape: Conicai body, raised flat base, inside concave, flaringwal l, Shape: Obliqlle cylindrical body, flat base, inside concave, flaring straight rim, convex lip, body decorated with three knobs wall, straight rim, convex lip, just below rim fo ur knobs Clay: With qllartzlfeldspar and FeMn Clay: With fineqUaI1z1f eldspar, allgite, biotite, olivine and FeMn Colour: Exterior strong brown 7.SYR 5/6, yellowish red SYR 5/6 Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR S/4 shifting to pinkish gray and dark gray I OYR 4/ 1; interior reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/6 SYR 6/2 and gray 7.SYR NS/; interior red 2.SYR 416; core and strong brown 7.SYR 5/6, core strong brown 7.5YR 5/6 gray 2.SYR N6/ Ware: Common brown ill/pasto Ware: Common (sandy) brown ill/pasto Meas.: 4.6x4. 1 x 1.8 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.3, Meas.: 3.9x4.0xO.8 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.7, diam. body 3.4, diam. lip 3.2 cm diam. body 3.4, diam. lip 2,3; knobs: W 0.9- 1.4, L 0.S-0.6, lnv.: cv 18283; Cat. 87, No. 129. S 0.S- I.2 cm Inv.: cv 18282; Cat. 87, No. 139. 30. Mil/iature ovoida! storage jar Shape: Ovoidal shaped bodY on a slightly raised flattened base, 25. Mil/iature ovoida!/cylindrica! storage jar inside concave, flaring to spreading wall, straight rim, just Shape: Ovoidal, slightly elongated body, slightly raised flat base, beneath lip decorated with three knobs, in section triangular, inside concave, flaring wall, slightly inverterl rim, lip irre­ convex lip, bevelled on the inside gularly flattened, on widest part ofbody horizontal trapezoid�1 Clay:, With qUal1z/feldspar, FeMn and some augite lugs not wholly perforated Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 with patch, very dark gray Clay: With quartzlfeldsparand FeMn SYR 3/ 1; interior dark gray SYR 4/ 1; core very dark gray Colour: Exterior black 10YR 2/ I, red 2.SYR 4/8 and strong brown SYR 3/1 7.5YR S/8; interior red 2.SYR 4/8; core reddish yellow Ware: Common (sandy) brown ill/pasto 7.SYR 6/8 and gray 7.SYR NS/ Meas.: 4.2x4.Sx l.l (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2.8, Ware: Common brown ill/pasto diam. lip 4.3; knobs: L 0.4, S 1.0 cm Meas.: 5.7xS.8xO.9 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. base 2.9, Comm.: Fragment missing from rim diam. body 4. 1, diam. lip 3.6 cm lnv.: cv 18199; Cat. 87, No. 127. lnv.: cv 18268; Cat. 87, No. IOS. 31. Mil/iature cy!il/drica! storage jar 26. Ovoidallcy!il/drica!lI/il/iature storage jar Shape: Straight and spreading body, flat base, inside concave, Shape: Ovoidal body on a raised flat base, inside concave, flaling convex Ii"p, wall just beneath lip decorated with two extant wall, short out-curving rim, convex lip, bevelled on the knobs inside, on widest part ofbody horizontal semi-circular ring- Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and some augite 462 M. KLEIBRINK

Colour: Exterior reddish yellow SYR 6/6. InteriOl' verydark gray Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn SYR 4/ 1; core dark gray 7.SYR N41 Colour: Exterior pink 7.SYR 7/4 and black 7.SYR N2/; interior very Ware: Com mon (sandy) brown iII/pasta dark gray 7.SYR N3/; core very paie brown 10YR 7/3 Meas.: 4.0x 1.1 (base) - 0.9 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); dianl. base 2. 1, diam. Ware: Brown untreated iII/pasta lip 3.5 cm; knobs: L 0.3, S 1.0 cm Meas.: Height 3.2x 1.0 (base) - 1.1 (wall) - 004 (Iip); dian1. base 1.8, Inv.: cv 18198; Cat. 87, No. 130. diam. body 2.9, diam. lip 2.1; knob: W 0.8, L 1.2, S 0.9 cm Comm.: Damaged on one side 32. Miniatllre conica/ storage jar Inv.: cv 18243; Cat. 87, No. 121. Shape: Con icai body, flatbase, spreading wall, straight rim, irregu­ lal' flattened lip 38. Fragll/ent af a g/obu/ar/ovoida/II/iniature storage jar Clay: With quartz/feldspar and augite Shape: Flat base, insideconcave, lip slightly in-turningand flattened Colour: Exterior red 2.SYR 5/6, pinkish gray 7.SYR 6/2 and very Clay: With fm e quartzlfeldspar dark gray 10YR 31 I; Interior reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/6 and Colour: Exterior and interior very dark gray 7 .SYR N3/; core reddish very dark gray 10YR 3/ 1; core light brown 7.SYR 6/4 yellow SYR 6/6 and light gray to gray 7.SYR N61 Ware: Common brown ill/pasto Ware: Untreated brown ill/paslO Meas.: 3.Sx3.6xO.8 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, Meas.: 2.9x3.6xO.3 (base) - 004 (wall); diam. 4 cm diam. lip 3.6 cm Inv.: cv 18670; Cat. 87, No. 266. Inv.: cv 18189; Cat. 87, No. 174. 39. Miniature cy/indricallovoida/ storagejar 33. Miniature g/obu/ar/ovoida/ storage jar Shape: Ovoidal body on a pinched, raised flat base, inside concave, Shape: Globularbody, flat base, insideconcave, f1aringwall, incur- flaring wall, inverted rim, convex lip, irregular modelled ving rim, flattened lip Clay: With quartz/feldspar Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and some augite Colour: Exterior brownish yellow 10YR 6/6. Interior yellow 10YR Ware: Com mon (sandy) brown ill/pasto 71 Colour: Exterior brown 7.SYR 5/2; interior brown 7.SYR 5/2 and Ware: Untreated paie ill/pa.yto gray 10YR SI I; core gray 10YR S/ I Meas.: 4.3xO.7 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.3, diam. Meas.: S.Sx4.6x I.2 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 3.3, body 3.5, dianl. lip 2.8 cm diam. body 5.1,diam. lip 404 cm Inv.: cv 18190; Cat. 87, No. 163. Inv.: cv 18676; Cat. 87, No. 160. 40. Miniature ey/illdriea/ storage jar 34. Miniature eylindrica/ storage jar Shape: Cylindrical body on a flat base, inside concave, irregular, Shape: Cylindrical body on a flat base, inside concave, straight spreading wall, slightly incurving rim, flattened lip, irregular slightly inverted rim with three knobs, in section triangular modelled rounded, convex lip irregularly fo rmed Clay: With quartzlfeldsparand FeMn Clay: With qual1z1feldspar and some FeMn Colour: Exteriordark gray SYR 4/ 1,Iight gray to gray 10YR 6/ 1 and Colour: Exterior brown to dark brown 7.5YR 4/4 and black SYR 2.5/ reddish brown SYR 3/4; interiordark gray SYR 4/ 1 core dark I. Interior very dark gray SYR 3/ 1 gray SYR 4/ 1 Ware: Untreated brown ill/pa.l·to Ware: Untreated brown iII/pasta Meas.: 2.9x3.SxO.6 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.8, Meas.: Height 3.6xl.2 (base) - 1.0 (wall) - 0.7 (Iip); dian1. base 2.8, diam. lip 3.3; knobs: L 004, S 0.9 cm diam. body 3.9, dianl. lip 3.6 cm Comm.: Much scale on body Inv.: cv 18288; Cat. 87, No. 168 Inv.: cv 18197; Cat. 87, No. 133. 41. Miniature globu/ar/ovoidal slOrage jar 35. Miniature g/obll/ar storage jar Shape: Ovoidal body on a raised flat base, inside concave, flaring Shape: Globular bod y on convex base, inside concave, flaring wall, wall, inverted rim decorated with fo ur knobs, in section slightly inverted rim, decorated with a knob, convex lip rounded, convex lip Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and biotite Colour: Exterior light yellowish brown I OYR 6/4 and black, mottled Colour: Exterior weak red 2.SYR 4/2 shifting to black 2.SYR N2.S/ 7.SYR N2/; interior light yellowish brown 10YR 6/4 and and mottled or striped with brown scale 7.SYR 5/4; interior black mottled 7.SYR N2/ very dark gray 2.SYR N3/; core very dark gray 2.SYR N3/ Ware: Untreated brown iII/pas/(} Ware: III/pasto with traces of black slip Meas.: 2Ax3.2xO.6 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 004 (Iip); diam. base 1.8, Meas.: 4.9x4.7x I.2 (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 004 (Iip); diam. base 2.9, diam. lip 3.0; knob: L 0.2, S 1.0 cm dianl. body 4.7, diam. lip 4.0; knobs: L 0.5, S 0.8 cm In v.: cv 18196; Cat. 87, No. 144. Comm.: Obliquely modelled; much scale Inv.: cv 18200; CV 11, 2+3; Cat. 87, No. 141. 36. Ovoida/II/iniature storage jar Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, 42. Miniatllre g/obular/ovoidal storage jar conicai neck, incurving rim, irregular lip bevelled sightly Shape: Globular body on flat base, inside concave, slightly inverted inverted rim, silOulder decorated with two knobs rim, convex lip, rim decorated with three knobs Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and some augite Colour: Exterior pink 7.SYR 7/4 and black 7.SYR N2/, interior very Colour: Exterior yellowish red SYR 5/6 and very dark gray SYR dark grey 7.SYR N3/, core very paie brown 10YR 7/3 3/ 1; interior very dark gray SYR 3/ 1 Ware: Untreated iII/pasta Ware: III/pasto with intern ally black slip Meas.: Height 3.2x 1.0 (base) - 1.1 (wall) - 2. 1 (Iip); diam. base 1.8, Meas.: Height 3AxO.8 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, diam. body 2.9, diam. lip 2. 1; knobs: W 0.8, L 1.2, S 0.9 cm diam. body 4.0, diam. lip 3.0 cm; knobs: L 0.5, S 1.1 cm Inv.: cv 18254; Cat. 87, No. 122. Inv.: cv 1820 1; CV 11, 4+5; Cat. 87, No. 136.

37. Miniature OI'oida/ starage jar 43. Miniatllre conica/ storage jar Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, inside con cave, flaring wall, Shape: Straight and spreading body, flat base, inside concave, inverted ri m, convex lip, on wall two irregularly placed spreading wall, straight rim, convex lip, body just beneath knobs li p decorated with four rounded knobs Miniature vorive poffelY at fhe 'Lagheffo del MOl1signore' 463

Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn 49. IHi"ia/lIre globlllarlovoidal storage jar Colour: Exterior yellowish red SYR 5/6 yellowish red and black Shape: Globular ovoidal body, flat base, inside irregular concave, 2.SYR N2.S/; Interior reddish brown SYRS/4 shirting to red flaring wall, inverted rim, flallened lip 2.SYR 5/6; co re reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/6 Clay: With fine and coarsequartz/feldspar and biotite; a numberof Ware: !t"pas/o with traces of black slip small holes in the clay matrix probably indicate coarse Meas.: 3Ax3.6x I A (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 004 (Iip); diam. base 2. I, tempering diam. lip 3.6; knobs: L 0.3, S 0.8- 1.1 cm Colour: Exterior and interior very dark gray SYR 31 1 shirting to Inv.: cv 1819S Cat. 87, No. 140. black 2.SYR N2.SI Ware: Impasto with black slip 44. Mi"ia/lIre cyli"drical s/Drage jar Meas.: 3.9x4.8xO.7 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.6 (Iip); diam. base 304, Shape: Elongatedcylindrical body, flat base, insideconcave,straight diam. body 4.8, diam. lip 4.0 cm upright rim, flat lip, just beneath lip decorated with three Inv.: cv 18167; cv II, 9; Cat. 87, No. 192. rounded knobs Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and augite 50. Mi"ia/lIre cy/indrical ovoid storage Ol' cookillg jar Colour: Exteriorbumished black 2.SYR N2.S/; interior black 2.SYR Shape: Cylindrical ovoid bodY on a flat base, insideconcave, flaring N2.SI and light yellowish brown 10YR 6/4 wall, inverted rim, convex lip, wall just below lip decorated Ware: Impas/o with black slip with three knobs well proportioned and modelled Meas.: 4.6x3.7x J. I (base) - 0.6 (wall) - DA (Iip); diam. base 2.2, Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and biotite diam. body 3.2, diam. lip 3.2 cm; knobs: L 0.3, S 0.9 cm Colour: Exterior red 2.SYR 5/6 and dark gray 2.SYR N4/; interior Inv.: cv 18194; Cat. 87, No. 132. light reddish brown SYR 6/4; core reddish brown 2.SYR . 5/4 45. Mi"ia/lIre cylil/dricallovoidal storage jar Ware: Common red slip impas/o Shape: Cylindrical ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, Meas.: 4.7x4.2x 1.2 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 2.6, flaring wall, inverted rim, convex lip, on widest pm1 ofbody diam. body 4.5, diam. lip 2.8 cm; knobs: W 0.9, L 0.5, S 0.7 decorated with three knobs, irregular modelled cm Clay: With quartz/feldspar Inv.: cv 18258; CV II; Cat. 87, No. 137. Colour: Exterior very dark gray 2.SYR N31 and very paie brown I OYR 7/3, with traces ofbumish black 2.SYR N2.5/; interior 51. Mi"ia/lIre giohlIlal' storage jar wilh a sil/gie IlIg very dark gray 2.SYR N31 Shape: Globular body, convex base, inside concave, flaring wall, Ware: !t"pas/o with black slip inverted rim, convex lip, with a small lug Meas.: 3.2x3Ax 1.0 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.0, Clay: With fine and coarse quartz/feldspar and some augite diam. body 3.0, diam. lip 2.0; knobs: S 0.9 cm Colour: Exteriorcovered with bumished slip in reddish brown 2.SYR Inv.: cv 18273; Cat. 87, No. 135. 4/4, red 2.SYR 4/6 and very dark gray SYR 31 I. Interior reddish brown 2.SYR 414; core rcddish yellow SYR 6/6 46. Ovoidal mi"itlfllre storage jar Ware: Red slip impasto (impas/o rosso) Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, Meas.: 2.Sx3.2xOA (base) - 004 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 1.2, conicaI neck, incurving rim, irregular lip bevelled on the diam. body 3.2, diam. lip 2.2 cm inside, sIlOulder decorated with two knobs Inv.: cv 18225; Cat. 87, No. 191. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar Colour: Exterior very dark gray 2.SYR N31 and dark reddish brown 52. Minia/lIre ovoidal storage jar 2.SYR 3/4; interiOl' very dark gray 2.SYR N3/. and dark Shape: Ovoidal, spreading body, flat base, inside flat, flaring wall, reddish brown 2.SYR 3/4; core dark reddish brown 2.SYR short inverted rim with flallencd lip 3/4 Clay: With fine quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and augite Ware: !t"pas/o with black slip Colour: Exterior dark reddish brown SYR 3/3 and velY dark gray Meas.: S.3x 1.0 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.7 (Iip); diam. base 204, diam. 7.SYR N3/; interior reddish brown SYR 413 and very dark body 4.3, diam. lip 2.7; knobs: W 1.5, L 1.3, S 1.3 cm gray SYR 31 I; core gray 10YR 51 1 Inv.: cv 18257; Cat. 87, No. 123. Ware: Dark slipped coarse ware Meas.: 4. I x4.7xO.S (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 004 (Iip); diam. base 2.9, 47. Mi"i(l/lIre cylil/drical storage jar diam. body 4.7, diam. Iip 404 cm Shape: Cylindrical body, flallened base, inside concave, straight to Inv.: cv 18186; Cat. 87, No. 161. very slightly incurving rim, flallened lip bevelled on the inside, on inside wall few nailprints visible 53. Fragmel// of a glolJ/llarlovoidal slOrage jar Clay: With quartzlfeldspar Shape: Slightly raised base, outside concave, globular body and Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 with bumish between slightly inverted tapering lip very dark gray SYR 31 1 and very dark gray 2.SYR N3/: Clay: With finequartzlfeldspar, semi-depurated impas/o interior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 with bumish very dark Colour: Exterior, interior and core reddish yellow 7.SYR 7/6 gray 2.SYR N31 Ware: Near coarse ware Ware: !t"pas/o with black slip Meas.: 2.2xO.6 (base)xO.3 (wall); diam. base 1.8-2.0 cm Meas.: S.Ox4.Sx 1.0 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 4.0, Inv.: cv 18236; Cat. 87, No. 267. diam. lip 6.0 cm Inv.: cv 18603; Cat. 87, No. 175. 9.2. Decorative jaIS for liquids (biconical/with 48. Mil/io/lire globular storage jar distinct neck, or deriving from those) 10th/8th Shape: Globular body on a flat base, iJlside flat, wall in·tuming, century BC inverted rim, convex lip Clay: With quartzlfeldspar 54. lvlinio/lIrejar wilh dis/incl neck Colour: Exterior very dark gray bumished 2.SYR N3/; interior Shape: Ovoidal bodyon a flat base, flaringwall wilh two horizontal­ brown 7.sYR 5/2; core reddish brown SYR 5/4 ring-handles alIaehed to widest part ofthe body, high cylindri­ Ware: Impas/o wirh black slip caI neck .. out-curving rim, lip irregularly modelled. Eody Meas.: 2.2x2AxOA (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 004 (Iip); diam. base 204, decorated with horizontal and vertical incised lines in diam. lip 1.7 cm quadrangular pallerns, no incision on the handles Inv.: cv 18244; Cat. 87, No. 194. Colour: Exterior blackish-grey 464 M. KLEIBRINK

Meas.: 13.0xdiam. base 7.8-8.0xdiam. (Iip) 10.8- 1 1.0 cm 60. Milliall/re jl/r lVitIt dislillcl lIeck Ware: Unknown Shape: Ovoidal body, irregularslightlyconcave base, insideconvex, Comm.: Now missing (stolen) but published when found: Crescenzi, f1aring wall, rounded shoulder, with attachments of two 1978: p. 52 n.2, pI. XIX n.2. fo r the decoration compare: horizontal handles to widest part of body, with angular Giglioli, BPI 1940: pp. 177 ss; Gierow II, pp. 276 ss; Bietti transition from bod Y to neck, out-curving rim, convex to Sestieri in CL?, pp. 82-83, pI. VI, D; VII - dated to the Early tapering lip Lat in Period I Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and FeMn Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 shifting to black SYR 55. Miniall/re biconica! jar 2.5/ I; interior very dark gray 2.SYR N3/; core brown 7.SYR Shape: Biconical body on a flat base, inside concave, spreading 512 wall, sharply out-tuming rim, convex, tapering, lip; well Ware: Common brown bumished impaslo proportioned and modelled Meas.: S.4xS.4xO.S (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn diam. bodY 5.4, diam. lip 5.0; handles: W (total) 3.5, W 1.2 Colour: Exterior bumished brown to dark brown 10YR 4/3; interior cm dark gray I OYR 4/ l, core brown 7.SYR 512 Inv.: cv 18237; Cat. 87, No. 42. Ware: Common brown bumished impaslO Meas.: 4.6x4. 1 xO.7 (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 2.0, 6/. Miniatl/re cylindricallovoida/ jar lViIlt dislillCl lleck diam. body 4. 1, diam. lip 2.9 cm Shape: CylindricaIlovoidal body on flat irregular base, inside con­ Comm.: Fragments missing fro m rim, some scale on body cave, flaring wall, short out-turning rim, convex lip, on lnv.: cv 18275; CV I, I; Cat. 87, No. 8. widest part ofbody horizontal semi-circularring-handles, in section rounded, and attachment of ring-handle, irregular 56. Minillll/re biconica! jar modelled Shape: Biconical body on a raised flat base, inside concave; flaring Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and augite wall, shol1 out-curving rim, convex lip, on widest part of Colour: Exterior reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/6; interior reddish yellow body two attachments of horizontal ring-handles 7.5YR 6/6; core reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/6 and dark gray Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and some augite 10YR 4/ 1 Colour: Exterior red 2.SYR 5/6 and very dark gray SYR 3/ 1; interior Ware: Common brown impasI" red 2.SYR 5/6; core 2.SYR 5/6 Meas.: S.2x4.8xO.7 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2.3, Ware: Common brown burnished impas/() diam. body 4.8, diam. lip 3.4; handles: W (total) 2. 1, L 1.4, Meas.: Height 6.4xO.9, thickness 0.7 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base S 0.8 cm 2.3, diam. bod Y 5.0, diam. lip 3.2; handles: W 2.4, S 8 cm Comm.: Fragments missing Inv.: cv 18217; Cat. 87, No. 60. lnv.: cv 18163; CV II, 35; Cat. 87, No. 58.

57. Rim-fi'agmenl o/ a biconica!(?j miniarl/re jar 62. O,'oida! milliall/re jar lViIlt dislillCI lIeck Shape: Fragment with an elongated con icaI neck, with attachment Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, of a probable lug on lower part of body, short out-tuming short out-turning rim, convex lip, just below widest part of rim, convex lip body with horizontal semi-circular ring-handle, in section Clay: With qual1z1feldspar and some augite rounded, and attachment of the other ring-handle Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interior very dark gray Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and augite 7.SYR N3/; core dark gray 7.SYR N4/ Colour: Exterior yellowish brown 10YR 5/4 and dark gray 10YR Ware: Common brown burnished implll'lo 4/ 1, smoolhened; interiOl' very dark gray 10YR 3/ 1 and Meas.: 4.6x3.3xO.6 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. lip 4.0 cm brownish yellow 10YR 6/6; core very dark gray 10YR 4/ 1 Comm.: Secondarily burned? Ware: Common brown impaslo Inv.: cv 18620; Cat. 87, No. 110. Meas.: Height S.2xS.9x 1.2 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2.4, diam. body 4.8, diam. lip 4.5; handles W (total) 2.4, 58. Ovoida! minialttre jar lViIlt dislincl neck IL 0.9, S 0.7 cm Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, Inv.: cv 18161; Cat. 87, No. 59. with attachments of two horizontal ring-handles on widest part ofbody, conicaI neck, straight rim, convex lip (attachment 63. Milliall/re jar lViIlt dislillCl lleck of ring-handles show round cavities) Shapc: Ovoid bod Y on a flat base, inside con ca ve, f1aringwall, on Clay: With quat1z1feldsparand small pellets of FeM widest part ofthe body horizolllal segmental ring-handles, in Colour: Exterior brown 7.SYR 5/4, reddish brown SYR 4/3 and very section rounded, con icai neck, short flaring rim dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interior brown 7.SYR 5/4, reddish Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn brown SYR 4/ 3 and very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; core brown Colour: Exterior and interior yellowish red SYR 5/6; core strong to dark brown 7.SYR 412 brown 7.SYR 5/6 Ware: Common brown burnished impasI" Ware: Common brown impasto?

Meas.: 5.1 X 1.1 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.4x, diam. Meas.: SxS.2xO.9 (base) - 0.7 (wall); diam. base 2.6; handles W 3.1, body 4.0x, diam. lip 2.8; handles: W (total) 2.0-2.3 cm L 1.2, S 0.8 cm lnv.: 18143; Cat. 87, No. 74. Inv.: cv 1824 1; Cat. 78, No. 84.

59. Ol'oida! minillll/re jl/r lViIlt dislillct lleck 64. Fmgmenl o/ a milliarl/re bicollica! jar Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, inside concave, f1aring wall, long Shape: Fragment of a biconical neck with short out-tuming rim, out-turning rim, convex li p, on widest part of body with flattened lip and flaring wall with attachment of probably attachments of two horizontal ring-handles horizontal ring-handles Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and some biotite Clay: With quartz/feldspar, FeMn and some augite Colour: Exterior very dark gray I OYR 3/ I and reddish brown 2.SYR Colour: Exterior brown to dark brown 7.SYR 412, shifting to very 4/4; interior very dark gray I OYR 3/1; core red SYR 5/6 dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; Ware: Common brown burnished ill'paslo core gray I OYR 5/ l, very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ and brown to Meas.: Height 6. 1 x 1.1 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 3.3, dark brown 7.SYR 4/2 diam. body 5.2, diam. lip 4.0; handles: W 3.0 cm Ware: Well burnished brown impaslo, slightly bumed Inv.: cv 18246; Cat. 87, No. 57. Miniature votive potter)' at the 'Laghetto del Monsigl/ore' 465

Meas.: S.Sx3.4xO.S (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. lip 6.0?; handle: L 0.7, red 2.SYR 4/6 and verydark gray SYR 3/ l, co re red 2.SYR S 1.1 cm 4/6 Inv.: cv 186S7; Cat. 87, No. 78. Ware: flllpas/o with black slip Meas.: Height S.IxO.7 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); dian1. base 2.3, 65. MilliaflIre g/obll/arlovoida/ jar lVi/h dis/ille/ lled diam. body 4.S, diam. lip 4.3; handles: W (total) 2.3, L 0.9, Shape: Ovoidal body, irregular slighlly concave base, inside convex, S 0.6 cm flaring wall, rounded shoulder, with attachments of two Comm.: One handle missing horizontal handles to widest pal1 of body, with angular lnv.: cv 1814S; CV 1, 18; Cat. 87, No. 47. transition fr om body to neck, out-curving rim, com'ex to tapering lip 70. Mil/iO/lire jar lI'i/h dis/il/e/ I/ed Clay: With quartz/feldspar, FeMn and augite Shape: Conicai body. flat base, inside flat, flaring wall, rounded Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 shifting to black SYR shoulder with angular transition to con icai neck, straight 2.S/ I; interior very dark gray 2.SYR N3/; core brown 7.SYR rim, convex lip, on lower part ofbody two horizontal sem i­ S/2 circular pierced lugs. lip damaged Ware: Well bumished brown illlpas/o Clay: With quartz/feldspar, FeMn and augite Meas.: S.4xS.4xO.S (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.S, Colour: Exterior brown 7.SYR S/4, strong brown 7.SYR 5/6, very diam. body 5.4, diam. lip S.O; handles: W (total) 3.5, W 1.2 dark gray 10YR 3/ 1 and reddish yellow SYR 6/8; interior cm very dark gray 10YR 3/1 and brown 7.SYR S/4; core very lnv.: cv 18237; Cat. 87, No. 42. dark gray 10YR 3/ 1 and reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/6 Ware: fil/pas/o with black slip 66. Millia/llre g/obll/ar/ovoida/ jar wi/h dis/illc/ lled Meas.: 4.2X4.7xO.7 (base) - O.S (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 1.7, Shape: Ovoidal body on a flatbase, inside flat, flaring wall, rounded diam. body 3.9, diam. lip 2.8; lugs: W 1.5, L 0.5, diam. shoulder, with extemal angular transition to neck, long out­ (perforation) 0.2 cm tuming rim, convex lip, shoulder decorated with segmental lnv.: cv 18141;CV 1, 31; Cat. 87, No. 107. lug Clay: With fine, well sorted, quartz/feldspar 71. Ovoida/ lIlil/ia/llre /iqllid jar wi/h dis/il/c/ I/eck Cololll': Exterior bumished black 2.SYR N2.S/; interior black 2.SYR Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat irregularbase, insideconcave, flaring N2.S/ shifting to very dark gray SYR 3/ 1; core dark gray wall, ShOl1 0ut-tuming rim, with attachmentsoftwo horizon­ �7.SYR N4/ tal handles just below widest part of body (perforated with Ware: Well bumished brown illlpas/o a hole at the height of the handles) Meas.: 6.2xS.8xO.6 (base) - 0.4 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 3.1, Clay: With quartz/feldspar, a small amount of augite and some diam. body 6.2, diam. Iip 4.8; knob: W 2.0, L 0.5, S 0.S- I.6 FeMn cm Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 shifting to black, which Comm.: Well proportioned, thin walled, fragments missing seems burned into the vessel .SYR N2.S/; interiOl' black lnv.: cv 18203 (on stickerNo.4210); CV I, 1 1-12; Cat. 87 ,No. 34. 2.SYR N2.S/; core dark gray 2.5YR N4/ Meas.: 4.6x4.0x 1.3 (base) - 0.8 (wall); diam. base 2. 1, diam. body 67. Ovoida/ lIlillill/llre jar lI'i/h dis/illc/ lled 3.S; handles: W (total) 2.3, W 0.7-0.9, L 0.4, S-cavity 0.5 cm Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, short sharply Ware: fll/paslO with black slip out-tuming rim with intemal ;Ulgle, convex lip, with two Comm.: Larger part of the rim is missing horizontal semi-circular lugs on widest pal1 of body lnv.: cv 181SI; Cat. 87, No. 80. Clay: With qual1z/feldspar and FeMn Colour: Exterior very dark grayish brown I OYR 3/2 slip, bumished 9.3. Cooking jars to lustre; interior black 7.SYR N2/ and strong brown 7.SYR S/8; core reddish brown SYR S/4 9.3. 1. Ovoidal (8th and 7th cel/furies Be) Ware: Well bumished brown illlpas/o Meas.: 4.8x4.9xO.8 (base) - O.S (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.4, 72. Mil/iO/lire ovoida / cookil/g jar diam. body 4.2, diam. lip 3.6; lugs: W 1.3, L 0.4, S 0.3 cm Shape: Ovoidal body, flat base, flaring wall, lowest part of body Comlll .: Fragments missing from rim, some scale on rim with knobs, slightly out-curving rim lnv.: cv 18202; CV I, 34; Cat. 87, No. 1 12. Ware: Unknown Com m.: Now missing (stolen), but published when fou nd: Crescenzi, 68. Millia/llre jar lI'i/h dis/inCl lleek 1978: p. 53, pI. XX, I; Cat. 87, No. 148. Shape: Ovoidal body on a raised flat base, inside con ca ve, flaring wall, rounded shoulder with triangular shaped, not wholly 73. Rilll ji'aglllel// Of lllil/ia/tlre cookillg jar perforated lug, almost conicai neck, with probably slighlly Shape: Vessel with fairly straight wall, a short out-tuming rim and out-curving rim convex Iip Clay: With finequartz/feldspar, augite and FeMn Clay: With quartz/feldspar, FeMn Colour: Exterior black 2.SYR N2.S/ with traces of bumish, reddish Colour: Exterior between very dark gray SYR 3/ 1 and dark reddish brown SYR 4/4; interiordark gray SYR 4/ 1;core gray 10YR brown SYR 3/2; interior between very dark gray SYR 3/ 1 S/ I and dark reddish brown SYR 3/2; core yellowish red SYR Ware: Well bumished brown illlpas/o S/6 Meas.: 4. 1 x4.Sx 1.2 (base) - 0.7 (wall); diam. base 2.7, diam. body Ware: Well bumished brown illlpas/o 3.8; lug: W I.S, L 0.9, S O.4- I.S cm Meas.: 3.0x2.8xO.6 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. lip 4.0 cm lnv.: cv 18274; CV II, 31; Cat. 87, No. 106. lnv.: cv 18638; Cat. 87, No. 22.

69. Millia/llre bicol/ica/ jar 74. Rilll-ji'agllleltl of III il/ia/tlre jar Shape: Low con icai body on a flat irregular base, inside convex, Shape: Slightly out-curving, convex lip long concave neck, short out-tuming rim, convex Iip, on Clay: With quartz/feldspar and FeMn widest partofbody horizontal ring-handle, in section rounded, Colour: Ex- and interior dusky red 2.5YR 3/2; core red 2.SYR 4/8 and attachment of horizontal ring-handle Ware: Well bumished brown illlpaslO Clay: With quartz/feldspar Meas.: 1.9x2.5xO.6 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. lip c. 6.0 cm Colour: Exterior red 2.5YR 4/6 and very dark gray SYR 3/ 1; interior lnv.: cv 18614; Cat. 87, No. 28. 466 M. KLEIBRINK

75. Fragmel/t of mil/ialllre cook il/g jar Comm.: Mended, irregularly modelled Shape: Vessel with very slightly out-tuming rim, convex lip lnv.: cv 182S0; Cat. 87, No. 43. Clay: With quartz/feldspar and FeMn Colour: Exterior very dark gray SYR 3/1 and reddish brown SYR 8J. Rim-ji"agmelll of al/ ovoida/mil/iature cookil/g jar 414; interiOl' very dark gray SYR 3/ 1; core dark gray SYR Shape: Ovoidal body with out-curving rim, convex lip 411 Clay: With quartzlfeldsparand FeMn Ware: Well bumished brown impa.Ho Colour: Exterior very dark gray I OYR 31 I and reddish yellow 7.SYR Meas.: 1.7x2.7xO.S (wall) - 0.5 (lip); diam. lip 6.0 cm 6/6; interior black 7.SYR N2/; core reddish yellow 7.SYR Inv.: cv 186S3; Cat. 87, No. 23. 6/6 and very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ Ware: Common brown bUll1ished impasto 76. Mil/iatl/re jar Meas.: 4.2x2.6xO.6 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. lip 3.S cm Shape: Ovoidal/biconical bod y with long out-tuming rim, with Inv.: cv 18S77; Cat. 87, No. 13. flattenedri m,just below the maximum diameter ofthe body a horizontal ring-handle and the attachments of the second 82. Ovoida/mil/iatl/re cookil/g jar handle are preserved Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside flat, flaring wall, short Clay: Withquartzlfeldsparand some small black particles probably out-turning rim, convex lip, on widest part of body attach­ augite ments of two horizontal handles Colour: Covered with a shiny bumished slip in dark brown 7.S YR Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn 4/2 over reddish brown core S YRS/4 Colour: Exterior red 2.SYR 4/8 and black 2.SYR N2.S/; interior dark Ware: Well bumished brown impasto red 2.SYR 3/6 and dark reddish brown 2.SYR 2.S/4; core Meas.: 8.Sx7.2xO.S (Iip); diam. mouth 6.9; diam. body on widest dark red 2.SYR 3/6 part 7. 1. diam. base 4.S cm Ware: Common brown burnished impasto Comm.: Two fragments from rim missing, some scale on rim Meas.: Height 8.0xO.8 (base) - 0.9 (wall) - O.S (lip); diam. base 3.6, lnv.: cv 18314; Cat. 87, No. S2. diam. body S.8,diam. lip4.8; handles: W2.7, LO.2,S 0.9cm Inv.: cv 18313; CV l, 20; Cat. 87, No. SO. 77. Ba.re ji-agmel/t of al/ ovoida/ cookil/g jar Shape: Ovoidal body, flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, on 83. Mil/iatl/re cy/il/drica/ cookil/g or storage jar lower part of body horizontal segmented ring-handle, and Shape: Cylindrical bodyon aslightly raised flatbase, insideconcave, attachment of the sccond one, in section rounded straight rim, convex lip, just below rim horizontal semi­ Clay: With qllartzlfeldspar and FeMn circtllar ring-handle and attachment of second ring-handle, Co lom: Exterior brown 7.SYR S/4 bUll1ished; interiOl' strong brown in section rounded 7.SYR S/6; core very dark gray I OYR S/ I Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and small black particles probably Ware: Common brown bumished impasto augite Meas.: S.9x7.3xO.8 (wall) - 0.6 (lip); diam. base 3.2 cm Colour: Exterior reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/6, grayish brown 10YR SI lnv.: cv 18240; Cat. 87, No. 83. 2 and dark gray 10YR 4/ 1; interior dark gray 10YR 4/1 shifting to velY dark gray I OYR 3/ I; core gray 10YR S/ I 78. Mil/iatl/re ovoida/ cookil/g jar Ware: Common (sandy) brown impasta Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, inside flat, flaring wall, very short Meas.: 4.3x4.7xO.S (base) - O.S (wall) - 0.3 (lip); diam. base 2.S, out-tuming rim, convex lip, just below widest part of body diam. body 3.8, diam. lip 3.7; handles: W (total) 1.7, L 0.7, attachments of two horizontal ring-handles S O.S cm Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, allgite, FeMn Comm.: Fragments missing from rim, some scale on body Co lou r: Exterior reddish brown SYR S/4 and black 2.SYR N2.S/, lnv.: cv 18162; CV l, 22; Cat. 87, No. 63. bumished; interiOl' reddish brown SYR 414; core brown to dark brown 7.SYR 4/2 84. Ovoida/ II/il/iatl/re cookil/g or storage jar Ware: Common brown bUll1ished ware Shape: Ovoidal bod y on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, on Meas.: 6.Sx 1.1 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.3 (lip); diam. base 3.6, diam. widest part ofbody with attachments oftwo horizontal ring­ lip 6.0 cm handles, convex lip lnv.: cv 18164; CV 1, 23; Cat. 87, No. SS. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite, olivine, biotite and FeMn Colom: Exterior reddish brown 2.SYR S/4; interior light brown 79. Rim-ji"agmel/t of a mil/io tI/re mokil/g jar 7.SYR 6/4; core reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/6 Shape: Convex lip Ware: Common brown (sandy) ill/pasto Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and augite Meas.: 4.2x4.SxO.S (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 2.4, Colour: Exterior very dark gray I OYR 3/ I, paIe brown I OYR 6/3 red diam. body 3.6, dianl. lip 3.0 cm; handles: W (total) 2.3, W 2.SYR 4/6; interior very dark gray SYR 3/ I, core velY dark 1.0, S 0.8 cm gray SYR 3/1 and reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 lnv.: cv 18286; Cat. 87, No. 70. Ware: Common brown bumished impasto Meas.: 3.Sx3.4xO.6 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. lip c. S.O cm 85. Ovoida/ II/il/iatl/re C()okil/gjar lnv.: cv 186**; Cat. 87, No. 20. Shape: Ovoidal body on slightly raised flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, cylindrical neck, straight rim, convex lip, on 80. Mil/iatl/re cookil/g jar widest part of body attachments of two horizontal ring­ Shape: Conical/ovoidal body on a flat base, flaring wall, out­ handles, in section oval and irregular modelled curving rim with a convex irregular lip, on the maximum Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and augite diameterofthe vessel two horizontal ring-handles in section Colour: Exteriordark brown 7.SYR 3/2 and reddish brown SYR 4/4, rounded burnished;interiorda rk brown 7.SYR 3/2 and reddish brown Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, red FeMn SYR 4/4; core yellowish red SYR 4/6 and light brownish Colour: Reddish yellow bumished SYR 6/ I, shifting from SYR 4/4 gray 10YR 6/2 to SYR 3/ I;core very dusky red 2.SYR 2/S.2; innercore very Ware: Common (sandy) brown ill/paslO dark grey 2.5YR 3/ Meas.: Height S.7x 1.4 (base) - 1.1 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. base 3.3, Ware: Common brown bUll1ished impasto diam. body S.S,diam. lip 4.S; handles W (total) 2.S,S 0.8 cm Meas.: I O.5x 1 1.8x8 - 6 (lip); diam. mouth (without rim) 3,4x, max. lnv.: cv 18158; Cat. 87, No. 71. diam. body 9.0, diam. base 4.6 cm Miniature votive pottery af fhe 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 467

86. Miniatllre cylindricallovoidal cooking jor 91. Miniatllre ovoidal cooking jar Shape: CylindricaVovoidal body, flat base, inside concave, flaring Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, wall, cylindrical neck, straight upright rim, flatlened lip, on out-tuming rim with flallenedlip; on widest part ofthe body lowest part of bodY atlachments of two horizontal lugs Clay: With quartzJfeldspar, 'augite' FeMn Clay: With quartzJfeldspar and FeMn Colour: Exterior black 2.SYR 2.51; interim' black SYR 2.S/; core red Colour: Exterior reddish yeliow 7.SYR 6/6, reddish brown 2.SYR ' 2.SYR S/6 4/4 and patch, dark gray 2.SYR N4/; interior dark gray Ware: bnpasto with black slip 2.SYR N41 and brown. 7.SYR 5/4; core light yellowish Meas.: Height 6.7x7.Sx l .0 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base brown 10YR 6/4 3.2, diam. lip 4.8; handles W 3.S cm Ware: Common (sandy) brown impm·to Inv.: cv 1826S ; Cal. 87, No. 46. Meas.: 4.3x4.6xO.9 (base) - 0.9 (wall) - 0.6 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, dianl. body 4.0, diam. lip 3.5; lugs: W 2.2, S 1.1-2.2 cm 92. Miniatllre cylindricallovoidol cooking jar Inv.: cv 18298; Cal. 87, No. 93. Shape: ' Cylindrical body on irregular flat base, inside concave, long out-tuming rim, convex lip, on lower part of body allach­ 87. Miniatllre ovoidal cooking jar ments of two horizontal pierced lugs, irregular modelled Shape: Ovoidal borly on a flatbase, inside concave, flaring wall, Clay: With quartzJfeldspar, augite and some FeMn short out-curving rim, convex lip, on widest part ofbody two Colour: Exterior reddish yellow SYR 6/6; interior brown 7 .SYR 5/4; allachments of horizontal ring-handles core reddish brown SYRS/4 and dark gray 7.SYR N4/. Rim Clay: With quartzJfeldspar, augite, olivine and FeMn treated a stecca Colour: Exterior yellowish red SYR 5/6 and very dark gray SYR Ware: bnpasto with black slip 31 I; interior very dark gray SYR 31 I ;core red 2.SYR 5/6 and Meas.: S.8x 1.3 (base) - 1.0 (wall) - 0.6 (Iip); diam. base 3.2, diam. very dark gray SYR 31 I lip 4.8 cm; lugs: W (total) 2.0 cm Ware: Common brown (sandy) impasto Inv.: cv 181S2; Cal. 87, No. 92. Meas.: 6.9x 1.1 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 3.7, diam. body S.4, diam. lip 4.7 cm 93. Miniatllre cylindrical cookilig jar Inv.: cv 18263; Cal. 87, No. 51. Shape: Cylindrical bo�y on. a ·flat base, inside concave, short out­ tuming rim, cq.nv��'lip" on. widest part ofbody two horizon­ 88. Miniatllre ol'oidal cookillg jor tal semi-circular ring-h

Meas.: 8.9x6.5xO.5 (rim); diam. mouth 6.3, max. diam. bodY 6.5x, over pinkish core at the neck SYR 7/4, the core is pinkish diam. base 4. 1 cm gray 5YR 6/2 Com m.: In the interior traces of scale Ware: Dark slipped paie coarse ware lnv.: cv 18154, old No. 1505; Cat. 87, No. 49. Meas.: IOx thickn. base 0. 1 - 0.8 (Iip); diam. bodY 8.7x, diam. opening 8 cm 97. Miniature ovoidal cooking jar Comnl.: Large part from upperbody and rim missing, on the inside Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside flat, flaring wall, on traces of scale, wheel-made widest diam. ofbody two horizontal semi-circular lugs with lnv.: cv 18156; Cat. 87, No. 44. two incised cavities, out-curving rim, convex lip Clay: With quartzlfeldspar 103. Miniature cooking jar Colour: red 2.5YR 4/6 with shining slip red IOR2.5 I,to black 2.5YR Shape: Ovoidal bod y on a flat base, out-curving rim with a rounded 3/ 1, core weak red 10R 4/4 tapering lip,just below the maximum diameter ofthe vessel Ware: Red slip iII/pasta two horizontally placed and internally pierced lugs Meas.: 8.5x8.7x7 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. base 3.3, diam. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn body 7 cm Colour: Thin greyish brown smoothened slip in 7.5YR 5/3-41 1; core lnv.: cv 18221; Cat. 87, No. 85. grey 7.5 YR 6/ 1 Ware: Dark thin slipped coarse ware 98. Miniature ovoidal cooking jar Meas.: 8.9x6.4xO.5 (lip); diam. mouth (without rim) 3.4x, max. Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, ollt-curving rim, convex lip with diam. belly 6.4, diam. base 3.4 cm two horizontal semi-circular lugs on widest part of body Comm.: Large part ofthe rim and part of the lower wall are missing, with incised cavities made with a finger nail some traces of scale inside Clay: With quartz/feldspar lnv.: cv 18218; Cat. 87, No. 109. Colour: Extelior red 2.5YR 4/6 with shining slip 10R 2.5/ I; interior black slip 5YR 2.5/ I; core weak red 10R 414 104. Fragment of a miniature ovoidal cooking jar Ware: Red/black slip iII/pasta (ill/pasto /'Osso) Shape: Ovoidal body on a slightly raised convex base, inside con­ Meas.: 8.5x3.3 cm; diam. base 3.3, diam. body 7.0, diam. lip 7.0cm cave, flaring wall, on widest pat1 of bod y with attachments lnv.: cv 18222; Cat. 87, No. 86. of two horizontal handles, probably out-curving rim, holes in wall fo r attachment of handles 99. lvfiniatureovaidol cookiJlg jar Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, oli vine and FeMn Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2.5YR 4/4; interior weak red 2.5YR out-curving rim, convex lip, on shoulder with two horizontal 412; core reddish brown 2.5YR 4/4 rectangular ring-handles, in section rounded Ware: Dark slipped coarse ware Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and augite Meas.: 6.4x5.0xO.8 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 2.8, diam. body Colour: Exterior mottled yellowish red SYR 5/6, very dark gray 4.8; handles: W (total) 2.8, S 0.9 cm 10YR 3/1 and reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/6; interior yellowish lnv.: cv 18267; Cat. 87, No. 81. red 5.YR 5/6; core strong brown 7.5YR 5/6 Ware: Red slip iII/pasta 105. Ovoidal miniature jar Meas.: 5.4x6.5x 1.1 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. base 3.0, Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, diam. body 4.2, diam. lip 4.0; handles: W (total) 1.5- 1 .8, L long out-tuming rim, convex lip, on widest part ofbody two 1.0- 1.3, S 0.7-0.8 cm horizontal lugs Inv.: cv 18160; Cat. 87, No. 54. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and FeMn Colour: Extelior very dark gray 7.5YR N3/, light brown 7.5YR 6/4 100. Miniature cookiJlg jar bumished; interior dark gray 10YR 4/ 1; core light brown Shape: Ovoidal body on convex base, flaring wall, out-curving rim, 7.5YR 6/4 and dark gray I OYR 4/ I convex lip, on widest part of body horizontal semi-circular Ware: Dark slipped sandwich coarse ware ring-handle, in section rollnded, on the other side the Meas.: 6.6xO.6 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. base 3.0, diam. attachment of a similar handle body 5.6, diam. lip 4.8; lugs: W 2.3, L 1.1, S 0.7 cm Clay: With qual1z1feldspar Comm.: Wheel-tumed Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4; interior reddish brown lnv.: cv 18219; CV I, 3; Cat. 87, No. III. SYR 5/4; core black 7.5YR N2/ Ware: Red slip iII/pasta (ill/pasto /'Osso) 106. Miniature ovoidal cooking jar Meas.: 9.8x3.3 cm; diam. base 4.4, diam. body 7.8, diam. lip 6.2 cm Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, inside concave, short out-tllrning Inv.: cv 18312; Cat. 87, No. 53. rim, lip tapering and bevelled on the inside, on widest part of body two horizontal semi-circular pierced handles 101. Miniature cooking jar Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and augite Shape: Ovoidal body on flat base, flaring wall, out-curving rim, Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5.4; interior reddish brown convex lip, on shoulder attachments oftwo horizontal ring­ SYR 5/4; co re black 7.5R n2/ handles, in section rollnded Ware: Common coarse ware Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and FeMn Meas.: Height 6. 1 xO.5 (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. base 2.9, Colour: Exterior red 2.5YR5/6 and light brown 7.5R5/4; interior red diam. body 4.8, diam. lip 4.0; lugs: W 2.0. L 1 .2, S 0.9, diam. 2.5YR 5/6; co re red 2.5YR5/6 (perforation) 0.4 cm Ware: Untreated paie ware Comm.: Fragments missing; rim wheel-made Meas.: 7.0x3.3; diam base 4. 1, diam. body 5.6, diam. lip 4.7 cm lnv.: cv 18144; Cat. 87, No. 87. lnv.: cv 18215; Cat. 87, No. 48.

102. ' Miniature cooking jar 9.3.2. Globu/ar (8th/7th centi/ries Ee) Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base with out-tuming rim with rounded intemal angle and rounded lip, at the max. diameter 107. Miniat/ll'e cooking jar of the vessel two horizontal ring-handles Shape: Cylindrical body on a flat base, short, sharply out-turning Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, some augite and red FeMn rim with internallyrounded spigolo intemo and rounded Iip, Colour: Inside and outside covered with a thin slip in gray 5YR 5/ I below the rim fo ur evenly spaced knobs Miniature votive pottery at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 469

Clay: With quartzlfeldspar .md FeM nodules 1/3. Miniatllre g/obll/ar cooking jar Colour: Fairly well bUll1ished slip in brown 7.SYR 4/2-312, core light Shape: Globular body on flat base, inside concave, flaring wall,just brown 7.SYR 6/4 below the rim knobs, short out-tuming rim with intemal Ware: Common bumished brown ill/paslO angle, tapering Iip Meas.: 6.8x7. 1 xOA, diam. mouth (without rim) S. lx, max. diam. Clay: With quartzlfeldsparand FeMn body 7. lxO.6 cm Colour: Exterior brown 7.SYR 5/4 and yellowish red SYR 5/6; Comm.: More than half ofthe rim is missing, some traces ofscale on interioryellowish red SYRS/6 and dark grey 7.SYR 4/ I;core the inside of the rim pinkish white 7.SYR8/2 Inv.: cv 18214; ·Cal. 87, No. 138. Ware: Red slip ill/pasto Meas.: 6.7xO.6 (base) - 0.1 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 3A, diam. 108. Miniature cooking jar body 6.8, diam. lip 6 cm Shape: OvoidaUcylindrical body on a flat base, out-turning rim and Inv.: cv 18220; Cal. 87, No. 124. rounded Iip, on the shoulder two (of presumably three) knobs are preserved 114. Miniatllre g/obll/ar cooking jar Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and some FeM nodules Shape: Bell shaped, con icai body on flat base, inside concave, Colour: Dark gray SYR 41 1 over light reddish brown core SYR 6/4 flaring almost spreading wall, slightly out-curving rim, Ware: Common brown bumished ill/pasto convex lip, wall just below rim decorated with two rOllnded Meas.: 6.SxS.SxO.6; diam. mouth 5, body max. SA, base 3.9 cm knobs, one missing Comnl.: Large part of upper body missing. some scale on the inside Clay: Semi-depurated with fine quartzlfeldspar, augite/biotite Inv.: cv 18269; Cal. 87. No. 125. Colour: Exterior base, light brownish gray 10YR 612, wall, reddish brown SYR 5/4; interior redd ish brown SYR 5/4, core /09. Miniature g/obu/ar/ovoida/ jar probably reddish brown SYR 5/4 Shape: Globular/ovoidal body on flat base, inside concave, flaring Ware: Untreated paie semi-depurated ill/pasto wall, on widest part ofbody with allachments oftwo horizontal Meas.: 4.0x4.7xO.7 (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, handles, short out-turning rim Zdiam. body 4. 1, diam. lip 4.6; knob: S 1.2, L 0.3 cm Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, olivine and FeMn Inv.: cv 18243; CV II, I; Cal. 87, No. I. Colour: Exterior brown 7.SYR 5/4 and very dark gray 10YR 311; interior brown to dark brown 7.SYR 412; core yellowish brown 10YR 5/4 9.4. Orientalising globular jars, for liquids (end of Ware: Common brown (sandy) iII/pm to 8th and fu ll 7th centuries BC) Meas.: 4. 1 xSAxO.6 (base) - OA (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2A, diam. body 4.5, diam. lip 4.3 cm //5. Miniatllre g/obu/arjar lnv.: cv 18135; Cal. 87, No. 62. Shape: Body, convex base, inside concave, flaring wall, long Ollt­ tuming rim, convex lip, at bod y decorated with knob /10. Miniature cy/indrica/ cooking jar Clay: With small amollnts of allgite and biotite, quartzlfeldspar Shape: Cylindrical bod y on a flat base, inside concave, short out­ and red FeMn tuming rim with vaguely intemal angle, tapering lip, on Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 and very dark gray 7.SYR widest part of body with horizontal semi-circular ring­ N3/; interior reddish yellow SYR 6/6; core dark gray SYR handles, in section rounded 4/ 1 Clay: With quartz/feldspar Ware: Common sandy brown ill/pasto Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 shifting to brown 7.SYR Meas.: 2.8x3.0xO.S (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip), diam. base 1.4, 5/4; Interior dark gray 7.SYR N4I and brown 7.SYR 5/4; diam. lip 3.0; knob: W 0.9, L 0.9 cm core brown 7.SYR 5/4 Inv.: cv 1825 1; CV II, 6; Cat. 87, No. 143. Ware: Com mon brown ill/pasto Meas.: 6.2x7.7xO.9 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 4.0, /16. Miniature g/obll/arjar diam. body 6.3, diam. lip 6. 1; handles: W (total) 2.5, W 1.0, Shape: Globular body on a flat base, inside flat, flaring wall, on L 0.8, S 0.6 cm widest pM of body two horizontal handles, in section Inv.: cv 18249; Cal. 87, No. 67. rounded Clay: With qllartzlfeldspar, some augite pm1icles visible //1. Miniature cooking ja r Colour: Exterior ve ry dark gray slip 10YR 31 1, interior very dark Shape: Conicai body, flaring body on a flat base, inside concave, gray 10YR 31 1 and yellowish brown scale 10YR 5/6; core flaring wall, slightly ollt-tuming rim, convex lip reddish brown SYR 4/3 Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and some FeM nodules Ware: /lI/paslO with black slip Colour: Exterior and interior reddish brown 2.SYR 414; core dark Meas.: 5. 1 x8AxO.7 (base) - OA (wall); diam. base 3.0, diam. body gray 2.SYR N4/ and reddish brown SYR 4/4 5.3; handles: W(total) 2.7, L 1.5- 1 .6, S 0.8-0.9 cm Ware: Com mon brown ill/pasto Comm.: Rim missing, some scale on body Meas.: Height 2.9xO.6 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.2, Inv.: cv 18134; Cal. 87, No. 79. diam. lip 3.8 cm Inv.: cv 18253; Cal. 87, No. 178. //7. Miniature g/obll/ar jar Shape: Globlllar body, interior concave, pronounced shoulder, /12. Rill/ jragll/ellt oj ll/iniature cylindrica/ cooking ja r con icai neck, convex lip, on widest diameter the opposite Shape: Cylindrical vessel, flaring wall, short out-tuming rim, lip allachments of lugs bevelled on the inside, just beneath rim decorated with Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, allgite and FeMn rounded knob, on wall vertical damaged line CoIQur: Exterior black 2.SYR N2.S/; interior black SYR 2.5/ I; core Clay: With rm e qUal1z1feldspar very dark gray 2.SYR N3/ Colour: Exterior very dark gray SYR 31 1 with shining slip 7.SYR Ware: ftnpasto with black slip N3/; interiordark reddish brown SYR 312; dark reddish gray Meas.: 3.3x4.6x 1.3 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 1.5, SYR 4/2 shifting to very dark gray SYR 31 1; core very dark diam. bod y 4.3, diam. lip 2.2; handles: W 2.9, S c. 0.8 cm gray SYR 3/ 1 Inv.: cv 18301;CV I, 17; CaI. 87, No. 39. Ware: /lI/paslO with black slip Meas.: 3.7x4.0xO.S (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. lip 5.5; knob: L 0.6 cm 118. Miniature g/obll/ar jar Inv.: cv 18634; Cal. 87, No. 152. Shape: Body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, short out- 470 M. KLEIBRINK

tuming rim, convex lip, on widest part ofthe body conicai Clay: With quartz/feldspar and rect

Meas.: 3.Sx4.6xOA (wall) - DA (Iip); diam. lip 5.0-6.0; wall with 4/2 and very dark gray SYR 3/1; interior very dark gray attachment: 0.7 cm 2.SYR 3/ I; core red 2.SYR 4/6 Comm.: Wheel-made; with much scale Ware: Comll1on brown burnished impaslo Inv.: cv 18232; Cat. 87, No. 77. Meas.: 4.Sx4.3xO.S (wall) - DA (Iip); diam. body c. 6.0, diam. lip 4.0 cm 129. FragmellT o/ ajar Comnl.: Presumably coiled Shape: Body with angular lransition at shoulder, long out-curving Inv.: cv 18628; Cat. 87, No. 31. rim, convex lip Clay: With quaitzlfeldspar, augite/biotite and FeMnlgrog 135. Mil/ialllre g/obll/arjar Colollr: Exterior light brown 7.SYR 6/4 and white 10YR 8/ 1 with Shape: Body, nat base, inside concave, naring wall, out-curving or traces of brown slip 10YR 5/3; interior bllrnished grayish out-tuming rim (missing) brown I DYR 5/2; core light gray to gray I DYR 6/ 1 Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and probably augite Ware: Dark thin slipped coarse ware Colour: Exterior between very dark gray 7.5YR N3/ and dark gray Meas.: 4.3x4.9xO.S (base) - DA (wall); diam. body 5.8, diam. lip SYR 4/ 1; interior light yellowish brown I DYR 6/4; core S.O cm brown 7.SYR 5/2 Comm.: Wheel-made Ware: ill/paslO with black slip Inv.: cv 18230; Cat. 87, No. 17. Meas.: 3Ax3.SxO.7 (base) - DA (wall); diam. base 1.8, diam. body 3.5 cm 130. Fragmel/I o/ a mil/ialllre jar Inv.: cv 18182; Cat. 87, No. 32. Shape: Globularbody con icai neck with ollt-cllrving rim,convex lip Clay: With fine, well sorted, qllartzlfeldspar, augite and small 136. Mil/ialllre cylil/drical!ovoida/ slaml/oid jar particles of FeMnlgrog Shape: Cylindrical/ovoidal body with shol1 0ut-tllrningrim, nattened COIOlIr: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 and dark gray I DYR 4/ 1; and rounded lip interior reddish brown SYR 5/4, very dark gray I DYR 3/1 Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and augite over gray core 7.SYR NS/ Colour: Exterior grayish brown I DYR 5/2, very dark gray I DYR Ware: Dark thin slipped paie coarse ware 3/ 1; interior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; core dark gray Meas.: 2.9x3. lxOA (wall) - 0.3 (lip); diam. lip 4.0 cm 7.SYR N4/ Comm.: Wheel-made Ware: Paie com'se ware Inv.: cv 18630; CV 1, 9- 10; Cat. 87, No. 18. Meas.: 4.2x4. lxO.6 (wall) - 0.6 (lip); diam. lip 7.0 cm Inv.: cv 18637; Cat. 87, No. 30. 131. Rim-,Ii'agmel/I o/ a mil/ialllre jar Shape: Globular body on a nat base, inside concave, pronollnced 137. Fragmel/I 0/ a mil/ialllre cylil/drical!ovoidal jar rollnded sholllder with two horizontal segmental lugs, long Shape: Cylindrical/ovoidal body with straight invel1ed collar, slightly out-curving rim, convex lip out-tuming rim on an al most cylindrical neck, convex lip Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, allgite/biotite and FeMn Clay: With fine quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and biotite Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ and reddish brown Colour: Exterior grayish brown I DYR 5/2 with traq:s of burnish, 2.SYR 4/4; interior dark reddish gray SYR 4/2 shifting to dark gray I DYR 4/ 1; interior bumished, dark gray I DYR very dark gray SYR 3/ I; core dark reddish brown SYR 4/2 4/ 1; core light reddish brown SYR 6/4 Ware: Augited dark thin slipped coarse ware Ware: Dark lhin slipped paie coarse ware Meas.: SAx6.8xO.8 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diall1. base 204, Meas.: 3.7x2.2x0.4 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. lip 3.5-4.0 cm diall1. bod y 5.6, diam. lip 4.6; lugs: W 2.0, L 4, S 2-6 cm Com m.: Presumably wheel-thrown Inv.: cv 18303; CV l, 14; Cat. 87, No. 36. Inv.: cv 18636; Cat. 87, No. 29.

132. Fragmel/I o/ a giobIIlal' jar, I/elll'/Y jitl/-sized 138. Mil/ialllre ovoidal jar Shape: With convex shoulder, slightly out-turning rim, convex lip, Shape: Globular bod y on a convex base, inside concave, short out­ Clay: With fine quartzlfeldspar, some FeMnlFeMn curving rim, convex lip Colour: Exterior and interior black 7 .SYR N2/; core dark gray I DYR Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and much augite 4/ 1; in- and exterior slightly bumished Colour: Exterior brown 7.SYR 5/4 and dark grey 7.SYR n3/; interior Ware: Dark thin slipped semi-depurated ware with organic very dark grey 7.SYR N3/; core very dark grey I DYR 3/ 1 inclusions Ware: Fine augited coarse ware Meas.: 4. 1 x4.3xOA (wall) - DA (Iip); diam. lip IO cm Meas.: 4.6xO.9 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.2, diam. Comnl.: Wheel-made body 4.5, diam. lip 3.0 cm Inv.: cv 18643; Cat. 87, No. 19. Inv. cv 18261; Cat. 87, No. II.

9.5. Globular stamnoid jars 9.6. Orientalising and archaic bell & block shaped cooking jars 133. Mil/ialllre slaml/oid jar Shape: Cylindrical body, out-curving rim, convex lip 139. Mil/ialllre cylil/drical bell jar Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn Shape: Cylindrical body, nat base, inside concave, straight and Colour: Exterior burnished, black 7.SYR N2/; interior black SYR slightly out-curving rim, nattened lip, faceted on the inside, N2/; core gray 7.SYR NS/ on lowest part of body two semi-circular horizontal lugs Ware: Bumed impaslo Clay : With fm e quartzlfeldspar Meas.: 4.2x2.0xO.6 (wall) - 0.3 (lip); diall1. lip 2.3 cm Colour: Exterior dark gray I DYR 4/ 1 shifting to very dark gray Inv.: cv 18663; Cat. 87, No. IS. 7.SYR N3/ with traces ofburnish black 7.SYR N2/; interior dark gray I DYR 4/ 1 with traces ofbumish black 7.SYR N2/ 134. Mil/ialllre staml/oid jar Ware: Common brown bumished impaslo Shape: Body with naring wall, with at shoulder slightly external Meas.: S.3x6Ax 1.4 (base) - 0.9 (wall) - 0.6 (lip); diam. base 3.0, angulartransition to rim, short inverted con icai neck, straight diam. body 3.4, diam. lip 3.6; lugs: W 1.8, L 1.0, S rim, nattened lip, well proportioned and modelled Inv.: cv 182S8a; Cat. 87, No. 119. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and FeMn Colour: Exterior red 2.SYR 4/6 shifling from dark reddish gray SYR 472 M. KLEIBRINK

140. Ovaida/ miniature bell jar wall horizontal rectangular pierced lug and attachment of Shape: Elongated ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, lug cylindrical neck, straight rim (very slightly out-curving), Clay: With quartzlfeldsparand augite convex li p, on lower part of body with a horizontal semi­ Colour: Exterior dark gray 7.5YR N 4/ and brown 7.5YR 5/4; interior circular pierced lug and a trapezoidal not completely pierced light reddish brown SYR 6/4 and red SYR 5/6; core brown lug 7.5YR 5/4 Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, probably augite and red FeMn Ware: Untreated semi-coarse iII/pasta Colour: Interior very dark gray SYR 3/ I; exterior slightly bumished Meas.: 5.1 x4.4xO.9 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.0, very dark gray SYR 31 1 and some reddish brown SYR S/4 dian1.lip 4.4; lugs: W 1.9, L 1.8, S 1.3 cm Ware: Common brown bumished iII/pasta Inv.: cv 18238; Cat. 87, No. 91. Meas.: 4.Sx5.4xO.7 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. base 2.2, diam. body 3.5, diam. lip 3.5 cm; lugs: W 1.8-2.0, L 1.0, 146. Miniature avaida/ bell jar diam. (perforation) 0.2 cm Shape: Ovoidal bod Y on a flat base, inside concave, flaIing wall, ComOl.: Mended straight rim, convex to flattened lip, on wall horizontal semi­ Inv.: cv 18138; Cat. 87, No. 100. circular lugs Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and augite 141. Ovaida/miniature belllb/ackjar Colour: Exterior light yellowish brown I OYR 6/4 and yellowish red Shape: Elongated ovoidal bodY on a flat base, inside concave, SYR S/6; interior yellowish red SYR 5/6 flaIing wall, short out-tuming rim, convex lip, on widest part Ware: Untreated semi-coaI'se ill1pasta of body with attachments of two horizontal ring-handles Meas.: 4.5x4.6x l.l (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.5 (lip); diam. base 1.7, Clay: With quartz/feldspar diam. lip 3.1 cm Colour: ExteIior brown 7.5YR 5/4 and very dark gray 7.5YR N3/; Inv.: cv 18279; Cat. 87, No. 120. interior brown 7.5YR 5/4 Ware: Common brown bumished iII/pasta 147. Miniature b/ockjar Meas.: Height 3.2xO.9 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. base 1.7, Shape: Slightly ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave, flaring diam. body 2.7, diam. lip 2.4; handles: W 1.7 cm wall, with horizontal semi-circular pierced lug on widest Inv.: cv 18284; Cat. 87, No. 1 13. part of body, out-tuming rim, convex lip Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and 'augite' /42. Miniature bell ja r Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 and black 7,5YR N2/; Shape: Conicai body on a slightly raised flat base, inside concave, interior reddish brown SYR S/4 shifting to very dark gray flaring wall, short out-curving rim, convex lipexteriorofrim SYR 3/ I; core very dark gray SYR 3/ I just below lip finger imprints as a result of the modeIling Ware: Untreated semi-coaJ'se iII/pasta process, on widest part ofbody attachments oftwo horizon­ Meas.: 4.7x5.2xO.8 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 3.2, tal ringhandles diam. body 4.3; lug: W2.2, L 1.0, diam. (perforation) 0.2cm Clay: With quartz/feldspar, augite and FeMn; in wall several small ComOl.: Some scale on the base part holes as a result of bumt material Inv.: cv 18139; Cat. 87, No. 96. Colour: Exterior brown 7.5YR 5/4 and some very dark gray 7.5YR N3/; interiOl' very dark gray 10YR 311 shifting to dark 148. Miniattlre cylindrica/ bell jar grayish brown 10YR 412; core dark gray 7.5YR N 41 Shape: Cylindrical bod Y on a flat base, insideconcave, with spreading Ware: Common (sandy) brown ilnpasta wall, straight rim, convex lip, on medium lower part ofbody Meas.: S.2x5.6xl.l (base) - 0.4 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 3.0, two horizontal semi-circular lugs diam. body 5.0, diam. lip 5.0; attachments handles: W(total) Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, probably augite and FeMn 2.9, S c. 1.0 cm Colour: Exterior reddish yellow SYR 6/6 and very paie brown 10YR Inv.: cv 18150; Cat. 87, No. 45. 7/3; interior light brown 7.5YR 6/4 Ware: Untreated semi-coarse impasta 143. Ovaida/ miniature b/ack jar Meas.: 3.8x4.5xO.8 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.6 (lip); diam. base 2.2, Shape: Ovoidal body (fragment of) with short out-tuming rim, diam. lip 3.3; handles: W (total) 1.3, L 0.8, S O.4x 1.2 cm decorated with vertical and parallel notches, made by stick, Inv.: cv 18149; Cat. 87, No. 116. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and some FeMn Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2.5YR 3/4; interior dark reddish 149. Miniature bell j" r brown 2.5YR 3/4; core reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/6 Shape: Square body on flat base, flaring wall, short out-turningrim, Ware: Untreated semi-coarse ill/pasto convex lip, on lower part of body \Vith attachment of hori­ Meas.: 3.7x3.0xO.5 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. body 5.7, diam. lip zontal handle 6.0 cm Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn Inv.: cv 18093; Cat. 87, No. IS6. Colour: Exterioryellowish red SYR 4/6 (scale) on and verydark gray well bumished slip SYR 31 1; interior black bumished slip 144. Ovaida/ II/iniature b/ock jar 7.5YR N2/; core dark gray SYR 41 1 Shape: Ovoidal body (fragment of) with short out-tuming rim, Ware: Black slip impasta decorated with notches, made by a stick, Meas.: S.8xS.OxO.7 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.6 (Iip); diam. base 4.5, Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn dian1. lip 7.0 cm Colour: Exterior yellowish red SYR 416 shifting to reddish brown Inv.: cv 18644; Cat. 87, No. 65. SYR 5/3, slightly smoothened; interior yellowish red SYR 416; core gray SYR 511 150. Minialllre belljar Ware: Untreated semi-coarse impasta Shape: Square cylindrical body on a flat base, inside concave, Meas.: 3.Sx3.2x0.4 (wall) - 0.3 (lip); diam. body 5.5, diam. lip �preading wall, short out-tuming rim, convex lip, on lower 6.0 cm part of body \Vith attachments of horizontal handles Inv.: cv 18092; Cat. 87, No. 155. Clay: With qualtzlfeldspar, augite and FeMn Colour: ExteIior bumished black slip 2,5YR N2,5/ \Vith yellowish 145. Miniature cylindrica/ avaida/ bell jar red scale SYR 5/6 to SYR 4/6 and dark reddish brown 2.5YR Shape: Cylindrical/ovoidal body on a flat, slightly concave base, 3/4; interioryellowish red SYR S/6andvery dark gray 10YR inside concave, flaring wall, out-tuming rim, convex lip, on 3/ I; core yellowish red SYR 5/6 Miniatllre votive potte,y at tlie 'Laghetto del MOllsignore' 473

Ware: flnpas/o with blad: slip 156. Minia/llre cy/indrica/ b/ockjar Meas.: 4.8x6.Sxl.l (base) - 0.7 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. base 4.0, Shape: Cylindrical body, flaring wall with at shoulder extemal diam. lip 6.S cm angular transition to slightly out-cUJving rim, convex to lnv.: cv 18247; Cat. 87, No. 66. pointed lip Clay: With quartzlfeldspar 151. Minia/llre bel//h/ockjar Colour: .Exterior shifting from reddish brown SYR S/4 to brown Shape: Wide square body on flat base, inside flat, spreading wall, 7.SYR S/4; interior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; core reddish short out-tuming rin�, lip bevelled on the inside, on medium brown SYR S/4 and dark gray 7.SYR N4/ part of bolly horizontal semi-trapezoidal ring-handle, in Ware: Com mon paIe ware section rounded, and attachment of handle Meas.: 3.7x3.0xO.6 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. lip S.O cm Clay: With quartzlfeldspar Comm.: Wheel-thrown Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interior very dark gray lnv.: cv �862S; Cat. 87, No. 26. 7.SYR N3/; core very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ Ware: flnpas/o with black slip 157. Minia/llre cy/indricallovoida/ bell jar ' Meas.: SAxO.6 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. base 4.0, diam. Shape: Cylindrical ovoidal body on a flatbase, inside concave, lip 6.0; handle: W 2.7, L 1.2, S 0.7 cm spreading wall, short out-tuming rim, lip bevelled on the Inv.: cv 181S7; CV I, 24; Cat. 87, No. 68. inside, on medium part of body with two horizontal lugs, pierced by stick 152. Ovoida/ minia/llre b/ockjar Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, oli vine, grog and FeMn Shape: Ovoidal body on a raised flat base, inside concave, slightly Colour: Ex.terior reddish brown SYR S/4 weak red 10R 4/4, black out-tuming rim, convex lip, on \Videst part of body sehli­ SYR 2.S/ I; interior reddish brown SYR 4/3 and black SYR circu lar lug 2.S/ I; core gray SYR S/ I Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn Ware: Dark slipped coarse ware Colour: Exterior black 7.SYR N2/, dark reddish brown SYR 3/3, Meas.: 3.Sx4.7xO.6 (base) - O.S (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 2.6, yellowish red SYR S/6; interior very dark gray I DYR 3/1 diam. lip 2.8 cm shi fting to very dark grayish brown ! DYR 3/2; core redd ish Inv.: cv 18242; CV II, IS; Cat. 87, No. 99. brown 7.SYR 6/6 Ware: flnpas/o with black slip 158. Miniall/re bell jar Meas.: S.6x6.2xO.8 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - DA (lip); diam. base 3.3, Shape: ConicaI spreading body, flat base, inside concave, cylindri­ diam. body S.2, diam. lip S.O cm cal neck one side spreading wall, short out-tuming rim, other Inv.: cv 18264; Cat. 87, No. 1 17. side flaring wall, straight rim, exterior slightly depressed, convex lip, irregularly shaped 153. Minia/lIre cy/indrica/ heil jar Clay: With fine quartzlfeldspar, augite and biotite Shape: Con icai body, flat base, inside concave, spreading wall, Colour: Exterior between red 7.SYR S/6 and reddish brown SYR straight rim, convex lip, on lower part of body two lugs S/4; interior reddish yellow SYR S/4 Clay : With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn Ware: Close to orange com'se ware Colour: Exterior red 2.5YR S/6 shifting to very dark gray 2.SYR Meas.: 2.7x2.9xO.8 (base) - O.S (wall) - 004 (Iip); dianl. base 1.7, N3/, interiOl' light red 2.S 6/6, core light red 2.SYR 6/8 diam. lip 2.9 cm Ware: flnpas/o with black and red slip Inv.: cv 18168; Cat. 87, No. 167. Meas.: 3.2x2.6 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); di�.m. base 2.6, diam. lip 3.7; lugs: W 1.2- 1.6 cm 159. Ovoida/minia/llre b/odjar Inv.: cv 18148; Cat. 87, No. 1 18. Shape: Elongated ovoidal body on an irregular flat base, inside concave short out-tuming rim, convex to tapering lip, bevelled 154. Minia/llre bell jar on the inside; half way up the body two horizontal semi­ Shape: Bell body on a flat base, inside in-egular concave, spreading circular, not wholly perforated, lugs wall, straight rim, convex and flattened li p, on lower part of Clay: With fine, well sorted, quartz/feldspar and much augite body horizontal pierced semi-circular lug and trapezoidal Colour: Exterior brown to dark brown 7.SYR 4/2 brown and very not wholly perforated lug dark gray thin slip SYR 3/ 1, Interior very dark gray SYR Clay: With qUa!1z1feldspar, FeMnlred grog 3/ 1; core light reddish brown SYR 6/4 Colour: Exterior weak red I DYR 4/3 bumished; interior reddish Ware: Dark slipped orange coarse ware brown 2.SYR S/4 shifting to reddish yellow SYR 6/6 Meas.: S.I x6. 1 x 1.2 (base) - O.S (wall) - 0.2 (lip); diam. base 2.9, Ware: Red slip impasta diam. lip 3.7; lugs: W (total) 2. 1, L 1.1, diam. ofperforation Meas.: 4.2x6.2x 1.0 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. base 3.0, 0.3 cm diam. lip4.S; lugs: W2.7,L 1.1,S O.7-2.7;diam. (perfo ration) Com m.: Fragments from rim missing 0.2-0.6 cm Inv.: cv 1829S; Cat. 87, No. 97. Inv.: cv 18270; CV l, 32; Cat. 87, No. 103. 160. Minia/llre cylindrica/ b/ockjar 155. Minia/llre b/ockjar Shape: CylindricaI body on a flatbase, inside flat, spreading wall, Shape: Square body on flat base, inside flat, spreading wall, with straight rim, convex lip, slightly bevelled on the inside, with attachments of horizontal ring-handle on medium part of two attachments probably oflugs, very in-egularly modelled body, with angulartransition fro m shoulderto rim, short out­ Clay: With coarse, well sorted, quartzlfeldspar, some augite/bio­ tuming rim with intemal angle, convex lip tite and FeMn, Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and augite Colour: Exterior yellowish red SYR S/6 and pinkish gray 7.SYR Colour: Exterior reddish yellow SYR 6/6 and reddish yellow 7.SYR N3/; interior reddish brown SYR S/4; co re yellowish red 6/6; interior light reddish bro"wn SYR 6/4 shifting to light red SYR S/6 and very dark gray 7,SYR N3/ 2.5YR 6/6; core light gray to gray 7,SYR N6/ Ware: Untreated orange coarse ware Ware: Semi-depurated paIe ware Meas.: Height 6.2x 1.3 (base) - 1.2 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. base S.6, Meas.: 4.SxS.SxO.6 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam, base 4.0, diam. lip 7.0 cm diam. lip S.8; handle: W (total) 2.6, S 0.7 cm Inv.: cv 18216; Cat. 87, No. 114. Comm.: (sticker 42 1 1); 3/4 missing Inv.: cv 18602; Cat. 87, No. 64. 474 M. KLEIBRINK

9.7. Amphorae 167. Miniature cup ",ith loop handle Shape: Low squat body on a flat base, inside slightly convex 161. Complete miniature amphora (flattened with 'omphalos'), f1aring wall, rounded shoulder, Shape: Biconical body on a flat base, flaringwall with four knobson con icai neck, straight rim, convex lip, with parts of vertical the widest part of the body, high conicai neck, out-curvlllg loop handle from lip to shoulder, in section oval, well rim, two vertical handles from lip to shoulder modelled Comm.: Now missing, but published when fo und: Crescenzi, 1978: Clay: With fi lle quartz/feldspar/feldspar and augite pI. lXX, No. 3; dating from period II. Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ and brown 7.SYR 5/4, interior dark gray 7.SYR N4/; core light gray to gray 7.SYR 162. Complete miniature amphora N6/ Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, con icai neck with an out­ Ware: Impasto with black slip curving rim which is tapering and rounded; the transllIon Meas.: 3.lx4.7xO.6 (base) - 0.3 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 3.2, from body to neck is marked with a rounded extemal angle, diam. body 4.5, diam. lip 3.0; handle: W lA, L 3.0, S 0.6- 1.3 From the rim two large band-handles cm Clay: With quartz/feldspar, 'augite' some grog and some FeM Inv.: cv 18180; CV II, 29; Cat. 87, No. 22 1. Colour: Exterior and interior slipped dark gray SYR 4/ 1-2; core is pinkish gray S YR 6/2 168. Miniature cup with loop handle Ware: Dark thin slipped orange coarse ware Shape: Low squat body, flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, Meas.: Height 8.SxSAxO.S (rim); dianl. mouth 4, diam. body on rounded shoulder, eylindrical neck, straight upright rim, widest part 504, diam. base 2.7 cm convex lip, with attachments of vertical handle on lip and Comm.: Wheel-made shoulder, underside base is decorated with graffito ofincised Inv.: cv 18205; Cat. 87, No. 158. cross and circle Clay: With fl lle quartz/feldspar 163. Rim-fragment of an amphora Colour: Exterior black 7.SYR N2/ shifting to very dark gray SYR Shape: Broad ovoidal bod y on a flat base, inside convex, flaring 3/ 1; interior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; core very dark gray wall with small attachment ofhandle, rounded shoulder wlth 7,SYR N3/ pronounced transition to a con icai neck Ware: III/pasto with blaek slip Clay: With finequar tz/feldspar, some FeMn Meas.: 2.3x4.Sx0.4 (base) - 0.4 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, Colour: Exterior and interior dull slip in dark gray 7.SYR 3/ 1 -4/2 diam. body 3.9, diam. lip 204; handle: S 0.7-1.1 cm over light brown and pinkish core 7.SYR 7/4 Inv.: cv 1831 1a; CV II, 23-26; Cat. 87, No. 223. Ware: Dark slipped orange coarse ware Meas.: 6.8x6AxO.8 (base); diam. base 2.5, diam. bod y 6.0, wall 169. lvliniature conicai cup ",ith loop handle thickness with attachment 0.9 cm Shape: Con icaI body on a flat base, inside flat, slightly flaring wall, Comm.: Wheel-made inverted rim, convex lip, with attachments ofvertical handle Inv.: cv 18227; Cat. 87, No. 157. on lip and wall of base Clay: With fine, well sorted, quartz/feldspar/feldspar, some augite 9.8. Cups Colour: Exteriorand interiorbul11ishedin dark gray SYR 4/ I shifting to very darkgray 7 .SYR N3/, corebrown I OYR 5/3, iJUlercore dark gray SYR 4/ I 9.8.1. With double loop handles Ware: Impasto with black slip Meas.: 2.9x3.9xO.7 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (lip); diam. base 2.7, 164. Fragment of a miniature cup diam. body 3.7, diam. lip 2.9 cm Shape: Flaring wall, straight rim, convex lip, on widest part ofbody Inv.: cv 18272; Cat. 87, No. 219. a knob decoration Clay: With quartz/feldspar/feldspar and FeMn 170. Miniarure cup ",ith loop handle Colour: Exterior black SYR 2/5 I, bumished; interior black SYR Shape: Low squat bod y on a flat base. inside concave, high conicai 2/5 I, bumished; core red 2.SYR 5/6 and gray SYR 5/1 neck and straight rim, convex lip, with attachments of Ware: Well bumished black impasta vel1ical loop handle on lip and wall, in section rounded Meas.: 4.9xS. 1 xO.S (wall) - 004 (Iip); diam. lip 8.0 cm Clay: With fine quartz/feldspar covered with black slip Inv.: cv 18623; Cat. 87, No. 8. Colour: Exterior

/72. Fraglllell/ ol a lllillia/llre Cllp. pre.\'l/Il1ahly wi/II loop IIall{IIe Clay: With quartzlfeldspar/feldspar FeMn Ol' grog Shape: Broad ovoidal body and invelted high collared rim, which is Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interior very dark gray f1altened on top 7.SYR N3/; core gray 7.SYR NS/ Clay: With fine qual1Z1feldspar, some FeMn Ware: Blaek slip Colour: Exterior and interior dull paint Ol' slip in dark gray 7.5YR Meas.: 3.0x7.0x 1.1 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - (Iip); dianl. base 4.0, diam. 3/ 1,4/2 over pink core 7.SYR 7/4 lip 6.9 cm Ware: Dark slipped orange coarse ware Inv.: cv 18174; Cat. 87, No. 227. Meas.: Total height 4.8x height of bod Y 3.9x height of collar I.Sx ' thickness ofbase O.3x thickness ofwall max. 0.6 at shoulder /78. Milli(l/lIre Cllp decom/ed wi/II 110/'//.1' and min. 0.4 cm at rim Shape: Con icaI spreading body on a flat base, inside con ca ve, Comm.: Wheel-made spreading wall, straight rim, convex and flaltened lip, on lip Inv.: cv 18624; Cat. 87, No. 205. vel1ical con icaI hom and attachment of second horn Clay: With quartz/feldspar Colour: Exterior brown to dark brown 7.SYR 4/2 with lustrous black 9.8.2. ConicaI with horns 2.SYR N2.S/; interior reddish brown SYR 5/3 shifting to very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; eore gray SYR 5/ 1 /73. Millia/llre Cllp decom/ed wi/II IIo/'//s Ware: ""pas/o with black slip Shape: ConicaI spreading body, flat slightly concave base, inside Meas.: 4.3x6.0xO.9 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, concave, spreading wall, straight rim, flaltened lip, on lip altachments of vel1ical double handle or horns, in section diam. lip 4.7-5.0; horn: W 1.6; L 1.4, S 0.8- 1.6 cm rounded, inegularly modelled Inv.: cv 18178; Cat. 87, No. 229. Clay: With qUaltzlfeldspar/feldspar, FeM and some augite /79. Milli(/(lIre Cllp Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 shifting to black 2.SYR Shape: Almost flat base, inside concave, slightly flaring wall, N2.S/; interior reddish brown SYR 5/4; core yellowish red SYR 4/6 incurving rim, convex Iip; on lip altachments of two protruding horns, broken off Ware: Common brown illlpaslO Clay: With fi ne, well sorted quanzlfeldspar/feldspar and some Meas.: 4.0x7. 1 xO.9 (base) - 0.9 (wall) - 0.6 (Iip); diam. base 3.4, glimmer diam. lip 6.4; handle: W 1.6, L 1.1, S 1.0 cm Colour: Exterior and interior yellowish red SYR 4/6, core reddish Inv.: cv 18173; Cat. 87, No. 228. brown SYR 4/4; exterior streaks of black slip

174. Millia/llre Cllp decom/ed lI'i/II IIo/'//.\' Ware: Com mon red slip Meas.: Height 3.9/4. 1 x4.7x0.4 (rim); diam. opening 4.4x, diam. Shape: Con icaI spreading body, flat base, inside concave, spreading wall, straight rim, flaltened lip, on lip allachment of homs base 2.9/3 cm Inv.: cv 18181; Cat. 87, No. 225. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn and some augite Colour: Exterior red 10YR 5/8 light brown 10YR 6/4 shirting to /80. lvfillia/llre Cllp deco/'{//ed wi/II IIo/'//s brown 10YR 5/3; interiOl' very dark gray 7.SYR N3/: core Shape: Low rounded body, flattened base, inside concave, flaring gray 2.SYR NS/ wall, straight rim, convex lip, with venical horned handle Ware: /lIlpaslO with black slip Clay: With qUa!tz/feldspar and biotite Meas.: Height 2.0x2.5x4.7xO.S (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. Colour: Exterior red 2.SYR 4/6; interiOl' between red 2.SYR 4/6 and base 2.8, diam. lip c. 4.4 cm reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4; core light yellowish brown 10YR Inv.: cv 18606; Cat. 87, No. 230. 6/4 Ware: Red slip /75. Millia/llre Cllp decom/ed wi/II 110/'//.1' Meas.: 2.1 x3.7x6.4x 1.0 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 3.6, Shape: Lowconical body, flat base, insideconcave,slightly invelted diam. lip 5.4; handle: W 2.0, L 3.1 cm wall, straight rim, convex lip, with allachments of vertical Inv.: cv 18300; CV II, 16-17; Cat. 87, No. 233. handle on I ip and wall With quartzlfeldspar/feldspar, augite, olivine and FeMn Clay: /8/. Milli(l/lIre Cllp deco/'{//ed Il'i/II IIo/'//.\' Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 shifting to dark gray SYR Shape: Con icaI body, slightly raised, slightly con ca ve base, inside 4/ 1; interior reddish brown SYR 5/3 and very dark gray concave, spreading wall, straight rim, eonvex lip, with 7.SYR N3/; core dark gray 7.SYR N4/ attachments on lip of horns, in section oval irregularly Ware: Com mon brown iIllPllS/O modelled Meas.: 3.0x8.2x 1.3 (base) - 0.9 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 3.8, Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, FeMn Ol' grog and some augite diam. lip 8.2 cm Colour: Exterior yellowish red SYR 5/6; interior yellowish red SYR Inv.: cv 18175; Cat. 87, No. 232. S/6 and rcddish gray SYR 5/2; core gray 7.5YR NS/ Ware: Augited coarse ware /76. Milli(/(lIre deep ell ' wi/II brokelI IIall{IIe I Meas.: 2.9x4.7xO.6 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.5, Shape: Cylindrical body on a raised flat base, inside con ca ve, diam. lip 4.4; horns:S 0.7- 1.2 cm flaringwal l, slightly incurving rim,convex lip, f1allenedand Inv.: cv 18177; Cat. 87, No. 226. convex lip; on lip attachment of knob, now broken Clay: With fine, well sOl1ed qUaltzlfeldspar/feldspar Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 4/3 and dark reddish brown 9.8.3. Carinated SYR 3/2 with streaks ofthin slip in black IO YR 2/ I; interior dusky red 2.SYR 3/4, Co re: dark gray 7.SYR 4/ 1 /82. FragIlleIlI oI a lllilli(l/lIre corillmed bOH,lIcllp Ware: Black slip illlpas/o Shape: Carinated body, flaring wall, rounded shoulder, straight rim, Meas.: Height 3.9/4. 1 x4.7x0.4 (rim); diam. opening 4.4x, diam. convex lip base 2.9/3 cm Clay: With quanzlfeldspar, FeMn Comm.: Pal1 of knob broken off Colour: Exterior and interior black 7.SYR N2/, bumished; core Inv.: cv 18179; Cat. 87, No. 224. reddish brown SYR 4/3 Ware: Common brownlblack burnished impas/v Meas.: 3. 1 xS.OxO.9 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. lip 8.0 cm /77. Millia/llre ellI' decora/ed wi/II IIo/'//s Shape: Con icaI spreading body, flat base, inside con ca ve, spreading Inv.: cv 18622; Cat. 87, No. 217. wall, straight rim, convex lip, on lip with double attaehments of vel1ical handle or homs 476 M. KLEIBRINK

183. Fragmellt af a milliature carilloted cup Clay: With quartz/feldspar/feldspar, FeMn, red flint, medium to ·Shape: Rounded shoulder, out-curving rim, flallened lip poorly sorted Clay: With quartz/feldspar, augite and FeMn Colour: Exteriorverydark gray I OYR 3/ I; inteliorred 2,SYR S/8 and Colour: Exterior dark gray SYR 4/ 1, burnished; interior velY dark very dark gray SYR 3/ I; eore gray SYR S/ I gray gray 7.SYR N3/; innercore dark gray 7.SYR N4/ Ware: Well burnished brown ware Ware: Impasto Meas.: 3.4x2.2xO.S (wall) - O.S (lip); diam. lip 8.0-9.0 em Meas.: 2.8x2.9xO.8 (wall) - 0.4 (lip) em Inv.: cv 18649; Cat. 87, No. 197. Inv.: cv 18579; Cat. 87, No. 212. 190. Verrical rim-fragmellt af a milliarure b01V1 184. Fragmenl of a millialure carillaled bowlh'up Shape: Ovoidal body wilh flaring wall and tapering lip with intemal Shape: Carinated body, long tapering and out-curving rim, eonvex ridge lip Clay: With quartz/feldspar, augite and some FeMn Clay: With quartz/feldspar, augite and FeMn Colour: Exterior grayish brown 10YR S/2 and du Ily slipped in dark I; I Co Iour: Exterior blaek 7.SYR N2/ and reddish brown 2.SYR S/4, gray I OYR 4/ interior dark OYR 4/ I,grayish brown 10YR burnished to lustre; interior dark gray SYR 4/ 1; core blaek 5/2 and scale yellowish red SYR 5/8, core gray 7.SYR NS/ 7.SYR N2I Ware: Common brown bumished ware Ware: Imposlo Meas.: 3.lx2.7xO.7 (wall) - 0.3 (lip); diam. lip 6.0-8.0 em Meas.: 3.2x3.4x0.4 (wall) - 0.4 (lip); diam. lip 1.1 em Inv. cv 18650; Cat. 87, No. 196. Inv.: cv 18615; Cat. 87, No. 21S. /91. Fragmellt of a sIraighl vessel, presumably boIVI 185. Milliarure carillale" cup Shape: Cylindrieal body, flaring wall, straight rim, lip flattened, Shape: Carinated bOdy, out-curving rim, convex tapering lip bevelled on the inside Clay: With qual1Z/feldspar and FeMn Clay: With quartz/feldspar and FeMn Colour: Exterior red 2.SYR 5/6; interior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 Colour: Exterior with traces of slip blaek 7,SYR N2/; interior very and very dark gray SYR 3/ I. burnished; core dark reddish dark gray SYR 3/ 1, bumished; core reddish brown 2.SYR brown 2.SYR 3/4 4/4 Ware: 1IIIpaslo Ware: Well bUlllished ware Meas.: 3.0x3.8xO.7 (wall) - 0.5 (lip); diam. body inside wall c. 7.0 Meas.: 3.3x3.Sx0.4 (wall) - O.S (lip); diam. lip 6.0 cm cm Inv.: ev 18646; Cat. 87, No. 198. Inv.: cv 18580; Cat. 87, No. 216. 192. Fragmelll af a milliolure /id b01V1 186. Fragmelll of a small cup Shape: Conieal body with slightly inverted wall, rim flattened Shape: Vertical fragmentofcup with convex base,ovoidal body and Colour: Black slip 2.SYR N; interior 2.SYR N 2.5; eore SYR S/8 high straight lip with tapering lip reddish yellow Clay: With fine quartz/feldspar and FeMn Ware: Well bumished impaslO Colour: Exterior and interior dull slip in dark gray 7.5 YR 3/ 1. 4/2 Meas.: 2.6x2.SxO.6; diam. lip 7/8 em? over pink core 7.SYR 7/4 Inv.: ev 18645; Cat. 87, No. 200. Ware: Dark thin slipped orange coarse ware Meas.: Total height2.9x height of collar 1 .3x thickness ofwall max. 193. Millicaure bo IVI 0.6 at silOulder and min. 0.3 cm at lim Shape: On eonvex base, inside eoncave, flaring wall, inverted rim, Comm.: Wheel-tllrned eonvex lip Inv.: cv 18619; Cat. 87, No. 213. Clay: With qual1Z/feldspar Colour: Exterior brown 7.SYR 5/4 and dark gray bUlllished SYR 4/ 1; interior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ and light reddish 9.9. Large flat bowls (teglie) brown SYR 6/4; eore brown 7.SYR 3/4, very dark gray SYR 3/ 1 and dark reddish gray SYR 4/2, /87. Fragmelll of a large flat b01V1 Ware: Common brown iII/pasta Shape: Flat base and one lug preserved Meas.: 2.2x3.9xO.S (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 0.5 (lip); diam. body 3.9 cm Clay: With qllartz/feldspar/feldspar and augite Inv.: ev 18234; CV II, 12; Cat. 87, No. 186. Colour: Exterior gray 7.SYR 5/ l over light brown sherd 7.SYR 6/4, which is characteristic for Archaic /94. Fragmellf af millialure bowl Ware: Common brown sandy impaslO, on surfaee perhaps extra Shape: Body with flaring tapering wall, lip rounded augile Clay: With quartz/feldspar. red flint, FeMn, some augite/biotite Meas.. S.7x4.8xO.6 (base); diam. base I I; lug 4.2 cm Colour: 7.SYR from brown to very dark gray 4/2-3/ 1 Inv.: cv 18228; Cat. 87, No. 203. Ware: Untreated impaslo Meas.: Height 3.2x thiekness of wall 0.7/0.3 em 188. Fragmelll af a milliarure carilla ted bOIvIIcup Inv.: cv 18647; Cat. 87, No. 20 1. Shape: Carinated body, straight short rim, convex lip, Clay: With quartz/feldspar and FeMn 195. Fragmellf of a milliature bOlVl Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4 with burnished slip in black Shape: With flaring and tapering wall, lip rounded 2.SYR N2.S/; interiorreddish brown SYR S/4 wilh burnished Clay: With quartz/feldspar/feldspar, FeMn, fl int and high pereen- slip in black 2.SYR N2.S/; core dark gray 2.SYR N4/ tage of augite Ware: Well bUlllished black impasto Colour: 7.SYR from brown to very dark gray 4/2-3/ 1 Meas.: 1.8x3.3xO.8 (wall) - 0.3 (lip); diam. lip 6.0-7.0; carena wall: Ware: Untreated impasto 1.2 cm Meas.: Total height 2.Sx thiekness of wall 0.7/0.S em Inv.: cv 18621; Cat. 87, No. 218. Inv.: 'cv 18642; Cat. 87, No. 202.

9. 10. Bowls 196. Millialure bowl Shape: Conieal bodyon flat base, inside flat, spreading wall, straight 189. Fragmelll of a b01V1 rim, irregular fIalIened lip Shape: Straight rim, flallened lip slightly, bevelled on the inside Clay: With quartz/feldspar, augite andbiotite Miniature vOlive poffery at the 'Lagheffo del MOllsignore' 477

Colour: Exterior dark reddish brown SYR 3/4 and black (scale) Clay: With fine quartzJfeldspar and FeM I OYR 2/ I; interior yellowish red SYR 5/6 and black (scale) Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2.YR S/4; interior reddish brown 10YR 2/ 1 2.SYR 4/4; co re dark reddish brown 2.SYR 3/4 Ware: Common untreated brown iII/pasta Ware: Red slip ill/paslO Meas.: 3.2x4. 1 xO.6 (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.2, Meas.: 2.4x3.Sx 1.1 (base) - 1.0 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. lip 3.4 cm diam. lip 4. I cm lnv. cv 1823S; Cat. 87, No. 19S. lnv,: cv 18187; Cat. 87, No. 165. 203. MiniaflIre lid boIVI 197. Miniature bowl Shape: Conicai almost cylindrical body, irregular flat base, inside Shape: Con icai, flarfng body, almost hexagonal pinched, raised and irregular oblique concave, almost spreading wall, straight flatbase, insideconcave, inverted rim,convex Iip,on exterior rim, convex lip, inside base made with finger fingerprints visible, irregular modelled, almost hexagonal Clay: With quartzJfeldspar, augite, olivine and FeMn Clay: With quartz/feldspar, some 'augite' or biolite and some Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 shirting to grayish brown FeMn 10YR SI2; interior reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4; interior between lioht Ware: Augited coarse ware reddish brown SYR 6/4 and light brown 7.SYR 6/4; c�re Meas.: 2.0x2.9xO.8 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2. 1, gray 10YR 5/ 1 diam. lip 2.9 cm Ware: Untreated brown ill/pasto lnv.: cv 18169; Cat. 87, No. 187. Meas.: 3.0x3.7x 1.3 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.2, diam. lip 3.8 cm lnv.: cv 18226; Cal. 87, No. 179. 9. 11. Plates 204. Miniature plate 198. Miniature plate/bolVl Shape: Triangular body, convex base, inside concave, flaringwall, Shape: Triangular concave body on a flat base, spreading wall, straight rim, convex lip flaring rim, convex lip Clay: With qllarlzJfeldspar, biotite and some FeMn Clay: With fine quartzJfeldspar Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interior very dark gray Colour: Exterior base: reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 and black 2.SYR 7.5YR N3/; core gray 7.5YR NS/ N2.S/, wall: reddish brown SYR 4/3 and very dark SYR 3/ 1 Ware: Black slip ill/pasto very dark; interior weak red 2.SYR 412 shirting to black Meas.: I.SxS.3xO.7 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 1.0, 2SYR N2,S/; care reddish brown SYR 5/4 diam. body S.4 cm Ware: Common brown iII/pasta with black slip lnv.: cv 18306; Cat. 87, No. 234. Meas.: 2.3x4.4xO.7 (base) - 0.5 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2.3, diam. lip 4.2 cm 205. MiniaflIre plate lnv.: cv 18289; Cat. 87, No. 238. Shape: Triangular shaped body, flallened ba;;e, inside concave, flaring wall, straight rim, convex lip 199. Miniature lid h01V1 Shape: Con icai bod y on a flat base, inside concave, spreading wall, Clay: With quartzJfeldspar and FeMn straight rim, convex lip, Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interior very dark gray Clay: With fine quartzJfeldspar and augite 7.SYR N3/, bumished; core reddish brown SYR S/4: innercore Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4; interior light brown 7.SYR dark gray 7.SYR N4I III/pasto 6/4 Ware: with black slip Ware: Com mon brown bumished iII/pas to Meas.: 2.2x6.4xO.8 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 2.S, Meas.: 2. I x3.0x 1.0 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 1.9, diam. lip 6.4 cm diam. lip 3.0 cm lnv.: cv 18307; CV Il, 18-19; Cat. 87, No. 23S. lnv.: cv 18296; Cat. 87, No. 183. 206. Fragll/ent oI lI/inilllure pIcIIe 200. Miniature bo IVI Shape: Probably triangular shaped body, flallened base, inside Shape: Almost con icai body on flat irregular base, inside concave, concave, flaring wall, straight rim, convex lip, on inside straight rim, convex lip, underside base con icai or triangular strokes of bumish visible, made by finger? shaped, as resull of modeIling Clay: With quartzJfeldspar, some red FeMn Clay: With fine qUal1zJfeldspar Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/, bumished: core very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ Colour: Exterior and interior slippedlpainted black 2.SYR N2.S/ III/pasta shi Ftingto weak red 10R 4/3 Ware: with black slip 1.2x4.0x 1.0 (base) - 0.8 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip) cm Ware: IlI/pa.Ho with black slip Meas.: Meas.: 2.4x2.9x07 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 2. I -2.2, lnv.: cv 18302; Cat. 87, No. 236. diam. lip 2.9 cm 207. Minilllure plate lnv.: cv 18166; Cat. 87, No. 182. Shape: Semi-qlladrangularfoml, rounded base, flaring wall, straight 201. MiniaflIre b01V1 rim, convex Iip, wilh fo ur extensions Shape: Body on irregular flat base, inside concave, inverted rim, Clay: With fine quartzJfeldspar and augite con vex to flallened li p Colour: Exterior dark gray IOYR 4/ 1 and very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ Clay: With quartzJfeldspar, augite and FeMn : interiorvery dark gray 10YR 3/ 1. bumished; coredark gray Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR S/4 WiUl traces of red slip 7.SYR N4/ ill/paslO 2.SYR 4/6; interior reddish brown SYR S/4 Ware: Black slip Ware: Common red slipped ill/pasto Meas. . : 2.0x7.SxO.S (base) - O.S (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 1.8, Meas.: 2.4x3.4x0.4 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - 0.3 (Iip); diam. base 1.8, diam. lip 7.2 cm diam. body 3.4, diam. lip 2.6 cm lnv.: cv 18206; Cat. 87, No. 239. lnv.: cv 18287; CV II, IO; Cat. 87, No. 189. 208. Miniature plllle 202. Half oI a II/iniature bowl Shape: Low con icai bod Y , flat base, inside flallened,straight upright Shape: Body, irregularflat base, insideconcave, flaring wall, inverted rim, flatto convex lip rim, convex lip, with fingerprints Clay: With qllartzJfeldspar, augite and FeMn 478 M. KLEIBRINK

Colour: Exterior very dark gray 7.SYR N3/; interiOl' very dark gray Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and augite 2.SYR N3/; core gray 2.SYR N6/ Colour: Exterior grayish brown 10YR S/2, light brownish gray Ware: bnpasto 10YR 612, strong brown 7.SYR S/6 and dark gray 10YR Meas.: 2.7x3.0xO.7 (base) - 0.6(wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. lip 6.0 cm 41 1: interior red 2.SYR S/8, grayish brown 10YR S12 and Inv.: cv 18617; Cat. 87, No. 240. black 10YR 21 1; core light gray to gray 10YR 611 Ware: Common brown untreated iII/pasta Meas.: 3.3x3.7x 1.0 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. base 2.6, 9.12. Mugs dianl. lip 3.7 cm lnv.: 209. Miniature II/lIg cv 1818S; Cat. 87, No. 173. Shape: Con icai body, raised base, straight and inverted rim, convex lip, 9.13. Votive libation tablet Clay: With quartz/feldspar and augite; Colour: Exterior reddish yellow SYR 6/6, light gray 10YR 712 215. Miniarure libation tab/et shifting to light brownish gray 10YR 612 and dark gray Shape: Convex base, insideconcave, with nine rounded impressions, 10YR 41 1; interior reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/8 and light some with uptullled edges as result ofmodelling, convex lip, brownish gray 10YR 6/2 irregular shaped Ware: Common brown ill/pasto Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, 'augite' and FeMn Meas.: 4.4x3.Sx 1.3 (base) - O.S (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 2. 1, Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR S/4 and very dark gray SYR 3/ diam. lip 3.S cm I, lnterior reddish brown SYR S/4 and very dark gray SYR Inv.: cv 18191; Cat. 87, No. 171. 3/ l, Core reddish brown SYR 413 Ware: Untreated brown iII/pasta 210. Miniature ll/ug Meas.: 1.8x7.9x 1.3 (base) - 0.6 (Iip); diam. lip7.SI7.9; impressions: Shape: Con icai body, flatbase, inside concave, flaring wall, straight diam. 1.4; H 0.7 cm rim, convex lip Comm.: Fragment at rim missing Clay: With quamlfeldspar and augite lnv.: cv 18207; CV 11, 21-22; Cat. 87, No. 242. Colollr: Exterior brown 7.SYR 5/4. strong brown 7.5YR S/6. brown to dark brown 7.SYR 4/4 and dark gray 10YR 4/ I; interior 9. 14. Composite vases/kernoi brown to dark brown 7.5YR 414.84 Ware: Untreated common brown ill/pasto 2/6. Miniature cOlI/posite vesse/ on cy /indrica/ base-ring Meas.: 4.6x4.0xO.6 (base) - 0.7 (wall) - O.S (Iip); diam. base 1.5, Shape: High hollow base ring, with flattened edge, on it a vessel diam. lip 4.0 cm with a straight wall and concave interior, with semicirclllar, Inv.: cv 18184; Cat. 87, No. 172. irreglllarly modelled lug Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and FeMn, slightly smoothened on the 2//. Miniature II/ug outside Shape: Con icai body on a flat base, inside concave, spreading wall, Colour: Exterior and interior reddish yellow SYR 6/6, core reddish straight rim, convex lip yellow SYR 7/6 Clay: With qUal1zlfeldspar and allgite Ware: Untreated ill/pasto Colour: Exterior reddish brown 5YR S/4 with bllmish reddish brown Meas.: 4. 1 xS.2x I.S (base) - 1.3 (wall); diam. base 3.S, diam. bod y 2.SYR 4/4 and patch black 2.SYR N2.S/; interiOl' reddish 4. 1; lug: W 2.S, L 1.6, S 0.7 cm yellow 7.SYR 6/6 and reddish brown 2.5YR 414; core gray Com m.: Most of the upper part missing, much scale on body 2.SYR NS/ lnv.: cv 18262; Cat. 87, No. 243. Ware: Common brown iII/pasta Meas.: 2.Sx2.8xO.6 (base) - 0.4 (wall) - 0.2 (Iip); diam. base 1.8, 2/7. Fragll/enl of colllpo.l'ile vase, comisling of mllll! boll'/, conica/ diam. lip 2.7 cm body, base imide concave, straight rill/, j1allened /ip Inv.: cv 18297; Cat. 87, No. 166. Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and olivine Colour: Exterior very dusky red 2.SYR 2/S2 and black 2.SYR N2.S/ 2/2. Fragll/ent of a ll/ug burnished; interior weak red 10R 4/3 and very dark gray Shape: lrreglllar raised flat base, inside irregular concave 2.SYR N3/; core dark gray SYR 41 1 Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and FeMn Meas. 3.3x4.0x 1.8 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.5 (Iip); diam. (lip) 3.3 cm Colour: Exterior very dark gray 10YR 31 1 shifting to black 7.5YR lnv.: cv 18292; Cat. 87, No. 244. N2/ and reddish brown SYR 4/3, bumished, lnterior dark reddish brown 5YR 3/3 and reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/8; core 9. 15. Stands reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/8 Ware: Common brown bUlllished 218. Miniall/re sland Meas.: 4.0xS.2xO.9 (base) - O.S (wall); diam. base 3.2-3.S cm Shape: With con icai body, flat open base ring, straight wall, out­ lnv.: cv 18233; Cat. 87, No. 274. curving rim, convex lip, transition from rim to silOulder decorated with a horizontal encirc1ing plain cord, in section 213. Miniature ll/ug triangular, body decorated with three vertical plain cords Shape: Ovoidal body, raised flat base, inside concave, flaring wall, from horizontal cord to base, in section triangular; good slightly inverted rim, convex lip propol1ioned and modelled, Clay: Semi-depurated with much biotite Clay: With fine quartzlfeldspar and FeMn Colour: Exterior reddish yellow SYR 7/6; interiOl' reddish yellow Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2,SYR 414 with shining slip, very SYR 6/8 dark gray 2.SYR N3/. lnterior lip: shining slip, very dark Ware: Untreated paie \Vare gray 2.SYR N3/; body: velY dark gray 2.SYR N3/ shifting to Meas.: Height 4.7xO.5 (wall); diam. lip 4, diam. base 2.4, diam. dusky red 2.5YR 3/2 and yellowish red SYR 5/6 widest part 4.S cm Ware: Well bUlllished brown impasta lnv.: cv 18188; Cat. 87, No. 164. Meas.: l.x9.9xO.9 (base) - 0.6 (wall) - 0.4 (Iip); diam. base 8.S, diam. lip 9.9, diam. (shoulder) 6.4; diam. (horizontal cord) 2/4. Miniature lIIug 6.9; cords: W 0.8-0.9, S 0.3-0.7 cm Shape: Con icai body, flat base, inside concave, spreading wall, Publ.: QuadAEI, 1978: pI. XX, 7 straight rim, convex lip lnv.: cv 18210; Cat. 87, No. 24S. Miniature votive paffery at the 'Laghetto del MOllsigllore' 479

219. StalId 225. Base, presl/Illably of a g/ob,liar jar Shape: With con icai body, flat open base ring, with horizontal cord Shape: Flat base, inside flallened, flaring wall, fo m1ing ovoidal on edge, straight wall, wall decorated with verlical plain body of a jar cord; on interior limonite Clay: With fine quartzJfeldsparand FeMn Clay: With fm e quarlzJfeldspar and FeMn Colour: Exteriorvery darkgray 2.SYR N31 with tracesofshining slip Colour: Exteriorblack SYR 2/S I,bumished, Interiorblack SYR 2/S I black 2.SYR N2.S/: interior very dark gray 2.SYR N3/; core shirting to very dark gray 10YR 3/ 1, bumished; core dark dark gray 2.SYR N41 yellowish bn;l\vn 10YR 3/6 and gray SYR S/ I Ware: Smoothened sandy brown with traces of black slip Ware: Highly bumished black iII/pasta Meas.: 4.2xS.3xO.8 (base) - O.S (wall); diam. base 3.1, dianl. body Meas.: S.3x4. 1 xO.9 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 9.0 cm c. S. I cm Inv.: cv 18209; Cat. 87, No. 246. COIl1m.: Wheel-made Inv.: cv 1860S; Cat. 87, No. 268. 220. Cookillg stalId Shape: With con icai body, flat open base ring, straight wall with 226. Base, preslIlI/ab/y af a g/obll/ar jar partly preserved ventilation hole, body decorated with partly Shape: Flat base, inside concave, flaring wall; irreglllarly modelled preserved horizontal and vertical plain cords; cords are later Clay: With quartzJfeldspar and FeMn on allached to wall Colour: N Clay: With quarlzJfeldspar, some allgite, some white FeMn Ware: !tIlpasta Colour: Exterior black 7.SYR N21 with bumish, reddish brown SYR Meas.: 4.3x4. lxO.6 (base) - O.S (wall); diam. base 2.3, diam. body 4/3 shifting to very dark gray SYR 3/ 1,Int erior brown 10.YR c. S.O cm S/3, bumished; core black 7.SYR N21 Inv.: cv 18609; Cat. 87, No. 269. Ware: Common bllmished brown iII/pasta Meas.: 4.4xS.4xO.7 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 1.2, wall with 227. Base, presulI/ab/y of a g/obu/ar jar decoration 1.0 cm Shape: Raised flatbase, inside concave Inv.: cv 18208; Cat. 87, No. 247. Clay: With qllarlzJfeldspar, FeMn Colollr: Exterior red 2.SYR S/6 and black 2.SYR N2.S/, bllrnished. Interior red 2.SYR 4/6; core yellowish red SYR S/6 and dark 9. 16. LoomweightJspool gray SYR 4/1 iII/pasta 221. Millialllre spoo/ Ware: Untreated Meas.: 1.9x2.6xO.8 (base) - O.S (wall); diam. base 4.0 cm Shape: Central part concave, with thickening slightly convex ends Inv.: cv 186S9; Cat. 87, No. 272. Clay: With qllartzJfeldspar and FeMn Colollr: Exterior very dark gray 2.SYR N31 and light brown 7.SYR 228. Base. pre.\'l/Il/ab/y of a g/nbu/ar jar 6/4 shifting to reddish brown SYR 4/4 Shape: Raised flat base. inside concave with traces of modeIling by Ware: Common brown bumished a stick Meas.: Height 3.0; diam. base 1.8, diam. body 1.3, diam. Iip 1.6 cm Clay: With quartz/feldspar a11d white FeMn Inv.: cv 18212; Cat. 87, No. 280. Colour: Exterior black 7.SYR N21 and brown to dark brown 7.SYR 312; interior reddish brown 2.SYR S/4; core reddish brown 9.17. Base-fragments 2.SYR S/4 Ware: Dark slipped coarse iII/pasta 222. BIO'e, presulI/ab/y of a g/obu/ar ja r Meas.: S.4x8.0x 1.4 (base) - 0.7 (wall); diam. base 4.0 cm Shape: Flat base, inside con ca ve, with small encircling lines on the Inv.: cv 1861 1; Cat. 87, No. 273. inside Clay: With qllartzJfeldspar, augite and red and white FeMn 229. Base af a II/iniature jar Colollr: Exterior and interior between reddish yellow SYR 6/6 and Shape: Slightly concave base, inside concave, light reddish brown SYR S/4; core light gray to gray 10YR Clay: With qllarlz/feldspar, allgite and FeMn 6/ 1 Colollr: Exterior reddish brown 2.5YR 4/4. Interior light reddish Ware: COal'se 'sandwich' ware brown SYR 6/4; core light reddish brown SYR 6/4 and very Meas. 2.Sx6.6xO.S (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 3.6 cm dark gray SYR 3/ 1 Comm.: Wheel-made Ware: N Inv.: cv 18248; Cat. 87, No. 248. Meas.: 3. l x3.0xO.7 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 3.0 cm Inv.: cv 18S82; Cat. 87, No. 2S0. 223. Base, presl/lllably of a g/olm/ar jar Shape: Flat base, inside concave 230. Baseji'agll/ent of a bo",l/open vesse/ Clay: With qllartzJfeldspar/feldspar, FeMn and micaceous partic­ Shape: Flat base, inside concave, flaring wall Ies, fine and well sorted Clay: With qllartzJfeldspar, augite and FeMn Colour: Exterior dark reddish gray SYR 4/2; interior reddish brown Colour: Exterior between reddish brown SYR S/4 and yellowish red SYR S/4, bumished; co re dark reddish gray SYR 412 SYR S/6 and light gray to gray 7.SYR N6/; interior brown Ware: Dark thin slipped paie coarse ware 7.SYR SI2; core light gray to gray 7.SYR N61 Meas.: 2. 1 x2.9x 1.2 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 2.S-3.0 cm Ware: III/pasta Inv.: cv 18671; Cat. 87, No. 249. Meas.: 1.9x2.9xO.S (base) - O.S (wall); diam. base 3.5 cm Inv.: cv 18S9S; Cat. 87, No. 2S2. 224. Base, presl/Illab/y of a g/obu/ar jar Shape: Flat base, inside flat clay with qllartzJfeldspar, augite and 231. Base ji'agll/elll presl/ll/ab/y of a jar FeMn Shape: Flat base, inside concave, irregular as reslllt of modeIling Colollr: Exterior reddish brown 2.SYR S/4; interior very dark gray Clay: With quartz/feldspar and FeMn 2.SYR N3/; core reddish brown 2.SYR S/4 and gray 10YR Colollr: Exterior between light brown 7.SYR 6/4 and light yellowish S/ I brown 10YR 6/4; interior grayish brown 10YR S/2; core Ware: !tI/pasta gray I OYR S/ I Meas.: 3.8x3.9xO.9 (base) - 0.9 (wall); diam. base 4.0 cm Ware: IlI/paslO Inv.: cv 18S98; Cat. 87, No. 2S2. Meas.: 2.3x3.6xO.5 (base) - 0.4 (wall); diam. base 4.0 cm 480 M. KLEIBRINK

Inv.: cv 18604; Cat. 87, No. 2S3. Meas.: 3.0x4.4xO.8 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 3.0 cm lnv.: cv 18668; Cat. 87, No. 262. 232. Base ji"agmellt of a jar Shape: Flattened slightly convex base, inside flattened 239. Lower half af a mil/iatllre cup/opel/ vessel Clay: With quartz/feldspar and FeMn Shape: Flat base, inside i rregular concave Colour: Exterior gray 7.SYR NS/ and very dark gray 7.SYR N3/ and Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, grog and FeMn scale reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/8; interior very dark gray Colour: Exterior black I OYR 2/ I: interiordark gray 7.SYR N4I; co re 7.SYR N3/; core dark reddish brown 2.SYR 3/4 and very dark gray 10YR 4/1 dark gray 7.SYR N3/ Ware: Black slip Ware: Well bllrnished impaslO Meas.: 2.8xS.OxO.9 (base) - 0.7 (wall), diam. base 2.9 cm Meas.: 2.3x4.8xO.8 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 3.8 cm Comm.: Perhaps wheel-thrown Inv.: cv 18655; Cat. 87, No. 255. lnv.: cv 18607, old sticker 4296; Cal. 87, No. 263.

233. Base af a jar 240. Lower half af a jar Shape: Flat base, inside slightly convex, ovoidal body Shape: Raised flatbase, inside concave, flaring wall with attachmeut Clay: With qllartzlfeldspar, augite, FeMn ofhandle Colour: Exterior reddish yellow 7.SYR 6/6 with traces of bllrnish in Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, rest matrix invisible brown 7.5YR 512; interior dark gray I OYR 4/ 1; core reddish Colour: Exterior, interior and core very dark gray 10YR 3/ 1 yellow 7.5YR 6/6 and light gray to gray I OYR 6/ I Ware: Burned Ware: Untreated brown impasto Meas.: 3.4x4.0x 1.1 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. 3.0 cm Meas.: 2.5x4.8xO.5 (base) - 0.7 (wall); diam. base 4.5 cm lnv.: cv 18612, old sticker 42 19; Cat. 87, No. 271. Inv.: cv 18651,old sticker, unreadable nllmber; Cat. 87, No. 256. 241. Base, presllll/ably of a globular jar 234. Base, presulIllIbly af o jar Shape: Flat base, inside flat, flaring wall Shape: Flat base, inside concave Clay: With quartzlfeldspar and some augite/biotite Clay: With qllartz/feldspar, allgite and FeMn Colour: Exterior grayish brown 10YR SI2, light gray 10YR 7/2 and Colour: Exterior very dark gray SYR 3/1 and reddish yellow SYR scale yellowish red SYR S/8: interior grayish brown 10YR 6/6: interiOl· very dark gray SYR 3/1; core very dark gray S/2 and scale yellowish red SYR S/8; core gray 7.SYR NS/ SYR 3/ 1 and reddish yellow SYR 6/6 Ware: Untreated iII/pasta, burned Ware: Impasto Meas.: 3.Sx3.SxO.S (base) - 0.7 (wall); diam. base 2.0 cm Meas.: 2.6x2.5xO.8 (base) - 0.8 (wall); diam. base 2.5 cm Comm.: MlIch scale on body Inv.: cv 18581; Cat. 87, No. 257. lnv.: cv I 824S; Cat. 87, No. 264.

235. Base ji"agmel/t of a globular jar 242. Baseji"agmelll of a cup/bowl Shape: Flat base, flaring wall, inside irregularly concave Shape: Flat base, inside flat, in-tllrningwall Clay: With quartzlfeldspar/feldspar, FeMn, poorly sorted Clay: With qllartzlfeldspar, augite and FeMn Colollr: Exterior yellowish red SYR 5/6 and very dark gray SYR Colour: Exterior reddish brown SYR 5/4; interior reddish brown 3/ I; interior dark reddish gray SYR 4/2; core between light SYR S/4; core gray SYR S/ 1 brown 7.5YR 6/4 and brown 7.5YR 5/4 Ware: Brown bllrnished impaslO Ware: Common brown ill/paslO Meas.: 2.4x3.1 xO.7 (base) - O.S (wall); diam. base 2.0 cm Meas.: 2.7x5.6x 1.2 (base) - 0.5 (wall); diam. base 3.5 cm lnv.: cv 18S96; Cat. 87, No. 26S. Inv.: cv 18664; Cat. 87, No. 259. 243. Base ji"agmel/t of a mil/iature jar/c1osed ..esse I 236. Flat base ofja r/c1osed vessel Shape: Slightly raised flat base, inside irreglllar concave; with Shape: Ovoidal body on a flat base, inside concave fingerprints Clay: With quartzlfeldspar/feldspar, high percentage of augite, Clay: With quartzlfeldsparand FeMn olivine Colour: Exterior dusky red 2.5YR 312 and very dark gray 2.SYR Colollr: Exterior black 7.5YR N2/; interior black 7.5YR N2/; core N3/; interiorweak red 2.SYR 412; core reddish brown 2.SYR gray 7.SYR N5/ 4/4 and very dark gray SYR 3/ 1 Ware: Untreated impasto, slightly burned? Ware: Com mon brown burnished impaslO Meas.: 3.8x4. 1 x 1.0 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 4.0 cm Meas.: 3.8xS.8x 1.1 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base 3. 1 cm lnv.: cv 18666; Cat. 87, No. 260. lnv.: cv 18608, old sticker 44S9; Cat. 87, No. 27S.

237. Bas·e ji·agmellt of al/ ovoidaljar 9. 18. Handles Shape: Flat base, inside concave Clay: With quartzlfeldspar/feldspar, red flint, organic material, 244. Hal/die of a mil/iature pot FeMn, biotite, poorly sorted Shape: Flaring wall-fragment with horizontal ring-handle in section Colour: Exterior very dark gray 10YR 3/ 1; interior grayish brown rounded I OYR S/2; core reddish brown SYR S/4 Clay: With quartz, augite, olivine and FeMn Ware: Common brown ill/pasto Colour: Exterior IOR 4/4 weak red with traces of slip in IOR 4/6; Meas.: 3. 1 xS. 1 x 1.0 (base) - 0.6 (wall); diam. base S.O cm illlerior weak red IO R S/3; core dark grey 2.SR4N/ lnv.: cv 1866S; Cat. 87, No. 26 1. Ware: Red slip impasto Meas.: 2.7x6xS (wall); diam. body inside wall 7; handle W 4.2, 238. Base af a jar W 2.2, L 2, S LI cm ' Shape: Flat base, inside con ca ve, flaring wall with attachments of Inv.: cv 1823 1; Cat. 87, No. 276. horizontal handle, Clay: With quartzlfeldspar, augite and biotite 245. Fragmelll of a jar with a horiZOl/tal ril/g-hal/dle Colour: Exterior reddish brown 2,SYR 4/4 with burnish, very dark Shape: Flaring wall-fragment, with encircling ridge on inside, with gray SYR 3/ I; interior reddish brown YR S/4 very dark gray horizontal semi-circular ring-handle, in section rounded SYR 3/1; co re reddish brown 2.SYR 4/4 Clay: With quartzlfeldspar FeMn, much leucitery Ware: Common brown burnished impasto Colour: Exterior redd ish brown SYR S/4 with very dark gray slip Miniature vorive portelY ar rhe 'Lagherto del Monsignore' 48 1

7.5YR N3/; interior reddish brown SYR 5/4 with reddish and with lit. Quilici-Gigli in Cristofani, 1990: pp. 234 ff. ). This gray slip SYR 5/2; core dark gray SYR 4/ 1 daling demonstrates the usual neglect of indigenous aJ1efacts for Meas.: 3.8x2.0xO.6 (wall); diam. body inside c. 9.0; handle: W dating; Lowe, 1978: pp. 141-142 even advocates the use of only (total) 3.4, W 1.0, L 2. 1, S 0.8 cm fu ll-sized and imported artefacts fo r dating. At Le Ferriere quite Ware: Dark thin slipped paie coarse ware a few metal votive gifts as well as miniature pots in the deposit are Comm.: Wheel-thrown ofaconsiderablyearlierdatethan the imported Corinthian material Inv.: cv 18631; Cat. 87, No. 277. (Maaskant-Kleibrink, 1995: pp. 123- 1 33; Bouma, 1996: p. 124). 8. See for instance the rem ark by Lorenzo Quilici that on ihe slopes 246. Fragil/elli af a jtlr wilh a hariZOlllal rillg-halldle ofthe Monte Cavo mUliaturevessels imitating the fa mous corded Shape: Flaring wall-fragment, with horizontal segmental ring­ jars of the 9th century BC were fo und (Quilici, 1979: p. 210). handle, in section rounded 9. Waarsenburg (1995: p. 24, note 69) is of the opinion that these Clay: Semi-depurated with quartz and FeMn decorated sherds are not of Bronze Age date, but were imported Colour: Exterior light reddish brown with slip SYR 6/4; interior very fro m the Apennine hinterland where (he thinks) such incised dark grey 7.5YR N3/; core dark gray SYR 4/ 1 Bronze Age decorations remained in fa shion for a very long time. Meas.: 3.6x2.2xO.6 (wall); diam. body inside 7.5/8.5; handle: W lam of the opinion that without a very thorough examination of (total) 3.7, W 1.0, L 1.8, S 0.8 cm such sherds in question, we cannot lightly do away with very Ware: Dark thin slipped paie coarse ware important evidence for early cull activities. Such statements Com m.: Wheel-thrown should be backed up by actual comparisons or references to Inv.: cv 18627; Cat. 87, No. 278. decorated sherds from the SmriclIIll/Campoverde fi nds and those from lhe .'hinterland', dated in the later lron Age by proper fU ld 247. Fragil/ellI af a jar wilh a I'er/icai halldle ar horn circumstances. The Campoverde Bronze Age sherds in question Shape: Flaring wall-fragment, straight rim, probably convex lip, are now missing, so their date cannot be established afresh. with attachment of vertical handle or hom IO. Now Peter Attema, Amold Beijer, Jelle Bouma, Bert Nijboer and Clay: With quartz and augite Gert van OOl1merssen toget her with the present au thor. Colour: Exterior weak red 2.5YR 4/2; interior weak red 2.5YR 4/2; II.Both categories will be incorporated and studied togetherwith the core dark reddish grey IOR 4/1 SatriclIlI/ excavation material, as promised. The Saprilllelldellza Meas.: 2.7x3. 1 xO.5 (wall) - 0.6 (Iip); attachment handle: W (total) per il Lazia as well as the directors ofthe Villa Giulia Museum are 1.2, W 1.2, L 1.1, S 0.8 cm heartily thanked for this opportunity. Ware: III/pasla 12. Attema and Nijboer are directing the fa bric-analysis studies, Inv.: cv 18626; Cat. 87, No. 279. helped by laboratory work by Van Oortmerssen (Attema, Nijboer & Van Oortmerssen, 1996: pp. 84-89); the present author and Attema are directing the ware analysis studies. 10. NOTES 13. For a discussion of'gif t giving to the gods' and the ideas ofTyler, Mauss and Van der Leeuw, see Grottanelli, 1989- 1990: pp. 45 ff., I. This article, a preliminary report, resulted from the work of a where the problem ofthe expectation ofacounter-gift by the deity group: the catalogue was for lhe larger part prepared by Ruud A. is debated. Olde Dubbelink after descriptions and drawings made at the 14. As a resultofa pre-occupation with the rise ofan aristocratic upper Dutch Institute in Rome, in 1987, by various Groningen students class the miniatures have been interpreted as dedications by the of archaeology: Annelies Borchert, Margriet Haagsma, Erik lower classes, compare also the remarks by Bouma (Bouma, Seiverling, together with Huib Waterbolk, draughtsman at the 1996) against this notion. Groningen Institute of Archaeology. Earlier their work was the 15. In the Campoverde deposit only a numberofvessels were offered basis fo r a thesis by Annelies Borchet1, the first in our department that are larger than most votive miniatures, half way between to recognize the importance of miniatures (Borchert, 1987). miniature (c. 3/5 cm) and nonnal sized vessels (Iarger than 6.5 Arnold J. Beijer will publish the fu ll-sized vessels of the cm). In view of the sizes of the grave miniatures they still are to Campoverde votive deposit after which the entire find complex be considered miniatures as they were used in the same rituals. It will be evaluated afresh. The drawings were finished by Mirjam seems that in Early Latin periods 3 and 4 the discrepancies in size A. Weijns. I am greatly indebted to all, the rearrangements made disappeared because m iniature grave goodsdisappeared allogelher aftenvards are, of course, my own responsibility. and votive miniatures could become larger. 2. Veloccia Rinaldi, 1978: p. 24; compare Bouma, 1996: p. 52 who characterizes it as afavissae within the tenninology developed by Tony Hackens (Hackens, 1963). ll. REFERENCES 3. Giovannini & Ampolo, 1976: p. 347 "alclIlle celllillaia di v{lselli II/illimllrislici"; further Ampolo, in CPL 1976; Bouma, 1996: Crescenzi, 1978; Guidi, 1980: pp. 149 ff. ; Velocccia Rinaldi, ADAMS, W.Y. & E.W. ADAMS, 1991. Archaeological lypology 1978; Maaskant-KLeibrink, 1995; Waarsenburg, 1995. alld praclical realily: a dialeclical approach IO ar/iji/cl 4. Marco BetteIIi (BetteIIi, 1997), recently demonstrated that the c!assijicalioll alld sOr/illg. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. earlier Latin periods in absolute dating need to be placed ANGLE, M., A. GIANNI & A. GUIDI, 1991-1992. La grotta dello considerably higher. Sventatoio, Eta del Bronzo in !talia. Rasseglla di Archeologia IO, 5. For a recent evaluation ofthe merits ofDe La Blanchere 's work: pp. 720-72 1. Attema, 1993; Attema, fo rthcoming. APPADURAI, A., 1986. Introduction: commodities and the politics 6. TIle spread of a southem identity may even have known a wider of value. In: A. Appadurai (ed.), The social life of Ihillgs: range: Waarsenburg connects lhe 'shallow technique' (ofincising cOlI/lI/odilies ill cllllural perspeclive. Cambridge Univ. Press, decorative pattems Iikeout-curving tendrils, MK) ofthe Salric/lII/ Cambridge etc., pp. 3-63. potters with the decorative styles at Cassino, Frosinone and A TTEMA, P.AJ., 1993. All archaealogiclIl S/lrvey ill Ilte POllline

Aufidena. The carinated crater-bowl with surmounting cups are regiall: li colllribllliall IO Ihe early selllell/elll hislory of SOlIIlt connected with the LiriJSacco valley ill/paslo and the ribbed LlIzia 900-100 BC. Groningen. amphora with the Apennine hinterland (Waarsenburg, 1995: pp. ATTEMA, P.AJ. & J.W. BOUMA, 1995. TIle cull places of the 500-50 1). Pontine region in lhe context of a changing landscape. Caecllllls. 7. The traditionally attributed starting date of 725 BC for votive Papers Oll Medilerralleall Arclte% gy 2 (The landscape of the deposit I (VD I) at Salric/III/ was applied because of the presence gbddess), pp. I 19-154. ofa single Proto-Corinthian pot dating fro m that era (see recently A TTEMA, P.A.J., AJ. NIJBOER & GJ.M VAN OORTMERSSEN, 482 M. KLEIBRINK

Fig. 3. Miniature dolium, Cat.No. 3.

Fig. 4. Lefl: miniature corded storage jar, Cat.No. I; centre: mini biconical ja!', Cat.No. 55; right: miniature globular ja r, Cat.No. 138. Miniature votive pottery at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 483

Fig. 5. Lefl: miniature storage jar, Cat.No. 26; right: miniature biconical jar, Cat.No. 56.

Fig. 6. Lefl: miniature jar with distinct neck, Cat.No. 65; right: miniature ovoidal cooking jru', Cat.No. 89. 484 M. KLEIBRINK

Fig. 7. From right to leftmin iature storage jars: Cat.Nos. 24, 44, 46 and 50.

I ,I

Fig. 8. Miniature ovoidal storage jar, Cat.No. 37. Miniature votive poffery at the 'Lagheffo del Monsignore' 485

Fig. 9. Miniature ovoidal cooking jar, Cal.No. 89.

Fig. IO. Miniature cylindricaI bell jar, Cal.No. 148. 486 M. KLEIBRINK

Fig. I I. Miniature amphora, Cat.No. 162.

Fig. 12. Miniature cup, reverse, Cat.No. 177. Miniature votive pottery at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 487

Fig. 13. Miniature platc, Cal.No. 205.

Fig. 14. Miniature libation tablet, Cal.No. 215. 488 M. KLEIBRINK

DOLIA PL. 1

a. untreated corded impasto ware, 9th c.Be

. " . � ,: ,; } i" · ·. ·:i;:: _.,.�...... , . * � 9 b. well burnished impasto, 9th/ 8th c.Be Q. o @: o .. Jl\VD14 11 c. common brown burnished impasto ware , 8th c.Be Miniature votive pottery at the 'Lagheffo del MOlIsignore' 489

PL.2

I o

( \ \ w," .J ; ([J 15 16 17

G. Gommon brown burnished impasto, 8th G.BC

@

I

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24 d. Gommon brown impastoCEI, 8th G.BC 490 M. KLEIBRINK

PL.3 D

/ '

/I o , !b� �(

3 1 d. comru mon·\ brown· impasto, 8th c.SC

...... ,. . . r\lf\ ... . 38 ... �::;{ \W 8]: ::.::.-40 e. untreated impasto, 8th/7th c.SC Miniature votive pottelY at the 'Laghetto del Monsigllore' 49 1

PLA

I �...... � � ((Ii \ '.-'

41 \:::lJ42 . " 43 44 [/, ...... W48

47 ru..":,.... :: .. �;/�··r ; · f. impasto with black slip,ter la 8th and full 7th c.Be 49

50 g.fu llim 7thpa stoc.Be ro sso, later 8th and fuh. l1coarse6th c.Be war e, later 7th and 492 M. KLEIBRINK

DECORATlVE JA RS, FOR L/QLl/DS PL.5

"

57

D

I

\ \ a.Dth/8th common c. BC br own burnished impasto, 9th/8thb. well burc.BCnishe d brown impasto, 1 Miniature votive pottelY at the 'Laghetto del MOllsignore' 493

PL.6

68 b. well burnished brown impasto, 9th/8th c.BC

"

II w······,,·. , ·i,'.'··;··"· · ···· 70 impasto with black slip, 8th/7th . c. c.BC? 494 M. KLEIBRINK OVO/DAL COOK/NG JARS PL.7 n DI l I W.I 73 74 75

-o o-c: a.8th/7th well burnishc.BC ed brown impasto,

� U hJ \ 79* _1

�lJ \ \ 81I 80 b. common brown burnished impasto, 8th/7th c.BC Miniature votive pottery at the 'Lagheffo de! MOl1sigllore' PL.8495

o o

c.8th/7th comm c.BCon sandy brown impasto

ru \ '94 d. impasto with black slip, late 8th/7th c.BC 496 M. KLEIBRINK

PL.9

/

,

-o

/

e.end red 8t h/fuslip llim 7thpa sto, 101 c.BC dark slipped paie ware, 7th/6th f. c.BC Miniature vOfive pOffery af fhe 'Lagheffo del Monsignore' 497

PL.10

o

102 103

C]

g. dark slipped coarse ware, c.Be 7th/6th Miniature votive pottelY at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 503

CUPS WI TH DOUBLE LOOP HA NDLES PL.16

164 165 a. well burnished brown impasto, 9th/8th c.BC

ru 168 169

- 171 170 b. black sli�pped impasto, 8th/7th c.BC Miniature votive pottery at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 499

ORIENTALISING GLOBULAR JA RS, FOR LIQUIDS PL.12

«(.... @

115 a. com mon sandy brownW impasto �17

-o

\ \ /

b. impasto with black slip, late 8th/full 7th c.SC

1 25 /. .; :<; .. c. impasto with red slip, late 8th/fu<[1ll 7th c.SC 500 M. KLEIBRINK

PL.13

\ \ r 128 127

I I I f�13 0 129 IB � \ \ I 131 132 d. dark slipped paie coarse ware, 7th/6th c.BC � GLOBULAR STAMNOID JA RS �]:J \ 133 \ I I 134 a. common brown burnished , 8th/7th c.BC b. black slip, 8th/7th c.BC

« I I \ / 136 137 c. dark slipped coarse ware, 7th/6th c.BC Miniature votive pottery at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 501 ORIENTALISING AND ARCHA IC BELL BLOCK SHAPED JARS & PL. 14

,

- - ID. ""·':;" 141 a. common (sandy) brown impasto, 7th/6th c.SC �\i�\\?ii� / \ ' 143 �, 144

�48 145 146 147 �T\ b. untreated semi-coarse impasto, 7th/5th c.SC

149

150 c. black slip impasto, 7th-5th c.se? 502 M. KLEIBRINK

PL.15

156 155 \ \ I d. red slip impasto, 7th c.BC ru

o

UJ157 158 � 160 __ -1...--_-' e. dark slipped coarseW ware, 7th/5th c.BC AMPHORAE

II

161 * a. dark slipped impasto, 8th c.Be 162 Miniature votive pottelY at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 503

CUPS WI TH DOUBLE LOOP HA NDLES PL.16

164 165 a. well burnished brown impasto, 9th/8th c.BC

ru 168 169

- 171 170 b. black sli�pped impasto, 8th/7th c.BC 504 M. I

CON/CAL CUPS W/ TH HORNS PL.17

\ � .,. ..: ; ..., \ID�' \. ... . 174

a. common brown burnished impasto, 8th c.se

\�� 178 179

b. bla�ck slipped impasto, 8th/7th c.se

o , '

179 181 c. red '\gJslipped impasto , 8th/7th c.se d. coarseW ware, 7th/6th c.se Miniature votive poffery at the 'Lagheffo del Monsigllore' 505

PL.18

(/ -- " � " 0=- 182 1 8 3 a. common brown [burnishe3d imp asto, 8th/7th c.BC((, D

v

"-...... ,'.' .>;• . ,. "- .. " : .. / " 185 , 184 \S- LSi b. blac�,k slipped impIDasto, 7th c.BC? c. red slipped impasto, 7th c.BC

__ 186 d. coarseIT war e, 7th/[O]6th c.BC, LARGE FLAT BOWLS (TEGL/E)

/ ' �1 87 506 M. KLEIBRINK

BOWLS PL.19

DIØl\\ �I \ 190 \ \ I �\ \ �\\ lvII 191

� .-::: \ 192 193 a. common brown burnished impastom', 8th/7th'"i'' c.se

\ , / \ 194 � IO)I �, lU)195

(\� 200 \TI19 9 LiJ c. black slipped impasto, 8th/7th c. se

202 201 d. redID slipped impasto,�, 8th/7th C.seU , e. coarse ware, 7th/6th c.se Miniature votive pOffery at the 'Lagheffo del MOl1signore' 507

PLATES PL.20

lJ\ �4 205 �-- 206 �

a. black slipped impasto, 8th/7th c.Be

MUGS

a. common brown burnished impasto, 8th c.Be

. . m... ,.:: . ...··· :· 214

b. untreated paie impasto, 8th/7th c.Be 508 M. KLEIBRINK

PL.21 VaT/VE L/BAT/aN TA BLET COMPOS/TE VA SESIKERNO/

g �- � I , ./ 215 �) r::J2 1 7

STANDS

219 �\ ------�� � 220 Miniature votive pottelY at the 'Laghetto del Monsignore' 509 LOOMWEIGHT SPOOL / PL.22

-- O - . - O 22O1 -0- BASE FRA GMENTS

222 '�' 225

\

\ I �\ ±:1 227

I . r"\, \ '---..J� . I �' , , ' � �U 234 36 \� 235 \ � W237 510 M. KLEIBRINK

BASE FRA GMENTS PL.23

I I

I I I /( I \ W241 \:jO 242

HA NDLES

/

/ /, :. '.".' ·' . . 1 ./·

. ,',:. : :- . :::. . . . . , .

, \ @. , / �\ 245 / 244

IIt� -�( (j...... \. \ . I I 247 Miniatllre vOlive pottery at the 'Laghetto del MOl1signore' 511

1996. Romeinse kolonisalie len zuiden van Rome (3): hel CRESCENZI, L., 1978. Campoverde. Archeologia LI/Ziale I, pp. 51- aardewerkonderzoek. Paleo-aktueeI 8, pp. 84-88. 55. BARKER, G., 1981. Lal/dscape al/d soeiet)': prehi�·toric Cel/tral CRISTOFANI, M., 1990. La gral/de ROllla dei Tarquil/i. Exhibilion Ira ly. Academic Press, London etc. catalogue, Palazzo delle Esposizioni. Rome. BARTOLONI, G. et al., 1987. Le ume a capal/I/a ril/vel/ute il/ lralia. DOUGLAS, M., 1970. Natural sYlllbols: exploratiol/s ill coslllology. Bretschneider, Roma. BalTie & Rockliff, London. BARTOLONI, G., G. COLONNA & C. GROTTANELLI (eds), EDLUND, I.E.M., 1987. The gods al/d the place: locatiol/ alld 1989- 1990. AI/athellla: Reg im e del/e ojferte e vita dei sallfuari I/el jilllCfion of sanctuaries in the coullfryside of Etmria al/d Magna Medilerral/eo alltfco. Aili del COl/vegno II/ternatiol/ale, 15-18 Graecia (700-400 BC). Svenska Inslituli i Rom, Stockholm. giugl/io 1989 ROllla (= Scienze dell' Antichitii., 3-4). Dipart. di FENELLI, M., 1989- 1 990. Culti a Lavil/iulII : le evidenze Scienze Storiche Archeologia e Antropologia, Roma. archeologiche. In: G. Bartoloni et al. (eds), Anarhellla. Roma, pp. BARTOLONI, G., 1989- 1 990. I depositi vOlivi di Roma arcaica: 487-505. alcune considerazioni. Ln: G. Bartoloni et al. (eds), AI/athellla. FORMAZIONE, A., 1980. La fonnazione delia citta nel Lazio. Roma, pp. 747-759. Dialoghi di Archeologia 2, pp. 1-2. BETTELLI, M., 1997. ROllla. La Cilla prillla del/a Cilla: i telllpidi ul/a GALESTIN, M.C., 1 987. EtlUscan and Halic bronze statuettes. Proef­ I/ascira. Bretschneider, Roma. schrift Groningen. BEIJER, AJ., 1991a. Un cenlro di produzione di vasi d'impasto a GALESTIN, M.C., 1993. Figural bronzes as indicators of polilical Borgo le Ferriere (SatriculII) nel periodo dell'orientalizzanle. and social changes in Latium. Caecultls I, pp. 97- 103. Mededelil/gel/ val/ het Ned. II/stituut te ROllle 50, pp. 63-86. GALESTIN, M.C., 1995. Sheel bronzes and the landscape of lhe BEIJER, AJ., 1991b. Impasto pottery and social status in Latium Goddess in Central Ilaly. Caeculus 2, pp. 16-3 1. Vetus in the Orientalising period (725-575): an example from GENNARO, FR. DI, 1979. Topografia dell'insediamenlo delia me­ Borgo le Ferriere (Satricllll/). In: E. HelTing et al. (eds), Papers of dia ela del Bronzo nel Lazio. Archeologia Laziale 2, pp. 148- 1 56. thefourth COl/ferel/ce ofltalial/ archaeology, II: Th earchaeology GIEROW, P.G., 1964. The lronAge cullureojLatilllll, II: excavations of power. Accordia Research Centre, London, pp. 21-39. amlfinds. GleelUp, Lund. BEIJER, AJ., 1992. Pottery and change in Latium in the Iron Age. GIEROW, P.G., 1966. The Imn Age wlture of Latiullt, I: c1assi{ica­ Caeculus, Papers Ol/ Mediterral/eal/ Archeology I (Images in tion and analysis. Gleerup, Lund. ancient Latial culture), pp. 103- 1 15. GIOVANONINI, G. & C. AMPOLO, 1976. Campoverde. ln: Civiltå BlANCO PERONI, V., 1987- 1 979. Bronzerne Gewasser- und del Lazio prilllitivo. Mulligrafica, Roma, p. 347. Holenfunde aus I talien. Jahresbericht des III.\·titutsjiu' VorgeKhich­ GROTTANELLI, CH., 1989- 1 990. Do ut Des? [n: G. Bartoloni el al. te der UI/iversitiit Fral/kjill"l a.M., pp. 320-335. (eds), AnatItelIta. Roma, pp. 45-54. BIETTISESTIE RI,A.M. & G. BERGONZI, 1979. La fase pill antica GUIDI, A., 1980. Luoghi di cullO nell 'ela del Bronzo fi nale e delia delia cultura laziale. In: Aili XXI Rilllliol/e Sciellfijica: il Brol/lO prima ela del felTo nel Lazio meridionale. Archeologia Laziale 3, jil/ale il/ lralia, Firel/ze 21-23 Ollobre 1977. Inslituto llaliano di pp. 148- 155. Preistoria e Protostoria, Firenze, pp. 399-423. GUIDI, A., 1989- 1 990. A\cune osservazioni sulla problemalica delle BIETTI SESTIERI,A.M., A. DESANTIS &A. LA REGINA, 1989- offerte nella protosloria dell 'Italia centrale. In: G. Bartoloni et al. 1990. Elemenli di tipo cultuale e don i personal i nella necropoli (eds), AnatItelIta. Roma, pp. 403-414. laziale di Osteria dell'Osa. In: G. Bartoloni et al. (eds},Al/athellta. GUIDI, A., 1991-1992. L'eta del Bronzo in Italia nei secoli dal XVI­ Roma, pp. 65-88. XIV a.c. Rasseglta di Archeologia IO, pp. 427-437. BIETTISESTIER I, A.M., 1992a. The Irol/ Age COllllllul/iry ofOsteria HACKENS, T., 1963. Favisae. ln: Etudes Etrtlsco-lraliques, Melan­ del/'Osa: a stluly of socio-polical developlllel/t il/ cel/tral ges pour le 25 anl/iversaire de la Clwire d' Etrtlscologie a Tyrrhel/ial/ lraly. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. I' Universite de Louvain. Leuven, pp. 71-99. BIETTI SESTIERI, A.M. (ed.), 1992b. La I/eeropoli laziale di HOEKSTRA, T.R., 1996. Life and death in SOlllh EtlUria. The social Osteria del/'Osa. Qausar, Roma. rhetoric of cemeteries and hoards. Caeculus 3, pp. 47-63. BLANCHERE, M.R. DE LA, 1883. Unchapiu'ede I'hisloire pontine. HOEKSTRA, T.R., 1999 (forthcoming). Buried wealth and ils so­ Etat et decadenced'une partiedu Latium.Mellloires presellft?s par cia[ significance: Metal hoards and tombs in lta[y, XlI-Vlllth dil'ers SllWII/teSa I' Acadbl/iedes II/scriptiol/s et Bel/es Lellres IO, centuries BC. Thesis, Groningen. pp. 33- 191. LEEUW, G. VAN DER, 1933. Phiinolltenologie der Religion. G ro­ BLANCHERE, M.R. DE LA, 1885. Villes dispalUes. Melwlfies de ningen. I' Ecolefral/raise de ROllle: AI/tiquite 5, pp. 81-95. LOWE, c., 1978. Tlte Itistoriml signifieance af early Latin volive BLOCH, R., 1976. Recherches sur les religiol/s de l"lralie al/tique. deposits (up to tlte 4tlt cel/lury BC) (= B.A.R. Inlern. Series 41). Droz, Geneve etc. B.A.R., Oxford. BORCHERT, AJ.A., 1987. Minialuuraardewerk heilig? Unpublished MAASKANT-KLEIBRINK, M., 1989. Selllelltellf exca vations at Ihesis, Groningen. Borgo le Ferrriere I: Tlte Calltpaigns 1979, 1980. BOUMA,J.W., 1996. Religio I'oliva: thearc!weologyofLatialvotive 1980. Forsten, Groningen. religiol/. Groningen. MAASKANT-KLEIBRINK, M., 1991. Early Latin settlement plans BOUMA, J.W. & E. VAN 'T LINDENHOUT, 1997. Light in Age at Borgo Le Ferriere (Satricullt). Reading Mengarelli's maps. Latium, evidence from settlemenl and cult places. Caeculus 3, pp. Bul/etin val/ de Verenigil/g tot Bevordering ter Kennis 1'{1I1 de 91-103. Allfieke Bescltaving 66, pp. 51-1 14. CARAFA, P., 1995. OjJicine cerallliche di etå regia: produzione di MAASKANT-KLEIBRINK, M., 1992. Selllelltent excavotions ar cerallliCll in impaslo a ROllla dal/a jil/e del/' VIII al/a jille del VI Borgo le Ferrriere I: The callt{Jaigm 1983, 1985, secolo a.c. Bretschneider, Roma. 1987. Forsten, Groningen. Civiltå del Lazio prilllitivo. Exhibilion catalogue, Palazzo delle MAASKANT-KLEIBRINK, M., 1995. Evidenceofhouseholdsorof Esposizioni. Multigrafica, Rome, 1976. rilual meaIs? A comparison oflhe Finds al Laviniullt, Campoverde COCCHI GENICK, D. & R. POGGIANI KELLER, 1984. 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= collezione di grotta Misa conservaia al Museo Fiorenlino di and ecol/ollty in Ila ly 1500 BC ro 500 AD ( Oxbow Monograph, Preistoria: In: M.G. Marzi Coslagli & Luisa Tamagno Perna(eds), 41). Oxbow, Oxford, pp. 123- 133. Sftuli di al/tichita il/ Ol/ore di Gugliellllo Maetzke. Bretschneider, MAASKANT-KLEIBRINK, M., 1997. Dark Age or Ferro I? A Roma, pp. 31-65. tentative answer fo r the Sibaritide and Melapontine Plains. COLONNA, G., 1988. La produzione artigianale. In: A. Momigliano Caecullls 3, pp. 63-9 1. & A. Schiavone (eds), Storia di ROllla. I: ROllla il/ lralicl.Einaudi, MALONE, c., 1985. Pots, prestige and rilual in Neolilhic southern Torino, pp. 291-316. Italy. In: C. Malone & S. Stoddart (eds), Papen' in lralion 512 M. KLEIBRINK

archaeology, IV, 2: Prehisrory (� B.A.R., Intern. Series, 244). PIACCIARELLI, M., 1995. Sviluppo verso I'urbanizzazione B.A.R., Oxford, pp. 1 18-151. nell '!talia tirrenica protostorica. Aili del convegno 'La presenza MELIS, F. & S. QUILlCI GIGLI, 1972. Proposta per I'ubicazione di elrusca in Call1pania llleridionale', Ponlecagl/ano-Salerno19 90. Pometia. Archeologia Classica 24, pp. 219- 147. QUILlCI, L., 1979. ROllla prillliliva e le origil/i delia civilld laziale. MIARI, M., 1995. Offerte votive legate al mondo vegetale e animale Newton Compton, Roma. nellecavita naturali dell '!talia protostoria. Agricollurll e cOllllllercio QUILlCI, L. & S. QUILlCI GIGLI, 1976. Longula e Polusca. ne//'!Ialia alllico, AI/allIe lelllalico di lopografia allfica, I Archeologia Laziale 6, pp. 107- 1 32. supplelllenro. Rome, pp. 1 1-31. RADMILLI, A.M. (ed.), I 962.Piccola guida dellapreisloria IIalial/a. MINGAZZINI, P., 1938. II santuario delia dea Marica alle foci del Sansoni, Firenze. Garigliano. Mon/llnenli Anlichi 37, pp. 693-984. RATHJE, A., 1983. A banquet service from Ihe Latin city ofFicana. MOLlNO, J., 1992. Archaeology and symbol systems. In: J.-e. AnalRolII 12, pp. 7-29. Gardin & Chr.S. Peebles (eds), Represenlalions in archae% gy. SMITH, e., 1996. Dead dogs and rattles. In: John Wilkins (ed.), Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington etc., pp. 15-29. Approaches (() Ihe sludy of rilual, IIaly and Ihe anciellf Mediler­ 1975. Muller und Quelle: SIudien zur MUTHMANN, F., ranean (� Accordia specialist studies on the Mediterranean, 2). QuellenvereJmll/g illlA/lerrulII und illl Millelalrer. Archaologischer Accordia Research Centre, London, pp. 73-90. Verlag, Basel etc. TRUCCO, F., 1991-1992. Revisione dei materiali di Grotta Pel10sa, NEGRONI CATACCHIO, N., L. DOMANICO & M. MIARI, 1989- Etadel Bronzo in !talia. Rasseglla di Areheologia IO, pp. 47 1-479. 1990. Offerte votive in grotta e in abitato nelle valle del Fiora e TUSA, S., 1980. Problematica sui luoghi di culto nel lazio dal dell'Albegna nel corso dell'eta del Bronzo: indizi e proposte neolitico all 'eta del Bronzo. Areheologia Laziale 3, pp. 143- 147. interpretative. In: G. Bartoloni et al. (eds), Analhellla. Roma, pp. VEENMAN, F., 1996. Landevaluatie in de Pontijnse regio (Zuid­ 580-598. Latium, !talie): dateringsproblemen rondeen bronstijd-akkerbouw­ NENCl, G., 1985. Campoverde. Bibliograf ia lopograjica delia fase. Paleo-aklllee/ 8, pp. 59-63. colonizzazione greca in Ilalia e nelle isole lirreniche 4, pp. 336- VELOCCIA RINALDI, M.L., 1978. Aspetti protostorici ed arcaica 337. del Lazio meridiaonale. Archeologia Laziale I, pp. 22-255. NIJBOER, AJ., 1998. From household to workshop, from village to WAARSENBURG, D., 1995. The northwest necropolis ofSatricllm: town. Transfonnations and urbanisation in Central Italy, 800 to an lron Age cemetery in Latium Vetus. Proefschrift V. U., Amster­ 400 Be. Thesis, Groningen. dam. OLDE DUBBELINK, R.A., 1992. Gifts in cremation tombs and their WHITEHOUSE, R.D., 1992. Undergroul/d religion: ellll al/d cllllure religiolls setting during the Iron Age. Caeculus I, pp. 87-96. il/ prehisroric IIaly (� Accordia Specialist Studies on !taly, I). OLDE DUBBELINK, R.A., 1994. Huturnen: Imitaties ofsymbolen. Accordia Research Centre, London. Tijdschrijr voor Medilerrane Archeologie 13, pp. 24-30.