REDUCE, RECYCLE, REUSE Case Study of Kivulu, Kampala Urban Ecological Planning Project Table of Contents

Preface Executive Summary

Introduction…………… Theory & Methodology………………………………………………… Project Case-study……………… Introduction - Kampala City, Kivulu Setllement……………………… Location of Study Area…………………………………………….2 Background to Study Area…… Historical Development of Study Area……………………………………… Livelihood Analysis in the context of Kivulu……………… Social Assets………………………………………………… Activities: Participation, Actions at various levels, Vulnerabilities… Institutional Capacity: Potentials & Constraints Community Perceptions about the role of Planning Internal & External Linkages of the area…………………………………… Situation Analysis & Interpretation of Key Issues………… Major Problems Affecting Residents of Kivulu………………………… Methodology for problem analysis…………………….…………… Prioritization & objective analysis of problems……………… Asset/Impact analysis……………………………………………… Project selection………………………… Project practicalities…………………………………… Key assumptions……………………………………………………… Possible constraints & limitations to project implementation……… Possible problems likely to rise after project implementation…… Minimisation strategies of project constraints & related problems………… Project monitoring & evaluation………………

IV Scaling-up……………………………………………………………………………… Conclusion………………………………………………

List of Abbreviations KCC – Kampala City Council LGDP – Local Government Development Programme PDC – Parish Development Committee LC – Local Council UMEME – Local electricity Distribution Company

Appendices……………………………………………………………………… Interviews………………………………………………… Individual Impressions…… References…………………………………………………………………………

Preface munities in their quest for achieving a better life. This work is a culmination of a field study that was conducted in Kivulu, We would like to take this oppor- a poor settlement in Kampala with tunity to acknowledge the valuable the main intention of devising prac- contributions made by the commu- tical strategies to improve the wel- nity of Kivulu, its leaders, staff from fare of its residents. Kivulu’s poor the Architecture and Geography de- community is visibly among the partments at Makerere University, most affected. Most often branded and Kampala City Council. With- as an illegal settlement, its needs out their assistance, we would not have almost been overlooked when- have been able to meet our goals. ever city improvement programs In addition, we express our sincere are initiated. gratitude to Hans Skotte and Apol- lo Makumbi for the guidance they This systematic exclusion of such rendered us during the study. settlements in the allocation of social services and other resources has left Kivulu in a very vulnerable position. The settlement is further threatened by the growth and expansion of economic activity from the city centre. From this viewpoint, it is clear that the livelihoods of the residents in this community are in serious jeopardy.

This study therefore purposely set out to help the people of Kivulu to improve their livelihoods using the available local resources. Involv- ing this community in taking action to improve their lives will go a long way in helping to improve their capacity to absorb and cope with whatever shocks that are likely to affect them. In addition to empowering them through a community-based project, it our hope that whatever visible results that will be achieved shall inspire other com- Executive Summary can meet the needs of communities primarily living in informal settle- The rate of urbanisation in many ments like Kivulu. Using a logi- African countries has gradually out- cal framework planning approach, stripped the capacity of most mu- a preliminary survey was carried nicipal authorities to effectively and out to help establish the key issues efficiently address the issues arising that needed to be addressed. The from this situation. The subsequent field observations and interviews emergence and proliferation of in- that were made during the survey formal settlements in cities such as helped to set the stage for brain- Kampala is a symptom that signals storming sessions, culminating in the existence of serious flaws in the preparation of a project brief. Kampala’s urban system. The un- derlying causes of this unfortunate Mapping Kivulu’s economic, social, trend of events requires Kampala environmental and political compo- City Council, as the lead agency, nents was instrumental in support- the affected communities and other ing the identification and definition stakeholders alike to re-examine of key problems. Key characteristics and rethink the various approaches that were mapped included hous- that have been adopted in the past ing, employment, services (health, to address the city’s problems. education and utilities), and population structure. In addition to With an impending city-scale plan these, the surveys helped to reveal preparation exercise in the pipeline, existing external and internal link- there has arisen the urgent need ages to the area, types and levels of to take into account the needs of vulnerability, and institutional po- people in places like Kivulu. Many tentials and constraints. Through plans and programs have been de- discussion and brainstorming ses- vised in the past to address the sions, all issues arising from the many problems facing Kampala. field observations and interviews Unfortunately, the goals and objec- were analysed. Adopting a liveli- tives of many if not all these plans hoods analysis approach, the iden- have clearly not been achieved. The tified problems were prioritised, city as a whole is still plagued by a according to cause and effect. After number of problems, which contin- critically analysing the key issues, it ue to have a negative impact on the was unanimously agreed that given livelihoods of its communities. the available resources, it was logi- cal to tackle the issue of solid waste This study was carried out with the management. The interventions main goal of attempting to engender alternative approaches which that were identified to address this problem appeared more likely to achieve visible and tangible results within the shortest possible time. In addition, the resources that are required to solve this problem are relatively within the reach of the community.

A lower level community based action of this nature has the potential to be translated into city-wide programs that can help to improve the lives of similarly marginalised communities and the city as a whole. Through the implementation of a well organised framework of interventions, it is hoped that this project will have a positive impact on Kampala’s social, economic and environmental facets. It might not be the one time solution that will solve all of Kampala’s problems, but it should make a difference in the short and long run.

Introduction

The government of Uganda, in gross environmental degradation partnership with UNEP is prepar- leading to seasonal flooding, inade- ing to carry out a new city wide quate and poorly maintained infra- master plan, primarily to deal with structure are just a few of the major the pressing environmental, social, problems affecting the city. economic and political challenges facing the city. Interventions to rein in the runa- way growth of the city are more A number of planning attempts than urgently required, at both have been to direct the nature of the micro and macro levels. It is development in Kampala. The first at the micro level that this project plans for Kampala were prepared will try to devise constructive ways in 1912, 1920, 1930, 1951 and then that can be scaled up to create the 1972. The most recent one, which starting points for planning action. was prepared in 1994, was intend- If successful, the project will be in- ed to stimulate and guide physical tegrated into the wider framework development of the city, with objec- of strategic actions geared towards tives that ranged from social, envi- addressing some of the major chal- ronmental, institutional and finan- lenges facing the city. cial, demographic, infrastructural and administrative issues. Howev- It is important to stress that illu- er, very little was achieved. It even- sions of a quick fix to these problems tually expired in 2004, although an should be dispelled. The magnitude extension was made, due to the lack of problems facing Kampala will re- of funding to commission the prep- quire an immense effort, resources aration of a new plan. and commitment to deal with satis- factorily. As long as the authorities As the government and city au- remain realistic, there is a light at thorities contemplate taking action the end of the tunnel. to develop a new plan for Kampala, the city continues to grow at rapid Though important, the potential rate. With no genuine basis to direct successes of a small project like new developments, the authorities this one for Kivulu should not be are clearly incapacitated to handle misused as a cure for the city’s ills. Kampala’s growing list challenges. Rather, it is the experiences that The city continues to expand at an can be accrued through its imple- alarming rate. With an estimated mentation that provide the key to population of about 60% living in improving the welfare of the city’s slums, the prospects are gloom. 1.2 million inhabitants. Inadequate housing, traffic congestion, land conflicts, unemployment, Theory & Methodology

Trends in urban ing rate of urban sprawl. The mea- development gre resources of cities in Africa and Asia are being stretched way be- Today the largest and fastest-grow- yond their limits by the unchecked ing cities are in so-called developing expansion of urban areas into sur- countries of Africa, Asia, and Cen- rounding non-urban areas. tral and South America. Currently According to Cunningham and Sai- about half of the world’s population go (1990), this has occurred largely is urbanised, and this is expected as a result of rapid growth of the to increase to 80-90% in the future cities, due to socially inequitable (Cunningham and Saigo, 1990). Of economic policies. the urbanised population, an estimated two thirds are living in informal settlements. And according to Problems associated with Bjønnes (1991), the proportion of illegal settlements the urban population living in such substandard informal and marginal As earlier pointed out, the failure of settlements is already high and in- most urban authorities in develop- creasing. ing countries to deal with the various problems resulting from rapid Major cities especially in the glo- urbanisation, has led to the increase bal south are struggling to deal of illegal developments. Among the with the numerous challenges like key problems facing these illegal poverty, inadequate housing, envi- developments is the issue of waste ronmental degradation, increasing management. Vast quantities of crime, traffic congestion, pollution, solid waste are produced as a result unemployment, drug abuse, and of packaging and consumption pat- more importantly, homelessness, terns, with very little landfill space are growing (Cunningham & Saigo, available for disposal. 1990). The problems that poor waste man- In the same process, the growth of agement cause can be well illus- slums, characterised by overcrowd- trated by Virgo (2004). According ing, informal housing, inadequate to his article, in March of 2007, access to safe water and sanitation, schoolchildren in 13 towns near Na- and insecurity of tenure is occur- ples were told to stay at home after ring at an alarming rate (Davis, mayors said that tones of rubbish 2006). In addition, these problems lying about in the streets presented as faced by urban authorities are too great a health hazard for them. being compounded by an increas- In some towns in the Caserta and

Theory & Methodology

Aversa areas of Campania, south- they become more severe on chil- ern Italy, rubbish had not been col- dren. Concerns about safety and lected for 10 days, and residents hygiene (falls, burns, infestation, began setting fire to piles of trash in and garbage) especially if children protest. are present, engender considerable anxiety and worry (Wells and A major public health crisis was Evans, 2003). set in motion primarily due to the fact that piles of garbage were ac- In relation to this, unplanned dis- cumulating throughout its streets posal sites are taking so much space and suburbs. As the mounds got which could have been exploited for higher and higher, the smell of rot- useful social services like children’s ting garbage became intense. Rats recreational areas. and other vectors found food and sustenance. The way forward Poor solid waste management is largely responsible for the emer- The challenges posed by waste gence of number problems ranging management as briefly highlighted from pathological to psychologi- above cannot be addressed unless cal health problems. Regardless of a thorough understanding, evalu- the waste related hazards brought ation and assessment of the criti- about due to poor management, cal elements is made. The failure most times the issues are eas- of previous upgrading attempts as ily overlooked as minor problems. a means of addressing problems Chaz (2003), in his article draws such as waste management in ille- from historical perceptions, “ . . . gal settlements can be attributed to back in the 1840s in Great Britain, the lack of a better understanding the Chadwick Commission issued of urban development processes. a report showing the relationship Only when the relationship be- between a bad environment and tween human and environmental disease. The report was pioneering, processes is clearly understood can but it took another two decades, positive results be achieved. The with discoveries by Louis Pasteur growing awareness of this is partly and subsequent bacteriologists, be- responsible for the paradigm shift fore we understood how festering in planning as exhibited in recent trash caused disease.” decades.

The health problems arising from There has occurred a realisation that poor solid waste management af- new and more responsive planning fect all social groups. However, methods are needed to address ur- Theory & Methodology ban problems of cities especially in search, a people’s lobby, and differ- Africa and Asia. This has led to the ently educated professionals emergence of planning methods that are less normative, less stand- As noted by Misra (1999), the re- ardised in their procedures, less alisation of the need to adopt more dependent on comprehensiveness meaningful and holistic approach- (Hamdi & Goethert 1997). es through ecological planning to solve some of the major problems The conventional approach of mas- facing urban environments, is just ter planning that had been adopted the beginning. More research and by most countries during the 1960s documentation needs to be done and 1970s has slowly given way to on critical aspects like indigenous action planning, an alternative ap- value systems of communities. If proach to dealing with urban is- this is done, it will enable planners sues. As set out by Koenigsberger, to facilitate local communities to this approach consists of “a series generate their own solutions to lo- of action plans controlled by a set of cal problems. performance standards and forming part of a guiding concept for the He further concedes that action whole urban region”. planning as a tool in the intervention process must be effectively in- The rising need to understand and tegrated into urban planning prac- synchronize human actions with tice. the environment requires the adoption of ecological planning princi- It should be emphasised that the ples in dealing with urban related acknowledgement of the need for problems. According to Freidmann significant changes in terms of ap- and Hudson (1974), establish- proach to address problems of mar- ing connections between ideology, ginalised settlements in developing knowledge and organised future ac- countries alone is not enough. tion is main task that planners are confronted with to ensure the im- Dodds (1999) calls for adaptive and plementation of local actions that holistic approaches, where consul- have tangible and locally-appreci- tation, teamwork, and humility are ated results. employed in the face of complexity. This would highlight the need for In addition to the need for adopting robust indicators to inform plan- new planning approaches, Bjønnes ning and community action. All & Corneil (1998) support the call this is achieved through sustain- for new attitudes, collective deci- able development, with emphasis sion making, more and better re- on the links between different sorts Theory & Methodology of systems. eties together and without which there can be no economic growth or Poverty is another important issue human well-being. It is very clear that requires critical examination from the outset that without inte- within the framework of these new grating this component into the de- planning approaches. The multi- cision-making framework, it would dimensional aspects of poverty as be almost impossible to achieve any highlighted by Jayaratne (2007) meaningful results in planning. He have a powerful impact especially reinforces his argument by high- on the lives of communities in mar- lighting a case in Italy, were a study ginalised settlements. Because of it conducted by researchers revealed complexity, it has to be clearly un- that the economic success of the derstood before any meaningful at- northern part of the country was tempts can be made to deal with the partly due to the higher density of problems of cities in the developing voluntary associations among peo- world. This was stressed by Sen, (), ple. In contrast, the low frequency who concluded that, “understand- of such associations in the southern ing poverty and deprivation in part showed that the area’s econo- terms of lives people can actually my was not as successful as that of lead and the freedoms they do ac- the northern part. tually have”. He rightly pointed out that enhancing human capabilities had the potential to increase pro- Conclusion ductivity and earning power. Em- powerment of communities in ur- The realities of urban development ban centre from this perspective have never been more pronounced provides the means for achieving than they are today. According to sustainable positive change. Tibaijuka (2007), “…as far back as the 1970s, urban specialists and de- While understanding poverty is mographers were predicting the ex- critical in shaping new planning plosive growth of cities. But we have approaches, social capital as an in- continued to base our national eco- tegral aspect of intervention poli- nomic plans and our international cies cannot be overlooked. Groo- assistance programmes on several taert, (1998) defines social capital false assumptions, assumptions that as the internal social and cultural continue to this day to ignore some coherence of society, the norms very basic facts and what is actually and values that govern interactions happening on the ground. The first among people and the institutions assumption is that by investing in in which they are embedded. Social rural development we can arrest or capital is the glue that holds soci- slow down rural-urban migration. Theory & Methodology

Not only has this not happened, … the magnitude of the task ahead. The second assumption was that Unless these new and more realistic slums and the informal economy approaches to planning are adopted which they are part of would be ab- to try and address urban related is- sorbed by the formal economy over sues like slum development, the fu- time, and that what is needed is to ture of many hangs in the balance. provide the enabling space and pol- No one approach can by itself ade- icy framework for the private sector quately address the whole spectrum to thrive. This assumption has only of emerging urban issues. However, turned out to be partly true. In most it is realistic to point out that urban of the least developed countries the ecological planning holds the key to informal economy is the real econ- improving the welfare of more than omy. In sub-Saharan Africa, which two thirds of the world’s population is witnessing the most rapid urban living in Informal settlements. growth, the informal economy ac- counts for up to 70% of domestic The initiation and implementa- output and 8 out of every 10 jobs tion of the solid waste management created”. project at a micro level in Kivulu has the potential to play a valuable The reflections made by Tibaijuka role in transforming cities such as in the above statement illustrate Kampala on a larger scale.

Project Case-study

Kampala City - cil’s capacity to cater for its basic Kivulu Settlement needs. The proliferation of illegal settlements (commonly referred to Kampala, the capital and prime as slums) in Kampala is ample evi- urban centre in Uganda is no ex- dence of a system whose capacity is ception to the trend of rapid ur- stretched beyond its limits. banisation, witnessed in the last Kivulu, one of the numerous slum decade. With an estimated resident settlements in the heart of the city population of 1,200,000, and a day was identified as a key area where time population of 2,300,000 mil- planning intervention could be lion inhabitants and growth rate of adopted to try and address some 5.6% (UBOS, 2002), there is an ur- of the most pressing problems fac- gent need to devise means of effec- ing the city. These interventions tively deal with the resultant prob- should provide the basis for posi- lems. The rate at which the city’s tively transforming other areas on population is growing has almost a city-wide scale through a scaling outstripped Kampala City Coun- up process.

10 Project Case-study

Location houses, garbage littered dirt roads, numerous open drains teeming The area under study is located in with foul smelling waste (faecal and Kagugube Parish, which lies within solid waste), inadequate health fa- the Central Division of Kampala cilities, and precariously standing City. Altogether, Kagugube Parish latrines at every turn.

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R i Bus Stand P o a b d K a a o ÆW Mkwano õ d w o Hindu R The area can be described as gen- b ÆW a d P Temple e o Ü Samalien b r R j m l b l i Owino a ÆW e v e b u u i d Market c t R K i Bulange l e n oa newafrica.com/maps 3 Step Building Inn E b o R A d v u e a N a k i et  2001 newafrica.com a d t o o R a a R N R N j a k i v u b o R i v e r y a i j y i b v a m e a n s Scale 1:1,800 e N r erally sloping in a western direc- s s i Queen's Clock M E N G O 18 0 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 Metres K K u Tower Ë a y M N s a m u b y a R o a d n g tion, towards the Nakivubo Chan- i nel drain. It is characterised by the existence of a large informal settlement, or what is commonly known as a slum. This slum is no different from any other around Kampala. It is home to many unfortunate individuals and families from villages in rural areas as far as Northern Uganda. The influx of these people into the city is mainly attributed to the fact that most of them are searching for better opportunities and social services.

However, due to their inability to afford decent housing, they end up in places such as Kivulu, an area that is grossly depressed environmentally. The settlement is highly congested with all forms of shanty 11 Project Case-study

Background to the land in question. Before the enactment of the Land Act (1998), According to information acquired these absentee landlords had the from the area’s local council ad- power to remove any unauthor- ministrators and some older com- ised squatters without compensat- munity members, most of the land ing them. With the Land Act com- in Kivulu was originally owned by ing into force, the law transferred a number of landlords who started limited rights to squatters such as selling it off piecemeal to other in- those in Kivulu. All squatters who dividuals over time. Most of the can prove to have been on the land original landlords died, and there- in circumstances such as these for fore their rights to their land were more than 10 years before the en- passed on to their children. In turn, actment of the 1995 Constitution they continued to sell it off, further are regarded as Bonafide Occu- leading to fragmentation. Surpris- pants. Such occupants are entitled ingly, a very large percentage of the to compensation in the event of people living in this area do not own eviction from the property in ques- the land on which they are living. tion. Because of this, many of them cannot undertake permanent develop- Although this law has come in to ments on the land they are living. address the plight of these people, This can be evidenced by the exist- their position is not helped by the ence of semi-permanent and tem- fact that they cannot determine the porary structures in the area. Mat- amount of compensation they are ters are further complicated by the entitled to. They find themselves fact that the continuous expansion at the mercy of the landlords, who of the city has fuelled a growing de- determine the amount of compen- mand for land located in prime are- sation. If they fail to accept what is as such as Kivulu. This demand has offered, they are bound to lose out subsequently led to an increase in completely. the value of land. Motivated by the potential profits to be made, many According to interviews conducted landlords are systematically selling in the area, it was relatively easy off their land, forcing the squatters in the past for people to move into to move elsewhere. Kivulu. However, the persistent in- creases in rents are forcing many Currently, very few of the legitimate to move elsewhere. The population landowners live in the area. Many size has drastically reduced in the are living away from the area as past few years. While some land- absentee landlords. Wherever they are, they retain the ultimate rights 12 Project Case-study lords have used direct approaches did not have the means to access of compensating residents in or- affordable housing facilities, they der to reclaim their land, this trend moved to Kivulu where they put points to the emergence of the use up structures to meet their shelter of subtle or indirect approaches by needs. other landowners to reclaim their land. It comes as no surprise that The settlement was to expand very many of them are hiking the prices rapidly later on as more underpriv- of their properties, possibly with the ileged groups of people migrated belief that they will force these poor into Kampala. As a way of earning a people off their land to attract more living, the residents involved them- profitable activities. Ultimately, selves in a number of activities. many residents will be overtaken by These mainly included the making the pace of events, eventually being and selling of local brews and pros- forced to move elsewhere. titution. The Jaluo were the ones who were largely involved in brew- The complexities of the land ques- ing illicit drinks such as Kwete and tion, as shown above, poses the Kibuku, while the Baziba are known greatest challenge to address in this to have been involved in the latter. context. Though there are a host of Consequently, the settlement be- other equally important issues that came a well known attraction for need to be tackled, one cannot fail related pleasures in the surround- to recognise that this is the most ing areas. The bars operating in the pressing issue at hand. area were kept open day and night, characterised by the constantly blaring music from jukeboxes. The Historical Development nature of the lifestyles that the residents adopted earned the place a Information acquired from prelim- notorious reputation, and eventu- inary surveys revealed that the set- ally its name. Kivulu is a Luganda tlement was originally created by word which is used to refer to a groups of Kenyan and Tanzanian mixture of entertainment. labourers, of Jaluo and Baziba ethnic descent respectively. They had The settlement grew considerably been employed to work mainly as during the 1960s. However, things porters and casual labourers in the dramatically changed when Idi construction of the Uganda Railway Amin came to power in 1972. Due to during the colonial period. After the the breakdown in political relations completion of the railway, many amongst the three East African decided to stay in Kampala due to countries in the subsequent years, a number of reasons. Because they President Idi Amin expelled most 13 Project Case-study

Kenyan and Tanzanian nationals in area developed their own unique Uganda. Because the original set- lifestyles, largely influenced by the tlers in Kivulu were of Kenyan and environment they were living in. Tanzanian descent, most of them were forced to go back to their re- This unique blend of all sorts of en- spective home countries. tertainment earned the area quite a reputation. To some extent, this event triggered some kind of invasion and succes- Despite the changes in the social sion on a small scale. The void left fabric, the general living conditions behind by the departing Jaluo and have gradually deteriorated over Baziba was systematically occupied the last 10 years, due to an ever in- by other local ethnic groups. This creasing influx of rural-urban- mi trend of events led to the emergence grants into the area. Today, Kivulu of a new community, very different faces numerous challenges, which from the first one in relation to its mainly result from the lack of ac- social fabric and economy. cess to land, amongst others.

This new community formed some loose social groupings, largely based on ethnic origin. As more people moved into Kivulu, the place took on a more cosmopolitan face. The

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15 Project Case-study

Analysis & interpretation assets can be defined as all tangible of findings property, whose value is sometimes measurable in monetary terms. However, in most cases such prop- Livelihoods in Kivulu erty cannot be easily converted into cash. Assets enable a community to Livelihoods can be defined as the acquire sustenance. It was identi- means by which people create em- fied that the community living in ployment opportunities to support Kivulu has its own assets, which their households with the basic have enabled it to survive. needs of life and therefore a given standard of living. The ability of The physical, natural, social, hu- any community to sustain itself is man and financial assets that the largely influenced by their level of community has access to have and participation in the decision mak- continue to impact on their liveli- ing process through institutional hood. frameworks, and related activities and actions. Unfortunately, due to The relationships arising from these a number of factors in the social, three facets are what define liveli- economic and political fabric of hoods in any community. What re- communities, not all groups in Ki- mains to be seen in this particular vulu are represented as it should context is whether these factors will be. Consequently, the exclusion of be able to sustain this community. some groups in this process has led The continued growth and expan- to the existing types and levels vul- sion of the city is exerting pressure nerability in Kivulu. In addition to on the settlement. Land necessary this, the livelihoods of residents in for expansion of the city is becom- Kivulu are also influenced by the ing increasingly scarce. This has re- capacities of existing institutions sulted city developers to scramble to meet the community’s needs. for any readily available land. Prox- An assessment of the institutional imity of Kivulu to the city centre has potentials and constraints of the made it a prime target for city devel- community provided the means to opers. Large commercial buildings understanding the dynamics of key are slowly invading the settlement. issues and assisted in formulating Many residents have been forceful- appropriate interventions for im- ly evicted from the land. For those proving the people’s welfare. who are still there, the future looks very uncertain indeed. The importance of entitlements to capital or social assets cannot be From this perspective, it is clear overlooked in this regard. Capital that the current livelihood setup of 16 Project Case-study

Kivulu is not sustainable. The in- climate. However, its strategic lo- creasing external shocks, stresses cation in the city center makes it a and pressures are undermining the prime area for future investment. ability of the settlement to meet the The high levels of unemployment needs of its population. in the area show that currently, Kivulu lacks the capacity to meet However, in spite of the harsh re- the employment requirements of ality revealed by developments on its population. Because of the nar- the ground, the resident commu- row formal sector in Kampala, the nity in Kivulu has evolved a variety employment opportunities are very of resourceful and innovative ways few. While the private sector has to survive. Field observations and come in to fill this void, it is the in- interviews showed that most resi- formal sector which has and contin- dents of the area are actively en- ues to provide the means by which gaged in self-employed activities residents in Kivulu earn a liveli- (employment creation and opportu- hood. In Kivulu, the informal sector nities for households to create their is very vibrant, composed of goods own jobs). Most residents of Kivulu retailing to minimal service provi- are mainly involved in small-scale sion. This has helped to keep some businesses to help sustain them- form of social stability. Though this selves and their families. Economic sector is helping many in Kivulu to activities range from small scale re- earn a living, it is facing numerous tailing to service provision. These challenges, which urgently need to activities are largely established be addressed. First and foremost, along the streets within the neigh- it lacks recognition from the local bourhood. These route ways conse- authorities, who have continuous- quently form the spine along which ly harassed and unfairly taxed all most economic activities are based. those involved. Because of the mar- The myriad of economic activities ginalization of this sector, there are in Kivulu has dictated the existence no frameworks in place to regulate of shop-keepers, charcoal sellers, and facilitate all those involved. cooks, market vendors, mechanics, There is some hope though. Slow- hair-dressers, hawkers, dry-clean- ly but surely, CBOs and NGOs are ers (dobbi), scrap collectors, bar- recognizing the need to encourage, tenders and local brewers. support and legitimize this sector. If it is given the support it needs, The Economic Climate it has the potential to drastically of Kivulu improve the welfare of residents in Kivulu. In its current state, Kivulu does not have the most attractive business 17 Project Case-study

Level of Competition If this threat is dealt with satisfac- torily, the community can use their Competition plays a significant role innovativeness and creativity to use in shaping livelihoods especially the location factor to their advan- in an urban setting. Kivulu greatly tage. Because of the location, the lacks economic assets that would area can attract a huge market with- make it more competitive eco- in the city. The community around nomically. This is probably one of Makerere University offers a ready the reasons as to why its residents market for Kivulu. Given the right struggle to earn a living. Its strate- skills training, the residents in Ki- gic location in the city center is its vulu can improve their livelihoods strongest advantage. The rate at by tapping into this market within which land values have increased its reach. has forced property developers to look elsewhere. Because of its lo- Human Resource & Skills cation, developers are slowly buying off portions of land in Kivulu. The existing human resources and Already many people have been skills in Kivulu are an important evicted forcefully by landlords who factor in determining the livelihood have sold their land to city develop- of its residents. The innovativeness ers. This trend of events threatens and ingenuity that this resource to destroy the community’s liveli- exhibits in the face of adversity hood. cannot be overlooked. Men, women and youth are working in very tough conditions to earn themselves a living. If these people are given assistance through the formal short-term and long term training, they are more than capable of improving their own welfare. Training them has the potential of alleviating some of their problems, and creating a much needed stock of skilled labor. Creating channels for access to quality training opportunities that are closely aligned with the emerging urban economy, this approach would go a long way in solving some of Kivulu’s key problems.

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Societal Assets gardless of the fact that more than 85% of the structures in the area Physical Assets are made of substandard materials, they still qualify to be categorised Common Market: as physical capital. There are quite Within Kivulu area is a marketplace a number of residents who own the where a number of activities take structures in which they live. As place. Though the primary activity bonafide land occupants who- in that takes place here is trade, the vested some resources to construct market also functions as an impor- these structures, they are entitled tant interaction point for the com- to some form of compensation in munity. The lack of a designated the event of being evicted by the le- communal meeting area such as a gitimate landlords. For as long as a community centre has made this an monetary value can be attached to important area for galvanising the these structures, one cannot over- cohesion of the area. look the fact that they are physical assets to these people. Buildings: According to Angel, a resident in Physical infrastructure: Kivulu, «There are no real homes Assets that were identified under here. There are just houses». The this group of resources include the above statement speaks volumes drainage and sewerage system, wa- about the importance the people ter supply, power, roads, schools, attach to their shanty hovels. Re- religious and health facilities.

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Drainage & Sewerage System: Roads: Though Kivulu has a very poor and The area is serviced by four roads inadequate drainage and sewerage and other footways, making it rela- system, the existing facilities are tively accessible. Since these roads important to maintain some kind of promote accessibility and move- acceptable living environment for ment, they serve an important func- these people. The community lead- tion of promoting social interaction ership has tried to put into place within Kivulu and between Kivulu´s a system of drains to ensure that residents and adjacent settlements waste water from the households in Kagugube Parish. is channelled safely away. KCC has been involved in promoting sani- Schools, Churches and Health Fa- tation through the construction of cilities: latrines in the area. A lot needs to There are 4 schools within our area be done to improve the number and of study. These schools are an im- quality of such facilities to enhance portant asset in promoting literacy the welfare of Kivulu residents. in Kivulu. There are also 3 churches and a health facility run by the SDA. Water supply: These existing institutions serve to There are a few stand water pipes meet the health and spiritual needs and springs where residents acquire of the residents, in addition to pro- water for domestic and commercial moting social welfare. The religious use. When tap water is available, institutions play a very important residents pay between 100 to 200 role in galvanising relations among Ugshs for a 20 litre jerry can. For people in areas such as Kivulu. those who cannot afford the tap water, they can opt to acquire their Natural Assets water supply from the springs along the Nakivubo channel. It should be The only recognisable asset of this noted that the available sources are nature is land. For the few who own not adequate and evenly distribut- land in Kivulu, this is a very valu- ed in the area. able form of capital. Unfortunately, the majority of the people living in Power: Kivulu do not own land, and there- Since the area is located very close fore cannot use it to improve their to the city centre, it is within the welfare. The expansion of the city reach of the national power grid. away from the centre is forcing land There are several power lines in the in areas such as Kivulu to appreci- area which ensures that some peo- ate. It’s the legitimate land owners ple can access and use electricity who are gaining from this develop- for domestic purposes. ment. They are systematically forc- 20 Project Case-study ing out the residents and selling it ing decisions that affect them on a off to investors. Landowners such daily basis. This policy is reflected as one called Veronica (60 years), by the fact that areas like Kivulu who own a lot of land in Kivulu, have working local council com- therefore stand to gain more in the mittees, which try to address some long run. The proximity of this land of the problems of the community. to the city has made it very attrac- Though the members serving on tive to potential developers and in- these committees do not receive vestor alike. any formal kind of remuneration, they work voluntarily within their Human Assets: limited means to solve some of the problems of the people. They try to Working skills: arbitrate in local and domestic dis- The daily struggle to survive in the putes, advance the interests of the harsh conditions of the slum has people to higher authorities and forced many people to devise crea- also act as important entry points tive ways of earning a living. Many for external organs such as NGOs are involved in petty trade such and CBOs. as hawking, steel works, retailing, laundry, and catering. A good The people look up to these leaders, number are literate because they even though many times they find have acquired some degree of for- themselves in positions whereby mal education. A large number are they lack the capacity and resourc- still unemployed though. The pres- es to alleviate most of the problems ence of a fairly literate labour force their electorate face. The job that shows that the area has a great po- these leaders do cannot be under- tential in terms of human capital. estimated because it is highly prob- able that such areas would drown Social Assets in chaos if there was no established leadership to facilitate social order. Community Leadership: CBOs When the National Resistance Movement (NRM) government Community based organisations came to power in the mid-1980s, such as Action for Slum Health and it tried to promote a policy of com- Development (ASHD) have made an munity participation in the deci- effort to aid residents of the area in sion-making process. To this day, many ways. ASHD is mainly fund- the same government has tried to ed by Concern International, an put into place a local administra- Irish NGO. Through projects con- tive structure which involves the ceived by ASHD, some piece meal grass-roots communities in mak- improvements have been made to 21 Project Case-study the drainage system and water sup- its problems though… ply. A number of toilets were also rehabilitated by them. In addition This form of local association to this, this organ has tried to help has greatly helped to unite and promote the welfare of disadvan- strengthen relationships amongst taged children in the area by offer- the women in Kivulu. ing them scholastic materials, fees, blankets, mattresses and a host of Financial Assets other useful items. Small businesses: Local Associations: Many of people in Kivulu own small There aren’t many local associa- retail shops and kiosks from which tions operating in Kivulu. Howev- their livelihood depends. Others er, some of the women living in the own single room tenements which area have tried to form loose asso- they rent out to tenants to earn a ciations to devise ways of improv- living. The meagre monetary re- ing the quality of their lives. Though sources that these people invest they are the most productive in the and acquire from whatever activity area in contrast to the men, they or business they involve themselves are at a great disadvantage because in represents a significant form of they lack the resources to develop financial capital. Other businesses their skills. Many are widows trying that involve sizeable amounts of fi- to support large families as best as nancial capital include catering and they can. Others who are married making of local beer. used to be the victims of domestic violence.

In forming associations among themselves, they have been able to raise resources to invest in their businesses to support their families. This has been achieved through the introduction of cash rounds where women in a group raise a sum of money and give it to a fellow member. The one who is given the money can then use it to invest in some activity. The round goes on weekly for each woman so as to give opportunity for all to raise capital for small businesses. This approach has had 22 Project Case-study

Activities: give rise to social exclusion. Evi- Vulnerability, Actions at vari- dently, research carried out in Ki- ous levels & Participation vulu revealed nothing new in this respect. While some groups ben- In establishing the practicalities efit from the decisions taken by the involved in the decision-making community, others are unfairly left process, it was revealed that while out. Because of this, there exists there were a number of arising is- groups within Kivulu whose lack of sues, a few stood out conspicuously. participation in the decision mak- While the Local Council committee ing process has rendered them un- takes the lead in making decisions able to cope with shocks and uncer- and deciding on what course of ac- tainties of the environment. tion to follow, the first question that always arises is about who is to Particular groups such as the wom- benefit from such actions. Because en, youth, children, sick and the old everyone is trying to look out for are more likely to be excluded from their own interests, most are only participating in the decision mak- concerned about knowing who is ing process, access to resources and to benefit, let alone holding the au- services and high rates of morbid- thority accountable. The foremost ity. The lack of social security for concern of most residents is always these groups has made them more how each is to benefit, and if not, susceptible to being negatively af- why someone instead of them. fected by current and future uncertainties. This preoccupation with who benefits from community decisions Types and levels of vulnerability: and actions revealed the existence of vulnerability issues. Vulnerabil- In order to point out the most af- ity is defined by the ability a person fected groups and the most affect- or group has to cope with crisis. ing occurrences the direct affecting Jayaratne (2007) defines vulner- of groups have been analyzed. It ability as the possibility of suffering is underlined that we are aware of and a decline in a community’s ca- severe indirect effects of accidents pacity to care for its members. He happening over time, but that we further contends that this decline have chosen to look into the urgent, is brought by shocks against which immediate influence of different protection is either costly or not levels of vulnerability. possible. “Social indicators inform about dif- The levels of inequality in many ficulties for one group or another community structures inevitably (women, minority ethnic groups) 23 Project Case-study to be involved in programmes, or ence of man in a woman’s life helps to have taken advantage of loan to protect the woman from loosing schemes or enterprise develop- her assets. This factor is very im- ment. This kind of assessment may portant when determining the level lead to alternative programmes of vulnerability. In Kivulu, just like directed specifically at the exclud- any other typical African societies, ed groups – such as the Grameen women who lack the influence of Bank’s strategy of targeting loans men in their lives are not respected to women – or to a reformulation by the community as a whole. Ac- of programmes. Access to schools, cording to interviews carried out in clinics or new housing are good in- the area, young unmarried women dicators of discrimination, territo- are not seen as being relevant to the rial demarcations a sign of control community. Women are often eas- and so on”, Hamdi () ily taken advantage of, especially if they own property or businesses. As Women: landlords, they are subjected to de- Women make up a large proportion lays in payment of rent by tenants. of the population in Kivulu. Many of For those operating small business- them are single parents while others es, they loose a lot of income due to are widows. Because of a higher life clients who take goods or services expectancy, they tend to live longer on credit. These clients take long than the men as elsewhere. Due to to pay up or sometimes fail to meet a number of reasons, the burdens their obligations altogether. of supporting and meeting household needs largely fall on them. In A woman’s level of vulnerability spite of this, they are excluded from changes throughout her life with making more far reaching decisions time her life, as her relationship to regarding the community. This is in men differs. When married most part due to the highly paternalistic women have to struggle with an in- society in which they live. They are ternal kind of vulnerability emanat- involved in small-scale business ing from her relationship with the like catering, retailing, vending and husband. They are susceptible to cleaning. The harsh conditions in domestic abuse and other family- which these women live have forced in-law related problems. When wid- them to do almost anything just to owed, most women are subjected to make ends meet. This position has harassment from their in-laws, who made them susceptible to all sorts are known for dispossessing her of of negative pressures, thus becom- her husband’s belongings. In the ing vulnerable. most extreme cases, some women end up being totally disenfran- In a society such as this, the pres- chised by their in-laws. Without 24 Project Case-study a husband, the external pressures formed small groups with the main then set in, subjecting her to a whole aim of saving their revenue to im- new lot of societal prejudices. prove their welfare. What remains to be seen is whether society in The most vulnerable among the places like Kivulu is ready to accord women in Kivulu are the widows, women the full rights they are en- single mothers and prostitutes. titled to in a situation where there Lacking respect from the commu- is immense competition for fast di- nity, they have very limited rights minishing resources. in the community. Children: However, the recent movement to- This is another significantly vulner- wards women emancipation and able group that was identified in empowerment is slowly changing Kivulu. The abject poverty in which the urban landscape, especially in the population in Kivulu is in has areas such as these. Women have exposed them greatly to all kinds been encouraged to take charge of health and social problems. The of their affairs and to demand for high birth rate is partly responsible equal opportunity in society. This for the high numbers of children in trend of events is in force in plac- this place. Most families have be- es like Kivulu. The women have tween 2-4 children, living in single room tenements which make them overcrowded.

On average, the majority of children in Kivulu fall within the 4-6 year age bracket. This implies that many are supposed to be in school. Un- fortunately, because most of their parents are unable to afford to meet their educational needs, they spend their time playing in the streets. Many end up starting school later than they should.

Because their families cannot get them into school, some children are made to work to help supple- ment their parents’ incomes. Child labour takes so many forms in these harsh conditions. 25 Project Case-study

Children in Kivulu face serious Non-residents: health risks because of the nature Many of the businesses in Kivulu of their environment. The absence are run by people who do not live of play lots or a play ground is hav- there. These people come from oth- ing a negative impact on their lives. er notably poor settlements such Without a gazetted play area, chil- as Kasubi and Bwaiise who rent dren will use any available space properties to set up small business. to meet their recreational needs. It These businesses play a very impor- therefore came as no surprise when tant part in their livelihoods. They many were observed playing in the are not affected by the poor envi- dirty streets, trenches and garbage ronmental quality of Kivulu as the heaps. The unhygienic condition of residents. Their presence is largely where they choose to play from ex- determined by the existence of a poses them to the possibility of con- market for their goods and servic- tracting diseases such as malaria, es. According to interviews carried dysentery, cholera, diarrhoea and a out, some of them used to live in Ki- host of other health problems. Un- vulu earlier on. When they moved, like the adults, they are more like- the social networks they had devel- ly to fall sick largely in due to this oped influenced them to continue reason. Their vulnerability level in- operating their small businesses in creases in case where they are being Kivulu. Proximity to the city centre, looked after by very young parents, the existence of old friends, custom- who are ignorant in such matters. ers and more importantly, tribes mates, have combined to attract them to this neighbourhood. The performance of their small businesses heavily relies on reputation and relationships with the community. Some travel as many as 8km from Kampala’s suburbs to Kivulu every day. Their movements are largely dependant on public transport means (mini-buses), while others walk all the way to Kivulu.

Youth: This category consists of all those individuals between the ages of 16 and 28. Most youth in Kivulu do not want to identify with the place. They harbour dreams of attaining 26 Project Case-study the ability to afford living in plac- Unemployed: es far better than Kivulu. They are Kivulu has a high rate of unem- clearly not happy living here, and ployed individuals. Most of these therefore lack a sense of belonging are men because they are never to or attachment. These youth more willing to do anything to earn an in- than often spend much of their come. Their future is always uncer- time in the numerous entertain- tain. Because they have a lot of time ment shacks and bars, rather than on them, they indulge themselves in school. The crime-rate among in bad habits like drinking. These them is high, especially among the people don’t have access to defined males. This group is considered sources of income, hence often lack vulnerable because they are suscep- motivation. Most of them survive tible to being taken advantage of by by doing menial jobs around the older members of the community. city. The informal social networks In extreme cases, they have been that they have within the commu- easily coerced into armed rebellion nity also help to sustain them. against the current government. Despite the fact that they are the Men: future of the country, they continue The number of men in Kivulu is to be excluded from the decision- comparatively low. While some are making process. single, others are married with families to take care of. Unfortunately, The Old: As the average life expectancy in Kivulu (and Uganda in general, i.e 47 yrs) is quite low, there are not that many old people in Kivulu. The group of people over 60 years is small, and most of these are women. Most old people return to their villages when they feel can no longer work to earn a living. The few who live in Kivulu and are not capable of working largely rely on their grandchildren and children to survive. They would play a very influential role in shaping the community but they are also excluded from the decision-making process in the community.

27 Project Case-study those who have families tend to ab- unless they have evidence to show scond from their responsibilities. that they have lived on it for more This group is not as vulnerable as than 20 years. Because of the un- the others. Men, being high in so- certainty surrounding land tenure cial rank in African societies are in Kivulu, many residents are not less vulnerable in contrast with less motivated to make any perma- privileged social groups like the nent improvements or meaningful women or youth. However, they changes to their lots. Doing this is are just as vulnerable and suscepti- not realistic from any perspective. ble to the health hazards that come All improvements which are made with living in poor environmental to properties are temporary in na- surroundings. ture. This is the reason why 90% of the structures in Kivulu are either The Sick: semi-permanent or temporary. People who are afflicted by diseas- These people are living under a lot es like HIV, TB, cholera, malaria of uncertainty, especially due to the and diarrhea fall in this group. The fact that commercial property de- community in Kivulu is more than velopers are steadily moving into likely to have a high rate of morbid- the settlement. The landlords are ity. Because of the lack of resources, systematically selling off their land these people cannot afford medical to the highest bidders to develop care or services. They therefore end the land. The residents find them- up having to grapple with the bur- selves at the mercy of the landlords den of disease, which greatly low- in the wake of all this. ers their productivity, quality and standard of life. The terminally ill There were a number of empty lots with afflictions like HIV/AIDS are in Kivulu, where squatters had been still stigmatized by society, while forcefully evicted by landlords. The others end up as community out- residents are not compensated ac- casts. Because they cannot work, cording to the value of their prop- they have to depend on their friends erty. The landlords determine the and relatives for support. This amount of compensation and then makes them vulnerable to all forms pay them off. For those who refuse of prejudice. to vacate the land, they are forcefully evicted. Some interventions Landless: are urgently needed to protect this 80% of the inhabitants in Kivulu group from the property market are landless. These inhabitants are forces that threaten to destroy their classified as squatters. According livelihood. to the Land Act of 1998, such per- sons do not have rights to the land 28 Project Case-study

AFFECTED GROUPS NATURE OF PROBLEM W M Y O C S LS U E

X 1-Lack of cheap and X X X X X X X X NOT reliable health facilities X X X X X X 2-Poor Solid Waste X X X X X X X X X Management X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 - Accute Water Problems X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4-Lack of Power X X X X X X X X X X 5-Inadequate Sanitary X X X X X X X X X Facilities X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 6-High Crime X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 7-Lack of Land Rights X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8-Unemployment X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9-Unwanted X X NOT X X X X X NOT Pregnancies X X X X X X X X X X X 10-Poor Drainage X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 11-Threat of Fires X X X X X X X X X X X X X 12-Uncontrolled X X X X X X X X X Entertainment Shanties X X X TOTAL 25 18 26 21 25 25 25 22 16

W – Women, M – Men, XXX - Most Affected Y – Youth, O – the Old XX – Affected C – Children, S – the Sick X - Least Affected LS – Landless U – Unemployed NOT - Not Affected E - Non-residents

Matrix 1: degree of impact of identified problems on key groups in Kivulu 29 Project Case-study

Consequently, various levels of vul- first level, though the impacts of the nerability were derived from ana- problems they face have a signifi- lysing the extent to which each one cant effect on their welfare. They of the identified problems affected include the women, children, old, the different groups. landless, unemployed and sick.

Vulnerability Range: Level III The third category consists of those 15.20 Level III groups whose vulnerability is low- 20.25 Level II er than that of the first two. These 26+ Level I groups are not so much affected by most of the problems that were Level I identified in Kivulu. It includes the Groups that fall within this classi- men and non-residents. fication are relatively the most vulnerable, if one takes into consideration the effects that these problems have on their wellbeing.

Level II Groups that fall in this level are relatively less vulnerable than the

30 Project Case-study

Institutional Capacity, Poten- ly mandated organs. ‘The term “in- tials & Constraints formal institution” has been used to characterize aspects of traditional According to Colding and Folke culture, personal networks, clien- (2000), institutions may be defined telism, corruption, clan and mafia as the humanly devised norms and organizations, civil society, and a rules that shape human interaction wide variety of legislative, judicial, and societal evolution. and bureaucratic norms.’ 1

Greif, (2006), in his work contends Informal institutions are generated that the quality of the institutional based on culture matters, ethnic/ foundations of the economy and moral rules, taboo systems, social the polity is paramount in deter- norms and/or conventions of so- mining a society’s welfare. Good in- ciety. They are most commonly stitutions encourage production by developed on a community level, fostering saving, investment in hu- sometimes in the household or man and physical capital, and de- neighbourhood level also. In this velopment and adoption of useful type of institution the old tradition knowledge. From this perspective, of oral law is widespread and to- it becomes oblivious that no society gether with it comes of course the can meet the needs of its members lack of legality in the process. without the existence of well structured institutions. A critical analy- In Kivulu, the most active lower sis of the implications of this defi- level organs entrusted to enforce nition reveals that institutions have these rules include the LCI. The LC the potential to shape the future of I is the basic administrative unit in any one community in all aspects. the country’s political set-up. The decentralization of government Institutions can be formal and in- to such lower units was primarily formal. Formal institutions refer meant to ensure that the views of to rules that human beings devise, the grassroots communities would such as political and judicial rules, be channeled to higher levels for economic rules, contracts, common consideration. However, it was ob- laws, bylaws, and constitutions. served that these units have not They are the result of the increas- made the desired impact on the ing organizational complexity of lives of the residents. Due to a host society, correlated to the increasing of constraints, they continue to specialization and division of la- make very little impact on the local bour,” Colding and Folke, (2000). community in this area. Most of these rules are written down, and administered by special- It was established that the formal 31 Project Case-study institutions are playing a greater deal with them. Disputes between role in directing the affairs of the or among residents are treated as community. Being a multi-ethnic minor and are normally handled community has greatly limited the by a committee tribunal of at least role of informal institutions. Social 5 members. Besides these extraor- networks exist among the differ- dinary meetings that are convened ent ethnic groups in Kivulu, though to solve these minor problems, the they are not strong enough to make committee also meets once a month a significant impact on the commu- to deliberate on outstanding issues nity as a whole. Informal institu- in Kivulu. In addition, the different tions, if active and in place, can play LC I committees in the parish meet an important role in providing the every after 2 months to discuss is- necessary checks and balances for sues related to the whole parish. the formal institutions. The actions of formal institutions are never However, there are other problems questioned or accounted for if there that cannot be handled by the LC I. are no strong communal institu- If the problems that are facing the tions. It is reasonable to conclude community are beyond the capacity that the resulting problems of cor- of the local administration, they are ruption and the abuse of power in prioritized and forwarded in record public institutions find their roots to LC 2, the second tier in the ad- here. The mixture of cultural, reli- ministrative set-up. If this com- gious and social value systems has mittee cannot solve the problem, it limited the contribution of infor- puts it to the Parish Development mal institutions. The more active Committee (PDC) to consider and formal institutions have made sig- determine whether the highest au- nificant gains in trying to promote thority, LC 5 (in this case KCC), the welfare of the residents. should intervene. The PDC is composed of a representative from each The Decision-making Process LC 1 in the area, and another from in Kivulu parish level (LC 2).

The LC committee is charged with Prioritizing & Addressing the duty of handling and conduct- Community Needs ing the social, economic environmental and security affairs of the Community problems that cannot whole community. It is the duty be addressed by the LC 1 and LC of the LC chairman and members 2 units are forwarded to the PDC of his/her committee to identify for consideration. When the PDC key problems facing the commu- meets, it discusses the problems nity, and then determine how to that have been raised and then 32 Project Case-study discusses them. This discussion is to solve an area’s problem. LC 1 meant to determine the extent or committees are never really in- magnitude of each problem, the volved in the prioritization of key how and when to solve it, and other problems at the highest level (LC 5 issues such as resource implica- / KCC). Subsequently, they cannot tions. When consensus is reached influence decisions to determine on which problems to solve first, the amount of resources required the committee prepares a docu- to solve a problem. ment regarding key areas that require urgent intervention. After The exclusion of LC 1 committees preparing this draft, it forwards it in this important stage has had a KCC, the highest authority in the detrimental effect on capacity of city, for further consideration. KCC to meet the needs of residents in areas like Kivulu. The techni- The authorities in KCC are respon- cal teams that are assembled to sible for determining which of the help solve a community problem key issues raised by the PDC can be tend to exaggerate budgets meant addressed given the available re- to address key problem. Because sources. It sends a specialist team of the unrealistically high budgets of technicians to the area to make made by these teams, it takes long some ground surveys. The purpose to mobilize the required financial of these surveys is to ascertain the resources. The chairman of Kivulu magnitude of a problem at LC 1 claimed that many problems that level and therefore advise on a pos- the community faces require just sible course of action. Their field a fraction of the resources that are assessment of the problem on the normally budgeted by the techni- ground helps to determine whether cal teams. If the budget set by the some form of intervention is neces- technical teams is beyond what sary. If the problem warrants some KCC can afford at the time, plans kind of intervention, the town clerk to address the problem in question (KCC) mobilizes funds through the are put on hold indefinitely. Many Local Government Development problems raised by the LC 1 of Ki- Program (LGDP). He/she then vulu have failed to be addressed by authorizes a team of professionals KCC because of this. While some from KCC to proceed with setting problems have not been addressed out and implementing a course of partly due to the above, for those action to solve the problem. that some effort was made to address them, the quality of output is The PDC is responsible for super- always questionable. Notably, KCC vising and monitoring the actions carried out the construction of pit- of the technical team sent by KCC latrines under the Kampala Urban 33 Project Case-study

Sanitation Improvement Program solved that KCC should introduce (KUSIP) in Kivulu. Field visits to street lights in Kivulu to help ad- these ‘new’ units revealed that the dress rising security concerns. The quality of the final product did not LC 1 forwarded this proposal to LC match the large sums of money that 2, then through PDC, and finally KCC claimed to have spent on the to KCC. After much deliberation project. 60% of the funds allocated in KCC, the project was given the for such projects end up being mis- nod and the town clerk mobilized appropriated through intentionally the necessary resources. A team of overstated budgets. The footprint engineers was assembled and given left behind by institutionalized cor- the mandate to oversee implemen- ruption was unmistakable. tation of the street lighting project. Without involving the community, a These same technical teams employ street lighting grid was set up along their own labor to implement com- the major road through Kivulu. The munity projects. In doing this, they new street lighting line became op- deny the many unemployed resi- erational a few months after. How- dent youth opportunities to earn ever, one year down the road and wages for their survival and acquire the line is no longer functioning. skills. The general lack of involve- As the case is with similar projects, ment of community members in im- KCC is notorious for implement- plementation of these projects can- ing projects (originally initiated by not ensure long term maintenance local communities) and failing to and sustainability. This is one of the include the project beneficiaries in reasons as to why most community the implementation process. projects initiated by KCC in Kam- pala have relatively short life spans. Because of this, no clear guidelines Because the local communities are are set to address the operational not well integrated in the decision- practicalities of the project in the making and program implementa- long run. Thus, many projects have tion process, they are not obliged failed to adequately meet the needs to maintain or sustain resultant of local communities in places like projects. Over time, the community Kivulu. has developed a general feeling of apathy because of being excluded Unless PDCs are well integrated in this manner. into the decision-making process of KCC, the communities at the lower This trend of events can be further levels in places like Kivulu will con- exemplified by the total failure of tinue struggling to acquire social the latest projects. In 2006, the services. community, through its LC 1, re- 34 Project Case-study

According to the LC1 chairman, al- of the LC 1 zones (including Kivulu) though the PDC has tried to hold in Kagugube Parish. These trainees KCC accountable, their efforts have acquired skills in areas like cater- always come to naught. The lack of ing, reproductive health and avoid- transparency in terms of resource ing risky behavior. After the work- allocation for community projects shops, the trainees returned to their has greatly eroded the people’s trust respective communities to pass on in the local administrative units as their experiences. The first work- well. They feel that their leaders shop was carried out in 1999 and are not doing enough to represent a second in 2006. Residents who their interests. Community meet- were interviewed in the survey con- ings have therefore become a ritual curred that though the workshops affair, which end without any sub- had not been done more regularly, stantive output. they made an impact on the lives of the beneficiaries. When pressed to explain the possible causes of all these bottlenecks, Institutional Constraints especially corruption, the chairman, with a lot of disappointment, The institutions in Kivulu face nu- simply said, “This is Uganda…” merous constraints. These range from inadequate capacity, low mo- Religious institutions were noted to tivation, inadequate resources, to be very active in Kivulu. The Sev- isolation from the top and bottom enth Day Adventist Church set up levels of society. a health centre to offer basic health services to Kivulu’s community. Be- Lack of adequate institutional ing within walk able distance, the capacity health centre has helped to meet the health needs of the residents. When interviews were held with However, its work is curtailed by some of the LC staff in Kivulu, they the lack of adequate funding. Other revealed that most of them lack con- active religious institutions have fidence in various aspects of their helped to educate the underprivi- work. Their level of literacy is very leged children in Kivulu. They of- low, and consequently do not have fer them tuition fees in addition adequate capacity to effectively to a range of scholastic materials. manage the affairs of the commu- Workshops and seminars have nity. They rarely receive any form been arranged by other churches, of training to equip them with man- primarily with the intention of im- agerial and administrative skills. parting various skills to the youth. The lack of competent managers is 2 trainees were enrolled from each a serious constraint which has had 35 Project Case-study an especially negative effect on the sence of strong relationships be- performance of the formal institu- tween and amongst the institutions tions. in Kivulu has constrained their activities. Interviews with the CBOs, Resource Constraints religious institutions and the LC I staff showed that there are no Institutions in Kivulu are also con- strong relationships between them. strained by the lack of direct access Without these relationships, it be- to resources. The highest units of comes extremely difficult to syn- administration at LC III and LC V chronise project implementation are the only ones which can access and avoid replication or misuse of resources for development purpos- scarce resources. There was no con- es. Added to the fact that the LC I crete evidence to show any form of staff do not get paid salaries, these cooperation between the institu- institutions cannot initiate, de- tions on the ground. velop and implement development projects in their respective areas. Lack of motivation and support from the community Isolation and disconnection from the community The increasing apathy of the community in Kivulu has reduced the The apparent lack of tangible re- support that institutions require to sults from institutions has conse- operate optimally. Because the in- quently isolated and disconnected stitutions lack the total support of them from the community. Most the community, this has led to ero- respondents felt that the local insti- sion of their motivation. The success tutions in Kivulu had no connection of institutional effort in improving with the residents. Most of these the welfare of Kivulu requires sup- local leaders were holding admin- port from the community. The sub- istrative posts mainly for prestige sequent lack of it has rendered the and not to serve the community. institutions almost irrelevant. They have been known to care less about the welfare of the commu- Inadequate institutional frame- nity. They were accused of looking works out for their own selfish interests. Although much has been done by Lack of strong relationships be- the current regime to decentralise tween and amongst the different service delivery in Uganda, the in- institutions stitutional framework that was developed to achieve this is muddled In addition to the above, the ab- with so many overlaps and unclear 36 Project Case-study provisions. Unless these are re- The fact that community members solved, formal and informal institu- were still willing to listen to their tions are bound to fail in their quest leaders illustrated a positive atti- to meet the needs the community in tude. If the performance of the ex- Kivulu. isting institutions can be improved, the presence of such community Institutional Potentials good will help to transform Kivulu altogether. Though the institutions in Kivulu face many constraints, they have the potential to bring positive change to the area. Innovativeness and creativity Even in the face of adversity, institutions in Kivulu showed that they could draw on their innovativeness and creativity to try and improve the community’s welfare. Institutions had adopted a number of strategies to co-opt community members into the decision making process. Their resilience has ensured that some projects were successfully implemented though not well maintained. Projects initiated by the LC I had life spans which were limited to the duration in which a leader was in power. After the leaders who initiated the projects were voted out of office, the projects collapsed not long afterwards.

Community good will

Another potential that institutions have is that of good will from the community. Even though the community had lost its faith and trust in their institutions, many expressed a willingness to get involved in deciding the future of the community. 37 Project Case-study

Community Perceptions doing it. To him, the whole con- about the role of Planning cept revolved around the actors, specifically the local leaders. He When community members were felt that planning had more to do confronted about their perceptions with leadership than anything else. of planning, a whole range of in- Consequently, it’s in such positions teresting responses were elicited. that ideas whether small or big, are All the respondents who were ap- conceived and implemented. He la- proached to acquire information mented about how the current lead- about the above were not conver- ership had become tainted by cor- sant with the concept to begin with. ruption. He even showed us a point A lot of time had to be invested in on the road along which his house trying to translating the concept’s is located, where a culvert should ideas into the local language for have been constructed. On top of greater clarity. It was believed that other problems, Mzee Mayanja in- explaining the concept of planning sisted that the incompetence of the would clear the air of related issues. leadership (local and national) had Elaborating more on the planning made the implementation of small concept helped to elicit some re- projects such as the culvert a tall sponses that shed light on the issues order. facing the community. However, deeper enquiries into the concept Sara Nasande, another resident only turned interviews into scho- working in the community market, lastic quizzes for the interviewees. gave a different view about how she Although it was not easy, discus- perceived planning. Her response sions around the role of planning in symbolised the expectations of the development of the community many poor residents in Kivulu. She provoked respondents to give their was more interested to know how views in response to questions like: the concept would impact on her livelihood. When the question was • What is going to be done (ac- put to her, she replied with another tions)? of her own; would the planning of • Who is going to do it (actors)? Kivulu lead to the demolition or re- • How big is it going to be (scale tention of the market? Her question & extent)? revealed her perception of planning • How is it to be done (process)? as some strategy always adopted to address the problem of shanty According to Mzee Mayanja, the structures or illegal settlements. idea of planning or development in The concern she showed about the general was a question of who was future of the market, her source of income and ultimately, liveli- 38 Project Case-study hood, was a genuine indicator as to mous with building big structures where her conceptions of planning and shops in place of settlements lay. She was asked whether she like Kivulu. Unlike most of her fel- had witnessed some planning in- low residents, she had a more posi- terventions being implemented in tive view of planning. She believed the area. The answer did not come that new developments that come as a surprise. She said that she had with planning action were capa- not witnessed any planning inter- ble of creating job opportunities ventions being implemented in the and raising living standards. Asked area. When given a better explana- about the quality of physical infra- tion of the concept, she concluded structure that was in place, she in- that planning should focus more on sisted that the necessary facilities improving their livelihood. were in place.

For Emmanuel Kizito, a 28 year- Like Sara, Nicholas Kajumba re- old resident of Kivulu, planning or sponded to the question of plan- development interventions were ning perceptions with his own about unfulfilled promises. He tes- question. ‘The concept, you are ask- tified as to having been a witness ing me, is it just a new development to many land evictions in the area from scratch or about making small as the basis of his perceptions. Ac- changes?’ He seemed to be more cording to observations and in- informed than the others from the terviews with other community ensuing interview. Given a better members, large parts of land had understanding of the concept, Ka- been cleared and were lying idle. jumba categorically stated that the The squatters who occupied this implementation of infrastructure cleared land were forcefully evicted (roads, schools, healthcare) should by landlords who had sold off their be considered first when setting land to city developers. Kizito’s planning goals for Kivulu. perception of planning had been shaped by events such as these. It The interviews that were carried therefore came as no surprise when out helped to shed some light on he concluded that the invasion and how the community perceives the succession dynamics affecting Ki- concept of planning. It came as no vulu where symptoms of planning surprise that the views they had force in action. were different. However, when all were confronted about their role in Another interpretation of the role planning, their response was nega- of planning was given by Esther tive. They attributed it to the lack of Makango. To her as a resident, plan- motivation. Meetings are regularly ning and development was synony- called by the local leaders to make 39 Project Case-study development plans for the area. now, it remains a concept for only Unfortunately, many residents do the elite academia and educated not turn up because they view it as masses. The country-wide scale of a waste of time. The area chairman immunisation and HIV prevention said that it is always difficult for campaigns provide an exemplary him to call these meetings because means to addressing key social the people only attend if there is problems. Unless similar aware- something new on the agenda. They ness campaigns are made in plan- feel they have better things to do ning, interventions based on its ba- with their time than sit around and sic principles will not achieve much. make discussions which eventually The people can only be expected come to naught. to actively involve themselves in something whose importance they From the preceding interviews, the can understand. Coupled with a re- concept of planning greatly needs sult-oriented though not a means- to be publicised to enlighten the to-an-end approach, planning has masses about its importance. As of the potential to make a positive impact on Kivulu.

40 Project Case-study

Linkages of the area foodstuffs and other household items. This ploy is used to ensure Internal Linkages that one can easily acquire goods or even services on credit. The internal linkages in Kivulu are dominated by the existence of so- New entrants into the settlement cial networks, which have played find it difficult to establish them- a valuable role in preserving cul- selves in the settlement. However, tural values. Social networks are this process becomes relatively easy relationships that are built among when the newcomers make contact people of similar cultural (tribal) with social groups they can associ- values. Kivulu, like many other il- ate with in terms of language and legal settlements in Kampala, has a culture. These tribal linkages en- high concentration of tribal groups sure that new entrants into Kivulu from all over the country. From do not fail to get housing, or em- such cultural diversity, differences ployment of some kind. The groups in cultural values, traditions, and have an attitude of taking care of behaviour emerge to influence the their own no matter the cost. A ten- formation of territorial groupings. ement of 5 will take an additional 3 While it was identified that they new entrants into Kivulu until they were not very distinctly divided by find their own places to stay. physical boundaries, information gathered from respondents showed Though not as strong as the above, that individuals from a specific family ties also play an important tribe largely associated with peers role in defining linkages within of the same tribal background. The Kivulu. Families also provide an Batoro, Bakiga and other tribes entry point for new settlers. Many from the western part of the coun- individuals interviewed in the area try habitually socialised with fellow attributed their ease of entry into western tribes. The same was evi- Kivulu because of family ties. While dent amongst tribes from the East- the cultural ties make the greatest ern, Northern and Central parts of overall impact, these family ties the country. Businesses thrive on have nevertheless made a telling these relationships. Bars, which contribution in defining internal are the focal points and key benefi- linkages within Kivulu. ciaries, are known for selling beer taken by clientele from particular Economic linkages within Kivulu tribes. The small shops are no ex- need to not be overlooked. Within ception, though. Individuals seek Kivulu exist a variety of small re- out shops operated by their fellow tail businesses. The supply of goods tribes-mates, where they buy their and services between and among 41 Project Case-study them has built valuable links. Some External Linkages residents operate businesses which primarily supply other businesses Worthy of note are the external with materials. Charcoal sellers linkages that Kivulu has to its sur- and food vendors provided a very rounding community. It was estab- good example of such linkages. The lished that socially, there were a market partly owes its existence to number of residents outside Kivulu them. Restaurants buy their food who frequented the place during and charcoal from the vendors. the day. These people came from The bearing that these linkages as far as Katanga, Bwaiise, and have on people’s livelihoods cannot Kasubi. Most of them were unem- be underestimated. Survival in Ki- ployed males, who came to seek the vulu is partly built along these in- company of fellow tribes-mates. ternal linkages. The social, cultural, They would spend their days in Ki- and economic linkages in the com- vulu drinking, and gossiping about munity has further helped Kivulu issues like politics. Some were mar- to acquire some loose form of social ried with families to support while cohesion. others were single. Some residents

42 Project Case-study in Kivulu attributed the area’s prob- Some landlords have built or con- lems to this group. They accused it verted their properties into hotels of being partly responsible for hap- in Kivulu. These hostels house a hazardly disposing of solid waste in considerable number of students their settlement. from Makerere University. They have had both a social and econom- Another group of non-residents ic impact on Kivulu. They mix al- was identified to have strong con- most freely with the residents, and nections to Kivulu. This included also acquire some services from some small scale retailers. Many them. Many obtain their meals small businesses in Kivulu were from the market, thereby support- owned by non-residents. These ing the business operating there. people live in other settlements, but However, their presence has also ply their trade here. Most had been had a negative impact. More solid around for more than 5 years. Their waste is generated by these hostels impact, though subtle, is very im- and dumped irresponsibly in Kivu- portant from the livelihood context. lu. A few privileged youth from Ki- They are an indispensable support vulu have also been able to acquire for the economy of Kivulu. a university education at Makerere. All these groups play a key role in

43 Project Case-study determining the resultant linkages little or almost no information has between Kivulu and its neighbour- been acquired regarding the effect ing community. of these linkages. Families in Kivu- lu are well connected to their rural While the impact that non-resi- roots. This realisation came to the dents of Kivulu have on the area is fore when some respondents ad- significant, the impact of residents mitted that they acquire their food from Kivulu on other areas is also supplies from the rural areas. Be- significant. While some residents cause they are poor, they never earn earn their living within Kivulu, oth- enough to cater for basic like food, ers find their means of sustenance shelter or clothing. As a means of away from the settlement. Inter- cutting down on their expenditure, views revealed that some residents some households acquire their food operate small businesses outside from home villages in the rural ar- Kivulu. A good number of them op- eas. It should be noted that this erate small kiosks in Makerere Uni- phenomenon is not limited to the versity while others are involved in urban poor in Kampala. Even afflu- vending activities in suburbs like ent and middle income households Wandegeya, Bwaiise, Mulago and are known to acquire a consider- Kamwokya. able amount of their food supplies from the villages. The implications The linkages that exist between the of these strong linkages are very rural and urban areas are very strong wide. A great deal of research needs in Kivulu. These linkages play a key to be done to understand these ru- role in influencing livelihoods. Very ral-urban linkages.

44 Situation & Key Issues

This section of the report contains Infrastructural Issues: the results of the analyses that • Lack of cheap and reliable were made of key problems iden- health facilities tified during the reconnaissance • Acute water shortages surveys. In addition, it lays out the • Lack of power various criteria that were adopted • Poor drainage to develop a project geared to- • Inadequate sanitary facilities wards addressing the most critical problem facing the community in Economic Issues: Kivulu. The project elements are • High crime rates also clearly elaborated, to set the • Lack of rights to land foundation for improving the wel- • Unemployment fare of the community. Social Issues: Major Problems Affecting • Early pregnancivs Residents of Kivulu • Uncontrolled Entertainment- Through discussions with the Shanties community leadership (LC I), interviews with residents and field It is clearly evident that the nature observations, a number of issues of problems affecting communi- emerged. In order to better un- ties such as the one in Kivulu can- derstand and comprehend their not possibly be solved using the magnitude and extent, the key conventional survey-diagnose-plan issues were classified accordingly. approach. In Uganda, this kind of This approach helped to prioritise problem-solving approach has not and therefore determine which yielded expected results in similar problems needed urgent attention. communities. It is more than obliv- Narrowing the problems down to a ious that a different approach is re- few would then assist in choosing quired to bring about positive and an area of intervention. lasting change to improve the lives of these people. The areas where planning interventions were most required in Kivulu An objective analysis of each issue were: followed this stage. This analysis helped to narrow down the above Environmental Issues: set of issues to formulate a project • Poor solid waste management brief. Doable projects had to be • Threat of fires identified- those that could be started sooner rather than later – and then analysed in terms of their resource demands. 45 Situation & Key Issues

Possible Possible Problem Cause Effect Irregular servicing of area Overflowing skips by KCC collection trucks poor solid waste management Aesthetic & olfactory issues Irresponsible residents & outsiders

Threat of fires Poor housing materials Loss of property

Lack of cheap & reliable High rates of mortality & Lack of funds from KCC health facilities morbidity

Acute water shortages High cost of water Poor hygiene standards

Lack of power Insecurity in High cost of power neighbourhood Poor hygiene standards Poor drainage Lack of funds High rates of morbidity

Inadequate sanitary Lack of funds Poor hygiene standards facilities Land is not readily available Mistrust within Poverty community High crime rates Unemployment Insecurity

Temporary structures Lack of rights to land Lack of funds to buy land Uncertainties about future

Drug addiction Poor economic performance High rates of crime Unemployment Lack of skills & training Apathy & low levels of motivation

Illiteracy High rates of school Early pregnancies drop-outs Rape

Juvenile delinquency Uncontrolled entertainment Inadequate regulatory shanties system Loss of productive time

Table 1: identified problems, their possible causes & effects 46 Situation & Key Issues

1. Prioritization & Objective Analysis of Problems

The analysis phase of the project started with an objective assessment of the results of interviews conducted in Kivulu. The purpose of this was to validate the authenticity and accuracy of information acquired from the various respondents. Hav- ing compiled and verified the list of issues that community members felt were most pressing, we pro- ceeded to weigh the impact of each problem. Because the information was acquired mainly through semi- structured interviews, the process of identifying key intervention areas was arguably very challenging. The complexities surrounding each one of these problems made it all the more difficult to pin down their causes and the extent of their effects. It should therefore be noted that some basic assumptions had to be considered to make an assertive choice as to which interventions would best meet the set goals and objectives.

Using the vulnerability level matrix, an assessment was made of the relative impacts each problem had on various community groups. This comparative analysis of the identified problems helped to isolate key areas where immediate interventions would have an arguably greater impact on improving community welfare. 47 Situation & Key Issues

NATURE AFFECTED GROUPS OF PROBLEM W M Y O C S LS U E WP X Lack of cheap and X X X X X X X X NOT 14 X X X X reliable health facilities X X Poor Solid Waste X X X X X X X X X 18 Management X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Accute Water Problems X X 18 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Lack of Power X X 16 X X X X X X X X Inadequate Sanitary X X X X X X X X X 19 Facilities X X X X X X X X X X X X X X High Crime X X X X 14 X X X X X X X X X X X X X Lack of Land Rights X X X X X X 22 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Unemployment X X X X X X X 19 X X X X X X X X X Unwanted Pregnancies X NOT X X X X X NOT 12 X X X X X X X X X X X Poor Drainage X X X 19 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Threat of Fires 18 X X X X X X X X X X Uncontrolled Entertain- X X X X X X X X X X 14 ment Shanties X X X

W – Women, M – Men, Y-Youth, O – the Old, C – Children, S – the Sick, LS – Landless ,U – Unemployed, E - Non-residents

XXX - Most Affected, XX – Affected, X - Least Affected, NOT - Not Affected

Table 2: the impact of the identified problems on key groups in Kivulu 48 Situation & Key Issues

The table was used to quantify the total weights were collated in the relative impacts of the various the last column. The oblivious rea- problems on particular community son for this was because almost all groups. The first column contains the groups in the community were the list of the problems identified as deemed to be highly affected. The the most critical by the community. men, women, youth, landless and While the middle column repre- unemployed, who make up the ma- sents the list of affected community jority, were currently more affect- groups in the community, the third ed. A problem like that of the un- and last column (shaded) consti- controlled entertainment shanties tutes the relative weight that each scored low because its perceived problem exerts on the community impact was largely felt by only two as a whole. Using the three-level groups. vulnerability classification, it was possible to determine the impact of Consequently, a rank table was de- each problem on women, children veloped to clearly show how the or men as shown above. Evident- identified problems were priori- ly, while problems like the lack of tised. rights to land scored highly when

Rank Issues arising from field surveys Score

1 Lack of land rights 22 2 Unemployment 19 2 Poor drainage 19 2 Inadequate sanitary facilities 19 3 Acute water shortages 18 3 Poor solid waste management 18 3 Threat of fires 18 4 Lack of power 16 5 Lack of cheap & reliable health facilities 14 5 Uncontrolled Entertainment Shanties 14 6 Unwanted pregnancies 12

Table 3: the rank of problems facing the Kivulu’s community 49 Situation & Key Issues

The ranking shows the importance of the most critical problems faced by the community in Kivulu. High on the list are problems like the lack of rights to land, unemployment, poor drainage, and poor human waste management. The second group of problems with a lower score (and therefore of lower importance than the first) includes acute water shortages, poor solid waste management, and threat of fires. The last group depicts that group of problems whose impact is restricted to a few sections of the community. While this matrix helped to weigh the importance of some problems in relation to others, it should be noted that this matrix was developed strictly for purposes of problem prioritisation, and eventually to aid in deciding on which alternative interventions to adopt.

The importance of this stage of the fieldwork was crucial since it laid the foundation for selecting the most suitable intervention area. This selection helped to draw greater focus to a few particular problems, with the aim of choosing the most appropriate project in this context.

50 Situation & Key Issues

3.Brainstorming of project ideas Free idea flow and search for wacho ideas through discussion 1.Objective Analisis

1.Lack of land rights 2.Unemployment; Poor drainage;Unadequate sanitary facilities 3.Acute water shortage 4.Poor solid waste 4. Prioritizing issues for management project development 5.Lack of electricity 2.Scope/Impact/Analysis 6.Fire threats 7.crime rates and insecurity 8.lack of cheap reliable . Poor drainage heath facilities; unwanted pregnancy; uncontrolled .Inadequate entertainment shanties sanitary facilities . Acute water Solid waste management shortage . Poor solid waste management

5. Project Development

1. Project analysis Most pertaining issues analyzed

1.Lack of land rights 2.Unemployment; *The list of problems on the Poor drainage; left is a direct output of the Unadequate sanitary facilities Objective Analysis. As ex- 3.Acute water shortage plained in the text, an initial 4.Poor solid waste manage- problem checklist has been used as a background to start ment with and categorize the issues 5.Lack of electricity mentioned in the interview. 6.Fire threats Some problem areas have been 7.crime rates and insecurity included though they were not 8.lack of cheap reliable heath in the initial checklist, which facilities; gives the study area analysis a unwanted pregnancy; distinctive form. uncontrolled entertainment shanties

Diagrammatic representation of objective analysis 51 Situation & Key Issues

2. Asset/Impact Analysis

After prioritizing the problems From this matrix, the potential im- in the previous stage, the list was pacts of the problems, as weighed narrowed down to four key areas against the community’s resource of possible intervention. Through base to address them, were ana- group discussions, it was agreed lyzed. The matrix is the result of that in addition to reviewing the discussions which were carried out information obtained from the re- to categorize the highlighted prob- spondents, an asset/impact matrix lems according to their potential was required to narrow down the impact on the community, and the list of problems to four. possible amount of resources required to solve each.

Degree of Impact on Community

Low High

• Threat of fires • High crime rates • Lack of land rights • Lack of cheap and reliable • Unemployment health facility Without • Lack of Electricity

• Poor drainage • Uncontrolled entertain- • Inadequate sanitary facilities ment shanties • Acute water shortages • Unwanted Pregnancies Within • Poor solid waste management Limits of Community Assets

Limits of Community Assets: Considers the extent to which the community’s assets and resources can adequately support interventions to address a problem in question. Degree of Impact on Community: Considers the weight of the problems as objective assertions of the residents’ perceptions.

Table 4: impact of the problems as weighed against the community’s ability to address them accordingly 52 Situation & Key Issues

Planning interventions always have ing codes in an informal settlement to take into consideration a number would not have a visible impact on of issues before courses of action can the resident community’s welfare. be adopted. This stage of problem It is therefore not the most ideal analysis was developed to support issue to address from the onset in this process. As shown in the ma- a place like Kivulu. The potential trix, that group of problems whose results it can yield lack the ability overall resource demands were be- to have a profound impact on the yond the reach of the community community. First and foremost, en- was set in the upper two quadrants. forcement of such standards may It was realized by the team that to become counterproductive. Inter- successfully address these prob- ventions of this nature are always lems, appropriate interventions de- likely to create feelings of resent- manded high infrastructure investment among beneficiary commu- ment and concrete national urban nities. While many would not per- policy backup. These could not be ceive these measures in a positive guaranteed, especially from an ac- way, others might oppose them tion planning perspective where openly because such interventions more emphasis is placed on achiev- would greatly interfere with and ing results within the shortest pos- destabilize their livelihood. Adopt- sible time. This group was further ing such interventions at the on- subdivided into two. Possible in- set would only self-defeat the good terventions that could be adopted intentions of those trying to help. to address this subset of problems Another shortcoming of taking on lacked the potential to make signifi- such a project is that it would re- cant positive impacts on the whole quire a high degree of commitment community. Problems with a rela- from higher authorities, and invest- tively lower impact potential were ment resources to enforce policy or set in the upper left quadrant, while improve area connectivity. The lack those with a relatively higher im- of an operational urbanization pol- pact potential were set in the upper icy, numerous inefficiencies and re- right quadrant. source constraints that plague KCC do not provide a favorable basis for For instance, the fire threat could such interventions. be addressed in part by enforcing building and fire standards to lower The second group of problems the risk of fires, and improving ac- whose overall resource demands cessibility in the area to allow fire- were within the limits of the commu- fighting vehicles access the area in nity was set in the lower two quad- times of emergencies. It is a well- rants. To successfully address these known fact that enforcing of build- problems, the resource demands of 53 Situation & Key Issues these interventions where deemed • Poor drainage to be relatively lower. Within this • Inadequate sanitary facilities group, problems were further sub- • Acute water shortages divided as in the first case. Prob- • Poor solid waste management lems whose interventions required relatively lower amounts of invest- It was from this stage that a critical ment (within the resource limits of assessment was made of the four the community), and which had the along the following premises: potential to make some positive impacts on the community were set in • What interventions could be the lower left quadrant. In the low- adopted to achieve results with- er right quadrant, those problems in the shortest possible time? whose interventions required lower • What problem interventions amounts of investment, and which were needed to make a tangible had the potential to make signifi- impact on the community? cantly higher impacts on the com- • What resources could the community were set in the lower right munity mobilize within their hand quadrant. limits to implement the adopted interventions and strategies? This scope analysis matrix helped • How could the existing commu- to filter and narrow the list of prob- nity frameworks be exploited to lems down to the four that appeared address the problem for a recog- in the lower right quadrant. nisable impact?

54 Situation & Key Issues

3.Brainstorming of project ideas Free idea flow and search for wacho ideas 1.Objective Analisis through discussion

1.Lack of land rights 2.Unemployment; Poor drainage;Unadequate sanitary facilities 3.Acute water shortage 4.Poor solid waste management 5.Lack of electricity 4. Prioritizing issues for 6.Fire threats 7.crime rates and insecurity project development 8.lack of cheap reliable 2.Scope/Impact analysis heath facilities; unwanted pregnancy; uncontrolled . Poor drainage entertainment shanties .Inadequate sanitary facilities . Acute water Solid waste management shortage . Poor solid waste management

5. Project Development

2. Scope/Impact analysis Scope and impact analysis output

. Poor drainage

.Inadequate sanitary facilities

. Acute water shortage

. Poor solid waste management

Diagrammatic representation showing Scope/Impact Analysis 55 Situation & Key Issues

3.Brainstorming of project ideas Free idea flow and search for wacho 1.Objective Analisis ideas through discussion 1.Lack of land rights 2.Unemployment; Poor drainage;Unadequate sanitary facilities 3.Acute water shortage 4.Poor solid waste management 5.Lack of electricity 6.Fire threats 4. Prioritizing issues for 7.crime rates and insecurity 2.Scope/Impact analysis project development 8.lack of cheap reliable heath facilities; unwanted pregnancy; uncontrolled . Poor drainage entertainment shanties .Inadequate sanitary facilities Solid waste management . Acute water shortage . Poor solid waste management

5. Project Development

Free idea flow and search for wacho ideas through discussion

Diagrammatic representation showing brainstorming of project ideas 56 Situation & Key Issues

3. Project Selection plicit factors:

To choose one key area of interven- • Contribute the most tion from among the four, a series • Community acceptability of brainstorming sessions were car- • Knowledge as outsiders ried out by the team. A deeper ex- • Degree of success amination was made of the possible • Potential influence on other practicalities that would arise in the projects event of developing a project brief • Capacity of institutions for any of the four problems. Level of community The choice of determining which involvement area could be realistically handled The second criterion that was used was based a number of factors. To to choose an area for intervention begin with, the team developed a tried to examine the degree to which list of criteria against which each the project would foster community area of intervention would be scru- involvement. Involving various sec- tinised. The list of criteria was divid- tions of the community in Kivulu ed into explicit and implicit factors. was perceived as being crucial in The first four explicit factors were building community cohesion and adopted as the main determinants relationships. Building such rela- of choosing a project that could be tionships would provide the ideal realistically attempted. They were springboard for promoting greater limited to four, so as to ease the de- and meaningful public participa- cision-making process. The second tion in decision making. Although list of implicit factors was used pri- most of the potential interventions marily to widen scope of examina- possessed the potential to achieve tion of the chosen project. this, it was acknowledged that some interventions depended more than Criteria that was developed and others on this aspect. This in turn adopted to determine which area would help to guide actions that would be dealt with: could bring about positive change within Kivulu. • Level of community involvement Time frame of • Time frame of implementation implementation • Feasibility The time frame envisaged for im- • Sustainability plementation of a project need not be too lengthy. According to rough The final project choice was also estimates, the time frames required weighed against the following im- for implementing projects to ad- 57 Situation & Key Issues project was chosen on the premise impact on the choice of project se- that it would be more easily accept- lection. The urgent need to achieve ed by the community. Comparisons positive results was played a crucial were made of the possible adjust- role in determining which project ments that the community would to adopt. The final project was have to make to accommodate in- chosen on the premise that its po- terventions to solve a particular tential success would help to build problem. Consequently, the project cohesion within the community. It whose interventions would cause would also help to build trust on minimum disruption to the com- the part of the community in the munity was adopted. decision-making process.

Knowledge as outsiders Potential influence on other The time within which community projects surveys could be carried out in Ki- This was another critical factor vulu was limited. The two months which played a key role in deter- that were allotted for carrying out mining which project to adopt. If filed surveys and developing a successful, the chosen project need- project brief were insufficient for ed to have the potential to influence the team to acquire and build a rea- the initiation of other projects to sonable understanding of the com- improve the welfare of the commu- plex issues facing Kivulu. Because nity. of this, members of the team felt they were better positioned to try Capacity of institutions and address that problem which Consideration was also given to as- they could contribute and relate sessing the capacity of existing com- to the most in terms of ideas. The munity institutions to implement team had to be realistic as to which the project. Projects always depend intervention could be implemented on how well organised a commu- within the shortest possible time. nity is to succeed. Projects that rely The complexities surrounding is- heavily on this factor are more than sues like water shortages, human likely to fail if the institutions are waste disposal and drainage had the found wanting. On the other hand, potential to delay the implementa- a project that relies less on institution of intervention strategies as tions and more on communal effort opposed to that of solid waste man- has higher chances of succeeding agement. if the existing institutions lack full capacity to monitor, manage and Degree of success maintain it. The likelihood of problem solving interventions to succeed had an 58 Situation & Key Issues dress problems related to drainage, Kivulu’s community. Many projects water and human waste disposal had been initiated and implement- were either too long or very unpre- ed by KCC to meet the needs of this dictable. This meant that expected community. According to the resi- results could not be realised within dents, KCC and most other NGOs the shortest time. The community had introduced projects to address had grown weary of receiving re- some of the major problems facing search teams which had carried the community. However, these or- out studies and failed to implement gans pulled out along the way, and what they promised. With this in the projects collapsed. From this mind, the team chose to tackle the perspective, the team was of the problem of poor solid waste man- view that a project brief would only agement because its interventions be developed to address a problem could be implemented within a rel- where maintenance and sustain- atively shorter time period to pro- ability, by the community itself, duce much needed results for the could be guaranteed. To achieve community to see. this, interventions that had the potential to involve every section of Feasibility the community were favoured over A simple assessment of the cost im- those which largely required exter- plications of the alternative projects nal input. helped to evaluate the effectiveness of each one. This assessment was Contribute the most instrumental in weighing the po- The process of making a final choice tential benefits of the alternative of which problem to tackle had to projects, against cost estimates. take into consideration which inter- It also helped to identify which ventions would best contribute to projects would ensure higher levels bring about positive change in the of efficiency in terms of resource shortest time possible. While all the utilisation. This approach played possible interventions had the po- a significant role in determining tential to bring about this change, which project to adopt. not all could guarantee results in the shortest possible time. The de- Sustainability cision to try and address one of the One of the main concerns that four problems was also influenced arose during group discussions was by this factor. that of sustainability. Results of preliminary field surveys revealed Community acceptability that it had become extremely diffi- A project has to be easily accepted cult to maintain projects that were by the community if it is to succeed. initiated to improve the welfare of From this perspective, the final 59 Situation & Key Issues

3.Brainstorming of project ideas Free idea flow and search for wacho 1.Objective Analisis ideas through discussion

1.Lack of land rights 2.Unemployment; Poor drainage;Unadequate sanitary facilities 3.Acute water shortage 4.Poor solid waste management 4. Prioritizing issues for 5.Lack of electricity project development 6.Fire threats 2.Scope/Impact analysis 7.crime rates and insecurity 8.lack of cheap reliable heath facilities; unwanted . Poor drainage pregnancy; uncontrolled entertainment shanties .Inadequate sanitary facilities Solid waste management . Acute water shortage . Poor solid waste management

5. Project Development

4. Prioritizing issues for project development Level of community involvement, sustainability, time frame of implementation, feasibility

Solid waste management

Diagrammatic representation showing brainstorming of project ideas 60 Situation & Key Issues

Criteria for weigh- Critical issues to concider for possible ing possible inter- interventions ventions of each problem sanitation water solid waste drainage Level of community 2 1 4 2 involvement Time frame of 2 4 implementation 1 3

Feasability 3 2 5 4

Sustainability 3 2 3 2

Total 10 6 16 11

1- Unsatisfactory returns 2- Satisfactory returns 3- Acceptable level of returns 4- Good level of returns 5- Highly satisfactory level of returns

Table 7: how the four explicit criteria were used to weigh project alternatives

The matrix shows how the main determining factors. Eventually, the list of explicit criteria was used to total score of each possible project determine which project was most was obtained. The project with the appropriate given the available re- highest score was chosen because sources and time. Apart from talk- it exhibited the greater potential to ing into account the available re- help meet the most urgent needs of sources and time, the process was the community. also highly influenced by the need to bring about positive change within the area as soon as possible.

According to the matrix, the four possible areas of intervention were primarily weighed to gauge their potential to fulfil the main goals of the study. Through team discussions, scores for each area of intervention were recorded against the 61 Situation & Key Issues

Illustration of responsiveness

62 Situation & Key Issues

63 Situation & Key Issues

Project Practicalities • Planning for the provision of more disposal sites in Kivulu. Solid Waste Management Strategies: The final project that was chosen was closely related to some of the • Awareness Campaigns key principles of urban ecological planning. It was designed based on • Training its ability to achieve the set goal, encourage local participation, rap- • Imposing of fines port and partnership. In addition, it was based on local knowledge and • Creation of a waste separation skills, developed as a starting point station of intervention rather than an end state with the potential to realise • Payment for waste collection visible tangible outputs. • Introduction of individual waste The project was assembled by first storage containers setting out the main goal, objectives and strategies. These would provide • Introduction of central scaven- the yardstick for evaluating and as- ger and rodent-proof waste col- sessing the overall performance of lection points the project after implementation • Location of sites as near as pos- Goal: sible to roads to ease transportation • Reduction of the amount of garbage in Kivulu • Containers should have a relatively high storage capacity Objectives:

• Changing the attitudes & perceptions of the community about handling, managing and disposing of garbage.

• Promoting the adoption of waste reducing, recycling, and reuse techniques.

64 Situation & Key Issues

Goal Objectives Strategy Activity • Flyers & posters-preparation, production & distribution • music, dance & drama Awareness presentations Campaigns • documentary and video presentations of success stories Transforming • introduction of community attitudes and festivals perceptions • demonstration workshops & Community lectures Training • fieldtrips • define responsibilities per area Imposing of fines • set rules & regulations • buying separate containers for Creation of a waste & sitting them appropriately waste separation • employ some people to operate centre the site • setting the practicalities of who pays, how much they get paid & Reduction of the what criteria is used to choose amount of Reduce, Recycle, Payment for who is to be paid garbage in Reuse waste collection • collection points should be Kivulu tightly guarded or designed in such a way to restrict unauthorized removal Introduction • distribution of well designed of individual and appropriate storage waste storage containers containers Introduction of central scavenger and • Preparation of proposal maps for rodent-proof centralized waste collection waste collection points Plan for more Location of • Preparation of routing proposal disposal sites sites as near as for collection of solid waste possible to roads to ease transport Containers • Design and installation of high should have a capacity and appropriate storage relatively high containers storage capacity

Table 8: proposed project, its main goal, objectives, strategies and activities 65 Current situation of dumping areas 66 Proposal for new dumping areas 67 proposals for disposal sites 68 Situation & Key Issues

69 Situation & Key Issues

Inputs Kivulu

The implementation and realisa- • Lower incidences of disease, i.e. tion of any project has to take into better health, reduced burden consideration practicalities needed on family expenditure on medi- to achieve the goal. cal care

External Inputs: • Improved living environment • • Design and printing of posters, • Attraction of market for small flyers & other forms of educa- businesses especially students tional material from Makerere University and other areas Conducting educational & awareness campaigns Empowering of community to be more proactive in solving its own • Limited funding problems

• Design & provision of garbage It is hoped that all the strategies containers (individual & com- that have been put forward to ad- munal) dress this particular issue will help to involve as many members and Community Inputs: sections of the community, thereby laying a good foundation to induce • Mobilizing the residents to carry actions geared to address the other out communal self-policing challenges faced by the community. • Attendance of educational & awareness campaigns

• Financial contributions (individual & communal)

Outputs

Forecasts of outputs and potential outcomes had to be made in order to prepare the project.

• Significant reduction of the amount of garbage & rubbish in 70 Situation & Key Issues

Activity Time Frame

1 Preparation of site plan Week 01 Resource mobilization, presenting proposals to Weeks 02, 03 2 institutions 3 Making arrangements with KCC and private firms Week 04 Designing and ordering of large communal storage Weeks 05, 06, 07, 4 containers and individual containers 08, 09, 10 5 Installation of communal storage containers Week 10

6 Instalation of individual containers Week 10

7 Defining the fines and rewards Week 11

8 Recruiting personnel to run the project Week 12

9 Preparation, printing and distribution of flyers Week 13, 14

10 Setting up recycling station Week 15

11 Running training workshops Week 15

12 Starting to reward individuals and households Week 16 Weeks 16, 17, 18, 19, Commencement of project experimental period 13 20 21, 22, 23, 24 Weeks 16, 17, 18, 19, Monitoring of project performance 14 20 21, 22, 23, 24 15 Appraisal of project Week 25

16 Project evaluation Week 26

17 Project redefinition and adjustments Week 27

18 Imposition of fines Week 28

Table 12: time frame for implementation of project activities 71 Situation & Key Issues

Key Assumptions practical means of enforcing community initiatives in the ab- Successful implementation of the sence of enforcing authority project will hinge on the fulfilment of certain assumptions. These as- Objective: sumptions were clearly set out Reduce, Recycle, Reuse within the implementation framework of the three main objectives. Assumptions:

Objective: • That the practices of reduce, re- Transforming attitudes & percep- cycle, and reuse will result in a tions cleaner environment with more efficient resource usage Assumptions: • That KCC, local CBOs and NGOs • That the basic problem of en- will play a crucial role in acquir- vironmental cleanness and its ing collection containers and sequential havocs are caused by provide operational funding for lack of public knowledge on the waste collection issue • That the community will offer/ • That a direct input to boost pub- identify appropriate sites for lo- lic knowledge on the problem cation of collection skips area will produce a significant output • That the added incentive of pay- ing households for garbage col- • That initiating a shift in the lection will result in greater vig- mindset of the society will con- ilance towards the maintenance sequently help to ameliorate the of a clean environment human impacts on the physical environment • That containers provided to individual households will be de- • That local institutions will real- signed in such a way that they ise the need to play a catalytic discourage alternative uses role in mobilizing the community to initiate positive change • That there will be minimal flaws in the administrative and tech- • That these fines will act as a nical set-up of the project to ensure uninterrupted waste rou-

72 Situation & Key Issues

tine ensure efficiency in the timely removal and transportation of • That collection containers will collected waste have adequate storage capacities to prevent the overflow of • Funding shortages that might garbage limit implementation of some financially based proposals Objective: Plan for more disposal sites • Inability of sections within the targeted community to under- Assumptions: stand and appreciate the importance of sound waste manage- • That the community will offer/ ment proposals identify appropriate sites for location of collection skips • Lack of accessible and usable land for implementing some Possible constraints & proposals limitations to project implementation • Inadequate skilled labour to implement some of the proposals Community projects of this nature are known to experience con- Possible problems that are straints and limitations of varying likely to arise after project degrees at particular times during implementation their span. Similarly, great effort was invested in identifying poten- Similarly, it is more than likely that tial constraints and limitations that after implementation, the project were likely to face this project after will be affected by: implementation. Recognition of this fact was instrumental in en- • Sustainability issues suring that internal checks were • Financial support instituted to minimise the negative • Enforcement problems effects these factors would have on • Future uncertainties the project. Minimisation strategies of • It is anticipated that the implemen- project constraints and relat- tation of the project was likely to ed problems be constrained by: The constraints and other prob- • Over-reliance on the KCC col- lems which the project is likely to lection trucks which might not experience both in implementation 73 Situation & Key Issues and during its lifecycle can be mini- project will also play a crucial part mised through in this evaluation process. The forces of the urbanisation in Kampala • Emphasis on full community are rapidly dynamic. Consequently, involvement & participation in depending on its overall perform- the decision-making process ance, the project will need to be re- evaluated and redefined in a cyclic • Promoting self-sustenance of manner. After 3 years, a whole new the project & limiting external set of goals, objectives and strate- funding gies will need to be developed to ensure that the project maintains • Promoting community aware- relevance in the long run. ness and self-policing

Project Monitoring and Evalu- ation

It is imperative that periodic monitoring and evaluation be carried out on an annual basis by the community leadership in conjunction with local CBOs, NGOs and KCC. The purpose of this is twofold: first and foremost, it will assist the community to gauge the overall performance of the project in relation to the originally set goals. Secondly, it will help to identify areas where improvements might be required, or where new strategies need to be set and implemented altogether. The relative simplicity of the set project framework ensures that all this can be achieved in a flexible manner.

Continuous assessments of this nature are required to check whether positive change is actually occur- ring within the community. Regu- lar feedback from the community about their views regarding the 74 Situation & Key Issues

Scaling-up

If successful, the project has the potential to be translated into city wide strategies for the improvement of other marginal areas within Kampala’s boundaries. Solid waste management is undeniably one of the city’s most pressing concerns. If handled competently, the adoption of community project improvement strategies like this one into a wider city intervention strategy will invariably bring about incremen- tal changes that can transform the livelihoods of many.

Strategic Agenda Practical Agenda

Source: Aliani, (1996)

Diagrammatic representation of project scaling up 75 Conclusion

Going by the present trends, the In spite of all this, there is a light stark reality is that the settlement at the end of the tunnel. The im- of Kivulu might not be spared by plementation of this project will the immense forces pressing from help to empower this community almost all sides. The settlement is and probably, give it a voice to fight apparently under siege from com- for their rights. People will always mercial developments spilling over rise to protect that which they have from the city core. Already, some worked so hard to build. It is here developments have slowly but sure- that the ultimate key to the survival ly crept into the settlement. These of this community lies. systematic invasions of the settlement are largely responsible for the dwindling population. Many have been evicted forcefully by landlords, and the future of those still living in the settlement is uncertain. Unless fate intervenes to halt this trend, the settlement is likely to be succeeded by growing commercial activity from the city centre. This trend, as a result of land scarcity, rising land values and a host of other economic forces seem to have conspired to destroy the livelihoods of the people in this community. The irony of it all is that if a community project like this one is successful, it will un- doubtedly accelerate the possibility of eviction of the resident population and therefore removal of the settlement.

76 77 References

Alliani, A (1996) Living in Asian Cities: The Impending Crisis – Causes, Conse quences & Alternatives for the Future Report from the Second Asia-Pacific Urban Forum. New York: UNDP/ESCAP The New Urban Contract: Institutional Change in United Nations / UNDP/ Economics & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

Bjønnes, H (1991) Urban Eco development: Some perspectives-Examples from Nepal and Nordic Countries, Keynote lecture from 4th Asian Congress of Architects Published in SPACE (Research Journal of School of Planning & Architecture), Vol. 6 No. 3 and , July and October 1991, New Delhi

Bjønnes, Hans & Corneil, Janne, (1998) Urban Ecological Planning and Revitalization: A New Frame of Mind in Planning Education in Developing Countries, Paper presented at the 20th Anniversary Conference on Human Settlements Development Program at the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand 0-14 December, 1997. Published in UNRCD’s Journal: regional Dialogue, Nagoya, Japan, Vol. 19, No. 1, Spring 1998.

Chaz et al (2003) Garbage and Health http:// wasteage.com/issue

Colding, J and Folke, C (2000) The Taboo System: Lessons About Informal Institutions for Nature Management Copyright Georgetown University Law Centre Winter Pro-Quest Information and Learning Company

Dodds, S.H (1999) “Pathways and Paradigms for Sustainable Human Communities” Open House International Vol.24, No. 1

78 Greif, A (2006) Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade Cambridge University Press

Grootaert, Christiaan,(1998) Social Capital: The Missing Link? The World Bank. Social Development Family. Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No.3

Hamdi, Nabil and Goethert, Reinhard (1997) Action Planning for Cities: A Guide to Community Practice. Chichester: Wiley

Jayaratne, K.A (2007) Code of Practice for Livelihood Analysis (Report based on the workshop conducted by Nabil Hamdi) Colombo, Sri Lanka: Forut, Font and NTNU

Misra, B (1999) Conflict reduction between growth, eco-development and sustainability in cities .Toward a Strategy in Developing Countries. Paper presented at the Nordic Conference on Transformation of Cities in an Eco-development Perspective – Cases of Africa and Asia at NTNU 23rd – 28th of August

Sen, A (1999) Development as Freedom Oxford University Press

Tibaijuka, A (2007) The Emerging Global Order: The City As A Catalyst For Stability And Sustainability Under-Secretary General of the United Nations, Executive Director of UN-HABITAT Address delivered at Symposium on the Crisis of Governance, Berlin

79 Appendices

Interviews

Map showing sites for interviews 80 Date: 19.09.07, 001

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu, somewhere behind the office of the chairman of Kivulu II.

Person: Mzee Thereza

Work: She owns and runs a bar in the area from which she earns a living to support her family. She also owns a cow which helps her to sup- plement her income from the bar.

Living: She has been living in the area since she was 7 years old. For this reason, she is considered as a Mutaka, since she has been living in the area for more than 20 years or so. She supports several grand children, coz her own children grew up and left. She doesn´t own any land in the area, although she owns the house in which she is currently living in.

Problems: Poor solid waste management, poor drainage, inadequate sanitary facilities (latrines)

81 Date: 19.09.07, 002

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu

Person: Muky. Nampeera

Work: She works as a cook, and owns a small restaurant where she offers her service to customers within the area. She use the income she earns from the business to support her family. She is about 45 years old.

Living: Because her husband is sick, Problems: Poor solid waste man- she is the one who takes care of agement, poor drainage, inad- the family using the meagre earn- equate sanitary facilities (latrines), ings she gets from her small cook- high crime rates ing business. She also has several children whom she supports in her household. She has been living in the area for more than 15 years, and she rents the house in which she is living in.

How can she be helped? She was of the view that if given some capital, she would like to buy much needed utensils such as plates, cups and cutlery to use in her business. If all goes well, she would also consider trying out some other business opportunities to earn enough money to support her family.

82 Date: 19.09.07, 003

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu

Person: Muky. Kirungi Rose

Family: 7

Work: She is currently doesn´t have machine, she will be able to set up any gainful form of employment. a tailoring business to support her She makes snacks which she sells family. and distributes to the small shops in the area every morning. She uses Problems: Poor solid waste man- the little money she gets to take care agement, poor drainage, inad- of her family. equate sanitary facilities (latrines), unemployment Living: She has lived in the area for 2 years now, with her sister, mother and 5 children. Altogether, she is the head of a household of 7 . She is currently pursuing a short course in tailoring, with the support of a friend. She hopes that when she finishes the course, she will be able to start up her own tailoring business to better support her family. She rents a single room at about 30,000 Ugshs in which the family lives. Their block currently has no toilet, coz the old one got filled up and the landlord is still constructing a new one for them. They are forced to use facilities of neighbours.

How can she be helped? She was of the view that if given start-up capital in form of a sewing 83 Date: 19.09.07, 004

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu

Person: Mw. Kasaija Patrick

Work: He works as a dobbi. He does laundry for other people living in the area as a way of earning a living. He rents a single room at about 30,000 Ugshs in which he lives. The block of tenements in which he lives currently has no toilet, coz the old one got filled up and the landlord is still constructing a new one for them. He is forced to use facilities of neighbours.

How can he be helped? He said that he encounters many problems in his line of work, but assistance in form capital such as durable iron- ing machines and washing containers would help to improve his business. This would go quite some way in helping to boost his income altogether. Problems: Poor solid waste management, poor drainage, inadequate sanitary facilities (latrines)

84 Date: 21.09.07, 005

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga, Filipa

Place: Kivulu

Person: Mzee Mayanja

Family: 5

Work: He used to be a garage me- chanic but has no job now. He is unemployed.

Living: He has been living in the house for 25 years. He owns the structure but not the land. His house is in the road reserve. A quite good structure is under construction just behind his humble dwell- ing. In front of the house across the road, we have seen a pile of rubbish. He gets the food mainly from the village. We saw a poultry house in front his house.

How can he be helped? He was a local leader long ago and thinks he can contribute positively in con- sultation the administration but Problems: Poor solid waste man- no more playing that role since it agement. He said that most of seems that they do not care about the rubbish is coming from the his advice. He says that schools are outsiders and damped just across closing since the Indians claiming his place. The residents could not back the land. The local church is control the problem since they are contributing a lot in helping chil- not well organized. dren attend schools.

85 Date: 21.09.07, 006

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga, Filipa

Place: Kivulu

Person: Muky. Ndagire

Family: 4

Work: She owns a property which she rents out to 6 tenants. She also does some small scale urban agriculture on the NHCC land in the valley next to the flats.

Living: She has lived in the area for 20 years. She owns the structure in which she lives with her grandchildren. One of grandchildren that we interviewed no longer attends school due to lack of money for school fees. He helps her out with the garden work to help the household earn a living. The boy told us that the grandmother owns the structure in which they live but not the land. The house is divided into 7 individual units, from which she sublets to other residents. Observation: Nearby this structure is How can she be helped? a place where solid waste is stored by It was not possible to determine what some residents and collected by KCC kind of assistance this family required trucks. The place is a very filthy area, since we were talking to the grand- characterised by odours of decompos- child of the household head. ing waste and a swarm of flies that is attracted to the garbage. The residents Problems: Poor solid waste manage- said that the waste is not collected ment, acute water shortages, inad- regularly, so it poses serious health equate sanitary facilities problems to those in the vicinity.

86 Date: 21.09.07, 007

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga, Filipa

Place: Kivulu

Person: Muky. Anna Nanfuula

Family: 3

Work: She makes local beer (mal- wa) from millet for consumption in the area. She also keeps some rab- bits as a way of supplementing her income to support her household.

Living: She moved from eastern Uganda about 25 years ago with her husband to Kampala, primarily in search of a better life. Her husband died leaving her to support their 2 grandchildren. She is renting a single room, for which she pays about 30,000 Ugshs per month. The house has no power, so they use locally made small kerosene lamps for lighting and charcoal/wood for cooking. The reason why most of the residents in the area don’t use power is because of the prohibitive- ly high prices which they cannot af- Problems: Poor solid waste man- ford. One of her grandchildren col- agement, acute water shortages, lects old steel parts around the city inadequate sanitary facilities. and sells them to steel recyclers in Observation: The structure in Kampala. which she was living was relatively good, in contrast to most houses in How can she be helped? Kivulu. It overlooks a large open She was not sure as to what kind area which, according to residents, of assistance she would need to was cleared of the original struc- improve on her welfare. tures by the landlord. 87 Date: 21.09.07, 008

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga, Filipa

Place: Kivulu

Person: Sarah and Nightingale

Family: 3

Work: These 2 young ladies were interviewed from the market. They do not live in Kivulu. They come from Kasubi, where they live. They only come to the market because they own some stalls in which they operate a restaurant and a shop. They have been working in this area for the last 6 years with their mother. They are renting two rooms, in which they operate a restaurant for shs and a shop, each for 50,000 Ug- shs. The restaurant usually receives about 300 customers on a daily basis. Their restaurant operates from morning till midnight. The shop is only open during the day.

How can they be helped? The respondents said that they can Problems: Poor solid waste man- be helped especially areas such as agement, unreliable water supply, the provision of adequate water inadequate sanitary facilities. and frequent removal of garbage Observation: The market in which from the market. This would go a they work is relatively clean, long way in helping to improve on though there are problems with the health standards of the market the management of garbage and in Kivulu. rubbish. The food is prepared and cooked out in the open, which poses some serious health risks.

88 Date: 25.09.07, 012

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu

Person: Muky. Nabulime Betty

Family: 3

Work: She works as a charcoal seller in the area with her mother. Her husband works away from Kivulu, and is the head of the household. She only sup- plements her husband´s earnings with her little income from selling charcoal to residents especially those working as cooks in the market.

Living: She is 22 years old, and was born in Kivulu. She is literate, since she studied as far as Senior 4. She and her husband have one child, and are renting a single room. They pay 40,000 Ugshs for the room, including power. They actually use the power for lighting and cooking.

How can he be helped? Problems: Poor solid waste management, acute water shortages, inadequate sanitary facilities.

Observation: The area in which Betty resides is relatively clean, in contrast to most other areas we had been through. It is probably due to the fact that she lives along a major route way so it is essential for them to keep it as clean as possible.

89 Date: 25.09.07, 013

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu

Person: Muky. Rose

Family: 6

Work: She operates a small kiosk next to the drainage channel on the lower side of the settlement. She sells snacks, soft drinks, beer, cigarettes and other miscellaneous items in her small kiosk. Her clientele is largely composed of mechanics who work in the area nearby. She rents the kiosk from someone else at about 20,000 Ugshs.

Living: She only moved into the area about 2 years ago. She has 3 children, 2 of whom are in the village. She lives with her sister who also has 3 children. They are living in a rented two-roomed unit, part of which is used as a restaurant by the sister.

How can he be helped?

Problems: Poor solid waste management, acute water shortages, inadequate sanitary facilities.

90 Date: 070925

Interviewed: Ronny 21

Interviewer: Filipa & Agnete

Place: Outside his house in Makerere Road

Person: Ronny is wearing a pair of blue sports pants and a t-shirt. He speaks English but is not too fond of being interviewed. Ronny was born in Kivulu and has lived here ever since. Ronny’s parents died in 2000. He now lives with his brother (19 years).

Work: Ronny wants to become a music-producer. He now attends the 1st year of college and go to school every day. He plays the keyboard, but he does not own it himself, so he has to practice elsewhere. Sundays he plays in church and this gives him some income. When his parents died Ronny and his brother Kivulu». inherited their three houses in Kivulu, Ronny takes active part in the Kivulu and they now gets most of their income Community. He attends the monthly from renting out the other two besides meetings that the Chairmen hold. the one they live in themselves. Here they discuss about for instance drainage and insecurity problems. He Living: thinks that things are improving and Ronny and his brother own three are more stabile nowadays. houses in Kivulu, but only the buildings, no land. Ronny both cleans and Problems: cooks for himself, and he likes it very Lack of water is a problem for Ronny. much. Ronny likes to live in Kivulu He is also afraid for thieves. He has «because this is where I grew up». He had some things stolen from him, but thinks it is calm and quiet place and he not from inside the house. Kitchen likes the fact that they have a school. stuff that was lying outside was taken. He would like to live here for the rest He thinks that the security should be of his life. «I feel good when I am in better, maybe with security-guards. 91 Date: 25.09.07, 013

Person: Irene, 58 years

Interviewer: Agnete and Filipa

Place: New Makerere Hill Kinder- garten

Family: 6

Work: She is a teacher and the ad mistress for the kindergarten. Irene has been working there for the last 20 years. Before this, she was working in different schools. And she got a diploma in teaching.

The kindergarten opened around 1977.It is a private institution with 50 students that study there for 2 or 3 years. Just few of the students live in Kivulu, and these ones are being helped by compassion organizations to pay the term fees. It costs 150000 per term.

Living: She doesn’t live in Kivulu.

Problems: Although Irene is not living in Kivulu, she complains that people from the neighborhood are often bad and rude. She says that most of them are very poor, and living in not very hygienic conditions. One of the worst problems in her opinion is unemployment. “Some people don’t work; they just spend the whole day drinking”

92 Date: 070924

Interviewed: Nuneva Muyohto, around 80

Interviewer: Filipa & Agnete

Place: Outside her house in Kivulu

Person: Nuneva is blind. She is the grandmother of our translator, Tony, and she does not speak any English. She is wearing a traditional dress, and is clean.

Family: Nuneva got married when she was 14 and she got 11 children, of whom 2 are dead. Her husband died in 1970, she was then about 40 years old. Now she lives with her grandchildren and grand-grandchildren. She and the oldest granddaughter cooks and cleans for the rest. They are 6 altogether in her house. Her children live elsewhere . Work: Nueva has always been a housewife, but in earlier years she was selling drinks from her house. Her children now have jobs and bring her things and money so that she can survive. Problems: Living: There are some problems with water Nuneva moved to Kivulu in 1963. She and electricity, but that goes for the came here to work for her children whole of Uganda. who lived and worked here. She likes Nuneva would like to eat better food it her, and does not want to move. She and milk if she could, but she is not thinks that the livelihood in Kivulu starving. She does not feel that she has has improved very much during the enough money, and would like to buy years, for instance the building struc- more milk, sugar and good food, like tures and education of children. matooke and beef. 93 Date: 24.09.07, 009

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu

Person: Mw. Ngonzi Silver

Family: 6

Work: He is a roadside trader, mainly dealing in fresh foodstuffs such as cowpeas, beans and a variety of fruits depending on the season. He purchases the foodstuffs from local farmers who deliver their produce for sale in Nakasero market in Kampala. He uses the little income that he earns from his trade to cater for the needs of his family.

Living: He moved to Kivulu about 10 years ago from Western Uganda. He is 39 years old and has 4 children to support, including his wife. He rents a single room of about 20,000 Ugshs. The tenements in which he is living with his family have no power, so they nately, he registered at Mulago use charcoal/wood for cooking and Referral Hospital where he goes to candles and local kerosene lamps receive free ARVs. for lighting at night. The residents in this area acquire their water How can he be helped? from a stand pipe nearby, at a cost Because of his poor health, he felt of about 100 Ugshs per 20 litre that one of the ways in which he jerry can. His children are current- could be assisted was by acquiring ly not attending school due to the a bicycle to help ease transport to lack of funds for fees. He is HIV+, target markets. He said that be- and this puts a heavy burden on cause he doesn´t have any means the household´s income. Fortu- 94 of transport, he is forced to walk to places like Wandegeya where he sells his goods. This overexertion greatly weakens his already fragile health.

Problems: Poor solid waste management, acute water shortages, lack of power, inadequate sanitary facilities, high crime rates.

Observation: The area in which he is currently living in is one of the worst. It is characterised by many filthy drains filled with rubbish and even faeces. It has a very offensive odour, mainly from the decompos- ing matter in the drains and the unhygienic toilets. We found this man lying down on a rugged mat in front of this house. It was evident that he was trying to save his energy for the upcoming exertions of travel- ling to Wandegeya in the evening to sell his goods. He appears to have lost a lot of weight, even though he is on ARVs. The wife happened to be nearby, preparing their lunch. Their house was made of mud and wattle, with a gaping hole just away from the main entrance probably acting as some form of ventilation. The condition in which this family is in is quite dire to say the least.

95 Date: 070925

Interviewed: Rosettie Kibudde, 60 years

Interviewer: Filipa & Agnete

Place: Seventh Day Adventist Church & Medical Centre, Makerere Road

Person: Rosettie is wearing a nurse dress and glasses and has her hair tightly made. She speaks good English. She does not live in Kivulu herself, but she knows the place through her job.

Work: Rosettie is an educated nurse and got her first job in 1966 at Mulago Hospital. In 1987 she moved to Kenya and worked there for 9 years. When Seventh Day Adventist Medical Cen- tre opened in 1995 she started working here, and she is now in charge of the unit. The medical centre also includes a dental clinic, laboratory and a birth clinic. They teach family planning and mothers who comes here how to care for their babies. It is a 24-hours open clinic. Rosettie emphasise the work with cause their help is not constant, they HIV, and tells that a councillor comes can´t ask people to come to the centre 3 times a week. They have an outreach to get money. They have to go out and programs toward Kivulu, where they find them. The centre is being spon- go out and teach people to look after sored by the church, but the amount themselves. If the centre has money depends on how much people give. at the time they sometimes supply «It is not enough», she laughs. Even in people with commodities. To decide good times it is never enough to help who gets the money they have meet- all the needing. The centre has a char- ings with ASHD and the chairman to ity service for Kivulu. They sell cheap pick people. medicine or give it out for free. «But «We go to them» Rosettie says. Be- 96 they don’t know that we can give them started. People have learned about free treatment before they come. We hygiene and sanitation, and that they give it as a surprise». prepare food in the right places and The center is struggling to make it boil the water. They also teach them around. Sometimes it gets some help to only eat hot food, how to clean from City Council for their outreach- their house and how to use the latrine. programs. They also sometimes get 3 people go around together on the free medicine from Uganda Protestant outreach programs, and they cover 7 Medical Bureau UPMB. «There are villages like Kivulu. ups and downs», she says about the The living conditions in Kivulu are development of the clinic. not sufficient. Rosettie shakes her In 1999 the clinic started a workshop head. «It´s not good at all». There are with 2 people from each of the 7 vil- family sleeping under paper roofs, full lages. They were taught about hygiene of dust. People cannot leave the place so that they would return to their either, because they need the closeness villages and teach the others. After to the city that do not require money the first workshop Action for Slum, spent on transportation. Health and Development (ASHD) Problems: was started in Kivulu, and they are Rosettie thinks that money is the now working together. The second biggest problem in Kivulu. «Most of workshop was held in 2006. There are them are very poor». At the clinic they no plans on further workshops before know that even if they treat people, more money is raised. not all of them have money to pay. ASHD has requested to get more Most of the children that go to school counsellors trained to help the com- in Kivulu get their fee paid by dona- munity of Kivulu. The cooperation tions from different churches. The between the medical centre and com- clinic also gives them mattresses and munity of Kivulu is ok. When the Sev- school-tuition if they have money at enth Day Adventist Church & Medical the time. Centre has money they contact the Rosettie thinks that money should be ASHD who again contacts the chair- spent on giving people places to sell man. their products, and she thinks there The Seventh Day Adventist Church & should be improved conditions for Medical Centre owns the land that the tailoring. medical enter is built on. Living: The most common diseases nowadays in Kivulu is Malaria, sexual transmitted diseases, Typhoid, and in periods also Cholera infections. The conditions have improved after the centre 97 Date: 070924

Interviewed: John, about 40

Interviewer: Filipa & Agnete

Place: at his business in the street from Makerere Road to Bativa Hotel

Person: John is wearing a white shirt and blue pants. He is nicely dressed and clean. He speaks English. John was born in Kivulu and has lived here until 7 years ago when he moved to a different area with his family, because of cheaper rent. He is now getting used to live elsewhere than in Kivulu. «I was feeling lost», he said, about the time when they moved from the place where he was born to the new one.

Family: John has a wife, who is not working, and three girls of 16, 9 and 2 years of age. The last girl wasn’t planned. The older girls are studying. Work: John has worked in Kivulu since he got is diploma in electronic repair. Most of his customers are from here, and he has known them for a long time. This is why he still keeps his it grew they split up and now work business in Kivulu, even after he alone. moved. His business is doing well Living: right now, his hours of work a day depends on how many customers he John is renting his place from an old gets. woman (about 60) called Vero. Her name is probably Veronica. She owns John is not the only one with his a lot of land in Kivulu, and she also profession in Kivulu. He started his lives in one of the larger buildings business with some others, but when 98 here. John is always scared about the His other concern is that the changes day when the landlord decides to kick in urban development are increasing. him out. His rent is 50 000 shilling per He is afraid that he might be kicked month. out any day. «Yes, I should be afraid», he says, but smiles politely. The people that rent here have a common toilet. It is clean enough, his business is situated in the «nice» part of Kivulu.

His business does not produce a lot of garbage, so he does not use the garbage-truck that passes twice a week, in theory. Sometimes people stay almost one week without their garbage being collected. Whenever he has some waste, he just throws it out on the street.

John buys his food from some people cooking between Bativa Hotel and the Church that is being built behind it. A girl comes by during the interview to collect his plate from today.

Problems: John is constantly afraid of thieves and that someone will brake in to his house. He thinks the security in Kivulu is bad. Luckily he hasn´t been robbed yet, but he keeps his door looked with big padlocks and brings his most valuable things home at night.

John doesn´t think that anything could be done about the insecurity in the area.

99 Date: 070924

Person: Fiona, 14 years old.

Interviewer: Filipa & Aggi

Place: at the house of the woman for whom she works

Person: Fiona is wearing a black skirt and a black t-shirt. With her is the little girl that she is taking care of.

She kneels down when she meets us, and finds us a t-shirt to sit on so that we do not get dirty. Fiona speaks some English, but is more comfortable using the translator.

Family: Fiona lives with her mother in Kivulu. Her mother is suffering from Syphilis and stays at home most of the time, except when she sells bananas and doughnuts by the road. Her father is Kenyan and has a scrap- business. Her mother has 8 children and her father has 12, but Fiona is the only one they have together. 4 of her broth- Work: ers are living in Kenya in addition to Fiona failed her exams some time ago many other relatives. They have a lot so she has to take the sixth grade over of problems, so they are trying to get again. However she cannot afford them to Uganda. her tuition right now, so she is work- Fiona has lived in Kivulu since she ing until October, and will start again was born and 3 of her brothers also then. live her. She lives alone with her Fiona is working for a woman in mother, «I left him» she answers on Kivulu. She takes care of her 2 year question of where her father is. 100 old daughter, cleans the house and do movies». People with this kind of other stuff. Fiona doesn’t like her job, business don’t care about the moral is- and would rather do something else. sues...they just want the ticket money. She is underpaid, and feels exploited, as she is only paid 2000 shillings per week. Fiona wants to become a teacher «because I think I can do the job»

Living: Fiona pays her mothers rent which is 30 000 shilling per month. They share a toilet with several other families.

Problems: What Fiona doesn’t like about Kivulu is that young girls get pregnant early. She knows a lot of girls who sleeps already with men, and the sister of the girls she is taking care of is only 12 and has already slept with several. «I’ve never tried it», she says. She stays away from men, and wants to finish school first. Fiona does not know much about Familiy Planning, but knows there are pills to take to avoid pregnancy and about condoms. «Of course I know about condoms». She thinks that the problem could be solved by separate schools for girls and boys.

The water supply is another issue. Water has to be picked up 400 meters from her house.

Fiona thinks that the «movies» is causing troubles for the children, because it keeps kids from school, and it also shows underage children «blue 101 Date: 24.09.07, 010

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu

Person: Muky. Regina Birungi

Family: 4

Work: Regina sells fresh foodstuffs on the roadsides in Wandegeya mostly. Sometimes when foodstuffs such as passion fruits are in season, she travels as far as Kasese district to acquire her weekly stock. She uses the income that she acquires from her trade to provide for the basic necessities of her family.

Living: She has lived in Kivulu for the last 20 years. She came from Kabarole district, looking for better opportunities for herself and her family. She rents a single room at a cost of 30,000 Ugshs, in which she looks after her 3 children. 2 of her children are no longer in school, because of various reasons. One of them, a boy, stopped in P.7, and was sent by the mother to Juba, South- ern Sudan, to engage in some business there. After every 3 months, he returns to an accident at school. It is quite diffi- to Kampala to purchase stock for his cult for Regina to look after her in such business and then returns to Sudan. An- a challenging environment because of other son stopped in Senior 4, but be- her disability. cause he could not proceed to the next level because the mother did not have How can she be helped? the resources to cater for his education. Regina told us that she would re- He is unemployed. Her last born child, ally appreciate assistance in form of a girl, is the only one in school for now. capital of about 4 M Ugshs. She thinks She is in P.6. When she young, she lost it would go a long way in helping her three of her fingers on her left hand due to boost her business and therefore en- 102 able her to improve her welfare. Problems: Poor solid waste management, acute water shortages, lack of power, inadequate sanitary facilities, high crime rates.

Observation: Regina´s area is very congested, with a narrow corridor separating her unit from the one in front. The house itself is very unfit for human habitation. Just like many other house in this area, it is made of mud and wattle, with very old and rusty iron sheets acting as the roof. It has no windows but only a door. The room is always extremely hot during the day as we experienced when we went in. The surrounding environs are in a similarly appalling condition, with criss-crossing filthy drains all over the place.

103 Date: 24.09.07, 011

Interviewer: Kasaija, Netsanet, Ganga

Place: Kivulu

Person: Mw. Wejuli Bernard

Family: 3

Work: He works as a roadside trader in Wandegeya. He sells second hand shoes as a way of earning a living. He rents the veranda where he plies his trade for about 20,000 Ugshs. He travels to Owino market every once a month to buy the shoes which he sells in Wandegeya in the evenings. This is his only form of income. He told us that according to his budget, he spends about 5,000 Ugshs on feeding his family every day, and he also tries to save about 30,000 Ugshs per month on his meagre income.

Living: He was born in Busia, eastern Uganda. He only went as far as P.7 in his studies. His father had 10 children, including him. They were raised in the village, although later he brought siblings and his own family. He is one them to town with him to Kivulu. His of the lucky few in this area who don´t father owned a large swath of land in pay rent for the housing they live in. Kivulu, which he eventually sold off He has a wife and 2 children whom without their knowledge as children. he is supporting. He volunteers as the Actually, the land was sold to a pastor, youth pastor in the same church headed who moved to the area 6 years ago and by the pastor who bought their father´s put up a church. Because the father left land. He is directly involved in a num- them landless, the pastor allowed them ber of activities for the youth aimed at to stay in the house their father had improving their welfare and keeping left behind on the said property. Ber- other youth from common vices such nard now lives there with some other as crime and prostitution. 104 How can he be helped? Bernard said that he greatly needs assistance in form of extra working capital of about 3 M Ugshs to boost his business. He is also thinking that if he can raise more money, he will identify other areas of opportunity which he can try to exploit to improve on the general welfare of his family and other siblings who are still in school. Problems: Poor solid waste management, acute water shortages, lack of power, inadequate sanitary facilities, high crime rates, prostitution.

Observation: The area in which Ber- nard resides is unhygienic, and filthy. However, they try as much as possible to clean the drains to ensure that garbage and rubbish do not collect and cause problems to them.

105 Date: 070925

Interviewed: Angel, 24

Interviewer: Filipa & Agnete

Place: Inside the shop where she works

Person: Angel is quite timid, and answers questions shortly. She speaks English. When we arrive she is cleaning the floor, so she does not want to take our hands because she feels dirty. Angel was born in Kivulu and lived her for 8 years. She moved because of family problems.

Family: Angel is not married but she has a son (6 years). She lives with him and her nephews in a different village.

Work: Angel has a diploma in storekeeping, and would like to go on with her ca- reer. Right now she works for a family friend who owns a shop in the road down to Bativa Hotel. He owns a container in which he has his store, but rent the land for 60,000 Ugshs per month. Living: Angel would rather not live in Kivulu. «There are no real homes here. There are just houses». She does not attend any community meetings here or involve herself in any other ways.

106 107 Agnete Syrtveit purpose of making the economy go round. 13th Sept. 2007 The houses here are nicer than in wetlands. They are made of soil Today we entered Kivulu. The and sticks. The biggest building is neighbourhood outside the Bativa, the church. Of course, during all a squatter right next to Makerere. times the church has had the best This place is cleaner than wet- of everything. In Kivulu it is an old lands. At least it seems like it. We barn, in green, corrugated sheet enter the place at the same time, metal. the whole group, like a flock of There is more activity or produc- sheep. Chairman is here. -Hello tive activity so to speak, than in the Chairman. areas we’ve visited. More function- He is big and quite scary and only al business. Its all about survival of pays attention to Hans, so I don’t the fittest. People don’t like to have get much out of him. their photo taken here. Not at all. The chairman-street is wide and This feels uncomfortable, espe- people walk further away from us cially when no is the answer to a, than in wetlands. Far away is good in my opinion, very polite question sometimes. Later it gets narrower. of permission that should result in Still, the place is nice and clearer a positive answer. and far drier than the place we saw A little girl is clinging on to Prani- Tuesday. Still the same stank of ta, one of our colleagues. The kids garbage rules the area. are more trusting here. Not as shy Music is filling my ears from at and distanced. Maybe they meet least three different directions. more mzungus in their everyday Ballades of love and suffering mix- life, maybe their parenting is dif- es with the metallic sound from the ferent. Maybe it’s just accidental. workshops and handcrafts. Like They pull our arms, follow us for stump. Steel band. I like it. A car longer time, and take up more passes us in the street; hence the space. streets are suited for and meant for I give money to a little girl. She’s vehicles. Trespassers welcome. The been hanging around us the whole car is white, and I keep wondering day. Cute little creature, but a bit why they keep so many white cars too energetic. Kind of like Vips, the in this country. The color of the Fraggle. Receiving the money she constant dust makes this illogical, gets even more exited and dances at least to me, but then again the along us until she disappears and car-washing-industry seem to be we don’t see her again. It seems the biggest business there is, so like giving kids candy or money is maybe the white cars serves the the way to keep them away, ironi- 108 cally. 17th Sept A marked in the middle is abound- We’re back, wandering through ing with veggies. People are calling Kivulu, but avoid taking photos. mzungu and I wave at them. They Things are still strange, but not chair. A guy comes over and looks extraordinary anymore, and we do over my shoulder to see what I not get distracted by the several write in my book. I let him watch. mzungu-approaches as before. If he happens to know Norwegian Outside the chairman’s office I so be it. buy a chapati. A fascinating piece The woman is preparing lunch in of handcraft, he pulls the dough big pots. Huge pots. The food is around on a red-hot hot-plate. boiling and bubbling and leaves Photos? No problem. a foam along the sides of the pot, The pay off is more mine than his which makes it look like a witch- – the best chapati ever, served in a pot from children’s television and, plastic bag, warm as hell, but tasty in my opinion, both fascinating and very fulfilling. and quite disgusting. The women Chairman takes us to a social run small cubicles where they house of some kind. Green plastic serve their clients. Well. I under- stairs in a ring makes room for a stand that it works somehow like conversation about our goal and a restaurant, but that you also can UN Habitat. spend the night if you really want On the gate hangs a poster about to, although I am not able to figure Straight Talk- groups. Apollo ex- out where the bed is... plains that these are gatherings for I thought it would be interesting to youth where they talk about things try the food. Not today, though. concerning their bodies. Sex, aids, When ducking under a string of condoms etc. They have a column laundry I get a bit of a pant in my in the newspaper too. Every day. eye. Yuck. Don’t feel ready for To bring to light the AIDS-issues personal contact yet, everything and issues concerning other sexual seems dirty and full of bacteria transmitted diseases. and diseases. In a little house some men are drinking from a pot with long straws. A man asks if I want to taste, and I refuse. The man insists, shouting”Taste! Taste!” I simply left without a word. The men are surprisingly clinging. I am a big, pink object that looks good in black. Nice, let’s go home now. 109 Ganga Yadav & Netsanet Sorri David & Goliath Social Cohesion Kivulu is a home for multitude of I see churches here and there. If marginalized poor on the verge of you visit the place on Sundays, you being devoured by the mammoth- hear people listening to the Good scaled city development taking News and humming heavenly place all around it. The indication songs. God comes every Sunday to of the struggle becomes clear es- Kivulu. The question is how we can pecially on the Makerere Hill- Side urge Him to stay all the week days. road boundary. On the contrary, Communion is spontaneous here. the opposite corner of the site If only we could tap this wealth seems less affected by such devel- one of the many possible cohesive opments. The land-price, which force of this society. lames the poor to stay where they used to live, is giving a compara- Will-power and survival tive advantage for developers who Ngonza Silver is getting weak want to push through their invest- to work and support his family ment plans. This is a war front of though he is taking the retro-viral the urban poor to stay or to leave. medication for free. However, he is Urban Poverty at its worst not staying at home in despair. He The area looks robed of its impor- goes every morning to the market tant merits if one goes through the buy things he would retail later. list desirable environmental assets. The venders at the market places Kivulu is in a deep physical, eco- are epitomes of these strong sur- nomical and social deterioration. vival resolutions. The informal Sewerage system and toilet provi- sector which is striving from this sion seem fancy items rather than basic reality can be engineered into necessity. The basic need of man- gainful and sustainable livelihood. kind is challenged. In short, gainful Livelihood in turn improves basic employment doesn’t exist much. needs like food. I wonder what Taverns and video shops host the the word sanitation sounds for the young. It is the women who are hungry stomach. shouldered the task of winning bread and keeping the roof up. The common asset of most urban poor societies, social institution, is weak in Kivulu. Except during some ca- lamities, the societal organization is not discernible.

110 Filipa Alfaro One of the first things calling my attention was the lack of privacy I am aware that I learned quite that this people live in. In my cul- a lot since I arrived in Kampala, ture, no one wants to live so close mainly I believe, as a result of the to their neighbours, not even to work we have been doing in Kivu- their family. lu. I have been learning not simply In where I come from, people are in the planning or architectural too used to have the right to their point of view, but also in the hu- own individual space, and for me man one. the idea of five to eight people Kivulu it’s a place that we got to living together in the same room know after visiting a couple of twenty-four hours a day, seven slums in really bad conditions, days a week looks unbearable and so since the beginning I have felt I know that I wouldn’t be able to a certain kind of optimism when handle it for too long. thinking towards the future of the An incredible amount of children area. play in the streets with homemade Comparing with the slums we saw toys, like cars made out of metal before like Kamwokya or Bwaiise, strings, footballs made out of ba- it has much less problems, and nana leaves or bicycle tires that much more potential. It looks to they spin while running next to me that one of the reasons is that them and without letting them fall. inside the community people are All of this makes me of course re- working with the same goal, im- member the stories that my grand- proving their place and their living mother used to tell me about her conditions. childhood and how they were so Here the streets are much cleaner, happy and creative without need- I notice for the first time some ing all the stuff we have nowadays. garbage bags outside the houses Feels like I’m falling into a cliché… and the amount of washed clothes but the truth is that contemporary hanging along the narrow streets societies are accustomed to hav- are nice to see and smell. ing much more than they actually It is also pleasant to recognize that need. the market place is famous for its The people from Kivulu, can man- good food. age to survive, run their lives, raise There’s always a big circulation their children and be joyful, with of people coming from outside much less than what we (people the neighbourhood to have lunch coming from wealthier countries) there, in general students living in would stand. Of course that there the hostels nearby or studying at are a couple of terrible issues that Makerere. are not acceptable for any human 111 observe everything like if we are Kasaija Peter seeing it for the first time. The first thing that I realised is The first day we went into Kivulu that in Kivulu, everything is re- did not reveal anything new for vealed and nothing is hidden. me. I have lived in Kampala for For example, all around the res- much of my life. Because of this, all taurants in the area, the employees that I saw was not new to me. Liv- cook, throw the garbage away, ing in Kampala one is bound to get wash the dishes and serve the food more than accustomed to places to their clients in the exact same like Kivulu. The only difference place. this time was that I actually spent I try to relocate the image back to a more than an hour there. My only European restaurant…and I don’t vivid experiences were acquired think that anyone would like to ob- on those few occasions when I was serve the employees while they’re taking a taxi back home from town. doing the dishes… My curiosity had never really got Then, something that I never the better of me to consider tak- thought about before comes across ing a walk through this settlement. my mind: I had seen similar and probably Civilization brings together with it, far worse conditions on study the need for privacy and independ- tours through other slums within ence. Kampala. From that perspective, I I keep looking for examples that could say that Kivulu is more than can defeat this conclusion…how- well off in contrast to other slums ever without success… Why is it in Kampala. like this? I hope that by the end of the stay As we entered the settlement, curi- in Uganda I will be able to answer ous residents stood in their door- more of my interrogations. In the ways wondering what our group mean while I believe that Kivulu was doing there. Their curiosity can be a better place to live in, was probably more directed to- and I trust that the project we are wards our European and Asian involved in will in some way help colleagues, who clearly stood out. providing an improvement in these While the adults stood at safe dis- people lives. tances, murmuring a few greetings and exchanging curious glances, Kampala, 12 October 2007 little children crowded around us, Filipa Alfaro trying to get a touch and feel of the Mzungus. It was quite sight. We walked along, taking in as much as we could. As we continued, I tried 112 to make some observations about these problems. They seem to have the place. accepted their portion of misery, each one just going about their While nothing was really new, one business. thing has always struck me about As we leave the place later on, I similar places I had been to. In take one long look back, with only spite of the visibly poor conditions, one thing on my mind: can we re- people still find ways of making a ally make a difference in light of livelihood. Looking at it critically, all these problems facing the area. one realises that it’s more than just Maybe, or maybe not. My doubts survival that drives these people. linger, even though I try to shake While you as an outsider might them off. pity them, they live their lives as if there are no cares in the world. The resilience these people show, in the face of abject poverty, con- founds even the sharpest mind. Through all the commotion, we were eventually able to make our way to the LC I chairman’s place. We met the chairman, and he took us around for a tour of his area. From my observation, this settlement is better of than others in Kampala. Being located on a hill, it is not so much affected by flooding as other slums. However, the area has very poor sanitary facilities, the drainage system is clogged by garbage and debris, and faecal matter. The housing densities are so high that narrow alleyways act as circulation routes. Most of them lack windows, and therefore have very poor ventilation. Numerous heaps of garbage characterise the narrow streets of Kivulu. The host of problems plaguing the place leaves one wondering just how live just goes on for these people. Nobody seems to care much about 113 114 115 116

REDUCE, RECYCLE, REUSE Case Study of Kivulu, Kampala Urban Ecological Planning Project    Table of Contents

REDUCE, RECYCLE, REUSE Case Study of Kivulu, Kampala Urban Ecological Planning Project Table of Contents